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Dedeilia A, Lwin T, Li S, Tarantino G, Tunsiricharoengul S, Lawless A, Sharova T, Liu D, Boland GM, Cohen S. Factors Affecting Recurrence and Survival for Patients with High-Risk Stage II Melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2024; 31:2713-2726. [PMID: 38158497 PMCID: PMC10908640 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-023-14724-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the current era of effective adjuvant therapies and de-escalation of surgery, distinguishing which patients with high-risk stage II melanoma are at increased risk of recurrence after excision of the primary lesion is essential to determining appropriate treatment and surveillance plans. METHODS A single-center retrospective study analyzed patients with stage IIB or IIC melanoma. Demographic and tumor data were collected, and genomic analysis of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples was performed via an internal next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform (SNaPshot). The end points examined were relapse-free survival (RFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), overall survival (OS), and melanoma-specific survival (MSS). Uni- and multivariable Cox regressions were performed to calculate the hazard ratios. RESULTS The study included 92 patients with a median age of 69 years and a male/female ratio of 2:1. A Breslow depth greater than 4 mm, a higher mitotic rate, an advanced T stage, and a KIT mutation had a negative impact on RFS. A primary lesion in the head and neck, a mitotic rate exceeding 10 mitoses per mm2, a CDH1 mutation, or a KIT mutation was significantly associated with a shorter DMFS. Overall survival was significantly lower with older age at diagnosis and a higher mitotic rate. An older age at diagnosis also had a negative impact on MSS. CONCLUSION Traditional histopathologic factors and specific tumor mutations displayed a significant correlation with disease recurrence and survival for patients with high-risk stage II melanoma. This study supported the use of genomic testing of high-risk stage II melanomas for prognostic prediction and risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Dedeilia
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thinzar Lwin
- Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Siming Li
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Giuseppe Tarantino
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Aleigha Lawless
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tatyana Sharova
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Liu
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Genevieve M Boland
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sonia Cohen
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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2
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Stan A, Bosart K, Kaur M, Vo M, Escorcia W, Yoder RJ, Bouley RA, Petreaca RC. Detection of driver mutations and genomic signatures in endometrial cancers using artificial intelligence algorithms. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299114. [PMID: 38408048 PMCID: PMC10896512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Analyzed endometrial cancer (EC) genomes have allowed for the identification of molecular signatures, which enable the classification, and sometimes prognostication, of these cancers. Artificial intelligence algorithms have facilitated the partitioning of mutations into driver and passenger based on a variety of parameters, including gene function and frequency of mutation. Here, we undertook an evaluation of EC cancer genomes deposited on the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancers (COSMIC), with the goal to classify all mutations as either driver or passenger. Our analysis showed that approximately 2.5% of all mutations are driver and cause cellular transformation and immortalization. We also characterized nucleotide level mutation signatures, gross chromosomal re-arrangements, and gene expression profiles. We observed that endometrial cancers show distinct nucleotide substitution and chromosomal re-arrangement signatures compared to other cancers. We also identified high expression levels of the CLDN18 claudin gene, which is involved in growth, survival, metastasis and proliferation. We then used in silico protein structure analysis to examine the effect of certain previously uncharacterized driver mutations on protein structure. We found that certain mutations in CTNNB1 and TP53 increase protein stability, which may contribute to cellular transformation. While our analysis retrieved previously classified mutations and genomic alterations, which is to be expected, this study also identified new signatures. Additionally, we show that artificial intelligence algorithms can be effectively leveraged to accurately predict key drivers of cancer. This analysis will expand our understanding of ECs and improve the molecular toolbox for classification, diagnosis, or potential treatment of these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anda Stan
- Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Marion, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Korey Bosart
- Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Marion, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mehak Kaur
- Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Marion, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Martin Vo
- Biology Department, Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Wilber Escorcia
- Biology Department, Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ryan J Yoder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Marion, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Renee A Bouley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Marion, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ruben C Petreaca
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Marion, Ohio, United States of America
- James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Columbus, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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3
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Makino Y, Arakawa Y, Yoshioka E, Shofuda T, Minamiguchi S, Kawauchi T, Tanji M, Kanematsu D, Nonaka M, Okita Y, Kodama Y, Mano M, Hirose T, Mineharu Y, Miyamoto S, Kanemura Y. Infrequent RAS mutation is not associated with specific histological phenotype in gliomas. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:1025. [PMID: 34525976 PMCID: PMC8442437 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08733-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in driver genes such as IDH and BRAF have been identified in gliomas. Meanwhile, dysregulations in the p53, RB1, and MAPK and/or PI3K pathways are involved in the molecular pathogenesis of glioblastoma. RAS family genes activate MAPK through activation of RAF and PI3K to promote cell proliferation. RAS mutations are a well-known driver of mutation in many types of cancers, but knowledge of their significance for glioma is insufficient. The purpose of this study was to reveal the frequency and the clinical phenotype of RAS mutant in gliomas. METHODS This study analysed RAS mutations and their clinical significance in 242 gliomas that were stored as unfixed or cryopreserved specimens removed at Kyoto University and Osaka National Hospital between May 2006 and October 2017. The hot spots mutation of IDH1/2, H3F3A, HIST1H3B, and TERT promoter and exon 2 and exon 3 of KRAS, HRAS, and NRAS were analysed with Sanger sequencing method, and 1p/19q codeletion was analysed with multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. DNA methylation array was performed in some RAS mutant tumours to improve accuracy of diagnosis. RESULTS RAS mutations were identified in four gliomas with three KRAS mutations and one NRAS mutation in one anaplastic oligodendroglioma, two anaplastic astrocytomas (IDH wild-type in each), and one ganglioglioma. RAS-mutant gliomas were identified with various types of glioma histology. CONCLUSION RAS mutation appears infrequent, and it is not associated with any specific histological phenotype of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhide Makino
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Arakawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Ema Yoshioka
- Department of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shofuda
- Department of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sachiko Minamiguchi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tanji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kanematsu
- Department of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nonaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Okita
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kodama
- Department of Central Laboratory and Surgical Pathology, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Pathology Network, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masayuki Mano
- Department of Central Laboratory and Surgical Pathology, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takanori Hirose
