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Coskunlu B, Koroglu MK, Hersek I, Ertas B, Sen A, Sener G, Ercan F. Ameliorative effects of Myrtus communis L. extract involving the inhibition of oxidative stress on high fat diet-induced testis damage in rats. Biotech Histochem 2024; 99:157-173. [PMID: 38682543 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2024.2344491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The possible protective effects of Myrtus communis L. (MC) extract on a high fat diet (HFD)-induced testicular injury in a rat model were investigated using histological and biochemical methods. Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: a standard diet control group; a HFD group; and an HFD+MC group. The HFD and HFD+MC groups were fed with a HFD for 16 weeks. MC extract (100 mg/kg) was given orally five days a week to the rats in the HFD+MC group during the last four weeks of the experiment. Leptin, triglyceride, high-density lipoproteins, cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone, LH and FSH were analyzed in blood serum. Sperm parameters were evaluated from the epididymis. Testicular morphology, proliferative, apoptotic and NADPH oxidase-2 (NOX2)-positive cells were evaluated histologically. Testicular oxidative stress parameters were analyzed biochemically. In the HFD group, lipid and hormone profiles were changed, abnormal spermatozoa, degenerated seminiferous tubules with apoptotic and NOX2-positive cells were increased in number, and sperm motility and germinal proliferative cells decreased compared to the control group. Moreover, testicular malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine and myeloperoxidase levels increased, whereas glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels decreased in the HFD group compared to the control group. All these histological and biochemical features were ameliorated by MC treatment of HFD-fed rats. In conclusion, HFD caused alterations in sperm parameters and testicular morphology by increasing oxidative damage and apoptosis. MC extract may have potential protective effects by inhibiting oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Coskunlu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Kutay Koroglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Irem Hersek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Busra Ertas
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Sen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Goksel Sener
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fenerbahçe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Feriha Ercan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Elmas MA, Ozakpinar OB, Kolgazi M, Sener G, Arbak S, Ercan F. Exercise improves testicular morphology and oxidative stress parameters in rats with testicular damage induced by a high-fat diet. Andrologia 2022; 54:e14600. [PMID: 36146902 DOI: 10.1111/and.14600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and male infertility are problems that affect population. Exercise is a nonpharmacological way to reduce the negative health effects of obesity. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of exercise on hormone levels, blood-testis barrier, and inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers in rats that became obese due to a high-fat diet (HFD). Male rats received a standard diet (STD group) or a HFD (HFD group) for 18 weeks. During the final 6 weeks of the experiment, swimming exercises (1 h/5 days/week) were given to half of these animals (STD + EXC and HFD + EXC groups). Finally, blood and testicular tissues were analysed by biochemical and histological methods. Body weight, leptin, malondialdehyde, interleukin-6, TNF-alpha and myeloperoxidase levels, apoptotic cells and DNA fragmentation were increased, and testis weight, insulin, FSH, LH, testosterone, glutathione and superoxide dysmutase levels, proliferative cells, ZO-1, occludin, and gap junction protein Cx43 immunoreactivity were decreased in the HFD group. All these hormonal, morphological, oxidative and inflammatory biomarkers were enhanced in the HFD + EXC group. It is thought that exercise protected testicular cytotoxicity by regulating hormonal and oxidant/antioxidant balances and testicular function, inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis, as well as preserving blood-testis barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Acikel Elmas
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Meltem Kolgazi
- Department of Physiology, Acibadem University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Goksel Sener
