1
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Gao J, Okolo O, Siedlak SL, Friedland RP, Wang X. Ferritin is closely associated with microglia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2024:nlae074. [PMID: 39001793 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlae074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron deposition is a hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and has been strongly implicated in its pathogenesis. As a byproduct of cellular oxidative stress, iron dysregulation modifies basal levels of the regulatory iron-binding protein ferritin. Examination of thoracic and lumbar spinal cord tissues found increased ferritin immunostaining in white matter axons that corresponded to areas of increased microgliosis in 8 ALS patients versus 8 normal subjects. Gray matter areas containing the motor neurons also demonstrated increased ferritin and microglia in ALS compared to controls but at lower levels than in the white matter. Motor neurons with or without TDP-43 inclusions did not demonstrate either increased ferritin or associated microglial activation. We also observed an association of ferritin with microglia in cerebral cortical tissue samples of ALS cases and in the spinal cord tissues of transgenic mice expressing the SOD1G93A mutation. Elevated ferritin levels were detected in the insoluble fraction from spinal cord tissues of individuals with ALS. These findings suggest that activated microglia and increased ferritin may play significant roles in ALS progression since they are found closely associated in areas of axonal and cortical degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Ogoegbunam Okolo
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sandra L Siedlak
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Robert P Friedland
- Department of Neurology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Xinglong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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2
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Marupudi N, Xiong MP. Genetic Targets and Applications of Iron Chelators for Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2024; 4:119-130. [PMID: 38911909 PMCID: PMC11191567 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.3c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) is a group of neurodegenerative diseases that are typically caused by a monogenetic mutation, leading to development of disordered movement symptoms such as dystonia, hyperreflexia, etc. Brain iron accumulation can be diagnosed through MRI imaging and is hypothesized to be the cause of oxidative stress, leading to the degeneration of brain tissue. There are four main types of NBIA: pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN), PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN), mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration (MKAN), and beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (BPAN). There are no causative therapies for these diseases, but iron chelators have been shown to have potential toward treating NBIA. Three chelators are investigated in this Review: deferoxamine (DFO), desferasirox (DFS), and deferiprone (DFP). DFO has been investigated to treat neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD); however, dose-related toxicity in these studies, as well as in PKAN studies, have shown that the drug still requires more development before it can be applied toward NBIA cases. Iron chelation therapies other than the ones currently in clinical use have not yet reached clinical studies, but they may possess characteristics that would allow them to access the brain in ways that current chelators cannot. Intranasal formulations are an attractive dosage form to study for chelation therapy, as this method of delivery can bypass the blood-brain barrier and access the CNS. Gene therapy differs from iron chelation therapy as it is a causal treatment of the disease, whereas iron chelators only target the disease progression of NBIA. Because the pathophysiology of NBIA diseases is still unclear, future courses of action should be focused on causative treatment; however, iron chelation therapy is the current best course of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neharika Marupudi
- Department of Pharmaceutical
& Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2352, United States
| | - May P. Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutical
& Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2352, United States
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3
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Fujii H, Matsuki M, Hamakawa T, Toda Y, Fujii N, Masuoka S, Nakamata A, Chiba E, Ishii K, Mori H. Choroid plexus and pituitary gland hemochromatosis induced by transfusional iron overload: Two case reports. Radiol Case Rep 2024; 19:1666-1670. [PMID: 38384695 PMCID: PMC10876467 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2024.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Hemochromatosis is a primary or secondary pathological condition characterized by the deposition of excess iron in the body tissues, which can eventually lead to cellular damage and organ dysfunction. Although excess iron deposition in the central nervous system is rare, involvement of the choroid plexus, pituitary gland, cortical surfaces, and basal ganglia has been reported to date. This case report describes 2 cases of transfusion-induced hemochromatosis involving the choroid plexus and pituitary gland, which were diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In both cases, gradient echo (GRE) sequences, such as T2 star-weighted image and susceptibility-weighted imaging demonstrated markedly low signal intensity in the choroid plexus. Furthermore, the pituitary gland showed low signal intensity on T2-weighted images in Patient 2. Because these low signal intensities were not seen prior to red blood cell transfusion, they were diagnosed with transfusion-induced hemochromatosis. Brain MRI with GRE sequences was useful in detecting iron deposition in the choroid plexus. Considering that iron deposition in the body tissues can lead to irreversible organ damage, MRI with GRE sequences should be considered for patients with suspected iron overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Fujii
- Department of Radiology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Matsuki
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Jichi Children's Medical Center Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takefumi Hamakawa
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Yumiko Toda
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Nana Fujii
- Department of Radiology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Sota Masuoka
- Department of Radiology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nakamata
- Department of Radiology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Emiko Chiba
- Department of Radiology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazunari Ishii
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Harushi Mori
- Department of Radiology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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4
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LeVine SM. Exploring Potential Mechanisms Accounting for Iron Accumulation in the Central Nervous System of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2024; 13:689. [PMID: 38667304 PMCID: PMC11049304 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of iron occur in both cortical and subcortical regions of the CNS in patients with Alzheimer's disease. This accumulation is present early in the disease process as well as in more advanced stages. The factors potentially accounting for this increase are numerous, including: (1) Cells increase their uptake of iron and reduce their export of iron, as iron becomes sequestered (trapped within the lysosome, bound to amyloid β or tau, etc.); (2) metabolic disturbances, such as insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction, disrupt cellular iron homeostasis; (3) inflammation, glutamate excitotoxicity, or other pathological disturbances (loss of neuronal interconnections, soluble amyloid β, etc.) trigger cells to acquire iron; and (4) following neurodegeneration, iron becomes trapped within microglia. Some of these mechanisms are also present in other neurological disorders and can also begin early in the disease course, indicating that iron accumulation is a relatively common event in neurological conditions. In response to pathogenic processes, the directed cellular efforts that contribute to iron buildup reflect the importance of correcting a functional iron deficiency to support essential biochemical processes. In other words, cells prioritize correcting an insufficiency of available iron while tolerating deposited iron. An analysis of the mechanisms accounting for iron accumulation in Alzheimer's disease, and in other relevant neurological conditions, is put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M LeVine
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Mail Stop 3043, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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5
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Levi S, Ripamonti M, Moro AS, Cozzi A. Iron imbalance in neurodegeneration. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:1139-1152. [PMID: 38212377 PMCID: PMC11176077 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for the development and functionality of the brain, and anomalies in its distribution and concentration in brain tissue have been found to be associated with the most frequent neurodegenerative diseases. When magnetic resonance techniques allowed iron quantification in vivo, it was confirmed that the alteration of brain iron homeostasis is a common feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. However, whether iron is the main actor in the neurodegenerative process, or its alteration is a consequence of the degenerative process is still an open question. Because the different iron-related pathogenic mechanisms are specific for distinctive diseases, identifying the molecular mechanisms common to the various pathologies could represent a way to clarify this complex topic. Indeed, both iron overload and iron deficiency have profound consequences on cellular functioning, and both contribute to neuronal death processes in different manners, such as promoting oxidative damage, a loss of membrane integrity, a loss of proteostasis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, with the attempt to elucidate the consequences of iron dyshomeostasis for brain health, we summarize the main pathological molecular mechanisms that couple iron and neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Levi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy.
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.
| | | | - Andrea Stefano Moro
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Cozzi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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6
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Ficiarà E, Stura I, Vernone A, Silvagno F, Cavalli R, Guiot C. Iron Overload in Brain: Transport Mismatches, Microbleeding Events, and How Nanochelating Therapies May Counteract Their Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2337. [PMID: 38397013 PMCID: PMC10889007 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron overload in many brain regions is a common feature of aging and most neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, the causes, mechanisms, mathematical models, and possible therapies are summarized. Indeed, physiological and pathological conditions can be investigated using compartmental models mimicking iron trafficking across the blood-brain barrier and the Cerebrospinal Fluid-Brain exchange membranes located in the choroid plexus. In silico models can investigate the alteration of iron homeostasis and simulate iron concentration in the brain environment, as well as the effects of intracerebral iron chelation, determining potential doses and timing to recover the physiological state. Novel formulations of non-toxic nanovectors with chelating capacity are already tested in organotypic brain models and could be available to move from in silico to in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Ficiarà
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy;
| | - Ilaria Stura
- Department of Neurosciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, TO, Italy; (A.V.); (C.G.)
| | - Annamaria Vernone
- Department of Neurosciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, TO, Italy; (A.V.); (C.G.)
| | - Francesca Silvagno
- Department of Oncology, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10126 Torino, TO, Italy;
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, TO, Italy;
| | - Caterina Guiot
- Department of Neurosciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, TO, Italy; (A.V.); (C.G.)
