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Martarelli CS, Weibel D, Popic D, Wolff W. Time in suspense: investigating boredom and related states in a virtual waiting room. Cogn Emot 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38738651 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2349279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
We studied the role of time in the experience of boredom and its relationship with various psychological states using virtual reality. Sixty-six participants visited nine virtual waiting rooms and evaluated their perception of time and psychological experiences, including boredom, exhaustion, restlessness, amotivation, frustration, anger, unhappiness, spontaneous and deliberate mind-wandering, fantasy, and absorption. Results confirmed the relationship between boredom and time perception, showing that the higher the levels of boredom, the slower time seems to pass. However, manipulating time-related information via a slower/faster ticking clock did not affect boredom. We also found that boredom increased as participants progressed through the nine virtual rooms, and its affective characterisation over time remained stable, while its cognitive characterisation fluctuated. While boredom was consistently associated with exhaustion, restlessness, amotivation, and frustration, its relationship with fantasy, absorption, spontaneous mind-wandering and deliberate mind-wandering, evolved over time. These findings provide novel insights into the intricate and differentiated cognitive and affective consequences of being bored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Weibel
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Deian Popic
- Faculty of Psychology, UniDistance Suisse, Brig, Switzerland
| | - Wanja Wolff
- Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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2
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Kjærvik SL, Bushman BJ. A meta-analytic review of anger management activities that increase or decrease arousal: What fuels or douses rage? Clin Psychol Rev 2024; 109:102414. [PMID: 38518585 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Anger is an unpleasant emotion that most people want to get rid of. Some anger management activities focus on decreasing arousal (e.g., deep breathing, mindfulness, meditation), whereas others focus on increasing arousal (e.g., hitting a bag, jogging, cycling). This meta-analytic review, based on 154 studies including 184 independent samples involving 10,189 participants, tested the effectiveness of both types of activities. The results indicated that arousal-decreasing activities decreased anger and aggression (g = -0.63, [-0.82, -0.43]), and the results were robust. Effects were stable over time for participants of different genders, races, ages, and cultures. Arousal-decreasing activities were effective in students and non-students, in criminal offenders and non-offenders, and in individuals with and without intellectual disabilities. Arousal-decreasing activities were effective regardless of how they were delivered (e.g., digital platforms, researchers, therapists), in both group and individual sessions, and in both field and laboratory settings. In contrast, arousal-increasing activities were ineffective overall (g = -0.02, [-0.13, 0.09]) and were heterogenous and complex. These findings do not support the ideas that venting anger or going for a run are effective anger management activities. A more effective approach for managing anger is "turning down the heat" or calming down by engaging in activities that decrease arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L Kjærvik
- The Ohio State University, USA; Virginia Commonwealth University, USA.
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3
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Smith C, Stamoulis C. Effects of multidomain environmental and mental health factors on the development of empathetic behaviors and emotions in adolescence. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293473. [PMID: 37992006 PMCID: PMC10664943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Empathy is at the core of our social world, yet multidomain factors that affect its development in socially sensitive periods, such as adolescence, are incompletely understood. To address this gap, this study investigated associations between social, environmental and mental health factors, and their temporal changes, on adolescent empathetic behaviors/emotions and, for comparison, callous unemotional (CU) traits and behaviors, in the early longitudinal Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development sample (baseline: n = 11062; 2-year follow-up: n = 9832, median age = 119 and 144 months, respectively). Caregiver affection towards the youth, liking school, having a close friend, and importance of religious beliefs/spirituality in the youth's life were consistently positively correlated with empathetic behaviors/emotions across assessments (p<0.001, Cohen's f = ~0.10). Positive family dynamics and cohesion, living in a neighborhood that shared the family's values, but also parent history of substance use and (aggregated) internalizing problems were additionally positively associated with one or more empathetic behaviors at follow-up (p<0.001, f = ~0.10). In contrast, externalizing problems, anxiety, depression, fear of social situations, and being withdrawn were negatively associated with empathetic behaviors and positively associated with CU traits and behaviors (p<0.001, f = ~0.1-0.44). The latter were also correlated with being cyberbullied and/or discriminated against, anhedonia, and impulsivity, and their interactions with externalizing and internalizing issues. Significant positive temporal correlations of behaviors at the two assessments indicated positive (early) developmental empathetic behavior trajectories, and negative CU traits' trajectories. Negative changes in mental health adversely moderated positive trajectories and facilitated negative ones. These findings highlight that adolescent empathetic behaviors/emotions are positively related to multidomain protective social environmental factors, but simultaneously adversely associated with risk factors in the same domains, as well as bully victimization, discrimination, and mental health problems. Risk factors instead facilitate the development of CU traits and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calli Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Catherine Stamoulis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