- Fenerbahçe University, Vocational School of Health Service, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Arbak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Feriha Ercan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Zhong B, Ma S, Wang DH. Ablation of TRPV1 Abolishes Salicylate-Induced Sympathetic Activity Suppression and Exacerbates Salicylate-Induced Renal Dysfunction in Diet-Induced Obesity. Cells 2021; 10:1234. [PMID: 34069822 PMCID: PMC8157242 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium salicylate (SA), a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, has been shown to increase insulin sensitivity and to suppress inflammation in obese patients and animal models. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a nonselective cation channel expressed in afferent nerve fibers. Cyclooxygenase-derived prostaglandins are involved in the activation and sensitization of TRPV1. This study tested whether the metabolic and renal effects of SA were mediated by the TRPV1 channel. Wild-type (WT) and TRPV1-/- mice were fed a Western diet (WD) for 4 months and received SA infusion (120mg/kg/day) or vehicle for the last 4 weeks of WD feeding. SA treatment significantly increased blood pressure in WD-fed TRPV1-/- mice (p < 0.05) but not in WD-fed WT mice. Similarly, SA impaired renal blood flow in TRPV1-/- mice (p < 0.05) but not in WT mice. SA improved insulin and glucose tolerance in both WT and TRPV1-/- mice on WD (all p < 0.05). In addition, SA reduced renal p65 and urinary prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F1α, and interleukin-6 in both WT and TRPV1-/- mice (all p < 0.05). SA decreased urine noradrenaline levels, increased afferent renal nerve activity, and improved baroreflex sensitivity in WT mice (all p < 0.05) but not in TRPV1-/- mice. Importantly, SA increased serum creatinine and urine kidney injury molecule-1 levels and decreased the glomerular filtration rate in obese WT mice (all p < 0.05), and these detrimental effects were significantly exacerbated in obese TRPV1-/- mice (all p < 0.05). Lastly, SA treatment increased urine albumin levels in TRPV1-/- mice (p < 0.05) but not in WT mice. Taken together, SA-elicited metabolic benefits and anti-inflammatory effects are independent of TRPV1, while SA-induced sympathetic suppression is dependent on TRPV1 channels. SA-induced renal dysfunction is dependent on intact TRPV1 channels. These findings suggest that SA needs to be cautiously used in patients with obesity or diabetes, as SA-induced renal dysfunction may be exacerbated due to impaired TRPV1 in obese and diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beihua Zhong
- Division of Nanomedicine and Molecular Intervention, Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (B.Z.); (S.M.)
| | - Shuangtao Ma
- Division of Nanomedicine and Molecular Intervention, Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (B.Z.); (S.M.)
| | - Donna H. Wang
- Division of Nanomedicine and Molecular Intervention, Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (B.Z.); (S.M.)
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Post-weaning exposure to high-sucrose diet induces early non-alcoholic fatty liver disease onset and progression in male mice: role of dysfunctional white adipose tissue. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2020; 11:509-520. [PMID: 32594969 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174420000598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome, ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) particularly among chronic consumers of added sugar-rich diets. However, the impact of early consumption of such diets on NAFLD onset and progression is unclear. Thus, this study sought to characterise metabolic factors involved in NAFLD progression in young mice fed with a high-sucrose diet (HSD). Male Swiss mice were fed HSD or regular chow (CTR) from weaning for up to 60 or 90 days. Obesity development, glucose homeostasis and serum biochemical parameters were determined at each time-point. At day 90, mice were euthanised and white adipose tissue (WAT) collected for lipolytic function assessment and liver for histology, gene expression and cytokines quantification. At day 60, HSD mice presented increased body mass, hypertriglyceridemia, peripheral insulin resistance (IR) and simple steatosis. Upon 90 days on diet, WAT from HSD mice displayed impaired insulin sensitivity, which coincided with increased fasting levels of glucose and free fatty acids (FFA), as well as NAFLD progression to NASH. Transcriptional levels of lipogenic genes, particularly stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, were consistently increased, leading to hepatic leukocyte infiltration and pro-inflammatory cytokines spillover. Therefore, our dataset supports IR triggering in the WAT as a major factor for dysfunctional release of FFA towards portal circulation and consequent upregulation of lipogenic genes and hepatic inflammatory onset, which decisively concurred for NAFLD-to-NASH progression in young HSD-fed mice. Notwithstanding, this study forewarns against the early introduction of dietary sugars in infant diet, particularly following breastfeeding cessation.