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7
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Ramagiri S, Pan S, DeFreitas D, Yang PH, Raval DK, Wozniak DF, Esakky P, Strahle JM. Deferoxamine Prevents Neonatal Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus Through Choroid Plexus-Mediated Iron Clearance. Transl Stroke Res 2023; 14:704-722. [PMID: 36308676 PMCID: PMC10147846 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus occurs in up to 30% of infants with high-grade intraventricular hemorrhage and is associated with the worst neurocognitive outcomes in preterm infants. The mechanisms of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus after intraventricular hemorrhage are unknown; however, CSF levels of iron metabolic pathway proteins including hemoglobin have been implicated in its pathogenesis. Here, we develop an animal model of intraventricular hemorrhage using intraventricular injection of hemoglobin at post-natal day 4 that results in acute and chronic hydrocephalus, pathologic choroid plexus iron accumulation, and subsequent choroid plexus injury at post-natal days 5, 7, and 15. This model also results in increased expression of aquaporin-1, Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter 1, and Na+/K+/ATPase on the apical surface of the choroid plexus 24 h post-intraventricular hemorrhage. We use this model to evaluate a clinically relevant treatment strategy for the prevention of neurological sequelae after intraventricular hemorrhage using intraventricular administration of the iron chelator deferoxamine at the time of hemorrhage. Deferoxamine treatment prevented posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus for up to 11 days after intraventricular hemorrhage and prevented the development of sensorimotor gating deficits. In addition, deferoxamine treatment facilitated acute iron clearance through the choroid plexus and subsequently reduced choroid plexus iron levels at 24 h with reversal of hemoglobin-induced aquaporin-1 upregulation on the apical surface of the choroid plexus. Intraventricular administration of deferoxamine at the time of intraventricular hemorrhage may be a clinically relevant treatment strategy for preventing posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus and likely acts through promoting iron clearance through the choroid plexus to prevent hemoglobin-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Ramagiri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, 63110, St. Louis, USA
| | - Shelei Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, 63110, St. Louis, USA
| | - Dakota DeFreitas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, 63110, St. Louis, USA
| | - Peter H Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, 63110, St. Louis, USA
| | - Dhvanii K Raval
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, 63110, St. Louis, USA
| | - David F Wozniak
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA
- Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA
| | - Prabagaran Esakky
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, 63110, St. Louis, USA
| | - Jennifer M Strahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, 63110, St. Louis, USA.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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8
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Gao G, You L, Zhang J, Chang YZ, Yu P. Brain Iron Metabolism, Redox Balance and Neurological Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1289. [PMID: 37372019 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of neurological diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and stroke, is increasing. An increasing number of studies have correlated these diseases with brain iron overload and the resulting oxidative damage. Brain iron deficiency has also been closely linked to neurodevelopment. These neurological disorders seriously affect the physical and mental health of patients and bring heavy economic burdens to families and society. Therefore, it is important to maintain brain iron homeostasis and to understand the mechanism of brain iron disorders affecting reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance, resulting in neural damage, cell death and, ultimately, leading to the development of disease. Evidence has shown that many therapies targeting brain iron and ROS imbalances have good preventive and therapeutic effects on neurological diseases. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms, pathogenesis and treatment strategies of brain iron metabolism disorders in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofen Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan'erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Linhao You
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan'erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan'erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan'erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan'erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
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9
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Cerasuolo M, Di Meo I, Auriemma MC, Trojsi F, Maiorino MI, Cirillo M, Esposito F, Polito R, Colangelo AM, Paolisso G, Papa M, Rizzo MR. Iron and Ferroptosis More than a Suspect: Beyond the Most Common Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration for New Therapeutic Approaches to Cognitive Decline and Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119637. [PMID: 37298586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a multifactorial process that involves multiple mechanisms. Examples of neurodegenerative diseases are Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, prion diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. These are progressive and irreversible pathologies, characterized by neuron vulnerability, loss of structure or function of neurons, and even neuron demise in the brain, leading to clinical, functional, and cognitive dysfunction and movement disorders. However, iron overload can cause neurodegeneration. Dysregulation of iron metabolism associated with cellular damage and oxidative stress is reported as a common event in several neurodegenerative diseases. Uncontrolled oxidation of membrane fatty acids triggers a programmed cell death involving iron, ROS, and ferroptosis, promoting cell death. In Alzheimer's disease, the iron content in the brain is significantly increased in vulnerable regions, resulting in a lack of antioxidant defenses and mitochondrial alterations. Iron interacts with glucose metabolism reciprocally. Overall, iron metabolism and accumulation and ferroptosis play a significant role, particularly in the context of diabetes-induced cognitive decline. Iron chelators improve cognitive performance, meaning that brain iron metabolism control reduces neuronal ferroptosis, promising a novel therapeutic approach to cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Cerasuolo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Irene Di Meo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Auriemma
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Trojsi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Ida Maiorino
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Cirillo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Esposito
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Polito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Colangelo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience "R. Levi-Montalcini", Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, NeuroMI Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Paolisso
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks Morphology and System Biology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania ''Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Rizzo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
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10
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Chio JCT, Punjani N, Hejrati N, Zavvarian MM, Hong J, Fehlings MG. Extracellular Matrix and Oxidative Stress Following Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles and Opportunities for Therapeutic Intervention. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:184-207. [PMID: 34465134 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) causes significant disruption to neuronal, glial, vascular, and extracellular elements. The spinal cord extracellular matrix (ECM) comprises structural and communication proteins that are involved in reparative and regenerative processes after SCI. In the healthy spinal cord, the ECM helps maintain spinal cord homeostasis. After SCI, the damaged ECM limits plasticity and contributes to inflammation through the expression of damage-associated molecules such as proteoglycans. Recent Advances: Considerable insights have been gained by characterizing the origins of the gliotic and fibrotic scars, which not only reduce the spread of injury but also limit neuroregeneration. These properties likely limit the success of therapies used to treat patients with SCI. The ECM, which is a major contributor to the scars and normal physiological functions of the spinal cord, represents an exciting therapeutic target to enhance recovery post-SCI. Critical Issue: Various ECM-based preclinical therapies have been developed. These include disrupting scar components, inhibiting activity of ECM metalloproteinases, and maintaining iron homeostasis. Biomaterials have also been explored. However, the majority of these treatments have not experienced successful clinical translation. This could be due to the ECM and scars' polarizing roles. Future Directions: This review surveys the complexity involved in spinal ECM modifications, discusses new ECM-based combinatorial strategies, and explores the biomaterials evaluated in clinical trials, which hope to introduce new treatments that enhance recovery after SCI. These topics will incorporate oxidative species, which are both beneficial and harmful in reparative and regenerative processes after SCI, and not often assessed in pertinent literature. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 184-207.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Chon Teng Chio
- Department of Genetics and Development, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nayaab Punjani
- Department of Genetics and Development, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nader Hejrati
- Department of Genetics and Development, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Masoud Zavvarian
- Department of Genetics and Development, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - James Hong
- Department of Genetics and Development, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Department of Genetics and Development, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Surgery and Spine Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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11
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Andreassen SN, Toft-Bertelsen TL, Wardman JH, Villadsen R, MacAulay N. Transcriptional profiling of transport mechanisms and regulatory pathways in rat choroid plexus. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:44. [PMID: 35659263 PMCID: PMC9166438 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00335-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of brain fluid homeostasis associates with brain pathologies in which fluid accumulation leads to elevated intracranial pressure. Surgical intervention remains standard care, since specific and efficient pharmacological treatment options are limited for pathologies with disturbed brain fluid homeostasis. Such lack of therapeutic targets originates, in part, from the incomplete map of the molecular mechanisms underlying cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secretion by the choroid plexus. METHODS The transcriptomic profile of rat choroid plexus was generated by RNA Sequencing (RNAseq) of whole tissue and epithelial cells captured by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and compared to proximal tubules. The bioinformatic analysis comprised mapping to reference genome followed by filtering for type, location, and association with alias and protein function. The transporters and associated regulatory modules were arranged in discovery tables according to their transcriptional abundance and tied together in association network analysis. RESULTS The transcriptomic profile of choroid plexus displays high similarity between sex and species (human, rat, and mouse) and lesser similarity to another high-capacity fluid-transporting epithelium, the proximal tubules. The discovery tables provide lists of transport mechanisms that could participate in CSF secretion and suggest regulatory candidates. CONCLUSIONS With quantification of the transport protein transcript abundance in choroid plexus and their potentially linked regulatory modules, we envision a molecular tool to devise rational hypotheses regarding future delineation of choroidal transport proteins involved in CSF secretion and their regulation. Our vision is to obtain future pharmaceutical targets towards modulation of CSF production in pathologies involving disturbed brain water dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren N Andreassen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine L Toft-Bertelsen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan H Wardman
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René Villadsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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12
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Ferritinophagy and α-Synuclein: Pharmacological Targeting of Autophagy to Restore Iron Regulation in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042378. [PMID: 35216492 PMCID: PMC8878351 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A major hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the fatal destruction of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta. This event is preceded by the formation of Lewy bodies, which are cytoplasmic inclusions composed of α-synuclein protein aggregates. A triad contribution of α-synuclein aggregation, iron accumulation, and mitochondrial dysfunction plague nigral neurons, yet the events underlying iron accumulation are poorly understood. Elevated intracellular iron concentrations up-regulate ferritin expression, an iron storage protein that provides cytoprotection against redox stress. The lysosomal degradation pathway, autophagy, can release iron from ferritin stores to facilitate its trafficking in a process termed ferritinophagy. Aggregated α-synuclein inhibits SNARE protein complexes and destabilizes microtubules to halt vesicular trafficking systems, including that of autophagy effectively. The scope of this review is to describe the physiological and pathological relationship between iron regulation and α-synuclein, providing a detailed understanding of iron metabolism within nigral neurons. The underlying mechanisms of autophagy and ferritinophagy are explored in the context of PD, identifying potential therapeutic targets for future investigation.