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Hyogo Cancer Center, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yohei Mineharu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Susumu Miyamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yonehiro Kanemura
- Department of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan. .,Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
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Esmaeili M, Stockmann J, Strasser B, Arango N, Thapa B, Wang Z, van der Kouwe A, Dietrich J, Cahill DP, Batchelor TT, White J, Adalsteinsson E, Wald L, Andronesi OC. An integrated RF-receive/B 0-shim array coil boosts performance of whole-brain MR spectroscopic imaging at 7 T. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15029. [PMID: 32929121 PMCID: PMC7490394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71623-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic imaging of the human brain by in-vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) can non-invasively probe neurochemistry in healthy and disease conditions. MRSI at ultra-high field (≥ 7 T) provides increased sensitivity for fast high-resolution metabolic imaging, but comes with technical challenges due to non-uniform B0 field. Here, we show that an integrated RF-receive/B0-shim (AC/DC) array coil can be used to mitigate 7 T B0 inhomogeneity, which improves spectral quality and metabolite quantification over a whole-brain slab. Our results from simulations, phantoms, healthy and brain tumor human subjects indicate improvements of global B0 homogeneity by 55%, narrower spectral linewidth by 29%, higher signal-to-noise ratio by 31%, more precise metabolite quantification by 22%, and an increase by 21% of the brain volume that can be reliably analyzed. AC/DC shimming provide the highest correlation (R2 = 0.98, P = 0.001) with ground-truth values for metabolite concentration. Clinical translation of AC/DC and MRSI is demonstrated in a patient with mutant-IDH1 glioma where it enables imaging of D-2-hydroxyglutarate oncometabolite with a 2.8-fold increase in contrast-to-noise ratio at higher resolution and more brain coverage compared to previous 7 T studies. Hence, AC/DC technology may help ultra-high field MRSI become more feasible to take advantage of higher signal/contrast-to-noise in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Esmaeili
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Jason Stockmann
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bernhard Strasser
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicolas Arango
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bijaya Thapa
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhe Wang
- Siemens Medical Solutions, USA, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Andre van der Kouwe
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jorg Dietrich
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel P Cahill
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tracy T Batchelor
- Department Neurology, Brigham's and Women Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacob White
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elfar Adalsteinsson
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lawrence Wald
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ovidiu C Andronesi
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Building 149, Room 2301 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
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5
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Miller JJ, Loebel F, Juratli TA, Tummala SS, Williams EA, Batchelor TT, Arrillaga-Romany I, Cahill DP. Accelerated progression of IDH mutant glioma after first recurrence. Neuro Oncol 2020; 21:669-677. [PMID: 30668823 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant gliomas are a distinct subtype, reflected in the World Health Organization (WHO) 2016 revised diagnostic criteria. To inform IDH-targeting trial design, we sought to characterize outcomes exclusively within IDH mutant gliomas. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 275 IDH mutant glioma patients treated at our institution. Progression was determined using low-grade glioma criteria from Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology. We calculated survival statistics with the Kaplan-Meier method, and survival proportions were correlated with molecular, histologic, and clinical factors. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 6.4 years, 44 deaths (7.6%) and 149 first progression (PFS1) events (54.1%) were observed. Median PFS1 was 5.7 years (95% CI: 4.7-6.4) and OS was 18.7 years (95% CI: 12.2 y-not reached). Consistent with prior studies, we observed an association of grade, molecular diagnosis, and treatment with PFS1. Following the first progressive episode, 79 second progression events occurred during a median follow-up period of 4.1 years. Median PFS following an initial progressive event (PFS2) was accelerated at 3.1 years (95% CI: 2.1-4.1). PFS2 was a surrogate prognostic marker, identifying patients with poorer overall survival. CONCLUSION We report outcomes in a large cohort of IDH mutant glioma, providing a well-characterized historical control population for future clinical trial design. Notably, the interval between first and second recurrence (PFS2, 3.0 y) is shorter than time from diagnosis to first recurrence (PFS1, 5.7 y), evidence that these tumors clinically degenerate from an indolent course to an accelerated malignant phase. Thus, PFS2 represents a relevant outcome for trials investigating drug efficacy at recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie J Miller
- Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Franziska Loebel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tareq A Juratli
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shilpa S Tummala
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erik A Williams
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tracy T Batchelor
- Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Isabel Arrillaga-Romany
- Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel P Cahill
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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6
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Bale TA, Jordan JT, Rapalino O, Ramamurthy N, Jessop N, DeWitt JC, Nardi V, Alvarez MML, Frosch M, Batchelor TT, Louis DN, Iafrate AJ, Cahill DP, Lennerz JK. Financially effective test algorithm to identify an aggressive, EGFR-amplified variant of IDH-wildtype, lower-grade diffuse glioma. Neuro Oncol 2020; 21:596-605. [PMID: 30496526 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Update 3 of the Consortium to Inform Molecular and Practical Approaches to CNS Tumor Taxonomy (cIMPACT-NOW) recognizes amplification of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as one important aberration in diffuse gliomas (World Health Organization [WHO] grade II/III). While these recommendations endorse testing, a cost-effective, clinically relevant testing paradigm is currently lacking. Here, we use real-world clinical data to propose a financially effective diagnostic test algorithm in the context of new guidelines. METHODS To determine the prevalence, distribution, neuroradiographic features (Visually Accessible REMBRANDT Images [VASARI]), and prognostic relevance of EGFR amplification in lower-grade gliomas, we assembled a consecutive series of diffuse gliomas. For validation we included publicly available data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. For a cost-utility analysis we compared combined EGFR and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) testing, EGFR testing based on IDH results, and no EGFR testing. RESULTS In n = 71 WHO grade II/III gliomas, we identified EGFR amplification in 28.2%. With one exception, all EGFR amplifications occurred in IDH-wildtype gliomas. Comparison of overall survival showed that EGFR amplification denotes a significantly more aggressive subset of tumors (P < 0.0001, log-rank). The radiologic phenotype in the EGFR-amplified tumors includes diffusion restriction (15%, P = 0.02), >5% tumor contrast enhancement (75%, P = 0.016), and mild (not avid) enhancement (P = 0.016). The proposed testing algorithm reserves EGFR fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) testing for IDH-wildtype cases. Implementation would result in ~37.9% cost reduction at our institution, or about $1.3-4 million nationally. CONCLUSION EGFR-amplified diffuse gliomas are "glioblastoma-like" in their behavior and may represent undersampled glioblastomas, or subsets of IDH-wildtype diffuse gliomas with inherently aggressive biology. EGFR FISH after IDH testing is a financially effective and clinically relevant test algorithm for routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejus A Bale
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Justin T Jordan
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Otto Rapalino
- Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nisha Ramamurthy
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicholas Jessop
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John C DeWitt
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Valentina Nardi
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Matthew Frosch