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Zhong B, Ma S, Wang DH. Ablation of TRPV1 Elevates Nocturnal Blood Pressure in Western Diet-fed Mice. Curr Hypertens Rev 2020; 15:144-153. [PMID: 30381083 PMCID: PMC6635649 DOI: 10.2174/1573402114666181031141840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: This study tested the hypothesis that genetically ablation of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) exacerbates impairment of baroreflex in mice fed a western diet (WD) and leads to distinct diurnal and nocturnal blood pressure patterns. Methods: TRPV1 gene knockout (TRPV1-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice were given a WD or normal diet (CON) for 4 months. Results: Capsaicin, a selective TRPV1 agonist, increased ipsilateral afferent renal nerve activity in WT but not TRPV1-/- mice. The sensitivity of renal sympathetic nerve activity and heart rate responses to baroreflex were reduced in TRPV1-/--CON and WT-WD and further decreased in TRPV1-/--WD compared to the WT-CON group. Urinary norepinephrine and serum insulin and leptin at day and night were increased in WT-WD and TRPV1-/--WD, with further elevation at night in TRPV1-/--WD. WD intake increased leptin, IL-6, and TNF-α in adipose tissue, and TNF-α antagonist III, R-7050, decreased leptin in TRPV1-/--WD. The urinary albumin level was higher in TRPV1-/--WD than WT-WD. Blood pressure was not dif-ferent during daytime among all groups, but increased at night in the TRPV1-/--WD group compared with other groups. Conclusions: TRPV1 ablation leads to elevated nocturnal but not diurnal blood pressure, which is probably attributed to fur-ther enhancement of sympathetic drives at night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beihua Zhong
- Division of Nanomedicine and Molecular Intervention, Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan MI 48824, United States
| | - Shuangtao Ma
- Division of Nanomedicine and Molecular Intervention, Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan MI 48824, United States
| | - Donna H Wang
- Division of Nanomedicine and Molecular Intervention, Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan MI 48824, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan MI 48824, United States.,Cell & Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan MI 48824, United States
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Santos NW, Yoshimura EH, Mareze-Costa CE, Machado E, Agustinho BC, Pereira LM, Brito MN, Brito NA, Zeoula LM. Supplementation of cow milk naturally enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols to growing rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172909. [PMID: 28267800 PMCID: PMC5340374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether intake of cow milk, naturally enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA, omega-3) and polyphenols (from propolis extract and vitamin E), from manipulation of cow's diet, would result in positive metabolic effects in rats from weaning until adulthood. Male Wistar rats were fed a standard chow diet or a hypercaloric diet (metabolically disturbed rats, obese) which was supplemented with either whole common milk, milk enriched with PUFA (PUFA-M) or milk enriched with PUFA and polyphenols (PUFA/P-M), at 5mL/kg body weight,having water as control. Whole milk supplementation increased initial weight gain and reduced gain in the adulthood of rats. Intake of common milk reduced cholesterol levels in non-obese rats and reduced insulin resistance in obese rats. PUFA-milk showed a decreasing effect on plasma triacylglycerol and VLDL concentrations, increasing plasma HDL concentration and reducing adipocyte size of non-obese rats, but no effect was observed in obese rats. PUFA/P-milk in obese rats resulted in greater deposition of muscle mass and mesenteric fat, with a tendency to lower LDL levels, and resulted a visceral fat accumulation in non-obese rats. Thus, whole common milk and PUFA-rich milk have shown to be beneficial in a normal metabolic condition, whereas common milk and milk enriched with PUFA and polyphenols improve metabolic effects of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine W. Santos
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | | | - Erica Machado
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Bruna C. Agustinho
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Lucelia M. Pereira
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Márcia N. Brito
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Nilton A. Brito
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Lucia M. Zeoula
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