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13
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Feng Q, Xu X, Wei C, Li Y, Wang M, Lv C, Wu J, Dai Y, Han Y, Lesniak MS, Fan H, Zhang L, Cheng Y. The Dynamic Interactions between Nanoparticles and Macrophages Impact Their Fate in Brain Tumors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2103600. [PMID: 34643042 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Functional nanomaterials such as iron oxide nanoparticles have been extensively explored for the diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system diseases. However, an insufficient understanding of the comprehensive nanomaterial-biological interactions in the brain hinders the nanomaterials from meeting the medical requirements for translational research. Here, FDA-approved ferumoxytol, an iron oxide nanoparticle, is chosen as the model nanomaterial for a systematic study of the dynamic interactions between ferumoxytol and immune cells, including microglia and macrophages, in the brain tumors. Strikingly, up to 90% of intratumorally injected ferumoxytol nanoparticles are recognized and phagocytized by tumor-associated microglia and macrophages. The dynamic trafficking progress of ferumoxytol in microglia and macrophages, including scavenger receptor-mediated endocytosis, lysosomal internalization, and extracellular vesicle-dominated excretion, is further studied. Importantly, the results demonstrate that extracellular vesicle-encapsulated nanoparticles could be gradually eliminated from the brain along with cerebrospinal fluid circulation over 21 days. Moreover, ferumoxytol exhibits no obvious long-term neurological toxicity after its injection. The study suggests that the dynamic biointeractions of nanoparticles with immune cells in the brain exert a key rate-limiting impact on the efficiency of targeting tumor cells and their in vivo fate and thus provide a deeper understanding of the nanomaterials in the brain for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qishuai Feng
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, 1800 Yuntai Road, Shanghai, 200123, China
- Clinical Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xianyun Xu
- The First Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, Tongji University School of Medicine, 349 Hangzhou Road, Shanghai, 200090, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Gannan Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
| | - Chen Wei
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, 1800 Yuntai Road, Shanghai, 200123, China
- Clinical Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yingze Li
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, 1800 Yuntai Road, Shanghai, 200123, China
- Clinical Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Min Wang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculofsis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Cheng Lv
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, 1800 Yuntai Road, Shanghai, 200123, China
- Clinical Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wu
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, 1800 Yuntai Road, Shanghai, 200123, China
- Clinical Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yalei Dai
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculofsis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yu Han
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North Saint Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North Saint Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Haiming Fan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- The First Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, Tongji University School of Medicine, 349 Hangzhou Road, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, 1800 Yuntai Road, Shanghai, 200123, China
- Clinical Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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14
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Sheth S, Sud S, Buxi TBS, Bhargava S, Puri RD, Sandal S, Agrawal C. Aceruloplasminemia: MRI and Biochemical Profile Clue to Early Diagnosis in an Adolescent. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1736603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAceruloplasminemia (ACP) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder with systemic and brain iron overload, secondary to ceruloplasmin gene mutation, usually presents in adults with neurological manifestations. An abnormal biochemical profile may be the only clue in an adolescent patient, that is, microcytic anemia, low transferrin saturation, hyperferritinemia, and should warrant a possible diagnosis of ACP, which can be established by low serum ceruloplasmin levels and appropriate genetic testing. We present a case of an adolescent patient in whom ACP was suspected when brain magnetic resonance imaging showed iron overload in basal ganglia, thalami, red nuclei, dentate nuclei, and choroid plexus and later on confirmed by biochemical profile. The final diagnosis was confirmed by the presences of a novel mutation on genetic analysis. To the best of our knowledge, our case is the second description of ACP with choroid plexus hemosiderosis.We proposed in this article that the combination of parenchymal and choroid plexus iron overload should prompt the suspicion of ACP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Sheth
- Department of Radiology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Sud
- Department of CT & MRI, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Salil Bhargava
- Department of Radiology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ratna Dua Puri
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics & Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sapna Sandal
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics & Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - C.S Agrawal
- Department of Neurology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
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15
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Kaur H, Bush WS, Letendre SL, Ellis RJ, Heaton RK, Patton SM, Connor JR, Samuels DC, Franklin DR, Hulgan T, Kallianpur AR. Higher CSF Ferritin Heavy-Chain (Fth1) and Transferrin Predict Better Neurocognitive Performance in People with HIV. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4842-4855. [PMID: 34195939 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02433-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) remains prevalent despite antiretroviral therapy and involves white matter damage in the brain. Although iron is essential for myelination and myelin maintenance/repair, its role in HAND is largely unexplored. We tested the hypotheses that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) heavy-chain ferritin (Fth1) and transferrin, proteins integral to iron delivery and myelination, are associated with neurocognitive performance in people with HIV (PWH). Fth1, transferrin, and the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 were quantified in CSF at baseline (entry) in 403 PWH from a prospective observational study who underwent serial, comprehensive neurocognitive assessments. Associations of Fth1 and transferrin with Global Deficit Score (GDS)-defined neurocognitive performance at baseline and 30-42 months of follow-up were evaluated by multivariable regression. While not associated with neurocognitive performance at baseline, higher baseline CSF Fth1 predicted significantly better neurocognitive performance over 30 months in all PWH (p < 0.05), in PWH aged < 50 at 30, 36, and 42 months (all p < 0.05), and in virally suppressed PWH at all three visit time-points (all p < 0.01). Higher CSF transferrin was associated with superior neurocognitive performance at all visits, primarily in viremic individuals (all p < 0.05). All associations persisted after adjustment for neuro-inflammation. In summary, higher CSF Fth1 is neuroprotective over prolonged follow-up in all and virally suppressed PWH, while higher CSF transferrin may be most neuroprotective during viremia. We speculate that higher CSF levels of these critical iron-delivery proteins support improved myelination and consequently, neurocognitive performance in PWH, providing a rationale for investigating their role in interventions to prevent and/or treat HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Kaur
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic/Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Ave/Mail Code R4-008, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - William S Bush
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Scott L Letendre
- Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ronald J Ellis
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert K Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie M Patton
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State/Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State/Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - David C Samuels
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Donald R Franklin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Todd Hulgan
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Asha R Kallianpur
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic/Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Ave/Mail Code R4-008, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. .,Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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16
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ATP7A-Regulated Enzyme Metalation and Trafficking in the Menkes Disease Puzzle. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040391. [PMID: 33917579 PMCID: PMC8067471 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is vital for numerous cellular functions affecting all tissues and organ systems in the body. The copper pump, ATP7A is critical for whole-body, cellular, and subcellular copper homeostasis, and dysfunction due to genetic defects results in Menkes disease. ATP7A dysfunction leads to copper deficiency in nervous tissue, liver, and blood but accumulation in other tissues. Site-specific cellular deficiencies of copper lead to loss of function of copper-dependent enzymes in all tissues, and the range of Menkes disease pathologies observed can now be explained in full by lack of specific copper enzymes. New pathways involving copper activated lysosomal and steroid sulfatases link patient symptoms usually related to other inborn errors of metabolism to Menkes disease. Additionally, new roles for lysyl oxidase in activation of molecules necessary for the innate immune system, and novel adapter molecules that play roles in ERGIC trafficking of brain receptors and other proteins, are emerging. We here summarize the current knowledge of the roles of copper enzyme function in Menkes disease, with a focus on ATP7A-mediated enzyme metalation in the secretory pathway. By establishing mechanistic relationships between copper-dependent cellular processes and Menkes disease symptoms in patients will not only increase understanding of copper biology but will also allow for the identification of an expanding range of copper-dependent enzymes and pathways. This will raise awareness of rare patient symptoms, and thus aid in early diagnosis of Menkes disease patients.
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17
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Ceruloplasmin Deamidation in Neurodegeneration: From Loss to Gain of Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020663. [PMID: 33440850 PMCID: PMC7827708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders can induce modifications of several proteins; one of which is ceruloplasmin (Cp), a ferroxidase enzyme found modified in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of neurodegenerative diseases patients. Cp modifications are caused by the oxidation induced by the pathological environment and are usually associated with activity loss. Together with oxidation, deamidation of Cp was found in the CSF from Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease patients. Protein deamidation is a process characterized by asparagine residues conversion in either aspartate or isoaspartate, depending on protein sequence/structure and cellular environment. Cp deamidation occurs at two Asparagine-Glycine-Arginine (NGR)-motifs which, once deamidated to isoAspartate-Glycine-Arginine (isoDGR), bind integrins, a family of receptors mediating cell adhesion. Therefore, on the one hand, Cp modifications lead to loss of enzymatic activity, while on the other hand, these alterations confer gain of function to Cp. In fact, deamidated Cp binds to integrins and triggers intracellular signaling on choroid plexus epithelial cells, changing cell functioning. Working in concert with the oxidative environment, Cp deamidation could reach different target cells in the brain, altering their physiology and causing detrimental effects, which might contribute to the pathological mechanism.
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18
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Wimmer I, Scharler C, Kadowaki T, Hillebrand S, Scheiber-Mojdehkar B, Ueda S, Bradl M, Berger T, Lassmann H, Hametner S. Iron accumulation in the choroid plexus, ependymal cells and CNS parenchyma in a rat strain with low-grade haemolysis of fragile macrocytic red blood cells. Brain Pathol 2020; 31:333-345. [PMID: 33220123 PMCID: PMC8018038 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron accumulation in the CNS is associated with many neurological diseases via amplification of inflammation and neurodegeneration. However, experimental studies on iron overload are challenging, since rodents hardly accumulate brain iron in contrast to humans. Here, we studied LEWzizi rats, which present with elevated CNS iron loads, aiming to characterise choroid plexus, ependymal, CSF and CNS parenchymal iron loads in conjunction with altered blood iron parameters and, thus, signifying non‐classical entry sites for iron into the CNS. Non‐haem iron in formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue was detected via DAB‐enhanced Turnbull Blue stainings. CSF iron levels were determined via atomic absorption spectroscopy. Ferroportin and aquaporin‐1 expression was visualised using immunohistochemistry. The analysis of red blood cell indices and serum/plasma parameters was based on automated measurements; the fragility of red blood cells was manually determined by the osmotic challenge. Compared with wild‐type animals, LEWzizi rats showed strongly increased iron accumulation in choroid plexus epithelial cells as well as in ependymal cells of the ventricle lining. Concurrently, red blood cell macrocytosis, low‐grade haemolysis and significant haemoglobin liberation from red blood cells were apparent in the peripheral blood of LEWzizi rats. Interestingly, elevated iron accumulation was also evident in kidney proximal tubules, which share similarities with the blood–CSF barrier. Our data underscore the importance of iron gateways into the CNS other than the classical route across microvessels in the CNS parenchyma. Our findings of pronounced choroid plexus iron overload in conjunction with peripheral iron overload and increased RBC fragility in LEWzizi rats may be seminal for future studies of human diseases, in which similar constellations are found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Wimmer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cornelia Scharler
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Taro Kadowaki
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Neurology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Sophie Hillebrand
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Shuichi Ueda
- Department of Histology and Neurobiology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Monika Bradl
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Hametner
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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19
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Ficiara E, D'Agata F, Ansari S, Boschi S, Rainero I, Priano L, Cattaldo S, Abollino O, Cavalli R, Guiot C. A mathematical model for the evaluation of iron transport across the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in neurodegenerative diseases. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:2270-2273. [PMID: 33018460 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Iron plays important roles in healthy brain but altered homeostasis and concentration have been correlated to aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Iron enters the central nervous system by crossing the brain barrier systems: the Blood- Brain Barrier separating blood and brain and the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier (BCSFB) between blood and CSF, which is in contact with the brain by far less selective barriers. Herein, we develop a two-compartmental model for the BCSFB, based on first-order ordinary differential equations, performing numerical simulations and sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, as input parameters of the model, experimental data from patients affected by Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, mild cognitive impairment and matched neurological controls were used, with the aim of investigating the differences between physiological and pathological conditions in the regulation of iron passage between blood and CSF which can be possibly targeted by therapy.