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tracy T Batchelor
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David N Louis
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel P Cahill
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston, Massachusetts.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jochen K Lennerz
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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7
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Chi AS, Cahill DP, Reardon DA, Wen PY, Mikkelsen T, Peereboom DM, Wong ET, Gerstner ER, Dietrich J, Plotkin SR, Norden AD, Lee EQ, Nayak L, Tanaka S, Wakimoto H, Lelic N, Koerner MV, Klofas LK, Bertalan MS, Arrillaga-Romany IC, Betensky RA, Curry WT, Borger DR, Balaj L, Kitchen RR, Chakrabortty SK, Valentino MD, Skog J, Breakefield XO, Iafrate AJ, Batchelor TT. Exploring Predictors of Response to Dacomitinib in EGFR-Amplified Recurrent Glioblastoma. JCO Precis Oncol 2020; 4:1900295. [PMID: 32923886 DOI: 10.1200/po.19.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite the high frequency of EGFR genetic alterations in glioblastoma (GBM), EGFR-targeted therapies have not had success in this disease. To improve the likelihood of efficacy, we targeted adult patients with recurrent GBM enriched for EGFR gene amplification, which occurs in approximately half of GBM, with dacomitinib, a second-generation, irreversible epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor that penetrates the blood-brain barrier, in a multicenter phase II trial. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively explored whether previously described EGFR extracellular domain (ECD)-sensitizing mutations in the context of EGFR gene amplification could predict response to dacomitinib, and in a predefined subset of patients, we measured post-treatment intratumoral dacomitinib levels to verify tumor penetration. RESULTS We found that dacomitinib effectively penetrates contrast-enhancing GBM tumors. Among all 56 treated patients, 8 (14.3%) had a clinical benefit as defined by a duration of treatment of at least 6 months, of whom 5 (8.9%) remained progression free for at least 1 year. Presence of EGFRvIII or EGFR ECD missense mutation was not associated with clinical benefit. We evaluated the pretreatment transcriptome in circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) by RNA sequencing in a subset of patients and identified a signature that distinguished patients who had durable benefit versus those with rapid progression. CONCLUSION While dacomitinib was not effective in most patients with EGFR-amplified GBM, a subset experienced a durable, clinically meaningful benefit. Moreover, EGFRvIII and EGFR ECD mutation status in archival tumors did not predict clinical benefit. RNA signatures in circulating EVs may warrant investigation as biomarkers of dacomitinib efficacy in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Chi
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Daniel P Cahill
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David A Reardon
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Tom Mikkelsen
- Ontario Brain Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | | | - Eric T Wong
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Jorg Dietrich
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Scott R Plotkin
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew D Norden
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Eudocia Q Lee
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lakshmi Nayak
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shota Tanaka
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nina Lelic
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mara V Koerner
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lindsay K Klofas
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mia S Bertalan
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - William T Curry
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Darrel R Borger
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Leonora Balaj
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - A John Iafrate
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Tracy T Batchelor
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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8
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The Essentials of Molecular Testing in CNS Tumors: What to Order and How to Integrate Results. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2020; 20:23. [PMID: 32445025 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-020-01041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Molecular testing has become essential for the optimal workup of central nervous system (CNS) tumors. There is a vast array of testing from which to choose, and it can sometimes be challenging to appropriately incorporate findings into an integrated report. This article reviews various molecular tests and provides a concise overview of the most important molecular findings in the most commonly encountered CNS tumors. RECENT FINDINGS Many molecular alterations in CNS tumors have been identified over recent years, some of which are incorporated into the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification and the Consortium to Inform Molecular and Practical Approaches to CNS Tumor Taxonomy-Not Official WHO (cIMPACT-NOW) updates. Array-based methylation profiling has emerged over the past couple of years and will likely replace much of currently used ancillary testing for diagnostic purposes. A combination of next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel and copy number array is ideal for diffuse gliomas and embryonal tumors, with a low threshold to employ in other tumor types. With the recent advances in molecular diagnostics, it will be ever more important for the pathologist to recognize the molecular testing available, which tests to perform, and to appropriately integrate results in light of clinical, radiologic, and histologic findings.
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9
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Li X, Strasser B, Jafari-Khouzani K, Thapa B, Small J, Cahill DP, Dietrich J, Batchelor TT, Andronesi OC. Super-Resolution Whole-Brain 3D MR Spectroscopic Imaging for Mapping D-2-Hydroxyglutarate and Tumor Metabolism in Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1-mutated Human Gliomas. Radiology 2020; 294:589-597. [PMID: 31909698 PMCID: PMC7053225 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2020191529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations are highly frequent in glioma, producing high levels of the oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG). Hence, D-2HG represents a valuable imaging marker for IDH-mutated human glioma. Purpose To develop and evaluate a super-resolution three-dimensional (3D) MR spectroscopic imaging strategy to map D-2HG and tumor metabolism in IDH-mutated human glioma. Materials and Methods Between March and September 2018, participants with IDH1-mutated gliomas and healthy participants were prospectively scanned with a 3-T whole-brain 3D MR spectroscopic imaging protocol optimized for D-2HG. The acquired D-2HG maps with a voxel size of 5.2 × 5.2 × 12 mm were upsampled to a voxel size of 1.7 × 1.7 × 3 mm using a super-resolution method that combined weighted total variation, feature-based nonlocal means, and high-spatial-resolution anatomic imaging priors. Validation with simulated healthy and patient data and phantom measurements was also performed. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to check that the proposed super-resolution technique yields the highest peak signal-to-noise ratio and structural similarity index. Results Three participants with IDH1-mutated gliomas (mean age, 50 years ± 21 [standard deviation]; two men) and three healthy participants (mean age, 32 years ± 3; two men) were scanned. Twenty healthy participants (mean age, 33 years ± 5; 16 men) underwent a simulation of upsampled MR spectroscopic imaging. Super-resolution upsampling improved peak signal-to-noise ratio and structural similarity index by 62% (P < .05) and 7.3% (P < .05), respectively, for simulated data when compared with spline interpolation. Correspondingly, the proposed method significantly improved tissue contrast and structural information for the acquired 3D MR spectroscopic imaging data. Conclusion High-spatial-resolution whole-brain D-2-hydroxyglutarate imaging is possible in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1-mutated human glioma by using a super-resolution framework to upsample three-dimensional MR spectroscopic images acquired at lower resolution. © RSNA, 2020 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Huang and Lin in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqi Li
- From the A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of
Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th St, Suite 2301, Charlestown,
MA 02129 (X.L., B.S., B.T., O.C.A.); iCAD, Nashua, NH (K.J.); Departments of
Neurosurgery (J.S., D.P.C.) and Neurology (J.D.), Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s
Hospital, Boston, Mass (T.T.B.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Mass
(T.T.B.)