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Barbosa de Queiroz K, Honorato-Sampaio K, Rossoni Júnior JV, Andrade Leal D, Pinto ABG, Kappes-Becker L, Evangelista EA, Guerra-Sá R. Physical activity prevents alterations in mitochondrial ultrastructure and glucometabolic parameters in a high-sugar diet model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172103. [PMID: 28199417 PMCID: PMC5310863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance exercise is a remarkable intervention for the treatment of many diseases. Mitochondrial changes on skeletal muscle are likely important for many of the benefits provided by exercise. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects that a regular physical activity (swimming without workload) has on mitochondrial morphological alterations and glucometabolic parameters induced by a high-sugar diet (HSD). Weaned male Wistar rats fed with a standard diet or a HSD (68% carbohydrate) were subjected to 60 minutes of regular physical activity by swimming (without workload) for four- (20 sessions) or eight-week (40 sessions) periods. After training, animals were euthanized and the sera, adipose tissues, and skeletal muscles were collected for further analysis. The HSD increased body weight after an 8-week period; it also increased the fat pads and the adipose index, resulting in glucose intolerance and insulin resistance (IR). Transmission electron microscopy showed an increase in alterations of mitochondrial ultrastructure in the gastrocnemius muscle, as well as a decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and an increase in protein carbonylation. Regular physical activity partially reverted these alterations in rats fed a HSD, preventing mitochondrial morphological alterations and IR. Moreover, we observed a decrease in Pgc1α expression (qPCR analysis) in STD-EXE group and a less pronounced reduction in HSD-EXE group after an 8-week period. Thus, regular physical activity (swimming without workload) in rats fed a HSD can prevent mitochondrial dysfunction and IR, highlighting the crucial role for physical activity on metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Barbosa de Queiroz
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- * E-mail:
| | - Kinulpe Honorato-Sampaio
- Faculdade de Medicina, Campus JK, Universidade Federal dos Vales Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Joamyr Victor Rossoni Júnior
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Metabólica, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Diego Andrade Leal
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | | | - Lenice Kappes-Becker
- Centro de Esportes, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Elisio Alberto Evangelista
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Renata Guerra-Sá
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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Abstract
Critical illness is a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. While obesity is often detrimental in the context of trauma, it is paradoxically associated with improved outcomes in some septic patients. The reasons for these disparate outcomes are not well understood. A number of animal models have been used to study the obese response to various forms of critical illness. Just as there have been many animal models that have attempted to mimic clinical conditions, there are many clinical scenarios that can occur in the highly heterogeneous critically ill patient population that occupies hospitals and intensive care units. This poses a formidable challenge for clinicians and researchers attempting to understand the mechanisms of disease and develop appropriate therapies and treatment algorithms for specific subsets of patients, including the obese. The development of new, and the modification of existing animal models, is important in order to bring effective treatments to a wide range of patients. Not only do experimental variables need to be matched as closely as possible to clinical scenarios, but animal models with pre-existing comorbid conditions need to be studied. This review briefly summarizes animal models of hemorrhage, blunt trauma, traumatic brain injury, and sepsis. It also discusses what has been learned through the use of obese models to study the pathophysiology of critical illness in light of what has been demonstrated in the clinical literature.
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The Effects of the Combination of a Refined Carbohydrate Diet and Exposure to Hyperoxia in Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1014928. [PMID: 28018521 PMCID: PMC5153507 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1014928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial disease with genetic, social, and environmental influences. This study aims at analyzing the effects of the combination of a refined carbohydrate diet and exposure to hyperoxia on the pulmonary oxidative and inflammatory response in mice. Twenty-four mice were divided into four groups: control group (CG), hyperoxia group (HG), refined carbohydrate diet group (RCDG), and refined carbohydrate diet + hyperoxia group (RCDHG). The experimental diet was composed of 10% sugar, 45% standard diet, and 45% sweet condensed milk. For 24 hours, the HG and RCDHG were exposed to hyperoxia and the CG and RCDG to ambient air. After the exposures were completed, the animals were euthanized, and blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and lungs were collected for analyses. The HG showed higher levels of interferon-γ in adipose tissue as compared to other groups and higher levels of interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α compared to the CG and RCDHG. SOD and CAT activities in the pulmonary parenchyma decreased in the RCDHG as compared to the CG. There was an increase of lipid peroxidation in the HG, RCDG, and RCDHG as compared to the CG. A refined carbohydrate diet combined with hyperoxia promoted inflammation and redox imbalance in adult mice.
