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Sun SX, Li Y, Jia L, Ye S, Luan Y. Identification of genetic variants controlling diosgenin content in Dioscorea zingiberensis tuber by genome-wide association study. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:540. [PMID: 38872080 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diosgenin is an important steroidal precursor renowned for its diverse medicinal uses. It is predominantly sourced from Dioscorea species, particularly Dioscorea zingiberensis. Dioscorea zingiberensis has an ability to accumulate 2-16% diosgenin in its rhizomes. In this study, a diverse population of 180 D. zingiberensis accessions was used to evaluate the genomic regions associated with diosgenin biosynthesis by the genome wide association study approach (GWAS). RESULTS The whole population was characterized for diosgenin contents from tubers by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The individuals were genotyped by the genotyping-by-sequencing approach and 10,000 high-quality SNP markers were extracted for the GWAS. The highest significant marker-trait-association was observed as an SNP transversion (G to T) on chromosome 10, with 64% phenotypic variance explained. The SNP was located in the promoter region of CYP94D144 which is a member of P450 gene family involved in the independent biosynthesis of diosgenin from cholesterol. The transcription factor (TF) binding site enrichment analysis of the promoter region of CYP94D144 revealed NAC TF as a potential regulator. The results were further validated through expression profiling by qRT-PCR, and the comparison of high and low diosgenin producing hybrids obtained from a bi-parental population. CONCLUSIONS This study not only enhanced the understanding of the genetic basis of diosgenin biosynthesis but also serves as a valuable reference for future genomic investigations on CYP94D144, with the aim of augmenting diosgenin production in yam tubers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Xian Sun
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Wetland Conservation, Restoration and Ecological Services, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Yanmei Li
- Department of Life Technology Teaching and Research, School of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Lu Jia
- Department of Life Technology Teaching and Research, School of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Shili Ye
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Yunpeng Luan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650021, China.
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650021, China.
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2
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Hernández ML, Muñoz-Ocaña C, Posada P, Sicardo MD, Hornero-Méndez D, Gómez-Coca RB, Belaj A, Moreda W, Martínez-Rivas JM. Functional Characterization of Four Olive Squalene Synthases with Respect to the Squalene Content of the Virgin Olive Oil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:15701-15712. [PMID: 37815987 PMCID: PMC10723762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The release of new olive cultivars with an increased squalene content in their virgin olive oil is considered an important target in olive breeding programs. In this work, the variability of the squalene content in a core collection of 36 olive cultivars was first studied, revealing two olive cultivars, 'Dokkar' and 'Klon-14', with extremely low and high squalene contents in their oils, respectively. Next, four cDNA sequences encoding squalene synthases (SQS) were cloned from olive. Sequence analysis and functional expression in bacteria confirmed that they encode squalene synthases. Transcriptional analysis in distinct olive tissues and cultivars indicated that expression levels of these four SQS genes are spatially and temporally regulated in a cultivar-dependent manner and pointed to OeSQS2 as the gene mainly involved in squalene biosynthesis in olive mesocarp and, therefore, in the olive oil. In addition, the biosynthesis of squalene appears to be transcriptionally regulated in water-stressed olive mesocarp.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Luisa Hernández
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cristina Muñoz-Ocaña
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pilar Posada
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - M. Dolores Sicardo
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Dámaso Hornero-Méndez
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Raquel B. Gómez-Coca
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Angjelina Belaj
- IFAPA
Centro Alameda del Obispo, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14080 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Wenceslao Moreda
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - José M. Martínez-Rivas
- Instituto