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4
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Seiler JPH, Rumpel S. Modeling fashion as an emergent collective behavior of bored individuals. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20480. [PMID: 37993553 PMCID: PMC10665449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47749-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Boredom is an aversive mental state that is typically evoked by monotony and drives individuals to seek novel information. Despite this effect on individual behavior, the consequences of boredom for collective behavior remain elusive. Here, we introduce an agent-based model of collective fashion behavior in which simplified agents interact randomly and repeatedly choose alternatives from a circular space of color variants. Agents are endowed with a memory of past experiences and a boredom parameter, promoting avoidance of monotony. Simulating collective color trends with this model captures aspects of real trends observed in fashion magazines. We manipulate the two parameters and observe that the boredom parameter is essential for perpetuating fashion dynamics in our model. Furthermore, highly bored agents lead future population trends, when acting coherently or being highly popular. Taken together, our study illustrates that highly bored individuals can guide collective dynamics of a population to continuously explore different variants of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes P-H Seiler
- Institute of Physiology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 19, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Simon Rumpel
- Institute of Physiology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 19, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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Palmer JL, Stallings DT, Yoo JH, Lorenz RA, Lach HW. Experiences of Older Adults During COVID-19: Loss, Boredom, Uncertainty, Worry, and Resilience. J Gerontol Nurs 2023; 49:27-32. [PMID: 37256759 DOI: 10.3928/00989134-20230512-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and resulting instructions to stay home and social distance enhanced concerns of the impact of social isolation on the physical and mental well-being of older adults. Eighteen community-dwelling older adults participated in interviews describing their experiences early in the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants experienced loss of activities, routines, and social connection, and feelings of worry and uncertainty. Nevertheless, participants were hopeful about the future and demonstrated resilience in overcoming boredom as they became intentional in finding new activities and using technology to maintain connection with others. Older adults may need support in such situations to manage boredom and uncertainty and avoid social isolation. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 49(6), 27-32.].
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Danckert J, Elpidorou A. In search of boredom: beyond a functional account. Trends Cogn Sci 2023; 27:494-507. [PMID: 36922277 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Boredom has been characterized as a crisis of meaning, a failure of attention, and a call to action. Yet as a self-regulatory signal writ-large, we are still left with the question of what makes any given boredom episode meaningless, disengaging, or a prompt to act. We propose that boredom is an affective signal that we have deviated from an optimal ('Goldilocks') zone of cognitive engagement. Such deviations may be due to a perceived lack of meaning, arise as a consequence of struggles we are experiencing in attending to a task, or be interpreted as a blunt call to find something different to engage with. Thus, the key to understanding boredom lies in its role in keeping us cognitively engaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Danckert
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Andreas Elpidorou
- Department of Philosophy, University of Louisville, 308 Bingham Humanities Building, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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Orsolini L, Longo G, Volpe U. The Mediatory Role of the Boredom and Loneliness Dimensions in the Development of Problematic Internet Use. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4446. [PMID: 36901452 PMCID: PMC10001960 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a gradual digitalization of our society, resulting in intensified technology use for daily life activities, including the emergence of problematic Internet use (PIU). Few studies specifically addressed the boredom and loneliness dimensions in mediating the association between depression, anxiety, and stress levels and the onset of PIU. A nationwide population-based cross-sectional case-control study was carried out by recruiting a sample of Italian young people (aged 18-35). Only 1643 participants were selected for the analyses based on the age and the presence versus absence of PIU. Participants were mainly females (68.7%), with a mean age of 21.8 (SD = 1.7). Non-PIU individuals had significantly stable relationships (p = 0.012), siblings (p = 0.044) and lived with their family (p = 0.010), compared to PIU. PIU individuals displayed significantly higher depression, anxiety, and stress, as well as higher loneliness and boredom levels (all p < 0.001), compared to non-PIU. Depressive symptomatology predicted PIU and that their interaction is positively double mediated by boredom and loneliness (ß = 0.3829 (0.0245), 95%CI = 0.3349-0.4309). Our findings suggested that boredom and loneliness dimensions could act as mediators in the association between depressive symptomatology and the likelihood of PIU onset and maintenance.
