1
|
Xuan C, Feng M, Li X, Hou Y, Wei C, Zhang X. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Chitinase Genes in Watermelon under Abiotic Stimuli and Fusarium oxysporum Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:638. [PMID: 38203810 PMCID: PMC10779513 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chitinases, which catalyze the hydrolysis of chitin, the primary components of fungal cell walls, play key roles in defense responses, symbiotic associations, plant growth, and stress tolerance. In this study, 23 chitinase genes were identified in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus [Thunb.]) and classified into five classes through homology search and phylogenetic analysis. The genes with similar exon-intron structures and conserved domains were clustered into the same class. The putative cis-elements involved in the responses to phytohormone, stress, and plant development were identified in their promoter regions. A tissue-specific expression analysis showed that the ClChi genes were primarily expressed in the roots (52.17%), leaves (26.09%), and flowers (34.78%). Moreover, qRT-PCR results indicate that ClChis play multifaceted roles in the interaction between plant/environment. More ClChi members were induced by Race 2 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum, and eight genes were expressed at higher levels on the seventh day after inoculation with Races 1 and 2, suggesting that these genes play a key role in the resistance of watermelon to Fusarium wilt. Collectively, these results improve knowledge of the chitinase gene family in watermelon species and help to elucidate the roles played by chitinases in the responses of watermelon to various stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (C.X.); (M.F.); (X.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Mengjiao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (C.X.); (M.F.); (X.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (C.X.); (M.F.); (X.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yinjie Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (C.X.); (M.F.); (X.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Chunhua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (C.X.); (M.F.); (X.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (C.X.); (M.F.); (X.L.); (Y.H.)
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin 300384, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Song H, Asghari M, Zahedipour-Sheshglani P, Diao E, Xiang X, Liang X, Abdollahi Mandoulakani B, Qian S. Investigation of pectolytic and PR genes expression, quality and phytochemical contents in organic and non-organic table grapes at harvest and during storage. Food Res Int 2023; 167:112717. [PMID: 37087216 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
The demand for organic table grapes is increasing worldwide. However, comprehensive information of quality parameters and phytochemical compounds in organically grown fruit remain unclear. Furthermore, table grapes are perishable and postharvest quality retention and waste prevention is very important. In this study we have compared the differences between organic and non-organic table grapes in terms of phytochemical compounds and quality parameters as well as the changes in the expression levels of pathogen related and lytic genes during storage. Organic fruit showed higher levels of phenolics, flavonoids, caffeic acid, hydrogen peroxide, protein content, antioxidant and anti-stress enzymes and total antioxidant activities at harvest and during storage. Although, the expression levels of polygalactronases, pectin methyl esterase, chitinase and glucanase genes was lower in organically grown table grapes at harvest, but the expression of all these genes was significantly increased during cold storage. After 60 days of cold storage the expression levels of pectin methyl esterase, chitinase and glucanase genes was significantly higher than the conventionally grown grape berries in organic ones. The highest expression of polygalacturonase was recorded in organic samples after 30 days of storage. There was no significant difference between the two types of table grapes for decay extension and tissue deterioration rate. The results of this study indicate that due to higher levels of phytochemicals and antioxidant compounds the organic table grapes have a higher nutritional quality. Furthermore, the increase in PR and pectolytic genes expression levels is enough for decreasing the fruit susceptibility to decay pathogens and enhancing the postharvest life of organic grapes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huwei Song
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety & Nutrition Function Evaluation, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection of China, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Mohammadreza Asghari
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | | | - Enjie Diao
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety & Nutrition Function Evaluation, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection of China, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Xinran Xiang
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety & Nutrition Function Evaluation, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection of China, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Xiaona Liang
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety & Nutrition Function Evaluation, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection of China, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | | | - Shiquan Qian
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety & Nutrition Function Evaluation, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection of China, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lv P, Zhang C, Xie P, Yang X, El-Sheikh MA, Hefft DI, Ahmad P, Zhao T, Bhat JA. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analyses of the Chitinase Gene Family in Response to White Mold and Drought Stress in Soybean (Glycine max). Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091340. [PMID: 36143377 PMCID: PMC9504482 DOI: 10.3390/life12091340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitinases are enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis of chitin that are present on the cell wall of fungal pathogens. Here, we identified and characterized the chitinase gene family in cultivated soybean (Glycine max L.) across the whole genome. A total of 38 chitinase genes were identified in the whole genome of soybean. Phylogenetic analysis of these chitinases classified them into five separate clusters, I–V. From a broader view, the I–V classes of chitinases are basically divided into two mega-groups (X and Y), and these two big groups have evolved independently. In addition, the chitinases were unevenly and randomly distributed in 17 of the total 20 chromosomes of soybean, and the majority of these chitinase genes contained few introns (≤2). Synteny and duplication analysis showed the major role of tandem duplication in the expansion of the chitinase gene family in soybean. Promoter analysis identified multiple cis-regulatory elements involved in the biotic and abiotic stress response in the upstream regions (1.5 kb) of chitinase genes. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis showed that pathogenic and drought stress treatment significantly induces the up-regulation of chitinase genes belonging to specific classes at different time intervals, which further verifies their function in the plant stress response. Hence, both in silico and qRT-PCR analysis revealed the important role of the chitinases in multiple plant defense responses. However, there is a need for extensive research efforts to elucidate the detailed function of chitinase in various plant stresses. In conclusion, our investigation is a detailed and systematic report of whole genome characterization of the chitinase family in soybean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peiyun Lv
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chunting Zhang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ping Xie
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mohamed A. El-Sheikh
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniel Ingo Hefft
- School of Chemical Engineering, Edgbaston Campus, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Department of Botany, GDC, Pulwama 192301, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (T.Z.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Tuanjie Zhao
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (T.Z.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Javaid Akhter Bhat
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (T.Z.); (J.A.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang YJ, Ren LL, Lin XY, Han XM, Wang W, Yang ZL. Molecular evolution and functional characterization of chitinase gene family in Populus trichocarpa. Gene 2022; 822:146329. [PMID: 35181500 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chitinases, the chitin-degrading enzymes, have been shown to play important role in defense against the chitin-containing fungal pathogens. In this study, we identified 48 chitinase-coding genes from the woody model plant Populus trichocarpa. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the Populus chitinases were classified into seven groups. Different gene structures and protein domain architectures were found among the seven Populus chitinase groups. Selection pressure analysis indicated that all the seven groups are under purifying selection. Phylogenetic analysis combined with chromosome location analysis showed that Populus chitinase gene family mainly expanded through tandem duplication. The Populus chitinase gene family underwent marked expression divergence and is inducibly expressed in response to treatments, such as chitosan, chitin, salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate. Protein enzymatic activity analysis showed that Populus chitinases had activity towards both chitin and chitosan. By integrating sequence characteristic, phylogenetic, selection pressure, gene expression and protein activity analysis, this study shed light on the evolution and function of chitinase family in poplar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Jie Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lin-Ling Ren
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xue-Min Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhi-Ling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ascophyllum nodosum Extract and Mycorrhizal Colonization Synergistically Trigger Immune Responses in Pea Plants against Rhizoctonia Root Rot, and Enhance Plant Growth and Productivity. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030268. [PMID: 35330270 PMCID: PMC8953849 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia root rot is one of the most destructive diseases affecting pea crops, resulting in up to 75% loss. In this study, the biocontrol activity of seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) extract at 1, 2, and 3% and/or mycorrhization of pea roots was investigated against Rhizoctonia root rot under greenhouse conditions. In addition, their effects on the transcriptional, physiological, ultrastructural, and growth status of pea plants were also studied. The results showed that the mycorrhizal colonization of pea roots and the application of the seaweed extract at 3% synergistically overexpressed the responsive factor (JERF3) recording 18.2-fold, and the defense-related genes peroxidase (23.2-fold) and chitinase II (31.8-fold). In addition, this treatment improved the activity of the antioxidant enzymes POD and PPO, increased the phenolic content in pea roots, and triggered multiple hypersensitivity reactions at the ultrastructural level of the cell, leading to a 73.1% reduction in disease severity. Moreover, a synergistic growth-promoting effect on pea plants was also observed. The photosynthetic pigments in pea leaves were enhanced in response to this dual treatment, which significantly improved their yield (24 g/plant). The inducing effect of mycorrhizal colonization on plant resistance and growth has been extensively studied. However, developing improved and synergistically acting biological agents for plant disease control and growth promotion as alternatives to the chemical fungicides is crucial for safety and food security. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the mycorrhizal colonization of pea roots and soaking their seeds in the A. nodosum extract at 3% have a promising and improved biocontrol activity against R. solani, and a growth-promoting effect on pea plants. However, field applications should be evaluated prior to any use recommendations.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lv J, Zheng T, Song Z, Pervaiz T, Dong T, Zhang Y, Jia H, Fang J. Strawberry Proteome Responses to Controlled Hot and Cold Stress Partly Mimic Post-harvest Storage Temperature Effects on Fruit Quality. Front Nutr 2022; 8:812666. [PMID: 35242791 PMCID: PMC8887963 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.812666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the effect of different temperature on strawberry after harvest, physiological indicator analysis and proteomics analysis were conducted on ripened strawberry (“Sweet Charlie”) fruit stored at 4, 23, and 37°C for 10 or 20 days. Results showed that 4°C maintained a better visual quality of strawberry, and the weight loss and firmness remained stable within 3 days. Low temperature negatively affected anthocyanin but positively affected soluble sugars. Though anthocyanin content was higher with increasing temperature, anthocyanin synthesis related proteins were downregulated. Higher indole-acetic acid (IAA) content in seeds and lower abscisic acid (ABA) content were found in berry at 4°C. Antioxidant related proteins were upregulated during storage, showing a significant up-regulation of peroxidase (POD) at 4°C, and ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle related proteins and heat shock proteins (HSPs) at 37°C. In addition, overexpressed sugar phosphate/phosphate translocator, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase, and aquaporin PIP2-2 had a positive effect in response to low temperature stress for containing higher protopectin content and POD activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Lv