de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera Km.1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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cDNA cloning, prokaryotic expression, and functional analysis of squalene synthase (SQS) in Camellia vietnamensis Huang. Protein Expr Purif 2022; 194:106078. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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4
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Zhao J, Sun C, Shi F, Ma S, Zheng J, Du X, Zhang L. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis among 1-, 2- and 3-year old Atractylodes chinensis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:354. [PMID: 34315414 PMCID: PMC8314494 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz is a well-known medicinal plant containing the major bioactive compound, atractylodin, a sesquiterpenoid. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis demonstrated that atractylodin was most abundant in 3-year old A. chinensis rhizome, compared with those from 1- and 2-year old rhizomes, however, the molecular mechanisms underlying accumulation of atractylodin in rhizomes are poorly understood. RESULTS In this study, we characterized the transcriptomes from rhizomes of 1-, 2- and 3-year old (Y1, Y2 and Y3, respectively) A. chinensis, to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). We identified 240, 169 and 131 unigenes encoding the enzyme genes in the mevalonate (MVA), methylerythritol phosphate (MEP), sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthetic pathways, respectively. To confirm the reliability of the RNA sequencing analysis, eleven key gene encoding factors involved in the sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway, as well as in pigment, amino acid, hormone and transcription factor functions, were selected for quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. The results demonstrated similar expression patterns to those determined by RNA sequencing, with a Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.9 between qRT-PCR and RNA-seq data. Differential gene expression analysis of rhizomes from different ages revealed 52 genes related to sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis. Among these, seven DEGs were identified in Y1 vs Y2, Y1 vs Y3 and Y2 vs Y3, of which five encoded four key enzymes, squalene/phytoene synthase (SS), squalene-hopene cyclase (SHC), squalene epoxidase (SE) and dammarenediol II synthase (DS). These four enzymes directly related to squalene biosynthesis and subsequent catalytic action. To validate the result of these seven DEGs, qRT-PCR was performed and indicated most of them displayed lower relative expression in 3-year old rhizome, similar to transcriptomic analysis. CONCLUSION The enzymes SS, SHC, SE and DS down-regulated expression in 3-year old rhizome. This data corresponded to the higher content of sesquiterpenoid in 3-year old rhizome, and confirmed by qRT-PCR. The results of comparative transcriptome analysis and identified key enzyme genes laid a solid foundation for investigation of production sesquiterpenoid in A. chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Chengzhen Sun
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Fengyu Shi
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Jinshuang Zheng
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China.
| | - Xin Du
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology (in Preparation), Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China
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Cloning, functional characterization and expression analysis of LoTPS5 from Lilium 'Siberia'. Gene 2020; 756:144921. [PMID: 32593719 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lilium 'Siberia' is a perennial herbaceous plant that is commercially significant because of its snowy white floral color and appealing scent which is mainly due to the presence of monoterpenes and benzoids compounds in floral volatile profile. In the current study, LoTPS5 was cloned and functionally characterized. Results revealed that LoTPS5 specifically generates squalene from FPP, whereas no product was produced when it was incubated with GPP or GGPP. The subcellular localization experiment showed that LoTPS5 was located in plastids. Furthermore, LoTPS5 showed its high expression in the leaf followed by petals and sepals of the flower. Moreover, the expression of LoTPS5 gradually increased from the bud stage and peak at the full-bloom stage. Besides, LoTPS5 showed a diurnal circadian rhythmic pattern with a peak in the afternoon (16:00) followed by deep night (24:00) and morning (8:00), respectively. LoTPS5 is highly responsive to mechanical wounding by rapidly elevating its mRNA transcript level. The current study will provide significant information for future studies of terpenoid and squalene biosynthesis in Lilium 'Siberia'.