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van Hooff MLM, van Hooft EAJ. Dealing with daily boredom at work: does self-control explain who engages in distractive behaviour or job crafting as a coping mechanism? WORK AND STRESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/02678373.2022.2129515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madelon L. M. van Hooff
- Faculty of Psychology, Open Universiteit, Heerlen, Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Chou SY, Han B, Ramser C. Impact of boredom on perceived inequity and discretionary behaviors: a latent growth curve approach. EVIDENCE-BASED HRM: A GLOBAL FORUM FOR EMPIRICAL SCHOLARSHIP 2022. [DOI: 10.1108/ebhrm-01-2022-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
PurposeThis study seeks to examine the effect of work-related boredom and a perceived lack of external stimulation on benevolent and entitled employees' perceived inequity and discretionary workplace behaviors.Design/methodology/approachA total of 668 useable three-wave panel data were obtained via Amazon Mechanical Turk during a three-month period. The hypothesized model was tested using a latent growth curve modeling via EQS 6.4 for Windows.FindingsThis study finds the following results. First, benevolent employees who experience higher initial work-related boredom report positive inequity. Second, entitled employees who experience higher initial work-related boredom and a perceived lack of external stimulation report negative inequity. Third, increases in work-related boredom and a perceived lack of external stimulation result in a faster increase in entitled employees' perceived negative inequity. Fourth, entitled employees who perceive higher negative inequity at the initial measurement period report higher interpersonal deviance. Finally, increases in entitled employees' perceived negative inequity result in a faster increase in interpersonal deviance.Originality/valueThis study highlights how employees may assess their effort and rewards when experiencing boredom. This study also offers some practical recommendations that help human resource managers manage boredom in the organization effectively.
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Harju LK, van Hootegem A, De Witte H. Bored or burning out? Reciprocal effects between job stressors, boredom and burnout. JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2022.103807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Van Tilburg WAP, Pekrun R, Igou ER. Consumed by Boredom: Food Choice Motivation and Weight Changes during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:366. [PMID: 36285935 PMCID: PMC9598600 DOI: 10.3390/bs12100366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Boredom is an established cause and correlate of eating behavior. Yet, existing work offers a scattered range of plausible motivations for why this is. We examined among 302 people representative of the adult UK population what motivations they had for selecting food during the COVID-19 pandemic and how this related to boredom. As predicted, bored people choose food less for health reasons and more for convenience. Boredom reduced ethical and 'natural content' motivations for selecting food and was not associated with choosing food to regulate one's mood or to experience unfamiliarity. Boredom was also associated with greater absolute changes in weight over the course of the pandemic. Boredom did not predict weight gains or losses overall. These findings offer insights into the role that boredom plays in eating motivations in particular and health-relevant outcomes in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reinhard Pekrun
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia
- Department of Psychology, University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Eric R. Igou
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
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12
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Li X, Jia X. The Effect of Boredom on College Students' Meaning in Life: A Longitudinal Mediation Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12255. [PMID: 36231569 PMCID: PMC9564919 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Boredom is a common emotional experience in daily life adversely affecting individual physical health, mental health, and social functioning. Therefore, it is an important issue to improve the quality of life by ameliorating individuals' state of boredom. We used a longitudinal research approach. First, we tested 728 participants with the Multidimensional State Boredom Scale (MSBS). Then, after 3 months, the participants filled out the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI), Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS), and Meaning of Life Questionnaire (MILQ); 715 valid questionnaires were obtained. Results showed that cognitive flexibility played a mediating role between boredom and the presence of meaning in life, but social support did not. The total effect of boredom on the presence of meaning in life was significant. Cognitive flexibility and social support played a mediating role between boredom and the search for meaning in life, respectively, but the overall effect of boredom on the search for meaning in life was not significant. This study found that boredom has different effects on the presence of meaning in life and the search for meaning in life. It can improve individuals' sense of meaning in life by reducing boredom and improving cognitive flexibility and social support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xushan Li
- Mental Health Education and Counseling Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoming Jia