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Silva JF, Correa IC, Diniz TF, Lima PM, Santos RL, Cortes SF, Coimbra CC, Lemos VS. Obesity, Inflammation, and Exercise Training: Relative Contribution of iNOS and eNOS in the Modulation of Vascular Function in the Mouse Aorta. Front Physiol 2016; 7:386. [PMID: 27656148 PMCID: PMC5013134 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The understanding of obsesity-related vascular dysfunction remains controversial mainly because of the diseases associated with vascular injury. Exercise training is known to prevent vascular dysfunction. Using an obesity model without comorbidities, we aimed at investigating the underlying mechanism of vascular dysfunction and how exercise interferes with this process. Methods: High-sugar diet was used to induce obesity in mice. Exercise training was performed 5 days/week. Body weight, energy intake, and adipose tissues were assessed; blood metabolic and hormonal parameters were determined; and serum TNFα was measured. Blood pressure and heart rate were assessed by plethysmography. Changes in aortic isometric tension were recorded on myograph. Western blot was used to analyze protein expression. Nitric oxide (NO) was evaluated using fluorescence microscopy. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides were used for inducible nitric oxide synthase isoform (iNOS) knockdown. Results: Body weight, fat mass, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol fraction, insulin, and leptin were higher in the sedentary obese group (SD) than in the sedentary control animals (SS). Exercise training prevented these changes. No difference in glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and heart rate was found. Decreased vascular relaxation and reduced endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) functioning in the SD group were prevented by exercise. Contractile response to phenylephrine was decreased in the aortas of the wild SD mice, compared with that of the SS group; however, no alteration was noted in the SD iNOS−/− animals. The decreased contractility was endothelium-dependent, and was reverted by iNOS inhibition or iNOS silencing. The aortas from the SD group showed increased basal NO production, serum TNFα, TNF receptor-1, and phospho-IκB. Exercise training attenuated iNOS-dependent reduction in contractile response in high-sugar diet–fed animals, decreased iNOS expression, and increased eNOS expression. Conclusion: Obesity caused endothelium dysfunction, TNFα, and iNOS pathway up-regulation, decreasing vascular contractility in the obese animals. Exercise training was an effective therapy to control iNOS-dependent NO production and to preserve endothelial function in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane F Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Izabella C Correa
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thiago F Diniz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Paulo M Lima
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Roger L Santos
- Department of Physiological Science, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Steyner F Cortes
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cândido C Coimbra
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Virginia S Lemos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Pinto BAS, Melo TM, Flister KFT, França LM, Kajihara D, Tanaka LY, Laurindo FRM, Paes AMDA. Early and sustained exposure to high-sucrose diet triggers hippocampal ER stress in young rats. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:917-27. [PMID: 27154727 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9830-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Early-life environmental insults have been shown to promote long-term development of chronic non-communicable diseases, including metabolic disturbances and mental illnesses. As such, premature consumption of high-sugar foods has been associated to early onset of detrimental outcomes, whereas underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. In the present study, we sought to investigate whether early and sustained exposure to high-sucrose diet promotes metabolic disturbances that ultimately might anticipate neurological injuries. At postnatal day 21, weaned male rats started to be fed a standard chow (10 % sucrose, CTR) or a high-sucrose diet (25 % sucrose, HSD) for 9 weeks prior to euthanasia at postnatal day 90. HSD did not alter weight gain and feed efficiency between groups, but increased visceral, non-visceral and brown adipose tissue accumulation. HSD rats demonstrated elevated