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Fu J, Liu G, Yang M, Wang X, Chen X, Chen F, Yang Y. Isolation and functional analysis of squalene synthase gene in tea plant Camellia sinensis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 142:53-58. [PMID: 31272035 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tea contains high quantities and diverse types of triterpenoids, particularly in the form of saponins. However, little is yet known about the molecular basis of triterpenoid biosynthesis in tea plant. Here we report on isolation and functional analysis of squalene synthase (SQS) gene from tea plant (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis), which controls the biosynthesis of triterpenoids precursor. First, a full-length cDNA of squalene synthase, designated CsSQS, was isolated from tea plant. The protein is highly homologous to SQSs from other plants. Using CsSQS-reporter assays, CsSQS was demonstrated to be endoplasmic reticulum membrane-bound. The coding region of CsSQS excluding transmemberane sequence was expressed in Escherichia coli. Recombinant CsSQS catalyzed the formation of squalene using farnesyl-pyrophosphate (FPP) as substrate with NADPH and Mg2+. In tea plant leaves, CsSQS expression was significantly induced by both herbivore and mechanical damages. Consistent with the stronger induction of CsSQS expression by mechanical damage than herbivory, tea plants injured mechanically released squalene as a volatile compound, which however was not detected from herbivore-damaged tea plants. Furthermore, it was found that the flowers of another tea plant cultivar Camellia sinensis var. assamica contain higher concentrations of squalene than the cultivar sinensis, indicating variations among tea plant varieties. With the identification and molecular characterization of squalene synthase in tea plant, next, we can ask the questions about the roles of squalene as a volatile product as well as a precursor for triterpenoids, which may promote product development from diverse tea materials and mining of excellent tea germplasm resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Fu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Guanhua Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xinchao Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Xinlu Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Yajun Yang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
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7
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Cloning and functional analysis of squalene synthase gene from Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 155:95-103. [PMID: 30530061 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott is a traditional herbal medicine containing medicinal sterols and triterpenoids. Squalene synthase (SQS) is the first crucial enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of sterols and triterpenoids. The full-length cDNA named DfSQS1 was isolated by RACE. It was predicted that DfSQS1 contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 1239 bp coding 412 amino acid residues with molecular weight of 46.6 kDa. It had 18 potential phosphorylation sites, 1 potential N-glycosylation site and 2 transmembrane domains. In neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree, DfSQS1 was away from branch of gymnosperms and angiosperms. One hydrophobic domain at the C-terminal of DfSQS1 was deleted to express soluble recombinant enzyme. The truncated DfSQS1 (tDfSQS1) was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Then, tDfSQS1 was obtained and incubated with farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to identify its enzymatic activity. The result demontrated that squalene, the product of enzyme catalyzed reaction, was detected by HPLC. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that the transcription level of DfSQS1 in D. fragrans was the highest in roots, followed by leaves and rhizomes. This work is the first report on cloning, characteration and expression of SQS from D. fragrans. It will be helpful to understand the regulatory role of SQS on the biosynthesis of triterpenoids in the fern.
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Choudhri P, Rani M, Sangwan RS, Kumar R, Kumar A, Chhokar V. De novo sequencing, assembly and characterisation of Aloe vera transcriptome and analysis of expression profiles of genes related to saponin and anthraquinone metabolism. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:427. [PMID: 29859051 PMCID: PMC5984767 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4819-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aloe vera is a perennial, succulent, drought-resistant plant that exhibits many pharmacological characteristics such as wound healing ability against skin burns, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-viral, anti-hypercholesterolemic, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-asthmatic and much more. Despite great medicinal worth, little genomic information is available on Aloe vera. This study is an initiative to explore the full-scale functional genomics of Aloe vera by generating whole transcriptome sequence database, using Illumina HiSeq technology and its progressive annotation specifically with respect to the metabolic specificity of the plant. RESULTS Transcriptome sequencing of root and leaf tissue of Aloe vera was performed using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology. De novo assembly of high quality paired-end reads, resulted into 1,61,733 and 2,21,792 transcripts with mean length of 709 and 714 nucleotides for root and leaf respectively. The non-redundant transcripts were clustered using CD-HIT-EST, yielding a total of 1,13,063 and 1,41,310 unigenes for root and leaf respectively. A total of 6114 and 6527 CDS for root and leaf tissue were enriched into 24 different biological pathway categories using KEGG pathway database. DGE profile prepared by calculating FPKM values was analyzed for differential expression of specific gene encoding enzymes involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Sixteen putative genes related to saponin, lignin, anthraquinone, and carotenoid biosynthesis were selected for quantitative expression by real-time PCR. DGE as well as qRT PCR expression analysis represented up-regulation of secondary metabolic genes in root as compared to leaf. Furthermore maximum number of genes was found to be up-regulated after the induction of methyl jasmonate, which stipulates the association of secondary metabolite synthesis with the plant's defense mechanism during stress. Various transcription factors including bHLH, NAC, MYB were identified by searching predicted CDS against PlantTFdb. CONCLUSIONS This is the first transcriptome database of Aloe vera and can be potentially utilized to characterize the genes involved in the biosynthesis of important secondary metabolites, metabolic regulation, signal transduction mechanism, understanding function of a particular gene in the biology and physiology of plant of this species as well as other species of Aloe genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragati Choudhri