| | - Bernhard Strasser
- From the A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of
Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th St, Suite 2301, Charlestown,
MA 02129 (X.L., B.S., B.T., O.C.A.); iCAD, Nashua, NH (K.J.); Departments of
Neurosurgery (J.S., D.P.C.) and Neurology (J.D.), Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s
Hospital, Boston, Mass (T.T.B.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Mass
(T.T.B.)
| | - Kourosh Jafari-Khouzani
- From the A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of
Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th St, Suite 2301, Charlestown,
MA 02129 (X.L., B.S., B.T., O.C.A.); iCAD, Nashua, NH (K.J.); Departments of
Neurosurgery (J.S., D.P.C.) and Neurology (J.D.), Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s
Hospital, Boston, Mass (T.T.B.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Mass
(T.T.B.)
| | - Bijaya Thapa
- From the A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of
Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th St, Suite 2301, Charlestown,
MA 02129 (X.L., B.S., B.T., O.C.A.); iCAD, Nashua, NH (K.J.); Departments of
Neurosurgery (J.S., D.P.C.) and Neurology (J.D.), Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s
Hospital, Boston, Mass (T.T.B.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Mass
(T.T.B.)
| | - Julia Small
- From the A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of
Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th St, Suite 2301, Charlestown,
MA 02129 (X.L., B.S., B.T., O.C.A.); iCAD, Nashua, NH (K.J.); Departments of
Neurosurgery (J.S., D.P.C.) and Neurology (J.D.), Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s
Hospital, Boston, Mass (T.T.B.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Mass
(T.T.B.)
| | - Daniel P. Cahill
- From the A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of
Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th St, Suite 2301, Charlestown,
MA 02129 (X.L., B.S., B.T., O.C.A.); iCAD, Nashua, NH (K.J.); Departments of
Neurosurgery (J.S., D.P.C.) and Neurology (J.D.), Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s
Hospital, Boston, Mass (T.T.B.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Mass
(T.T.B.)
| | - Jorg Dietrich
- From the A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of
Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th St, Suite 2301, Charlestown,
MA 02129 (X.L., B.S., B.T., O.C.A.); iCAD, Nashua, NH (K.J.); Departments of
Neurosurgery (J.S., D.P.C.) and Neurology (J.D.), Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s
Hospital, Boston, Mass (T.T.B.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Mass
(T.T.B.)
| | - Tracy T. Batchelor
- From the A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of
Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th St, Suite 2301, Charlestown,
MA 02129 (X.L., B.S., B.T., O.C.A.); iCAD, Nashua, NH (K.J.); Departments of
Neurosurgery (J.S., D.P.C.) and Neurology (J.D.), Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s
Hospital, Boston, Mass (T.T.B.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Mass
(T.T.B.)
| | - Ovidiu C. Andronesi
- From the A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of
Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th St, Suite 2301, Charlestown,
MA 02129 (X.L., B.S., B.T., O.C.A.); iCAD, Nashua, NH (K.J.); Departments of
Neurosurgery (J.S., D.P.C.) and Neurology (J.D.), Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s
Hospital, Boston, Mass (T.T.B.); and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Mass
(T.T.B.)
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10
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Jones PS, Carroll KT, Koch M, DiCesare JAT, Reitz K, Frosch M, Barker FG, Cahill DP, Curry WT. Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Mutations in Low-Grade Gliomas Correlate With Prolonged Overall Survival in Older Patients. Neurosurgery 2019; 84:519-528. [PMID: 29846690 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyy149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older age has been associated with worse outcomes in low-grade gliomas (LGGs). Given their rarity in the older population, determining optimal treatment plans and patient outcomes remains difficult. OBJECTIVE To retrospectively study LGG survival outcomes in an older population stratified by molecular genetic profiles. METHODS We included patients age ≥40 yr with pathologically confirmed World Health Organization grade II gliomas treated at a single institution between 1995 and 2015. We collected tumor genomic information when available. RESULTS Median overall survival for the entire group (n = 111, median age 51 yr, range 40-77 yr) was 15.75 yr with 5- and 10-yr survival rates of 84.3% and 67.7%, respectively. On univariate analysis, patients with isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation had significantly increased survival compared to IDH wildtype (hazard ratio [HR] 0.17 [0.07-0.45], P < .001). Older age, seizure at presentation, larger tumor size, IDH wildtype, biopsy only, chemotherapy, and radiation were significantly associated with shorter survival based on univariate analyses. In patients with known IDH status (n = 73), bivariate analysis of IDH mutation status and age showed only IDH status significantly influenced overall survival (HR 0.22 [0.07-0.68], P = .008). Greater surgical resection was predictive of survival, although extent of resection significantly correlated with IDH mutation status (odds ratio 7.5; P < .001). CONCLUSION We show that genomic alterations in LGG patients ≥40 occur at high rates like the younger population and predict a similar survival advantage. Maximizing surgical resection may have survival benefit, although feasibility of resection is often linked to IDH status. Given the importance of molecular genetics, a redefinition of prognostic factors associated with these tumors is likely to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela S Jones
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kate T Carroll
- School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Matthew Koch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jasmine A T DiCesare
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kara Reitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew Frosch
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fred G Barker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel P Cahill
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William T Curry
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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11
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Lee EQ, Muzikansky A, Duda DG, Gaffey S, Dietrich J, Nayak L, Chukwueke UN, Beroukhim R, Doherty L, Laub CK, LaFrankie D, Fontana B, Stefanik J, Ruland S, Caruso V, Bruno J, Ligon K, Reardon DA, Wen PY. Phase II trial of ponatinib in patients with bevacizumab-refractory glioblastoma. Cancer Med 2019; 8:5988-5994. [PMID: 31444999 PMCID: PMC6792497 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Responses to bevacizumab in glioblastoma (GBM) are not durable. Plasma levels of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) increase at the time of tumor progression. By targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), platelet‐derived growth factor receptor, Src, and FGF receptor pathways, ponatinib may potentially help to overcome some of the putative mechanisms of adaptive resistance. Methods We performed a phase II trial of ponatinib in patients with bevacizumab‐refractory GBM and variants. Adult patients with Karnofsky performance score (KPS) ≥60, measurable disease, and normal organ and marrow function received 45 mg ponatinib daily. No limit on the number of prior therapies but only one prior bevacizumab‐containing regimen was allowed. Primary endpoint was 3‐month progression‐free survival. Plasma biomarkers of angiogenesis and inflammation were evaluated before and after treatment. Results The study closed after the first stage. Fifteen patients enrolled: median age 61 [27‐74]; median KPS 80 [70‐90]; median number of prior relapses 2 [2‐4]. Three‐month progression‐free survival rate was 0, median overall survival was 98 days [95% CI 56, 257], and median PFS was 28 days [95% CI 27, 30]. No responses were seen. The most common grade ≥3 adverse events included fatigue (n = 3), hypertension (2), and lipase elevation (2). Ponatinib treatment significantly increased plasma VEGF, soluble (s)VEGFR1, sVEGFR2, sTIE2, interferon gamma (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8, and IL‐10 and decreased sVEGFR2. Conclusions Ponatinib was associated with minimal activity in bevacizumab‐refractory GBM patients. Circulating biomarker data confirmed pharmacodynamic changes and suggested that resistance to ponatinib may be related to an increase in inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eudocia Q Lee
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alona Muzikansky
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dan G Duda
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah Gaffey
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jorg Dietrich
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lakshmi Nayak