blood glucose levels in both fasting and fed states, which were associated to impaired glucose tolerance. Peripheral insulin sensitivity did not change, whereas hepatic insulin resistance was supported by increased serum triglyceride levels, as well as higher TyG index values. Assessment of hippocampal gene expression showed endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways were activated in HSD rats, as compared to CTR. HSD rats had overexpression of unfolded protein response sensors, PERK and ATF6; ER chaperone, PDIA2 and apoptosis-related genes, CHOP and Caspase 3; but decreased expression of chaperone GRP78. Finally, HSD rats demonstrated impaired neuromuscular function and anxious behavior, but preserved cognitive parameters. In conclusion, our data indicate that early exposure to HSD promote metabolic disturbances, which disrupt hippocampus homeostasis and might precociously affect its neurobehavioral functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Araújo Serra Pinto
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Thamys Marinho Melo
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Karla Frida Torres Flister
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Lucas Martins França
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Daniela Kajihara
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Heart Institute of the School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Yuji Tanaka
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Heart Institute of the School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Marcus de Andrade Paes
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.
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Lacerda DR, Serakides R, de Melo Ocarino N, Ferreira AVM, Moraes MM, Boeloni JN, Silva JF, de Oliveira MC, de Barcellos LAM, Rodrigues LOC, Soares DD. Osteopetrosis in obese female rats is site-specifically inhibited by physical training. Exp Physiol 2014; 100:44-56. [PMID: 25557730 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2014.082511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Clinical studies suggest that obesity 'protects' against osteoporosis. However, these studies used only bone densitometry and assessed only one bone site, which is insufficient to enable conclusions to be drawn about the response of the whole skeleton. Furthermore, the effects of exercise on bone responses in obesity have not been explored previously. What is the main finding and what is its importance? We show that obesity causes osteopetrosis. Therefore, the classical perspective of 'protective effects of obesity' needs to be reviewed, and exercise is an important tool to avoid these alterations and to maintain the homeostasis of bone. A sedentary lifestyle and obesity induce systemic inflammatory responses. Although the effects of physical inactivity on osseous tissue have been well established, the effects of obesity on bone tissue remain controversial. Furthermore, the effects of physical training on bone tissue responses in the presence of diet-induced obesity are unknown. Our aim was to investigate the effects of obesity and physical training at multiple bone sites in rats. Female Wistar rats were divided into the following four groups: (i) control diet, non-trained (C-NT); (ii) high-refined carbohydrate-containing diet, non-trained (HC-NT); (iii) control diet, trained (C-T); and (iv) high-refined carbohydrate-containing diet, trained (HC-T). At 5 months of age, the rats were submitted to daily exercise for 30 min day(-1). After 13 weeks, blood samples, adipose and skeletal tissues were harvested. Two-way ANOVA was applied to detect differences (significance accepted when P ≤ 0.05). The HC-NT group exhibited increased body mass, adiposity, serum leptin, serum insulin, insulin resistance index and concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6. Obese rats (HC-NT) exhibited thickening of nasal bones, trabecular bones in the lumbar vertebrae and long bones in a site-dependent manner. The HC-T group exhibited similar adiposity and inflammatory results. Morphological analysis of the lumbar vertebrae in rats fed the HC diet revealed characteristics of osteopetrosis that were inhibited by exercise. In conclusion, the HC diet induced obesity and inflammatory/hormonal alterations and increased the trabecular bone in a site-dependent manner. However, obesity caused osteopetrosis in the lumbar vertebrae, which could be inhibited by physical training. Although exercise inhibited the development of bone alterations, physical training did not inhibit the HC diet-induced obesity responses.