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Weybright EH, Doering EL, Perone S. Difficulties with Emotion Regulation during COVID-19 and Associations with Boredom in College Students. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:296. [PMID: 36004867 PMCID: PMC9404998 DOI: 10.3390/bs12080296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 related restrictions resulted in a significant lifestyle change for many young adults in the United States. Although boredom and emotional self-regulation are clearly connected in empirical research, the question remains of what this association looks like in unique circumstances, such as early in COVID-19 pandemic at the height of restrictions. The purpose of the current study is to identify the association between boredom proneness and emotion regulation in college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. College students who completed a Boredom Coping Survey between October and December 2019 (n = 481) were recruited for a follow-up COVID-19 Boredom Survey in April 2020. Data from this sub-sample (n = 58) were used in a hierarchical regression predicting the role of boredom proneness on COVID-19 pandemic emotion regulation difficulties while controlling for age, sex, and COVID-19 related lifestyle changes. Findings indicated higher levels of emotion regulation difficulties were associated with higher levels of boredom proneness above and beyond demographic variables and COVID-19 lifestyle changes. Results are in line with prior theory and research on the importance of the environment or situational factors to the experience of boredom.
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14
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Seiler JPH, Dan O, Tüscher O, Loewenstein Y, Rumpel S. Experienced entropy drives choice behavior in a boring decision-making task. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3162. [PMID: 35210465 PMCID: PMC8873446 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06861-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Boredom has been defined as an aversive mental state that is induced by the disability to engage in satisfying activity, most often experienced in monotonous environments. However, current understanding of the situational factors inducing boredom and driving subsequent behavior remains incomplete. Here, we introduce a two-alternative forced-choice task coupled with sensory stimulation of different degrees of monotony. We find that human subjects develop a bias in decision-making, avoiding the more monotonous alternative that is correlated with self-reported state boredom. This finding was replicated in independent laboratory and online experiments and proved to be specific for the induction of boredom rather than curiosity. Furthermore, using theoretical modeling we show that the entropy in the sequence of individually experienced stimuli, a measure of information gain, serves as a major determinant to predict choice behavior in the task. With this, we underline the relevance of boredom for driving behavioral responses that ensure a lasting stream of information to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes P-H Seiler
- Institute of Physiology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 19, 55131, Mainz, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Ohad Dan
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Oliver Tüscher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Wallstraße 7, 55122, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yonatan Loewenstein
- The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Department of Cognitive Sciences, The Federmann Center for the Study of Rationality, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Simon Rumpel
- Institute of Physiology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 19, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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Maunula L, Dabravolskaj J, Maximova K, Sim S, Willows N, Newton AS, Veugelers PJ. "It's Very Stressful for Children": Elementary School-Aged Children's Psychological Wellbeing during COVID-19 in Canada. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:children8121185. [PMID: 34943381 PMCID: PMC8700526 DOI: 10.3390/children8121185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic and associated public health measures, including lockdowns and school closures, have been negatively affecting school-aged children’s psychological wellbeing. To identify supports required to mitigate the negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, we gathered in-depth information on school-aged children’s and parents’ lived experiences of COVID-19 and perceptions of its impact on psychological wellbeing in grade 4–6 students in Canada. In this qualitative study, we conducted telephone-based semi-structured interviews with parents (n = 15) and their children (n = 16) from six schools in small and mid-sized northern prairie communities in Canada. Interviews were analyzed through thematic analysis. Three interrelated themes have emerged. First, the start of COVID-19 brought sudden and stressful changes to children’s lives. Second, disruptions to daily life led to feelings of boredom and lack of purpose. Third, limited opportunities for social interaction led to loneliness and an increase in screen time to seek social connection with peers. Results underscore the need for resilience building and the promotion of positive coping strategies to help school-aged children thrive in the event of future health crises or natural disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laena Maunula
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 3-50E University Terrace, 8303 112 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 1K4, Canada; (L.M.); (J.D.); (S.S.); (P.J.V.)