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20
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D’Mello SR, Kindy MC. Overdosing on iron: Elevated iron and degenerative brain disorders. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:1444-1473. [PMID: 32878460 PMCID: PMC7553095 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220953065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Brain degenerative disorders, which include some neurodevelopmental disorders and age-associated diseases, cause debilitating neurological deficits and are generally fatal. A large body of emerging evidence indicates that iron accumulation in neurons within specific regions of the brain plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many of these disorders. Iron homeostasis is a highly complex and incompletely understood process involving a large number of regulatory molecules. Our review provides a description of what is known about how iron is obtained by the body and brain and how defects in the homeostatic processes could contribute to the development of brain diseases, focusing on Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease as well as four other disorders belonging to a class of inherited conditions referred to as neurodegeneration based on iron accumulation (NBIA) disorders. A description of potential therapeutic approaches being tested for each of these different disorders is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark C Kindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- James A. Haley Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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21
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Grubić Kezele T, Ćurko-Cofek B. Age-Related Changes and Sex-Related Differences in Brain Iron Metabolism. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2601. [PMID: 32867052 PMCID: PMC7551829 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential element that participates in numerous cellular processes. Any disruption of iron homeostasis leads to either iron deficiency or iron overload, which can be detrimental for humans' health, especially in elderly. Each of these changes contributes to the faster development of many neurological disorders or stimulates progression of already present diseases. Age-related cellular and molecular alterations in iron metabolism can also lead to iron dyshomeostasis and deposition. Iron deposits can contribute to the development of inflammation, abnormal protein aggregation, and degeneration in the central nervous system (CNS), leading to the progressive decline in cognitive processes, contributing to pathophysiology of stroke and dysfunctions of body metabolism. Besides, since iron plays an important role in both neuroprotection and neurodegeneration, dietary iron homeostasis should be considered with caution. Recently, there has been increased interest in sex-related differences in iron metabolism and iron homeostasis. These differences have not yet been fully elucidated. In this review we will discuss the latest discoveries in iron metabolism, age-related changes, along with the sex differences in iron content in serum and brain, within the healthy aging population and in neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Grubić Kezele
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
- Clinical Department for Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Krešimirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Božena Ćurko-Cofek
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
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22
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Theruvath AJ, Aghighi M, Iv M, Nejadnik H, Lavezo J, Pisani LJ, Daldrup-Link HE. Brain iron deposition after Ferumoxytol-enhanced MRI: A study of Porcine Brains. Nanotheranostics 2020; 4:195-200. [PMID: 32637297 PMCID: PMC7332795 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.46356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence of gadolinium deposition in the brain has raised safety concerns. Iron oxide nanoparticles are re-emerging as promising alternative MR contrast agents, because the iron core can be metabolized. However, long-term follow up studies of the brain after intravenous iron oxide administration have not been reported thus far. In this study, we investigated, if intravenously administered ferumoxytol nanoparticles are deposited in porcine brains. Methods: In an animal care and use committee-approved prospective case-control study, ten Göttingen minipigs received either intravenous ferumoxytol injections at a dose of 5 mg Fe/kg (n=4) or remained untreated (n=6). Nine to twelve months later, pigs were sacrificed and the brains of all pigs underwent ex vivo MRI at 7T with T2 and T2*-weighted sequences. MRI scans were evaluated by measuring R2* values (R2*=1000/T2*) of the bilateral caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus, thalamus, dentate nucleus, and choroid plexus. Pig brains were sectioned and stained with Prussian blue and evaluated for iron deposition using a semiquantitative scoring system. Data of ferumoxytol exposed and unexposed groups were compared with an unpaired t-test and a Mann-Whitney U test. Results: T2 and T2* signal of the different brain regions was not visually different between ferumoxytol exposed and unexposed controls. There were no significant differences in R2* values of the different brain regions in the ferumoxytol exposed group compared to controls (p>0.05). Prussian blue stains of the same brain regions, scored according to a semiquantitative score, were not significantly different either between the ferumoxytol exposed group and unexposed controls (p>0.05). Conclusions: Our study shows that intravenous ferumoxytol doses of 5-10 mg Fe/kg do not lead to iron deposition in the brain of pigs. We suggest iron oxide nanoparticles as a promising alternative for gadolinium-enhanced MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Joseph Theruvath
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, CA, USA.,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maryam Aghighi
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Michael Iv
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Hossein Nejadnik
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Lavezo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laura Jean Pisani
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, CA, USA
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23
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Mahaney KB, Buddhala C, Paturu M, Morales D, Limbrick DD, Strahle JM. Intraventricular Hemorrhage Clearance in Human Neonatal Cerebrospinal Fluid: Associations With Hydrocephalus. Stroke 2020; 51:1712-1719. [PMID: 32397930 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.028744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- Preterm neonates with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) are at risk for posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus and poor neurological outcomes. Iron has been implicated in ventriculomegaly, hippocampal injury, and poor outcomes following IVH. We hypothesized that levels of cerebrospinal fluid blood breakdown products and endogenous iron clearance proteins in neonates with IVH differ from those of neonates with IVH who subsequently develop posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Methods- Premature neonates with an estimated gestational age at birth <30 weeks who underwent lumbar puncture for clinical evaluation an average of 2 weeks after birth were evaluated. Groups consisted of controls (n=16), low-grade IVH (grades I-II; n=4), high-grade IVH (grades III-IV; n=6), and posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (n=9). Control subjects were preterm neonates born at <30 weeks' gestation without brain abnormality or hemorrhage on cranial ultrasound, who underwent lumbar puncture for clinical purposes. Cerebrospinal fluid hemoglobin, total bilirubin, total iron, ferritin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, haptoglobin, and hemopexin were quantified. Results- Cerebrospinal fluid hemoglobin levels were increased in posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus compared with high-grade IVH (9.45 versus 6.06 µg/mL, P<0.05) and cerebrospinal fluid ferritin levels were increased in posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus compared with controls (511.33 versus 67.08, P<0.01). No significant group differences existed for the other cerebrospinal fluid blood breakdown and iron-handling proteins tested. We observed positive correlations between ventricular enlargement (frontal occipital horn ratio) and ferritin (Pearson r=0.67), hemoglobin (Pearson r=0.68), and total bilirubin (Pearson r=0.69). Conclusions- Neonates with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus had significantly higher levels of hemoglobin than those with high-grade IVH. Levels of blood breakdown products, hemoglobin, ferritin, and bilirubin correlated with ventricular size. There was no elevation of several iron-scavenging proteins in cerebrospinal fluid in neonates with posthemorrhagic hydrocpehalus, indicative of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus as a disease state occurring when endogenous iron clearance mechanisms are overwhelmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly B Mahaney
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (K.B.M.)
| | - Chandana Buddhala
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, MO (C.B., M.P., D.M., D.D.L., J.M.S.)
| | - Mounica Paturu
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, MO (C.B., M.P., D.M., D.D.L., J.M.S.)
| | - Diego Morales
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, MO (C.B., M.P., D.M., D.D.L., J.M.S.)
| | - David D Limbrick
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, MO (C.B., M.P., D.M., D.D.L., J.M.S.)
| | - Jennifer M Strahle
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, MO (C.B., M.P., D.M., D.D.L., J.M.S.)
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24
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Meister SW, Hjelm LC, Dannemeyer M, Tegel H, Lindberg H, Ståhl S, Löfblom J. An Affibody Molecule Is Actively Transported into the Cerebrospinal Fluid via Binding to the Transferrin Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2999. [PMID: 32340383 PMCID: PMC7215652 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of biotherapeutics for the treatment of diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) is typically impeded by insufficient transport across the blood-brain barrier. Here, we investigate a strategy to potentially increase the uptake into the CNS of an affibody molecule (ZSYM73) via binding to the transferrin receptor (TfR). ZSYM73 binds monomeric amyloid beta, a peptide involved in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, with subnanomolar affinity. We generated a tri-specific fusion protein by genetically linking a single-chain variable fragment of the TfR-binding antibody 8D3 and an albumin-binding domain to the affibody molecule ZSYM73. Simultaneous tri-specific target engagement was confirmed in a biosensor experiment and the affinity for murine TfR was determined to 5 nM. Blockable binding to TfR on endothelial cells was demonstrated using flow cytometry and in a preclinical study we observed increased uptake of the tri-specific fusion protein into the cerebrospinal fluid 24 h after injection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John Löfblom
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.W.M.); (L.C.H.); (M.D.); (H.T.); (H.L.); (S.S.)