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ugonma N Chukwueke
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lisa Doherty
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Debra LaFrankie
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brittney Fontana
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer Stefanik
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sandra Ruland
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Victoria Caruso
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer Bruno
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Keith Ligon
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David A Reardon
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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12
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Long-term outcomes and late adverse effects of a prospective study on proton radiotherapy for patients with low-grade glioma. Radiother Oncol 2019; 137:95-101. [PMID: 31082632 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2019.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with low-grade gliomas (LGG) can survive years with their illness. Proton radiotherapy (PRT) can reduce off-target dose and decrease the risk of treatment-related morbidity. We examined long-term morbidity following proton therapy in this updated prospective cohort of patients with LGG. METHODS Twenty patients with LGG were enrolled prospectively and received PRT to 54 Gy(RBE) in 30 fractions. Comprehensive baseline and longitudinal assessments of toxicity, neurocognitive and neuroendocrine function, quality of life, and survival outcomes were performed up to 5 years following treatment. RESULTS Six patients died (all of disease) and six had progression of disease. Median follow-up was 6.8 years for the 14 patients alive at time of reporting. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 4.5 years. Of tumors tested for molecular markers, 71% carried the IDH1-R132H mutation and 29% had 1p/19q co-deletion. There was no overall decline in neurocognitive function; however, a subset of five patients with reported cognitive symptoms after radiation therapy had progressively worse function by neurocognitive testing. Six patients developed neuroendocrine deficiencies, five of which received Dmax ≥20 Gy(RBE) to the hypothalamus-pituitary axis (HPA). Most long-term toxicities developed within 2 years after radiation therapy. CONCLUSIONS The majority of patients with LGG who received proton therapy retained stable cognitive and neuroendocrine function. The IDH1-R132H mutation was present in the majority, while 1p/19q loss was present in a minority. A subset of patients developed neuroendocrine deficiencies and was more common in those with higher dose to the HPA.
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13
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Tanaka S, Batchelor TT, Iafrate AJ, Dias-Santagata D, Borger DR, Ellisen LW, Yang D, Louis DN, Cahill DP, Chi AS. PIK3CA activating mutations are associated with more disseminated disease at presentation and earlier recurrence in glioblastoma. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:66. [PMID: 31036078 PMCID: PMC6487518 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0720-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling promotes cell growth and survival and is frequently activated in infiltrative gliomas. Activating mutations in PIK3CA gene are observed in 6-15% of glioblastomas, although their clinical significance is largely undescribed. The objective of this study was to examine whether PIK3CA mutations are associated with a specific clinical phenotype in glioblastoma. We retrospectively reviewed 157 consecutive newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients from December 2009 to June 2012 who underwent molecular profiling consisting of targeted hotspot genotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization for gene amplification, and methylation-specific PCR for O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase promoter methylation. Molecular alterations were correlated with clinical features, imaging and outcome. The Cancer Genome Atlas data was analyzed as a validation set. There were 91 males; median age was 58 years (range, 23-85). With a median follow-up of 20.9 months, median progression-free survival (PFS) and estimated overall survival (OS) were 11.9 and 24.0 months, respectively. Thirteen patients (8.3%) harbored PIK3CA mutation, which was associated with younger age (mean 49.4 vs. 58.1 years, p = 0.02). PIK3CA mutation correlated with shorter PFS (median 6.9 vs. 12.4 months, p = 0.01) and OS (median 21.2 vs. 24.2 months, p = 0.049) in multivariate analysis. A significant association between PIK3CA mutation and more disseminated disease at diagnosis, as defined by gliomatosis, multicentric lesions, or distant leptomeningeal lesions, was observed (46.2% vs. 11.1%, p = 0.004). In conclusion, despite the association with younger age, PIK3CA activating mutations are associated with earlier recurrence and shorter survival in adult glioblastoma. The aggressive course of these tumors may be related to their propensity for disseminated presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Tanaka
- Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Boston, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 9E, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tracy T Batchelor
- Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Boston, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 9E, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Present Address: Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Present Address: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A John Iafrate
- Translational Research Laboratory, Cancer Center, Boston, USA
- Department of Pathology, Boston, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 9E, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Dora Dias-Santagata
- Translational Research Laboratory, Cancer Center, Boston, USA
- Department of Pathology, Boston, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 9E, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Darrell R Borger
- Translational Research Laboratory, Cancer Center, Boston, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 9E, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Leif W Ellisen
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 9E, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Daniel Yang
- Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Boston, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 9E, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - David N Louis
- Department of Pathology, Boston, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 9E, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Daniel P Cahill
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston, USA.
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 9E, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| | - Andrew S Chi
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health and School of Medicine, New York, USA.
- Present Address: Neon Therapeutics, 40 Erie Street, Suite 110, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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14
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Genetically distinct glioma stem-like cell xenografts established from paired glioblastoma samples harvested before and after molecularly targeted therapy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:139. [PMID: 30644426 PMCID: PMC6333836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intratumoural heterogeneity underlies tumour escape from molecularly targeted therapy in glioblastoma. A cell-based model preserving the evolving molecular profiles of a tumour during treatment is key to understanding the recurrence mechanisms and development of strategies to overcome resistance. In this study, we established a matched pair of glioblastoma stem-like cell (GSC) cultures from patient glioblastoma samples before and after epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted therapy. A patient with recurrent glioblastoma (MGG70R) harboring focal, high-level EGFR amplification received the irreversible EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor dacomitinib. The tumour that subsequently recurred (MGG70RR) showed diploid EGFR, suggesting inhibitor-mediated elimination of EGFR-amplified tumour cells and propagation of EGFR non-amplified cell subpopulations. The MGG70R-GSC line established from MGG70R formed xenografts retaining EGFR amplification and EGFR overexpression, while MGG70RR-GSC established from MGG70RR generated tumours that lacked EGFR amplification and EGFR overexpression. MGG70R-GSC-derived intracranial xenografts were more proliferative than MGG70RR-GSC xenografts, which had upregulated mesenchymal markers, mirroring the pathological observation in the corresponding patient tumours. In vitro MGG70R-GSC was more sensitive to EGFR inhibitors than MGG70RR-GSC. Thus, these molecularly distinct GSC lines recapitulated the subpopulation alteration that occurred during glioblastoma evasion of targeted therapy, and offer a valuable model facilitating therapeutic development for recurrent glioblastoma.