| | - Julia Dabravolskaj
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 3-50E University Terrace, 8303 112 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 1K4, Canada; (L.M.); (J.D.); (S.S.); (P.J.V.)
| | - Katerina Maximova
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St Room 500, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-416-360-4000
| | - Shannon Sim
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 3-50E University Terrace, 8303 112 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 1K4, Canada; (L.M.); (J.D.); (S.S.); (P.J.V.)
| | - Noreen Willows
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada;
| | - Amanda S. Newton
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada;
| | - Paul J. Veugelers
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 3-50E University Terrace, 8303 112 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 1K4, Canada; (L.M.); (J.D.); (S.S.); (P.J.V.)
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Tempelaar D, Niculescu AC. Types of boredom and other learning activity emotions: A person-centred investigation of inter-individual data. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-021-09909-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AbstractWhether boredom is a unitary construct or if multiple types of boredom exist is a long-standing debate. Recent research has established the existence of boredom types based on frequency observations of boredom by experience sampling. This work tries to expand our understanding of boredom and replicate these previous findings by applying intensity observations of cross-sectional type for four discrete learning activity emotions: boredom, anxiety, hopelessness, and enjoyment. Latent class analysis based on activity emotion scores from 9863 first-year students of a business and economics program results in seven profiles. Five of these profiles allow a linear ordering from low to high control and value scores (the direct antecedents of emotions), low to high positive, and high to low negative emotions. Two profiles differ from this pattern: one ‘high boredom’ profile and one ‘low boredom’ profile. We next compare antecedent relationships of activity emotions at three different levels: inter-individual, inter-class or between classes, and intra-class or within classes. Some of these relationships are invariant for the choice of level of analysis, such as hopelessness. Other relationships, such as boredom, are highly variant: within-class relationships differ from inter-individual relationships. Indeed, our results confirm that boredom is not a unitary construct. The types of boredom found and their implications for educational practice are discussed and shared in this article.
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Schwartz H, Emanuel A, Rozen Samukas II, Halperin I. Exploring the acute affective responses to resistance training: A comparison of the predetermined and the estimated repetitions to failure approaches. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256231. [PMID: 34407124 PMCID: PMC8372906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In resistance-training (RT), the number of repetitions is traditionally prescribed using a predetermined approach (e.g., three sets of 10 repetitions). An emerging alternative is the estimated repetitions to failure (ERF) approach (e.g., terminating sets two repetitions from failure). Despite the importance of affective responses experienced during RT, a comparison between the two approaches on such outcomes is lacking. METHODS Twenty women (age range: 23-45 years) without RT experience completed estimated one repetition maximum (RM) tests in four exercises. In the next two counterbalanced sessions, participants performed the exercises using 70%1RM. Participants completed ten repetitions in all three sets (predetermined condition) or terminated the sets when perceived to be two repetitions away from task-failure (ERF condition). Primary outcomes were affective-valence, enjoyment, and approach-preference and secondary outcomes were repetition-numbers completed in each exercise. RESULTS We observed trivial differences in the subjective measures and an approximately even approach-preference split. Under the ERF condition, we observed greater variability in repetition-numbers between participants and across exercises. Specifically, the mean number of repetitions was slightly lower in the chest-press, knee-extension, and lat-pulldown (~1 repetition) but considerably higher in the leg-press (17 vs. 10, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Both approaches led to comparable affective responses and to an approximately even approach preference. Hence, prior to prescribing either approach, coaches should consider trainee's preferences. Moreover, under the ERF condition participants completed a dissimilar number of repetitions across exercises while presumably reaching a similar proximity to task-failure. This finding suggests that ERF allows for better effort regulation between exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Schwartz