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25
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Yanase K, Uemura N, Chiba Y, Murakami R, Fujihara R, Matsumoto K, Shirakami G, Araki N, Ueno M. Immunoreactivities for hepcidin, ferroportin, and hephaestin in astrocytes and choroid plexus epithelium of human brains. Neuropathology 2019; 40:75-83. [DOI: 10.1111/neup.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yanase
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Kagawa Japan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Takamatsu Japan
| | - Naoya Uemura
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Kagawa Japan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Takamatsu Japan
| | - Yoichi Chiba
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Kagawa Japan
| | - Ryuta Murakami
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Kagawa Japan
| | - Ryuji Fujihara
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Kagawa Japan
| | - Koichi Matsumoto
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Kagawa Japan
| | - Gotaro Shirakami
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Takamatsu Japan
| | - Nobukazu Araki
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Takamatsu Japan
| | - Masaki Ueno
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of MedicineKagawa University Kagawa Japan
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26
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Kartamihardja AAP, Hanaoka H, Andriana P, Kameo S, Takahashi A, Koyama H, Tsushima Y. Quantitative analysis of Gd in the protein content of the brain following single injection of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) by size exclusion chromatography. Br J Radiol 2019; 92:20190062. [PMID: 31045442 PMCID: PMC6636256 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20190062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of transporter proteins in gadolinium (Gd) distribution and retention in the brain after one high-dose injection of Gd-based contrast agent (GBCA). METHODS AND MATERIALS 30 ddY mice were randomly divided into three treatment groups to be intravenously injected with either Gadodiamide (linear GBCA), Gadobutrol (macrocyclic GBCA), or Gadoterate (macrocyclic GBCA) at a dose of 5 mmol/kg, while five mice in the control group received 250 µL saline. Five minutes (5 min) and ten days (10d) post-injection, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), choroid plexus (CP), and meninges and associated vasculature (MAV) were collected. The brain was then dissected to obtain the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and brainstem. Proteins were extracted and separated by a size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SEC) system, and Gd concentrations were quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). RESULTS 5 m post-injection, the Gadodiamide group had the highest Gd concentration, while Gadoterate had the lowest Gd concentration in all parts of the brain (p < .05). Gd concentration was highest in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the Gadodiamide group (578.4 ± 135.3 nmol), while Gd concentration was highest in MAV in the Gadobutrol group (379.7 ± 75.4 nmol) at 5 min post-injection. At 10d, in spite of the significant decrease of Gd from all GBCAs ( p < 0.01), retained Gd from Gadodiamide was detected all over the brain in several molecules that varied in size. Gd from Gadobutrol detected in the olfactory bulb (8.7 ± 4.5 nmol) was significantly higher than in other parts of the brain. Although most Gd from Gadobutrol was found in molecules similar in size to Gadobutrol, it was also found in several protein molecules of molecular size larger than the contrast agents. Only a small amount of Gd from Gadoterate was found in the brain. CONCLUSION GBCAs may be able to pass through intact brain barriers, and the chemical structures of GBCAs may affect the penetration capability of Gd into the brain. Retained Gd in the brain tissue from Gadodiamide and Gadobutrol may be bound to some organic molecules, including proteins. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE Intact GBCA are able to penetrate a series of brain barrier immediately after administration regardless the type of the chelate. Gd may be bound with macromolecules that may cause Gd retention in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hirofumi Hanaoka
- Department of Bioimaging and Information Analysis, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Putri Andriana
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Satomi Kameo
- Department of Public Health, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Ayako Takahashi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Koyama
- Department of Public Health, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tsushima
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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27
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Qian ZM, Ke Y. Brain iron transport. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1672-1684. [PMID: 31190441 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Brain iron is a crucial participant and regulator of normal physiological activity. However, excess iron is involved in the formation of free radicals, and has been associated with oxidative damage to neuronal and other brain cells. Abnormally high brain iron levels have been observed in various neurodegenerative diseases, including neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. However, the key question of why iron levels increase in the relevant regions of the brain remains to be answered. A full understanding of the homeostatic mechanisms involved in brain iron transport and metabolism is therefore critical not only for elucidating the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for excess iron accumulation in the brain but also for developing pharmacological interventions to disrupt the chain of pathological events occurring in these neurodegenerative diseases. Numerous studies have been conducted, but to date no effort to synthesize these studies and ideas into a systematic and coherent summary has been made, especially concerning iron transport across the luminal (apical) membrane of the capillary endothelium and the membranes of different brain cell types. Herein, we review key findings on brain iron transport, highlighting the mechanisms involved in iron transport across the luminal (apical) as well as the abluminal (basal) membrane of the blood-brain barrier, the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and iron uptake and release in neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia within the brain. We offer suggestions for addressing the many important gaps in our understanding of this important topic, and provide new insights into the potential causes of abnormally increased iron levels in regions of the brain in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Ming Qian
- Institute of Translational & Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China.,Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ya Ke
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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28
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Hubert V, Chauveau F, Dumot C, Ong E, Berner LP, Canet-Soulas E, Ghersi-Egea JF, Wiart M. Clinical Imaging of Choroid Plexus in Health and in Brain Disorders: A Mini-Review. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:34. [PMID: 30809124 PMCID: PMC6379459 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexuses (ChPs) perform indispensable functions for the development, maintenance and functioning of the brain. Although they have gained considerable interest in the last years, their involvement in brain disorders is still largely unknown, notably because their deep location inside the brain hampers non-invasive investigations. Imaging tools have become instrumental to the diagnosis and pathophysiological study of neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. This review summarizes the knowledge that has been gathered from the clinical imaging of ChPs in health and brain disorders not related to ChP pathologies. Results are discussed in the light of pre-clinical imaging studies. As seen in this review, to date, most clinical imaging studies of ChPs have used disease-free human subjects to demonstrate the value of different imaging biomarkers (ChP size, perfusion/permeability, glucose metabolism, inflammation), sometimes combined with the study of normal aging. Although very few studies have actually tested the value of ChP imaging biomarkers in patients with brain disorders, these pioneer studies identified ChP changes that are promising data for a better understanding and follow-up of diseases such as schizophrenia, epilepsy and Alzheimer’s disease. Imaging of immune cell trafficking at the ChPs has remained limited to pre-clinical studies so far but has the potential to be translated in patients for example using MRI coupled with the injection of iron oxide nanoparticles. Future investigations should aim at confirming and extending these findings and at developing translational molecular imaging tools for bridging the gap between basic molecular and cellular neuroscience and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violaine Hubert
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm U1060, INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Charles Mérieux Medical School, Oullins, France
| | - Fabien Chauveau
- CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, BIORAN Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Chloé Dumot
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm U1060, INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Charles Mérieux Medical School, Oullins, France.,HCL, Lyon, France
| | - Elodie Ong
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm U1060, INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Charles Mérieux Medical School, Oullins, France.,HCL, Lyon, France
| | | | - Emmanuelle Canet-Soulas
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm U1060, INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Charles Mérieux Medical School, Oullins, France
| | - Jean-François Ghersi-Egea
- CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, Fluid Team and BIP Facility, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Marlène Wiart
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm U1060, INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Charles Mérieux Medical School, Oullins, France.,CNRS, Lyon, France
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29
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Zanardi A, Conti A, Cremonesi M, D'Adamo P, Gilberti E, Apostoli P, Cannistraci CV, Piperno A, David S, Alessio M. Ceruloplasmin replacement therapy ameliorates neurological symptoms in a preclinical model of aceruloplasminemia. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:91-106. [PMID: 29183916 PMCID: PMC5760856 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aceruloplasminemia is a monogenic disease caused by mutations in the ceruloplasmin gene that result in loss of protein ferroxidase activity. Ceruloplasmin plays a role in iron homeostasis, and its activity impairment leads to iron accumulation in liver, pancreas, and brain. Iron deposition promotes diabetes, retinal degeneration, and progressive neurodegeneration. Current therapies mainly based on iron chelation, partially control systemic iron deposition but are ineffective on neurodegeneration. We investigated the potential of ceruloplasmin replacement therapy in reducing the neurological pathology in the ceruloplasmin-knockout (CpKO) mouse model of aceruloplasminemia. CpKO mice were intraperitoneal administered for 2 months with human ceruloplasmin that was able to enter the brain inducing replacement of the protein levels and rescue of ferroxidase activity. Ceruloplasmin-treated mice showed amelioration of motor incoordination that was associated with diminished loss of Purkinje neurons and reduced brain iron deposition, in particular in the choroid plexus. Computational analysis showed that ceruloplasmin-treated CpKO mice share a similar pattern with wild-type animals, highlighting the efficacy of the therapy. These data suggest that enzyme replacement therapy may be a promising strategy for the treatment of aceruloplasminemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Zanardi
- Proteome Biochemistry, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS-San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Conti
- Proteome Biochemistry, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS-San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Cremonesi
- Proteome Biochemistry, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS-San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia D'Adamo
- Molecular Genetics of Intellectual Disabilities, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS-San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrica Gilberti
- Unit of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Pietro Apostoli
- Unit of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carlo Vittorio Cannistraci
- Biomedical Cybernetics Group, Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Department of Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Brain Bio-Inspired Computation (BBC) Lab, IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", Messina, Italy
| | - Alberto Piperno
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hemochromatosis, ASST-S.Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Samuel David
- Center for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of The McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Massimo Alessio
- Proteome Biochemistry, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS-San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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30
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Abstract
The key molecular events that provoke Parkinson's disease (PD) are not fully understood. Iron deposit was found in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of PD patients and animal models, where dopaminergic neurons degeneration occurred selectively. The mechanisms involved in disturbed iron metabolism remain unknown, however, considerable evidence indicates that iron transporters dysregulation, activation of L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (LTCC) and ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels, as well as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (NMDARs) contribute to this process. There is emerging evidence on the structural links and functional modulations between iron and α-synuclein, and the key player in PD which aggregates in Lewy bodies. Iron is believed to modulate α-synuclein synthesis, post-translational modification, and aggregation. Furthermore, glia, especially activated astroglia and microglia, are involved in iron deposit in PD. Glial contributions were largely dependent on the factors they released, e.g., neurotrophic factors, pro-inflammatory factors, lactoferrin, and those undetermined. Therefore, iron chelation using iron chelators, the extracts from many natural foods with iron chelating properties, may be an effective therapy for prevention and treatment of the disease.
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31
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Abstract
With the development of research, more and more evidences suggested that mutations in the genes associated with brain iron metabolism induced diseases in the brain. Brain iron metabolism disorders might be one cause of neurodegenerative diseases. This review mainly summarizes the normal process of iron entry into the brain across the blood-brain barrier, and the distribution and transportation of iron among neurons and glial cells, as well as the underlying regulation mechanisms. To understand the mechanisms of iron metabolism in the brain will provide theoretical basis to prevent and cure brain diseases related to iron metabolism disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, 20, Nanerhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050024, China.
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, 20, Nanerhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050024, China.