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de Queiroz KB, Coimbra RS, Ferreira AR, Carneiro CM, Paiva NCN, Costa DC, Evangelista EA, Guerra-Sá R. Molecular mechanism driving retroperitoneal adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia in response to a high-sugar diet. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:2331-41. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Barbosa de Queiroz
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular; Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto; Ouro Preto Brasil
| | - Roney Santos Coimbra
- Informática de Biossistemas; Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ; Belo Horizonte Brasil
| | - Amanda Rios Ferreira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular; Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto; Ouro Preto Brasil
| | - Cláudia Martins Carneiro
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto; Ouro Preto Brasil
| | - Nívia Carolina Nogueira Paiva
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto; Ouro Preto Brasil
| | - Daniela Caldeira Costa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular; Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto; Ouro Preto Brasil
| | - Elísio Alberto Evangelista
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular; Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto; Ouro Preto Brasil
| | - Renata Guerra-Sá
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular; Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto; Ouro Preto Brasil
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Carvalho de Lima D, Guimarães JB, Rodovalho GV, Silveira SA, Haibara AS, Coimbra CC. Exercise training starting at weaning age preserves cardiac pacemaker function in adulthood of diet-induced obese rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 39:888-94. [PMID: 24806307 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral sympathetic overdrive in young obese subjects contributes to further aggravation of insulin resistance, diabetes, and hypertension, thus inducing worsening clinical conditions in adulthood. Exercise training has been considered a strategy to repair obesity autonomic dysfunction, thereby reducing the cardiometabolic risk. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of early exercise training, starting immediately after weaning, on cardiac autonomic control in diet-induced obese rats. Male Wistar rats (weaning) were divided into four groups: (i) a control group (n = 6); (ii) an exercise-trained control group (n = 6); (iii) a diet-induced obesity group (n = 6); and (iv) an exercise-trained diet-induced obesity group (n = 6). The development of obesity was induced by 9 weeks of palatable diet intake, and the training program was implemented in a motor-driven treadmill (5 times per week) during the same period. After this period, animals were submitted to vein and artery catheter implantation to assess cardiac autonomic balance by methylatropine (3 mg/kg) and propranolol (4 mg/kg) administration. Exercise training increased running performance in both groups (p < 0.05). Exercise training also prevented the increased resting heart rate in obese rats, which seemed to be related to cardiac pacemaker activity preservation (p < 0.05). Additionally, the training program preserved the pressure and bradycardia responses to autonomic blockade in obese rats (p < 0.05). An exercise program beginning at weaning age prevents cardiovascular dysfunction in obese rats, indicating that exercise training may be used as a nonpharmacological therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Carvalho de Lima
- a Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Endurance training increases leptin expression in the retroperitoneal adipose tissue of rats fed with a high-sugar diet. Lipids 2013; 49:85-96. [PMID: 24243000 PMCID: PMC3889676 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3854-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The presence of leptin receptors in white adipose tissue (WAT) suggests a type of peripheral control during the development of obesity and other metabolic disorders. Both diet composition and exercise influence serum leptin; however, the effect of their combination on long-term WAT leptin metabolism is unknown. In this study, rats fed with standard or high-sugar diets (HSD) were simultaneously subjected to running training for 4- and 8-week periods, and the retroperitoneal WAT (rWAT) was evaluated for adipocyte cell size, lipid and catecholamine content, Lep, OB-Rb and Ucp2 mRNA transcription levels, and circulating leptin and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). The HSD groups displayed a higher adiposity index and rWAT weight, Lep mRNA and protein upregulation, and a period-dependent effect on OB-Rb mRNA expression. Exercise decreased serum leptin and upregulated the OB-Rb mRNA levels. However, in rats fed with an HSD, the increase in OB-Rb mRNA and reduction in catecholamine levels resulted in a high level of adiposity and hyperleptinemia. The combination of training and an HSD decreases the NEFA levels and upregulating the Ucp2 mRNA expression in the 4-week period, while downregulating the Ucp2 mRNA expression in the 8-week period without changing the NEFA levels. Our results suggest that an HSD induces an increase in leptin expression in rWAT, while reducing adipocytes via leptin-mediated lipolysis after an 8-week period. In exercised rats fed an HSD, TAG synthesis and storage overlaps with lipolysis, promoting fat store development and Lep mRNA and plasma protein upregulation in adult rats.