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Aviv Emanuel
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Isaac Isur Rozen Samukas
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Israel Halperin
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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18
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Clemente FM, Ramirez-Campillo R, Castillo D, Raya-González J, Silva AF, Afonso J, Sarmento H, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. Effects of Mental Fatigue in Total Running Distance and Tactical Behavior During Small-Sided Games: A Systematic Review With a Meta-Analysis in Youth and Young Adult's Soccer Players. Front Psychol 2021; 12:656445. [PMID: 33815237 PMCID: PMC8009995 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.656445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mental fatigue can impact physical demands and tactical behavior in sport-related contexts. Small-sided games (SSGs) are often used to develop a specific sport-related context. However, the effects of mental fatigue on physical demands and tactical behaviors during soccer SSGs have not been aggregated for systematical assessment. Objective: This systematic review (with a meta-analysis) was conducted to compare the effects of mental fatigue vs. control conditions in terms of the total running distance and tactical behavior of soccer players during SSGs. Methods: The data sources utilized were PubMed, PsycINFO, Scielo, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science. The study eligibility criteria were established based on PICOS: (i) Population: healthy youth and young adult men soccer players with regular training practice and belonging to teams with regular competitions; (ii) Intervention: exposed to mental fatigue-induced protocols only before SSGs; (iii) Comparator: control conditions (passive or active not promoting mental fatigue) before SSGs; (iv) Outcomes: physical demands (total running distance) and tactical behavior (attacking behavior accuracy, pass decision-making accuracy, and space exploration index); (v) Study design: counterbalanced cross-over design; and (vi) only full-text and original articles written in English. Results: The database search initially identified 111 titles. From those, six articles were eligible for the systematic review and meta-analysis. Results showed no significant effect of fatigue on total running distance (ES = 0.13; p = 0.307) and tactical behavior (ES = 0.56; p = 0.079). Conclusions: A non-significant effect of mental fatigue on total running distance and tactical behaviors performed by soccer players during SSGs was found in this systematic review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana Do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana Do Castelo, Portugal.,Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | | | - Ana Filipa Silva
- N2i, Polytechnic Institute of Maia, Maia, Portugal.,The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José Afonso
- Centre for Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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19
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Cham BS, Andrei DM, Griffin MA, Grech M, Neal A. Investigating the joint effects of overload and underload on chronic fatigue and wellbeing. WORK AND STRESS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/02678373.2021.1888822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Belinda S. Cham
- Future of Work Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Mark A. Griffin
- Future of Work Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Andrew Neal
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Australia
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20
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Souesme G, Martinent G, Akour D, Giraudeau C, Ferrand C. Causality Orientations and Supportive/Controlled Environment: Understanding Their Influence on Basic Needs, Motivation for Health and Emotions in French Hospitalized Older Adults. Front Psychol 2021; 11:575489. [PMID: 33424685 PMCID: PMC7793817 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.575489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives From a self-determination theory perspective, the purpose of this cross sectional study was to better understand how to motivate hospitalized older adults’ behaviors and test an integrative model of the role of causality orientations and a supportive/controlled environment on basic need satisfaction, motivation for health oriented physical activity, positive and negative affective states, depressive symptoms, apathy, and boredom. Methods Older adults (N = 146; Mage = 81.27 years, SD = 7.75, 74.7% female) in French hospital units completed self-report questionnaires and socio-demographic data were also collected. Results Partial least squares path modeling results showed that participants’ autonomy orientation positively associated with the perception of a supportive environment was related to need satisfaction, autonomous motivation for health-oriented physical activity, and high scores on