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32
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Adisetiyo V, McGill CE, DeVries WH, Jensen JH, Hanlon CA, Helpern JA. Elevated Brain Iron in Cocaine Use Disorder as Indexed by Magnetic Field Correlation Imaging. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2018; 4:579-588. [PMID: 30581153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron homeostasis is a critical biological process that may be disrupted in cocaine use disorder (CUD). In the brain, iron is required for neural processes involved in addiction and can be lethal to cells if unbound, especially in excess. Moreover, recent studies have implicated elevated brain iron in conditions of prolonged psychostimulant exposure. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine iron in basal ganglia reward regions of individuals with CUD using an advanced imaging method called magnetic field correlation (MFC) imaging. METHODS MFC imaging was acquired in 19 non-treatment-seeking individuals with CUD and 19 healthy control individuals (both male and female). Region-of-interest analyses for MFC group differences and within-group correlations with age and years of cocaine use were conducted in the globus pallidus internal segment (GPi), globus pallidus external segment, putamen, caudate nucleus, thalamus, and red nucleus. RESULTS Individuals with CUD had significantly elevated MFC compared with control individuals within the GPi. In control individuals, MFC significantly increased with age in the GPi, globus pallidus external segment, putamen, and caudate nucleus. Conversely, there were no significant MFC within-group correlations in the CUD group. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with CUD have excess iron in the GPi, as indexed by MFC, and lack the age-related gradual iron deposition seen in normal aging. Because the globus pallidus is critical for the transition of goal-directed behavior to compulsive behavior, significantly elevated iron in the GPi may contribute to the persistence of CUD. These findings implicate dysregulation of brain iron homeostasis in CUD and support pursuing this new line of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitria Adisetiyo
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
| | - Corinne E McGill
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - William H DeVries
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jens H Jensen
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Colleen A Hanlon
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Joseph A Helpern
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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33
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Piperno A, Alessio M. Aceruloplasminemia: Waiting for an Efficient Therapy. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:903. [PMID: 30568573 PMCID: PMC6290325 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aceruloplasminemia is an ultra-rare hereditary disorder caused by defective production of ceruloplasmin. Its phenotype is characterized by iron-restricted erythropoiesis and tissue iron overload, diabetes, and progressive retinal and neurological degeneration. Ceruloplasmin is a ferroxidase that plays a critical role in iron homeostasis through the oxidation and mobilization of iron from stores and subsequent incorporation of ferric iron into transferrin (Tf), which becomes available for cellular uptake via the Tf receptor. In addition, ceruloplasmin has antioxidant properties preventing the production of deleterious reactive oxygen species via the Fenton reaction. Some recent findings suggest that aceruloplasminemia phenotypes can be more heterogeneous than previously believed, varying within a wide range. Within this large heterogeneity, microcytosis with or without anemia, low serum iron and high serum ferritin, and diabetes are the early hallmarks of the disease, while neurological manifestations appear 10-20 years later. The usual therapeutic approach is based on iron chelators that are efficacious in reducing systemic iron overload. However, they have demonstrated poor efficacy in counteracting the progression of neurologic manifestations, and also often aggravate anemia, thereby requiring drug discontinuation. Open questions remain regarding the mechanisms leading to neurological manifestation and development of diabetes, and iron chelation therapy (ICT) efficacy. Recent studies in animal models of aceruloplasminemia support the possibility of new therapeutic approaches by parenteral ceruloplasmin administration. In this review we describe the state of the art of aceruloplasminemia with particular attention on the pathogenic mechanisms of the disease and therapeutic approaches, both current and perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Piperno
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Medical Genetic Unit, San Gerardo Hospital, ASST-Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - Massimo Alessio
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS-Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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34
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da Cruz Fernandes M, Severino AG, Zago AM, Tortorelli L, Carvalho FB, Schneider FL. Iron localization in the guinea pig choroid plexus: A light and transmission electron microscopy study. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 49:128-133. [PMID: 29895361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of the choroid plexus (CP) in iron (Fe) homeostasis has been suggested as the main mechanism of Fe uptake and storage in the mammalian central nervous system. Thus, the CP of the lateral and fourth ventricles was studied in guinea pigs with light and electron microscopy using methods including Perls' Prussian blue and Gomori acid phosphatase staining, immunoreactivity for ferritin and transferrin, as well as energy dispersive spectrometry microanalysis. The present study reveals the presence of endogenous Fe in CP epithelial cells. Under light microscopy, Prussian blue staining revealed dark blue precipitates (i.e., Fe3+) with a preferentially perinuclear localization. The Fe was also positive for such granules with similar cellular localization. Ultrastructural analysis demonstrated the presence of dense bodies and siderosomes with molecular ferritin. The spectra obtained by the microanalysis demonstrated emissions for Fe, both in dense bodies and siderosomes. This study suggests that guinea pig CP epithelial cells accumulate Fe in the form of ferritin, possibly in cytoplasmic organelles such as lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilda da Cruz Fernandes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Sarmento Leite, 245, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Antônio Generoso Severino
- Laboratório de Neuroanatomia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Sarmento Leite, 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriana Maria Zago
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Sarmento Leite, 245, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas Tortorelli
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Sarmento Leite, 245, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiano B Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Sarmento Leite, 245, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe Luis Schneider
- Laboratório de Neuroanatomia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Sarmento Leite, 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Gorman AW, Deh KM, Schwiedrzik CM, White JR, Groman EV, Fisher CA, Gillen KM, Spincemaille P, Rasmussen S, Prince MR, Voss HU, Freiwald WA, Wang Y. Brain Iron Distribution after Multiple Doses of Ultra-small Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Particles in Rats. Comp Med 2018; 68:139-147. [PMID: 29663939 PMCID: PMC5897970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of high cumulative doses of ultra-small paramagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) used in neuroimaging studies. We intravenously administered 8 mg/kg of 2 USPIO compounds daily for 4 wk to male Sprague-Dawley rats (Crl:SD). Multiecho gradient-echo MRI, serum iron levels, and histology were performed at the end of dosing and after a 7-d washout period. R2* maps and quantitative susceptibility maps (QSM) were generated from multiecho gradient-echo data. R2* maps and QSM showed iron accumulation in brain ventricles on MR images acquired at the 4- and 5-wk time points. Estimates from QSM data showed ventricular iron concentration was equal to or higher than serum iron concentration. Histologic analysis revealed choroid plexus hemosiderosis and midbrain vacuolation, without iron deposition in brain parenchyma. Serum iron levels increased with administration of both compounds, and a 7-d washout period effectively reduced serum iron levels of one but not both of the compounds. High cumulative doses from multiple, frequent administrations of USPIO can lead to iron deposition in brain ventricles, resulting in persistent signal loss on T2*-weighted images. Techniques such as QSM are helpful in quantifying iron biodistribution in this situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Gorman
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA. Center of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Center, Tri Institutional Training Program in Laboratory Animal Medicine and Science, New York, New York, USA.,
| | - Kofi M Deh
- Joan and Sanford I Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Caspar M Schwiedrzik
- Laboratory of Neural Systems, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA. Neural Circuits and Cognition Lab, European Neuroscience Institute, Gottingen, Germany
| | - Julie R White
- Center of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Tri Institutional Training Program in Laboratory Animal Medicine and Science, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ernest Victor Groman
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Clark A Fisher
- Laboratory of Neural Systems, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kelly M Gillen
- Joan and Sanford I Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Pascal Spincemaille
- Joan and Sanford I Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Skye Rasmussen
- Comparative Bioscience Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Martin R Prince
- Joan and Sanford I Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Henning U Voss
- Joan and Sanford I Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Winrich A Freiwald
- Laboratory of Neural Systems, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Joan and Sanford I Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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Herbert E, Engel-Hills P, Hattingh C, Fouche JP, Kidd M, Lochner C, Kotze MJ, van Rensburg SJ. Fractional anisotropy of white matter, disability and blood iron parameters in multiple sclerosis. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:545-557. [PMID: 29396631 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disorder related to myelin damage, which can be investigated by neuroimaging techniques such as fractional anisotropy (FA), a measure of microstructural white matter properties. The objectives of this study were to investigate (1) the relationship between FA and disability using an extremes of outcome approach, and (2) whether blood iron parameters were associated with FA and/or disability. Patients diagnosed with MS (n = 107; 14 males and 93 females) had iron parameter tests and disability determinations using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). FA was recorded in 48 white matter tracts in 11 of the female patients with MS and 12 female controls. RESULTS In patients with high disability scores the mean FA was significantly lower (0.34 ± 0.067) than in the control group (0.45 ± 0.036; p = 0.04), while patients with low disability had mean FA values (0.44 ± 0.014) similar to controls (p = 0.5). Positive associations were found between FA and the iron parameters serum iron, ferritin and percentage transferrin saturation (%Tfsat) in all the white matter tracts. For % Tfsat, the associations were highly significant in 14 tracts (p < 0.01; r-values 0.74-0.84) and p < 0.001 (r = 0.83) in the superior fronto occipital fasciculus (LH). In the whole patient group a trend was found towards an inverse association between the EDSS and the %Tfsat (r = -0.26, p = 0.05) after excluding male gender and smoking as confounders, suggesting reduced disability in the presence of higher blood iron parameters. Additionally, significant inverse associations between disease duration and haemoglobin (p = 0.04) as well as %Tfsat (p = 0.02) suggested that patients with MS may experience a decrease in blood iron concentrations over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Herbert
- Department of Medical Imaging and Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Penelope Engel-Hills
- Department of Medical Imaging and Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Coenraad Hattingh
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) and Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jean-Paul Fouche
- MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Martin Kidd
- Centre for Statistical Consultation, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christine Lochner
- MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maritha J Kotze
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) and Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Susan J van Rensburg
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) and Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Abstract