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15
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Gao Y, Vallentgoed WR, French PJ. Finding the Right Way to Target EGFR in Glioblastomas; Lessons from Lung Adenocarcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10120489. [PMID: 30518123 PMCID: PMC6316468 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10120489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The EGFR gene is one of the most frequently mutated and/or amplified gene both in lung adenocarcinomas (LUAD) and in glioblastomas (GBMs). Although both tumor types depend on the mutation for growth, clinical benefit of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has only been observed in LUAD patients and, thus-far, not in GBM patients. Also in LUAD patients however, responses are restricted to specific EGFR mutations only and these ‘TKI-sensitive’ mutations hardly occur in GBMs. This argues for mutation-specific (as opposed to tumor-type specific) responses to EGFR-TKIs. We here discuss potential reasons for the differences in mutation spectrum and highlight recent evidence for specific functions of different EGFR mutations. These mutation-specific effects likely underlie the differential treatment response between LUAD and GBMs and provide new insights into how to target EGFR in GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Gao
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute; 3015 CD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Wies R Vallentgoed
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute; 3015 CD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Pim J French
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute; 3015 CD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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16
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Ramkissoon SH, Bandopadhayay P, Hwang J, Ramkissoon LA, Greenwald NF, Schumacher SE, O'Rourke R, Pinches N, Ho P, Malkin H, Sinai C, Filbin M, Plant A, Bi WL, Chang MS, Yang E, Wright KD, Manley PE, Ducar M, Alexandrescu S, Lidov H, Delalle I, Goumnerova LC, Church AJ, Janeway KA, Harris MH, MacConaill LE, Folkerth RD, Lindeman NI, Stiles CD, Kieran MW, Ligon AH, Santagata S, Dubuc AM, Chi SN, Beroukhim R, Ligon KL. Clinical targeted exome-based sequencing in combination with genome-wide copy number profiling: precision medicine analysis of 203 pediatric brain tumors. Neuro Oncol 2018; 19:986-996. [PMID: 28104717 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical genomics platforms are needed to identify targetable alterations, but implementation of these technologies and best practices in routine clinical pediatric oncology practice are not yet well established. Methods Profile is an institution-wide prospective clinical research initiative that uses targeted sequencing to identify targetable alterations in tumors. OncoPanel, a multiplexed targeted exome-sequencing platform that includes 300 cancer-causing genes, was used to assess single nucleotide variants and rearrangements/indels. Alterations were annotated (Tiers 1-4) based on clinical significance, with Tier 1 alterations having well-established clinical utility. OncoCopy, a clinical genome-wide array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) assay, was also performed to evaluate copy number alterations and better define rearrangement breakpoints. Results Cancer genomes of 203 pediatric brain tumors were profiled across histological subtypes, including 117 samples analyzed by OncoPanel, 146 by OncoCopy, and 60 tumors subjected to both methodologies. OncoPanel revealed clinically relevant alterations in 56% of patients (44 cancer mutations and 20 rearrangements), including BRAF alterations that directed the use of targeted inhibitors. Rearrangements in MYB-QKI, MYBL1, BRAF, and FGFR1 were also detected. Furthermore, while copy number profiles differed across histologies, the combined use of OncoPanel and OncoCopy identified subgroup-specific alterations in 89% (17/19) of medulloblastomas. Conclusion The combination of OncoPanel and OncoCopy multiplex genomic assays can identify critical diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment-relevant alterations and represents an effective precision medicine approach for clinical evaluation of pediatric brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakti H Ramkissoon
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pratiti Bandopadhayay
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jaeho Hwang
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lori A Ramkissoon
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Noah F Greenwald
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven E Schumacher
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ryan O'Rourke
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nathan Pinches
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patricia Ho
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hayley Malkin
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Claire Sinai
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mariella Filbin
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ashley Plant
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wenya Linda Bi
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael S Chang
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edward Yang
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karen D Wright
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter E Manley
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew Ducar
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sanda Alexandrescu
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hart Lidov
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ivana Delalle
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Liliana C Goumnerova
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alanna J Church
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katherine A Janeway
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marian H Harris
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura E MacConaill
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rebecca D Folkerth
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Neal I Lindeman
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charles D Stiles
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark W Kieran
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Azra H Ligon
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sandro Santagata
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adrian M Dubuc
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Susan N Chi
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Keith L Ligon
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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17
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Andronesi OC, Arrillaga-Romany IC, Ly KI, Bogner W, Ratai EM, Reitz K, Iafrate AJ, Dietrich J, Gerstner ER, Chi AS, Rosen BR, Wen PY, Cahill DP, Batchelor TT. Pharmacodynamics of mutant-IDH1 inhibitors in glioma patients probed by in vivo 3D MRS imaging of 2-hydroxyglutarate. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1474. [PMID: 29662077 PMCID: PMC5902553 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03905-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of the mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) entered recently in clinical trials for glioma treatment. Mutant IDH1 produces high levels of 2-hydroxyglurate (2HG), thought to initiate oncogenesis through epigenetic modifications of gene expression. In this study, we show the initial evidence of the pharmacodynamics of a new mutant IDH1 inhibitor in glioma patients, using non-invasive 3D MR spectroscopic imaging of 2HG. Our results from a Phase 1 clinical trial indicate a rapid decrease of 2HG levels by 70% (CI 13%, P = 0.019) after 1 week of treatment. Importantly, inhibition of mutant IDH1 may lead to the reprogramming of tumor metabolism, suggested by simultaneous changes in glutathione, glutamine, glutamate, and lactate. An inverse correlation between metabolic changes and diffusion MRI indicates an effect on the tumor-cell density. We demonstrate a feasible radiopharmacodynamics approach to support the rapid clinical translation of rationally designed drugs targeting IDH1/2 mutations for personalized and precision medicine of glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu C Andronesi
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.