positive affective states. Conversely, participants’ impersonal orientation positively associated with the perception of a controlled environment was related to undermining need satisfaction, controlled motivation for health-oriented physical activity, and amotivation, and high scores on both negative affective states, and boredom. Conclusion The present results indicate that taking into account personality factors in hospital units can be useful and health professionals should take an interest both in the patients’ causality orientations and the supportive nature of the environment in order to understand better how to motivate patients’ behaviors. The present study points to the need to focus on all motivational dynamics which allow patients’ need satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Souesme
- Laboratoire de Psychologie des Âges de la Vie et Adaptation (PAVéA-EA 2114), Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Guillaume Martinent
- Laboratoire sur les Vulnérabilités et l'Innovation dans le Sport (L-Vis-EA 7428), Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Caroline Giraudeau
- Laboratoire de Psychologie des Âges de la Vie et Adaptation (PAVéA-EA 2114), Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Claude Ferrand
- Laboratoire de Psychologie des Âges de la Vie et Adaptation (PAVéA-EA 2114), Université de Tours, Tours, France
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21
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Martinelli N, Gil S, Belletier C, Chevalère J, Dezecache G, Huguet P, Droit-Volet S. Time and Emotion During Lockdown and the Covid-19 Epidemic: Determinants of Our Experience of Time? Front Psychol 2021; 11:616169. [PMID: 33488485 PMCID: PMC7816521 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.616169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To fight against the spread of the coronavirus disease, more than 3 billion people in the world have been confined indoors. Although lockdown is an efficient solution, it has had various psychological consequences that have not yet been fully measured. During the lockdown period in France (April 2020), we conducted two surveys on two large panels of participants to examine how the lockdown disrupted their relationship with time and what this change in their experiences of time means. Numerous questions were asked about the experience of time but also the nature of life during the lockdown: the emotions felt, boredom, the activities performed, sleep quality, and the daily rhythm. The participants also completed a series of self-reported scales used to assess depression, anxiety, and impulsivity. The results showed that time seemed to pass more slowly during the lockdown compared to before. This feeling of a slowing down of time has little to do with living conditions during the lockdown and individual psychological characteristics. The main predictor of this time experience was boredom and partly mediated by the lack of activity. The feeling of being less happy and the presence of sleep disturbance also explained this specific experience of time albeit to a lesser extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Martinelli
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sandrine Gil
- Université de Poitiers et CNRS, UMR7295 Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage, Poitiers, France
| | - Clément Belletier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Johann Chevalère
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Guillaume Dezecache
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pascal Huguet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sylvie Droit-Volet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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22
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The influence of specific aspects of occupational stress on security guards' health and work ability: detailed extension of a previous study. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2020; 71:359-374. [PMID: 33410781 PMCID: PMC7968505 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In our earlier study of security guards, we showed that higher occupational stress was associated with health impairments (metabolic syndrome, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases) and work disability. The aim of this study was to further explore the association of specific occupational stressors with health impairments and work disability parameters in 399 Serbian male security guards (aged 25–65 years). Ridge linear regression analysis revealed that, after controlling for age, body mass index, and smoking status, professional stressors including high demands, strictness, conflict/uncertainty, threat avoidance and underload were significant positive predictors of fasting glucose, triglycerides, total and LDL cholesterol, blood pressure, heart rate, Framingham cardiovascular risk score, and temporary work disability. The security profession is in expansion worldwide, and more studies are needed to establish precise health risk predictors, since such data are generally lacking.