Brain iron is tightly regulated by a multitude of proteins to ensure homeostasis. Iron dyshomeostasis has become a molecular signature associated with aging which is accompanied by progressive decline in cognitive processes. A common theme in neurodegenerative diseases where age is the major risk factor, iron dyshomeostasis coincides with neuroinflammation, abnormal protein aggregation, neurodegeneration, and neurobehavioral deficits. There is a great need to determine the mechanisms governing perturbations in iron metabolism, in particular to distinguish between physiological and pathological aging to generate fruitful therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of the present review is to focus on the age-related alterations in brain iron metabolism from a cellular and molecular biology perspective, alongside genetics, and neuroimaging aspects in man and rodent models, with respect to normal aging and neurodegeneration. In particular, the relationship between iron dyshomeostasis and neuroinflammation will be evaluated, as well as the effects of systemic iron overload on the brain. Based on the evidence discussed here, we suggest a synergistic use of iron-chelators and anti-inflammatories as putative anti-brain aging therapies to counteract pathological aging in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhaar Ashraf
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Neuroimaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maryam Clark
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Po-Wah So
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Neuroimaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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38
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Li Q, Ding Y, Krafft P, Wan W, Yan F, Wu G, Zhang Y, Zhan Q, Zhang JH. Targeting Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage-Induced Overexpression of Sodium-Coupled Bicarbonate Exchanger Reduces Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus Formation in Neonatal Rats. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e007192. [PMID: 29386206 PMCID: PMC5850237 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.007192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is a leading cause of mortality and lifelong morbidity in preterm infants. Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) is a common complication of GMH. A sodium-coupled bicarbonate exchanger (NCBE) encoded by solute carrier family 4 member 10 gene is expressed on the choroid plexus basolateral membrane and may play a role in cerebrospinal fluid production and the development of PHH. Following GMH, iron degraded from hemoglobin has been linked to PHH. Choroid plexus epithelial cells also contain iron-responsive element-binding proteins (IRPs), IRP1, and IRP2 that bind to mRNA iron-responsive elements. The present study aims to resolve the following issues: (1) whether the expression of NCBE is regulated by IRPs; (2) whether NCBE regulates the formation of GMH-induced hydrocephalus; and (3) whether inhibition of NCBE reduces PHH development. METHODS AND RESULTS GMH model was established in P7 rat pups by injecting bacterial collagenase into the right ganglionic eminence. Another group received iron trichloride injections instead of collagenase. Deferoxamine was administered intraperitoneally for 3 consecutive days after GMH/iron trichloride. Solute carrier family 4 member 10 small interfering RNA or scrambled small interfering RNA was administered by intracerebroventricular injection 24 hours before GMH and followed with an injection every 7 days over 21 days. NCBE expression increased while IRP2 expression decreased after GMH/iron trichloride. Deferoxamine ameliorated both the GMH-induced and iron trichloride-induced decrease of IRP2 and decreased NCBE expressions. Deferoxamine and solute carrier family 4 member 10 small interfering RNA improved cognitive and motor functions at 21 to 28 days post GMH and reduced cerebrospinal fluid production as well as the degree of hydrocephalus at 28 days after GMH. CONCLUSIONS Targeting iron-induced overexpression of NCBE may be a translatable therapeutic strategy for the treatment of PHH following GMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Paul Krafft
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Weifeng Wan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Guangyong Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Qunling Zhan
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
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Song N, Wang J, Jiang H, Xie J. Astroglial and microglial contributions to iron metabolism disturbance in Parkinson's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:967-973. [PMID: 29317336 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Understandings of the disturbed iron metabolism in Parkinson's disease (PD) are largely from the perspectives of neurons. Neurodegenerative processes in PD trigger universal and conserved astroglial dysfunction and microglial activation. In this review, we start with astroglia and microglia in PD with an emphasis on their roles in spreading α-synuclein pathology, and then focus on their contributions in iron metabolism under normal conditions and the diseased state of PD. Elevated iron in the brain regions affects glial features, meanwhile, glial effects on neuronal iron metabolism are largely dependent on their releasing factors. These advances might be valuable for better understanding and modulating iron metabolism disturbance in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Song
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Junxia Xie
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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40
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Kaindlstorfer C, Jellinger KA, Eschlböck S, Stefanova N, Weiss G, Wenning GK. The Relevance of Iron in the Pathogenesis of Multiple System Atrophy: A Viewpoint. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 61:1253-1273. [PMID: 29376857 PMCID: PMC5798525 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Iron is essential for cellular development and maintenance of multiple physiological processes in the central nervous system. The disturbance of its homeostasis leads to abnormal iron deposition in the brain and causes neurotoxicity via generation of free radicals and oxidative stress. Iron toxicity has been established in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease; however, its contribution to multiple system atrophy (MSA) remains elusive. MSA is characterized by cytoplasmic inclusions of misfolded α-synuclein (α-SYN) in oligodendrocytes referred to as glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs). Remarkably, the oligodendrocytes possess high amounts of iron, which together with GCI pathology make a contribution toward MSA pathogenesis likely. Consistent with this observation, the GCI density is associated with neurodegeneration in central autonomic networks as well as olivopontocerebellar and striatonigral pathways. Iron converts native α-SYN into a β-sheet conformation and promotes its aggregation either directly or via increasing levels of oxidative stress. Interestingly, α-SYN possesses ferrireductase activity and α-SYN expression underlies iron mediated translational control via RNA stem loop structures. Despite a correlation between progressive putaminal atrophy and iron accumulation as well as clinical decline, it remains unclear whether pathologic iron accumulation in MSA is a secondary event in the cascade of neuronal degeneration rather than a primary cause. This review summarizes the current knowledge of iron in MSA and gives evidence for perturbed iron homeostasis as a potential pathogenic factor in MSA-associated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sabine Eschlböck
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gregor K. Wenning
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Why should neuroscientists worry about iron? The emerging role of ferroptosis in the pathophysiology of neuroprogressive diseases. Behav Brain Res 2017; 341:154-175. [PMID: 29289598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a unique form of programmed death, characterised by cytosolic accumulation of iron, lipid hydroperoxides and their metabolites, and effected by the fatal peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the plasma membrane. It is a major driver of cell death in neurodegenerative neurological diseases. Moreover, cascades underpinning ferroptosis could be active drivers of neuropathology in major psychiatric disorders. Oxidative and nitrosative stress can adversely affect mechanisms and proteins governing cellular iron homeostasis, such as the iron regulatory protein/iron response element system, and can ultimately be a source of abnormally high levels of iron and a source of lethal levels of lipid membrane peroxidation. Furthermore, neuroinflammation leads to the upregulation of divalent metal transporter1 on the surface of astrocytes, microglia and neurones, making them highly sensitive to iron overload in the presence of high levels of non-transferrin-bound iron, thereby affording such levels a dominant role in respect of the induction of iron-mediated neuropathology. Mechanisms governing systemic and cellular iron homeostasis, and the related roles of ferritin and mitochondria are detailed, as are mechanisms explaining the negative regulation of ferroptosis by glutathione, glutathione peroxidase 4, the cysteine/glutamate antiporter system, heat shock protein 27 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. The potential role of DJ-1 inactivation in the precipitation of ferroptosis and the assessment of lipid peroxidation are described. Finally, a rational approach to therapy is considered, with a discussion on the roles of coenzyme Q10, iron chelation therapy, in the form of deferiprone, deferoxamine (desferrioxamine) and deferasirox, and N-acetylcysteine.
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42
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Ferritin is secreted via 2 distinct nonclassical vesicular pathways. Blood 2017; 131:342-352. [PMID: 29074498 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-02-768580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferritin turnover plays a major role in tissue iron homeostasis, and ferritin malfunction is associated with impaired iron homeostasis and neurodegenerative diseases. In most eukaryotes, ferritin is considered an intracellular protein that stores iron in a nontoxic and bioavailable form. In insects, ferritin is a classically secreted protein and plays a major role in systemic iron distribution. Mammalian ferritin lacks the signal peptide for classical endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi secretion but is found in serum and is secreted via a nonclassical lysosomal secretion pathway. This study applied bioinformatics and biochemical tools, alongside a protein trafficking mouse models, to characterize the mechanisms of ferritin secretion. Ferritin trafficking via the classical secretion pathway was ruled out, and a 2:1 distribution of intracellular ferritin between membrane-bound compartments and the cytosol was observed, suggesting a role for ferritin in the vesicular compartments of the cell. Focusing on nonclassical secretion, we analyzed mouse models of impaired endolysosomal trafficking and found that ferritin secretion was decreased by a BLOC-1 mutation but increased by BLOC-2, BLOC-3, and Rab27A mutations of the cellular trafficking machinery, suggesting multiple export routes. A 13-amino-acid motif unique to ferritins that lack the secretion signal peptide was identified on the BC-loop of both subunits and plays a role in the regulation of ferritin secretion. Finally, we provide evidence that secretion of iron-rich ferritin was mediated via the multivesicular body-exosome pathway. These results enhance our understanding of the mechanism of ferritin secretion, which is an important piece in the puzzle of tissue iron homeostasis.
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Zucca FA, Segura-Aguilar J, Ferrari E, Muñoz P, Paris I, Sulzer D, Sarna T, Casella L, Zecca L. Interactions of iron, dopamine and neuromelanin pathways in brain aging and Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 155:96-119. [PMID: 26455458 PMCID: PMC4826627 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There are several interrelated mechanisms involving iron, dopamine, and neuromelanin in neurons. Neuromelanin accumulates during aging and is the catecholamine-derived pigment of the dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra and norepinephrine neurons of the locus coeruleus, the two neuronal populations most targeted in Parkinson's disease. Many cellular redox reactions rely on iron, however an altered distribution of reactive iron is cytotoxic. In fact, increased levels of iron in the brain of Parkinson's disease patients are present. Dopamine accumulation can induce neuronal death; however, excess dopamine can be removed by converting it into a stable compound like neuromelanin, and this process rescues the cell. Interestingly, the main iron compound in dopamine and norepinephrine neurons is the neuromelanin-iron complex, since neuromelanin is an effective metal chelator. Neuromelanin serves to trap iron and provide neuronal protection from oxidative stress. This equilibrium between iron, dopamine, and neuromelanin is crucial for cell homeostasis and in some cellular circumstances can be disrupted. Indeed, when neuromelanin-containing organelles accumulate high load of toxins and iron during aging a neurodegenerative process can be triggered. In addition, neuromelanin released by degenerating neurons activates microglia and the latter cause neurons death with further release of neuromelanin, then starting a self-propelling mechanism of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Considering the above issues, age-related accumulation of neuromelanin in dopamine neurons shows an interesting link between aging and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio A Zucca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emanuele Ferrari
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Irmgard Paris
- Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Santo Tomás University, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Luigi Casella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy.