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
| | - Muniya Rani
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
| | - Rajender S. Sangwan
- Centre of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), (A National Institute under Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India), Sector-81 (Knowledge City), Manauli P.O., S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306 India
| | - Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
| | - Vinod Chhokar
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
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Hua W, Kong W, Cao X, Chen C, Liu Q, Li X, Wang Z. Transcriptome analysis of Dioscorea zingiberensis identifies genes involved in diosgenin biosynthesis. Genes Genomics 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-017-0516-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Jiang D, Rong Q, Chen Y, Yuan Q, Shen Y, Guo J, Yang Y, Zha L, Wu H, Huang L, Liu C. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of squalene synthase (SS) in Panax notoginseng. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 95:658-666. [PMID: 27884675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen, which is a used traditional Chinese medicine known as Sanqi or Tianqi in China, is widely studied for its ability to accumulate the triterpene saponins. Squalene synthase (SS: EC 2.5.1.21) catalyzes the first enzymatic step from the central isoprenoid pathway toward sterol and triterpenoid biosynthesis. In this study, SS from P. notoginseng was cloned and investigated followed by its recombinant expression and preliminary enzyme activity. The nucleotide sequence of the ORF contains 1 248 nucleotides and encodes 415 amino acid residues with molecular weight of 47.16kDa and pI of 6.50. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the deduced PnSS protein had a high similarity with other plant squalene synthases. To obtain soluble recombinant enzymes, 29 hydrophobic amino acids were deleted from the carboxy terminus and expressed as GST-Tag fusion protein in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Approximately 66.46kDa recombinant protein was checked on SDS-PAGE and Western Blot analysis. Preliminary activity of the resultant bacterial crude extract was analyzed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The identification and function of PnSS is important for further studies of the triterpene saponins biosynthesis in P. notoginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Jiang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Qixian Rong
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China; Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi, 330004, China
| | - Qingjun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ye Shen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Juan Guo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yirui Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Liangping Zha
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Huixiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
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11
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Sun HP, Li F, Ruan QM, Zhong XH. Identification and validation of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR studies in Hedera helix L. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 108:286-294. [PMID: 27474936 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Reference gene evaluation and selection are necessary steps in gene expression analysis, especially in new plant varieties, through reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Hedera helix L. is an important traditional medicinal plant recorded in European Pharmacopoeia. Research on gene expression in H. helix has not been widely explored, and no RT-qPCR studies have been reported. Thus, it is important and necessary to identify and validate suitable reference genes to for normalizing RT-qPCR results. In our study, 14 candidate protein-coding reference genes were selected. Their expression stability in five tissues (root, stem, leaf, petiole and shoot tip) and under seven abiotic stress conditions (cold, heat, drought, salinity, UV-C irradiation, abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate) were evaluated using geNorm and NormFinder. This study is the first to evaluate the stability of reference genes in H. helix. The results show that different reference genes should be chosen for normalization on the basis of various experimental conditions. F-box was more stable than the other selected genes under all analysis conditions except ABA treatment; 40S was the most stable reference gene under ABA treatment; in contrast, EXP and UBQ were the most unstable reference genes. The expressions of HhSE and Hhβ-AS, which are two genes related to the biosynthetic pathway of triterpenoid saponins, were also examined for reference genes in different tissues and under various cold stress conditions. The validation results confirmed the applicability and accuracy of reference genes. Additionally, this study provides a basis for the accurate and widespread use of RT-qPCR in selecting genes from the genome of H. helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Peng Sun
- Horticulture & Landscape College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Fang Li
- Horticulture & Landscape College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China; National Center for Citrus Improvement, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Qin-Mei Ruan
- Horticulture & Landscape College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Zhong
- Horticulture & Landscape College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.