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23
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Westgate EC, Steidle B. Lost by definition: Why boredom matters for psychology and society. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin C. Westgate
- University of Florida Department of Psychology Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Brianna Steidle
- University of Florida Department of Psychology Gainesville Florida USA
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24
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Jacob L, Tully MA, Barnett Y, Lopez-Sanchez GF, Butler L, Schuch F, López-Bueno R, McDermott D, Firth J, Grabovac I, Yakkundi A, Armstrong N, Young T, Smith L. The relationship between physical activity and mental health in a sample of the UK public: A cross-sectional study during the implementation of COVID-19 social distancing measures. Ment Health Phys Act 2020; 19:100345. [PMID: 32834833 PMCID: PMC7378001 DOI: 10.1016/j.mhpa.2020.100345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to investigate the cross-sectional association between physical activity levels with depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and positive mental well-being in a sample of the UK public social distancing owing to COVID-19. METHOD This paper presents pre-planned interim analyses of data from a cross-sectional epidemiological study. Levels of physical activity during COVID-I9 social distancing were self-reported. Mental health was measured using the Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventory. Mental wellbeing was measured using The Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale. Participants also reported on sociodemographic and clinical data. The association between physical activity and mental health was studied using regression models. RESULTS 902 adults were included in this study (63.8% of women and 50.1% of people aged 35-64 years). After adjusting for covariates, there was a negative association between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per day in hours and poor mental health (OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.80-0.97). Similar findings were obtained for moderate-to-severe anxiety symptoms, moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms and poor mental wellbeing. CONCLUSIONS In the present sample of UK adults social distancing owing to COVID-19 those who were physically active have better overall mental health. Owing, to the cross-sectional design of the present study the direction of the association cannot be inferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Jacob
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Dr Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08830, Spain
| | - Mark A Tully
- Institute of Mental Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, UK
| | | | | | - Laurie Butler
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Felipe Schuch
- Department of Sports Methods and Techniques, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Rubén López-Bueno
- Department of Physical Medicine and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Daragh McDermott
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joseph Firth
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Igor Grabovac
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15/1, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anita Yakkundi
- Northern Ireland Public Health Research Network, School of Health Sciences, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, UK
| | - Nicola Armstrong
- HSC R&D Division, Public Health Agency (Northern Ireland), Belfast, UK
| | - Timothy Young
- Medical Research Council, Cancer Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lee Smith
- The Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
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25
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Deng S, Wang W, Xie P, Chao Y, Zhu J. Perceived Severity of COVID-19 and Post-pandemic Consumption Willingness: The Roles of Boredom and Sensation-Seeking. Front Psychol 2020; 11:567784. [PMID: 33041933 PMCID: PMC7525206 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic restricts people's activities and makes consumer businesses suffered. This study explored the relationship between the perceived severity of COVID-19 and the post-pandemic consumption willingness. Study 1 surveyed 1464 Chinese people in March 2020, found the perceived severity of COVID-19 during the pandemic significantly increased the willingness to consume post-pandemic, and boredom stemming from limited activities and sensation-seeking expressions mediated this effect. Study 2 conducted an experiment with 174 participants in August 2020, found a high level of perceived severity of COVID-19 and the experience of life tedium during the pandemic significantly increased individuals' impulsive buying tendencies after the pandemic. The results suggested the level of perceived severity of COVID-19 may influence people's post-pandemic consumption patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichang Deng
- School of Management, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, Shanghai, China
| | - Wangshuai Wang
- School of Management, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, Shanghai, China
| | - Peihong Xie
- School of Management, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Chao
- School of Business, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingru Zhu
- School of Management, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, Shanghai, China
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26
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Abstract
Abstract. Establishing a causal relationship between state boredom and risk taking is contributory to understand the nature of boredom and its influences. This research examines how and why state boredom influences financial risk taking. Across multiple inductions of state boredom, we found that state boredom increased participants’ preference for engaging in financial risk-taking behavior (Studies 1, 2, and 3) and actual financial risk-taking behavior (Studies 2 and 4). An internal meta-analysis verified the robustness of this effect. We also assessed four potential mediators and found motivation to seek stimulation as the best explicable mediator (Studies 3 and 4). Overall, the current research signified the role of state boredom in predicting financial risk taking as a function of motivation to seek stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Miao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xilin Li
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
- Booth School of Business, University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiaofei Xie
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
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27
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Gana K, Broc G, Bailly N. Does the Boredom Proneness Scale capture traitness of boredom? Results from a six-year longitudinal trait-state-occasion model. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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