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Tenório NM, Tufik S, Bergamaschi CT, Campos RR, Cintra F, Alvarenga TA, Andersen ML. Influence of acute sleep deprivation on cardiovascular parameters in female Zucker obese and lean rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:510-5. [PMID: 23404731 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a reciprocal relationship between sleep duration and weight gain. However, the consequences of this relationship on the cardiovascular system over an entire life span are still not fully elucidated. We examined the effect of acute sleep deprivation (SD) on baroreflex sensitivity and blood pressure in Zucker rats of different ages. DESIGN AND METHODS Female lean and obese Zucker rats at 3, 6 and 15 months of age were assigned to SD or control (CTRL) groups. After a 6 h period of the SD procedure (6 h of gentle handling) or CTRL procedure (an equivalent period without handling), the animals were anesthetized for surgical catheterization of the femoral artery and vein. To evaluate the baroreflex sensitivity index, bolus infusions of phenylephrine (bradycardia response) and sodium nitroprusside (tachycardia response) were administered. RESULTS Obesity resulted in dysfunctional tachycardia responses at 3 months of age. At 6 and 15 months of age, both bradycardia and tachycardia responses were significantly lower in obese animals than those in lean animals. At 15 months of age, interactions among obesity, SD and aging produced the most marked effects on the cardiovascular system (increased mean arterial pressure and heart rate and decreased baroreflex sensitivity). CONCLUSIONS Therefore, these results suggest that there is no direct relationship between baroreflex imbalance and an increase in arterial pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neuli M Tenório
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
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de Queiroz KB, Rodovalho GV, Guimarães JB, de Lima DC, Coimbra CC, Evangelista EA, Guerra-Sá R. Endurance training blocks uncoupling protein 1 up-regulation in brown adipose tissue while increasing uncoupling protein 3 in the muscle tissue of rats fed with a high-sugar diet. Nutr Res 2012; 32:709-17. [PMID: 23084644 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCPs) of interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) and of muscles play important roles in energy balance. For instance, the expression of UCP1 and UCP3 are modulated by free fatty acid gradients induced by high-sugar diets and acute exercise that is dependent on sympathetic stimulation. However, the effects of endurance training in animals fed with high-sugar diets are unknown. This study aims to evaluate the long-term effects of diet and exercise on UCP1 and UCP3 levels and energy balance efficiency. Rats fed with standard or high-sugar (HSD) diets were simultaneously subjected to running training over an 8-week period. After the training period, the rats were decapitated, and the iBAT and gastrocnemius muscle tissues were removed for evaluation of the β₃-receptor, Ucp1, and Ucp3 mRNA and protein expression, which were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. Groups fed with an HSD displayed a higher adiposity index and iBAT weight (P < .05), whereas exhibited an up-regulation of Ucp1 mRNA and protein levels (P < .05). Training increased β₃-receptor mRNA in iBAT and reduced the Ucp3 mRNA in muscle tissues. In association with an HSD, training restored the increasing β₃-receptor mRNA and greatly up-regulated the levels of Ucp3 mRNA. Therefore, training blocked the HSD-induced up-regulation of UCP1 expression in iBAT, whereas it up-regulated the expression of Ucp3 mRNA in muscle. These results suggest that training enhances the relationship between Ucp1/Ucp3 mRNA levels, which could result in higher energy efficiency, but not when HSD-induced elevated sympathetic activity is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Barbosa de Queiroz
- Departmento de Ciências Biológicas-NUPEB, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, ICEB-Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
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