| | - Isabel C Arrillaga-Romany
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - K Ina Ly
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Wolfgang Bogner
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, High Field MR Centre, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Eva M Ratai
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Kara Reitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Integrated Diagnostics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jorg Dietrich
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Gerstner
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Andrew S Chi
- Brain Tumor Center, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center and School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Bruce R Rosen
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02284, USA
| | - Daniel P Cahill
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Tracy T Batchelor
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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18
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Goodwin CR, Rath P, Oyinlade O, Lopez H, Mughal S, Xia S, Li Y, Kaur H, Zhou X, Ahmed AK, Ho S, Olivi A, Lal B. Crizotinib and erlotinib inhibits growth of c-Met +/EGFRvIII + primary human glioblastoma xenografts. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2018; 171:26-33. [PMID: 29803091 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2018.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), such as c-Met and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), are implicated in the malignant progression of glioblastoma. Studies show that RTK systems can co-modulate distinct and overlapping oncogenic downstream signaling pathways. EGFRvIII, a constitutively activated EGFR deletion mutant variant, leads to increased tumor growth and diminishes the tumor growth response to HGF: c-Met pathway inhibitor therapy. Conversely, activation of the c-Met pathway diminishes the tumor growth response to EGFR pathway inhibitors. Previously we reported that EGFRvIII and c-Met pathway inhibitors synergize to inhibit tumor growth in isogenic GBM cell lines engineered to express EGFRvIII. More recently, studies suggest that despite targeting RTK signaling in glioblastoma multiforme, a subpopulation of stem-like tumor-propagating cells can persist to replenish the tumor cell population leading to tumor recurrence. PATIENTS AND METHODS Mayo 39 and Mayo 59 xenograft lines were cultured and xenografts were maintained. Subcutaneous xenograft lines were serially passaged in nude mice to generate subcutaneous xenografts. Xenografts were implanted in 6-8 week old nude mice. Once tumors reached a substantial size (150 mm3), mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: 1) control vehicle, 2) Crizotinib (crizo), 3) Erlotinib (erlot), or 4) Crizotinib + Erlotinib, (n = 5 per group). RESULTS Crizotinib (c-Met pathway inhibitor) and Erlotinib (EGFR pathway inhibitor) in combination significantly inhibited tumor growth, phospho-EGFRvIII, phospho-Met, phospho-AKT, phospho-MAPK, and neurosphere growth in Mayo 39 and Mayo 59 primary GBM subcutaneous xenografts. The expression of the stem cell markers Nestin, Musashi, Olig 2 and Sox2 were also significantly down-regulated by c-Met inhibition, but no additive down-regulation was seen by co-treatment with Erlotinib. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with and corroborate our previous findings demonstrating that targeting these two parallel pathways with c-Met and EGFR inhibitor therapy provides substantial anti-tumor activity in glioblastoma models.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rory Goodwin
- Department of Neurology, The Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Inc., United States; Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Prakash Rath
- Department of Neurology, The Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Inc., United States; Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Olutobi Oyinlade
- Department of Neurology, The Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Inc., United States
| | - Hernando Lopez
- Department of Neurology, The Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Inc., United States; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Salman Mughal
- Department of Neurology, The Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Inc., United States
| | - Shuli Xia
- Department of Neurology, The Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Inc., United States; Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yunqing Li
- Department of Neurology, The Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Inc., United States
| | - Harsharan Kaur
- Department of Neurology, The Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Inc., United States
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Inc., United States
| | - A Karim Ahmed
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sandra Ho
- Department of Neurology, The Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Inc., United States
| | - Alessandro Olivi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Bachchu Lal
- Department of Neurology, The Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Inc., United States; Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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19
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Esaki S, Nigim F, Moon E, Luk S, Kiyokawa J, Curry W, Cahill DP, Chi AS, Iafrate AJ, Martuza RL, Rabkin SD, Wakimoto H. Blockade of transforming growth factor-β signaling enhances oncolytic herpes simplex virus efficacy in patient-derived recurrent glioblastoma models. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:2348-2358. [PMID: 28801914 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the current standard of multimodal management, glioblastoma (GBM) inevitably recurs and effective therapy is not available for recurrent disease. A subset of tumor cells with stem-like properties, termed GBM stem-like cells (GSCs), are considered to play a role in tumor relapse. Although oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) is a promising therapeutic for GBM, its efficacy against recurrent GBM is incompletely characterized. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) plays vital roles in maintaining GSC stemness and GBM pathogenesis. We hypothesized that oHSV and TGF-β inhibitors would synergistically exert antitumor effects for recurrent GBM. Here we established a panel of patient-derived recurrent tumor models from GBMs that relapsed after postsurgical radiation and chemotherapy, based on GSC-enriched tumor sphere cultures. These GSCs are resistant to the standard-of-care temozolomide but susceptible to oHSVs G47Δ and MG18L. Inhibition of TGF-β receptor kinase with selective targeted small molecules reduced clonogenic sphere formation in all tested recurrent GSCs. The combination of oHSV and TGF-βR inhibitor was synergistic in killing recurrent GSCs through, in part, an inhibitor-induced JNK-MAPK blockade and increase in oHSV replication. In vivo, systemic treatment with TGF-βR inhibitor greatly enhanced the antitumor effects of single intratumoral oHSV injections, resulting in cures in 60% of mice bearing orthotopic recurrent GBM. These results reveal a novel synergistic interaction of oHSV therapy and TGF-β signaling blockade, and warrant further investigations aimed at clinical translation of this combination strategy for GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Esaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fares Nigim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Esther Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Samantha Luk
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Juri Kiyokawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - William Curry
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Daniel P Cahill
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew S Chi
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Robert L Martuza
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Samuel D Rabkin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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20