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12
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Zha L, Liu S, Su P, Yuan Y, Huang L. Cloning, prokaryotic expression and functional analysis of squalene synthase (SQS) in Magnolia officinalis. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 120:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Rong Q, Jiang D, Chen Y, Shen Y, Yuan Q, Lin H, Zha L, Zhang Y, Huang L. Molecular Cloning and Functional Analysis of Squalene Synthase 2(SQS2) in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1274. [PMID: 27605932 PMCID: PMC4996051 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, which is also known as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, is widely studied for its ability to accumulate the diterpene quinone Tanshinones. In addition to producing a variety of diterpene quinone, S. miltiorrhiza Bunge also accumulates sterol, brassinosteroid and triterpenoids. During their biosynthesis, squalene synthase (SQS, EC 2.5.1.21) converts two molecules of the hydrophilic substrate farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) into a hydrophobic product, squalene. In the present study, cloning and characterization of S. miltiorrhiza Bunge squalene synthase 2 (SmSQS2, Genbank Accession Number: KM408605) cDNA was investigated subsequently followed by its recombinant expression and preliminary enzyme activity. The full-length cDNA of SmSQS2 was 1 597 bp in length, with an open reading frame of 1 245 bp encoding 414 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of SmSQS2 shared high similarity with those of SQSs from other plants. To obtain soluble recombinant enzymes, the truncated SmSQS2 in which 28 amino acids were deleted from the carboxy terminus was expressed as GST-Tag fusion protein in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western Blot analysis, and the resultant bacterial crude extract was incubated with FPP and NADPH. Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer analysis showed that squalene was detected in the in vitro reaction mixture. The gene expression level was analyzed through Quantitative real-time PCR, and was found to be higher in roots as compared to the leaves, and was up-regulated upon YE+ Ag(+) treatment. These results could serve as an important to understand the function of the SQS family. In addition, the identification of SmSQS2 is important for further studies of terpenoid and sterol biosynthesis in S. miltiorrhiza Bunge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixian Rong
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Dan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Yijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese MedicineNanchang, China
| | - Ye Shen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Qingjun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Huixin Lin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Liangping Zha
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
- *Correspondence: Luqi Huang,
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Directed optimization of a newly identified squalene synthase from Mortierella alpine based on sequence truncation and site-directed mutagenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 42:1341-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1668-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Terpenoids, a class of isoprenoids usually isolated from plants, are always used as commercial flavor and anticancer drugs. As a key precursor for triterpenes and sterols, biosynthesis of squalene (SQ) can be catalyzed by squalene synthase (SQS) from two farnesyl diphosphate molecules. In this work, the key SQS gene involved in sterols synthesis by Mortierella alpine, an industrial strain often used to produce unsaturated fatty acid such as γ-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid, was identified and characterized. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that MaSQS contained 416 amino acid residues involved in four highly conserved regions. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the closest relationship of MaSQS with Ganoderma lucidum and Aspergillus, which also belonged to the member of the fungus. Subsequently, the recombinant protein was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and detected by SDS-PAGE. To improve the expression and solubility of protein, 17 or 27 amino acids in the C-terminal were deleted. In vitro activity investigation based on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed that both the truncated enzymes could functionally catalyze the reaction from FPP to SQ and the enzymatic activity was optimal at 37 °C, pH 7.2. Moreover, based on the site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant enzyme mMaSQSΔC17 (E186K) displayed a 3.4-fold improvement in catalytic efficiency (k cat/K m) compared to the control. It was the first report of characterization and modification of SQS from M. alpine, which facilitated the investigation of isoprenoid biosynthesis in the fungus. The engineered mMaSQSΔC17 (E186K) can be a potential candidate of the terpenes and steroids synthesis employed for synthetic biology.
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