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Hasiloglu ZI, Asik M, Ure E, Ertem F, Apak H, Albayram S. The utility of susceptibility-weighted imaging to evaluate the extent of iron accumulation in the choroid plexus of patients with β-thalassaemia major. Clin Radiol 2017; 72:903.e1-903.e7. [PMID: 28502664 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM To assess iron accumulation in the choroid plexus of β-thalassaemia patients using fast spin echo (FSE) T2-weighted, gradient echo (GRE) T2*-weighted, susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) and compare the results. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighteen patients with transfusion-dependent β-thalassaemia and the control group underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations. Signal intensities were separately evaluated using a "number of hypointensity in the choroid plexus" (NHICP) grading system on axial FSE T2-weighted, GRE T2*-weighted, and SWI images. The NHICP grading system scores were compared using the chi-squared test. Spearman's correlation analysis was used to explore relationships between the variables and NHICP grading system scores. RESULTS The sensitivity of each technique was calculated: FSE T2-weighted imaging=0.17, GRE T2*-weighted imaging=0.48, and SWI=0.81. Three-sample test for equality of proportions showed that chi-squared=74.85, df=2, p<0.0001. All of the FSE T2-weighted, GRE T2*-weighted, and SWI images differed significantly in terms of their capacity to reveal iron accumulation in the choroid plexus. Of the three methods, SWI was the most sensitive. CONCLUSIONS SWI is useful for revealing iron deposition in the brains of β-thalassaemia patients, especially those in the early stages of disease, and it can be used to predict disease prognosis. The present study contributes to an understanding of the important role played by the choroid plexus in brain iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z I Hasiloglu
- Department of Radiology, Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Kocamustafapasa, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - M Asik
- Department of Radiology, Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Kocamustafapasa, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - E Ure
- Department of Radiology, Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Kocamustafapasa, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - F Ertem
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical School, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - H Apak
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Haematology, Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Kocamustafapasa, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - S Albayram
- Department of Radiology, Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Kocamustafapasa, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
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Xiang J, Routhe LJ, Wilkinson DA, Hua Y, Moos T, Xi G, Keep RF. The choroid plexus as a site of damage in hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke and its role in responding to injury. Fluids Barriers CNS 2017; 14:8. [PMID: 28351417 PMCID: PMC5371201 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-017-0056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While the impact of hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes on the blood–brain barrier has been extensively studied, the impact of these types of stroke on the choroid plexus, site of the blood-CSF barrier, has received much less attention. The purpose of this review is to examine evidence of choroid plexus injury in clinical and preclinical studies of intraventricular hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage and ischemic stroke. It then discusses evidence that the choroid plexuses are important in the response to brain injury, with potential roles in limiting damage. The overall aim of the review is to highlight deficiencies in our knowledge on the impact of hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes on the choroid plexus, particularly with reference to intraventricular hemorrhage, and to suggest that a greater understanding of the response of the choroid plexus to stroke may open new avenues for brain protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Lisa J Routhe
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - D Andrew Wilkinson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Torben Moos
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA. .,Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
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Praetorius J, Damkier HH. Transport across the choroid plexus epithelium. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 312:C673-C686. [PMID: 28330845 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00041.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The choroid plexus epithelium is a secretory epithelium par excellence. However, this is perhaps not the most prominent reason for the massive interest in this modest-sized tissue residing inside the brain ventricles. Most likely, the dominant reason for extensive studies of the choroid plexus is the identification of this epithelium as the source of the majority of intraventricular cerebrospinal fluid. This finding has direct relevance for studies of diseases and conditions with deranged central fluid volume or ionic balance. While the concept is supported by the vast majority of the literature, the implication of the choroid plexus in secretion of the cerebrospinal fluid was recently challenged once again. Three newer and promising areas of current choroid plexus-related investigations are as follows: 1) the choroid plexus epithelium as the source of mediators necessary for central nervous system development, 2) the choroid plexus as a route for microorganisms and immune cells into the central nervous system, and 3) the choroid plexus as a potential route for drug delivery into the central nervous system, bypassing the blood-brain barrier. Thus, the purpose of this review is to highlight current active areas of research in the choroid plexus physiology and a few matters of continuous controversy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe Praetorius
- Department of Biomedicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and
| | - Helle Hasager Damkier
- Department of Biomedicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Zucki F, Morata TC, Duarte JL, Ferreira MCF, Salgado MH, Alvarenga KF. The maturation state of the auditory nerve and brainstem in rats exposed to lead acetate and supplemented with ferrous sulfate. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 84:150-158. [PMID: 28209442 PMCID: PMC8588627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The literature has reported the association between lead and auditory effects, based on clinical and experimental studies. However, there is no consensus regarding the effects of lead in the auditory system, or its correlation with the concentration of the metal in the blood. Objective To investigate the maturation state of the auditory system, specifically the auditory nerve and brainstem, in rats exposed to lead acetate and supplemented with ferrous sulfate. Methods 30 weanling male rats (Rattus norvegicus, Wistar) were distributed into six groups of five animals each and exposed to one of two concentrations of lead acetate (100 or 400 mg/L) and supplemented with ferrous sulfate (20 mg/kg). The maturation state of the auditory nerve and brainstem was analyzed using Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential before and after lead exposure. The concentration of lead in blood and brainstem was analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. Results We verified that the concentration of Pb in blood and in brainstem presented a high correlation (r = 0.951; p < 0.0001). Both concentrations of lead acetate affected the maturation state of the auditory system, being the maturation slower in the regions corresponding to portion of the auditory nerve (wave I) and cochlear nuclei (wave II). The ferrous sulfate supplementation reduced significantly the concentration of lead in blood and brainstem for the group exposed to the lowest concentration of lead (100 mg/L), but not for the group exposed to the higher concentration (400 mg/L). Conclusion This study indicate that the lead acetate can have deleterious effects on the maturation of the auditory nerve and brainstem (cochlear nucleus region), as detected by the Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials, and the ferrous sulphate can partially amend this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Zucki
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | - Thais C Morata
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Atlanta, USA
| | - Josilene L Duarte
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Departamento de Fonoaudiologia, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Cecília F Ferreira
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Departamento de Fonoaudiologia, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Manoel H Salgado
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Departamento de Engenharia de Produção, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Kátia F Alvarenga
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Departamento de Fonoaudiologia, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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48
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The choroid plexus in health and in disease: dialogues into and out of the brain. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 107:32-40. [PMID: 27546055 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This article brings the choroid plexus into the context of health and disease. It is remarkable that the choroid plexus, composed by a monolayer of epithelial cells that lie in a highly vascularized stroma, floating within the brain ventricles, gets so little attention in major physiology and medicine text books and in the scientific literature in general. Consider that it is responsible for producing most of the about 150mL of cerebrospinal fluid that fills the brain ventricles and the subarachnoid space and surrounds the spinal cord in the adult human central nervous system, which is renewed approximately 2-3 times daily. As such, its activity influences brain metabolism and function, which will be addressed. Reflect that it contains an impressive number of receptors and transporters, both in the apical and basolateral sides of the epithelial cells, and as such is a key structure for the communication between the brain and the periphery. This will be highlighted in the context of neonatal jaundice, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Realize that the capillaries that irrigate the choroid plexus stroma do not possess tight junctions and that the blood flow to the choroid plexus is five times higher than that in the brain parenchyma, allowing for a rapid sensing system and delivery of molecules such as nutrients and metals as will be revised. Recognize that certain drugs reach the brain parenchyma solely through the choroid plexus epithelia, which has potential to be manipulated in diseases such as neonatal jaundice and Alzheimer's disease as will be discussed. Without further notice, it must be now clear that understanding the choroid plexus is necessary for comprehending the brain and how the brain is modulated and modulates all other systems, in health and in disease. This review article intends to address current knowledge on the choroid plexus, and to motivate the scientific community to consider it when studying normal brain physiology and diseases of the central nervous system. It will guide the reader through several aspects of the choroid plexus in normal physiology, in diseases characteristic of various periods of life (newborns-kernicterus, young adults-multiple sclerosis and the elder-Alzheimer's disease), and how sex-differences may relate to disease susceptibility.
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Pellegrino RM, Boda E, Montarolo F, Boero M, Mezzanotte M, Saglio G, Buffo A, Roetto A. Transferrin Receptor 2 Dependent Alterations of Brain Iron Metabolism Affect Anxiety Circuits in the Mouse. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30725. [PMID: 27477597 PMCID: PMC4967901 DOI: 10.1038/srep30725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Transferrin Receptor 2 (Tfr2) modulates systemic iron metabolism through the regulation of iron regulator Hepcidin (Hepc) and Tfr2 inactivation causes systemic iron overload. Based on data demonstrating Tfr2 expression in brain, we analysed Tfr2-KO mice in order to examine the molecular, histological and behavioural consequences of Tfr2 silencing in this tissue. Tfr2 abrogation caused an accumulation of iron in specific districts in the nervous tissue that was not accompanied by a brain Hepc response. Moreover, Tfr2-KO mice presented a selective overactivation of neurons in the limbic circuit and the emergence of an anxious-like behaviour. Furthermore, microglial cells showed a particular sensitivity to iron perturbation. We conclude that Tfr2 is a key regulator of brain iron homeostasis and propose a role for Tfr2 alpha in the regulation of anxiety circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Maria Pellegrino
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,AOU San Luigi Regione Gonzole 10043 Orbassano Turin, Italy
| | - Enrica Boda
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi Regione Gonzole 10043 Orbassano Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Montarolo
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi Regione Gonzole 10043 Orbassano Turin, Italy
| | - Martina Boero
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,AOU San Luigi Regione Gonzole 10043 Orbassano Turin, Italy
| | - Mariarosa Mezzanotte
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,AOU San Luigi Regione Gonzole 10043 Orbassano Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Saglio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,AOU San Luigi Regione Gonzole 10043 Orbassano Turin, Italy
| | - Annalisa Buffo
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi Regione Gonzole 10043 Orbassano Turin, Italy
| | - Antonella Roetto
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,AOU San Luigi Regione Gonzole 10043 Orbassano Turin, Italy
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Jiang H, Wang J, Rogers J, Xie J. Brain Iron Metabolism Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3078-3101. [PMID: 27039308 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9879-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of iron metabolism, which includes its uptake, storage, and release, plays a key role in neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease. Understanding how iron accumulates in the substantia nigra (SN) and why it specifically targets dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons is particularly warranted for PD, as this knowledge may provide new therapeutic avenues for a more targeted neurotherapeutic strategy for this disease. In this review, we begin with a brief introduction describing brain iron metabolism and its regulation. We then provide a detailed description of how iron accumulates specifically in the SN and why DAergic neurons are especially vulnerable to iron in PD. Furthermore, we focus on the possible mechanisms involved in iron-induced cell death of DAergic neurons in the SN. Finally, we present evidence in support that iron chelation represents a plausable therapeutic strategy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jack Rogers
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatric Neurosciences and Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Junxia Xie
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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