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zenglu Song
- College of Electrical Engineering, Nanjing Vocational University of Industry Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Tariq Pervaiz
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianyu Dong
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanyi Zhang
- Agricultural College, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Haifeng Jia
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Haifeng Jia
| | - Jinggui Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zheng T, Guan L, Yu K, Haider MS, Nasim M, Liu Z, Li T, Zhang K, Jiu S, Jia H, Fang J. Expressional diversity of grapevine 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (VvHMGR) in different grapes genotypes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:279. [PMID: 34147088 PMCID: PMC8214791 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) is a key enzyme in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, which regulates the metabolism of terpenoids in the cytoplasm and determines the type and content of downstream terpenoid metabolites. RESULTS Results showed that grapevine HMGR family has three members, such as VvHMGR1, VvHMGR2, and VvHMGR3. The expression of VvHMGRs in 'Kyoho' has tissue specificity, for example, VvHMGR1 keeps a higher expression, VvHMGR2 is the lowest, and VvHMGR3 gradually decreases as the fruit development. VvHMGR3 is closely related to CsHMGR1 and GmHMGR9 and has collinearity with CsHMGR2 and GmHMGR4. By the prediction of interaction protein, it can interact with HMG-CoA synthase, MVA kinase, FPP/GGPP synthase, diphosphate mevalonate decarboxylase, and participates in the synthesis and metabolism of terpenoids. VvHMGR3 have similar trends in expression with some of the genes of carotenoid biosynthesis and MEP pathways. VvHMGR3 responds to various environmental and phytohormone stimuli, especially salt stress and ultraviolet (UV) treatment. The expression level of VvHMGRs is diverse in grapes of different colors and aroma. VvHMGRs are significantly higher in yellow varieties than that in red varieties, whereas rose-scented varieties showed significantly higher expression than that of strawberry aroma. The expression level is highest in yellow rose-scented varieties, and the lowest in red strawberry scent varieties, especially 'Summer Black' and 'Fujiminori'. CONCLUSION This study confirms the important role of VvHMGR3 in the process of grape fruit coloring and aroma formation, and provided a new idea to explain the loss of grape aroma and poor coloring during production. There may be an additive effect between color and aroma in the HMGR expression aspect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing City, 210095, PR China
| | - Lubin Guan
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing City, 210095, PR China
| | - Kun Yu
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, 832003, PR China
| | - Muhammad Salman Haider
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing City, 210095, PR China
| | - Maazullah Nasim
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing City, 210095, PR China
| | - Zhongjie Liu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing City, 210095, PR China
| | - Teng Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing City, 210095, PR China
| | - Kekun Zhang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China
| | - Songtao Jiu
- Department of Plant Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200030, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Haifeng Jia
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing City, 210095, PR China.
| | - Jinggui Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing City, 210095, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rashad YM, Fekry WME, Sleem MM, Elazab NT. Effects of Mycorrhizal Colonization on Transcriptional Expression of the Responsive Factor JERF3 and Stress-Responsive Genes in Banana Plantlets in Response to Combined Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:742628. [PMID: 34777424 PMCID: PMC8580877 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.742628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Banana plants (Musa acuminata L.) are exposed to various biotic and abiotic stresses that affect their production worldwide. Banana plants respond to these stresses, but their responses to combined stresses are unique and differ from those to various individual stresses. This study reported the effects of the mycorrhizal colonization of banana roots and/or infection with root rot on the transcriptional expression of the responsive factor JERF3 and stress-responsive genes (POD, PR1, CHI, and GLU) under different salinity levels. Different transcriptional levels were recorded in response to the individual, dual, or triple treatments. All the applied biotic and abiotic stresses triggered the transcriptional expression of the tested genes when individually applied, but they showed different influences varying from synergistic to antagonistic when applied in combinations. The salinity stress had the strongest effect when applied in combination with the biotic stress and/or mycorrhizal colonization, especially at high concentrations. Moreover, the salinity level differentially affects the banana responses under combined stresses and/or mycorrhizal colonization in addition, the mycorrhizal colonization of banana plantlets improved their growth, photosynthesis, and nutrient uptake, as well as greatly alleviated the detrimental effects of salt and infection stresses. In general, the obtained results indicated that the responses of banana plantlets under the combined stresses are more complicated and differed from those under the individual stresses depending on the crosstalks between the signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Younes M. Rashad
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Younes M. Rashad,
| | - Waleed M. E. Fekry
- Plant Production Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Sleem
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, Egypt
| | - Nahla T. Elazab
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|