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Ballester LY, Fuller GN, Powell SZ, Sulman EP, Patel KP, Luthra R, Routbort MJ. Retrospective Analysis of Molecular and Immunohistochemical Characterization of 381 Primary Brain Tumors. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:179-188. [PMID: 28395087 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The classification of brain tumors has traditionally depended on microscopic examination of hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue sections. The increased understanding of clinically relevant genetic alterations has led to the incorporation of molecular signatures as part of the diagnosis of brain malignancies. Advances in sequencing technologies have facilitated the use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) assays in clinical laboratories. We performed a retrospective analysis of sequencing results for 381 brain tumors tested by NGS at our institution using a validated, commercially available panel. The results of the NGS assay were analyzed in conjunction with the results of immunohistochemical stains. A genetic alteration was detected in approximately two thirds of the cases. The most commonly mutated genes were TP53 (37.2%), IDH1 (29.4%), PIK3CA (8%), PTEN (8%), and EGFR (7.5%). BRAF mutations were detected in ∼3% of the cases, including 50% of gangliogliomas and ∼20% of gliosarcomas. No mutations were detected in 6 medulloblastomas. PIK3CA and CTNNB1 mutations were detected in 1 rosette-forming glioneuronal tumor and 1 adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma, respectively. Approximately 23% of cases showed amplification of 1 or more of the genes included in the NGS panel. This analysis demonstrates the utility of NGS for detecting genetic alterations in brain tumors in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leomar Y Ballester
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pathology, UT-MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas , USA
| | - Gregory N Fuller
- Department of Pathology, UT-MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas , USA
| | - Suzanne Z Powell
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Erik P Sulman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UT-MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Keyur P Patel
- Department of Hematopathology, UT-MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rajyalakshmi Luthra
- Department of Hematopathology, UT-MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mark J Routbort
- Department of Hematopathology, UT-MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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21
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Zacher A, Kaulich K, Stepanow S, Wolter M, Köhrer K, Felsberg J, Malzkorn B, Reifenberger G. Molecular Diagnostics of Gliomas Using Next Generation Sequencing of a Glioma-Tailored Gene Panel. Brain Pathol 2017; 27:146-159. [PMID: 26919320 PMCID: PMC8029406 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current classification of gliomas is based on histological criteria according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the central nervous system. Over the past years, characteristic genetic profiles have been identified in various glioma types. These can refine tumor diagnostics and provide important prognostic and predictive information. We report on the establishment and validation of gene panel next generation sequencing (NGS) for the molecular diagnostics of gliomas. We designed a glioma-tailored gene panel covering 660 amplicons derived from 20 genes frequently aberrant in different glioma types. Sensitivity and specificity of glioma gene panel NGS for detection of DNA sequence variants and copy number changes were validated by single gene analyses. NGS-based mutation detection was optimized for application on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue specimens including small stereotactic biopsy samples. NGS data obtained in a retrospective analysis of 121 gliomas allowed for their molecular classification into distinct biological groups, including (i) isocitrate dehydrogenase gene (IDH) 1 or 2 mutant astrocytic gliomas with frequent α-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked (ATRX) and tumor protein p53 (TP53) gene mutations, (ii) IDH mutant oligodendroglial tumors with 1p/19q codeletion, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutation and frequent Drosophila homolog of capicua (CIC) gene mutation, as well as (iii) IDH wildtype glioblastomas with frequent TERT promoter mutation, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) mutation and/or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) amplification. Oligoastrocytic gliomas were genetically assigned to either of these groups. Our findings implicate gene panel NGS as a promising diagnostic technique that may facilitate integrated histological and molecular glioma classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Zacher
- Department of NeuropathologyHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Kerstin Kaulich
- Department of NeuropathologyHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, partner site Essen/DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Stefanie Stepanow
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Marietta Wolter
- Department of NeuropathologyHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Jörg Felsberg
- Department of NeuropathologyHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Bastian Malzkorn
- Department of NeuropathologyHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Guido Reifenberger
- Department of NeuropathologyHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, partner site Essen/DüsseldorfGermany
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22
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Smith IN, Briggs JM. Structural mutation analysis of PTEN and its genotype-phenotype correlations in endometriosis and cancer. Proteins 2016; 84:1625-1643. [PMID: 27481051 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) gene encodes a tumor suppressor phosphatase that has recently been found to be frequently mutated in patients with endometriosis, endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer. Here, we present the first computational analysis of 13 somatic missense PTEN mutations associated with these phenotypes. We found that a majority of the mutations are associated in conserved positions within the active site and are clustered within the signature motif, which contain residues that play a crucial role in loop conformation and are essential for catalysis. In silico analyses were utilized to identify the putative effects of these mutations. In addition, coarse-grained models of both wild-type (WT) PTEN and mutants were constructed using elastic network models to explore the interplay of the structural and global dynamic effects that the mutations have on the relationship between genotype and phenotype. The effects of the mutations reveal that the local structure and interactions affect polarity, protein structure stability, electrostatic surface potential, and global dynamics of the protein. Our results offer new insight into the role in which PTEN missense mutations contribute to the molecular mechanism and genotypic-phenotypic correlation of endometriosis, endometrial cancer, and ovarian cancer. Proteins 2016; 84:1625-1643. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris N Smith
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204-5001
| | - James M Briggs
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204-5001.
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23
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Jafari-Khouzani K, Loebel F, Bogner W, Rapalino O, Gonzalez GR, Gerstner E, Chi AS, Batchelor TT, Rosen BR, Unkelbach J, Shih HA, Cahill DP, Andronesi OC. Volumetric relationship between 2-hydroxyglutarate and FLAIR hyperintensity has potential implications for radiotherapy planning of mutant IDH glioma patients. Neuro Oncol 2016; 18:1569-1578. [PMID: 27382115 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gliomas with mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) produce high levels of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) that can be quantitatively measured by 3D magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI). Current glioma MRI primarily relies upon fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) hyperintensity for treatment planning, although this lacks specificity for tumor cells. Here, we investigated the relationship between 2HG and FLAIR in mutant IDH glioma patients to determine whether 2HG mapping is valuable for radiotherapy planning. METHODS Seventeen patients with mutant IDH1 gliomas were imaged by 3 T MRI. A 3D MRSI sequence was employed to specifically image 2HG. FLAIR imaging was performed using standard clinical protocol. Regions of interest (ROIs) were determined for FLAIR and optimally thresholded 2HG hyperintensities. The overlap, displacement, and volumes of 2HG and FLAIR ROIs were calculated. RESULTS In 8 of 17 (47%) patients, the 2HG volume was larger than FLAIR volume. Across the entire cohort, the mean volume of 2HG was 35.3 cc (range, 5.3-92.7 cc), while the mean volume of FLAIR was 35.8 cc (range, 6.3-140.8 cc). FLAIR and 2HG ROIs had mean overlap of 0.28 (Dice coefficients range, 0.03-0.57) and mean displacement of 12.2 mm (range, 3.2-23.5 mm) between their centers of mass. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that for a substantial number of patients, the 2HG volumetric assessment of tumor burden is more extensive than FLAIR volume. In addition, there is only partial overlap and asymmetric displacement between the centers of FLAIR and 2HG ROIs. These results may have important implications for radiotherapy planning of IDH mutant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kourosh Jafari-Khouzani
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (K.J.-K., W.B., B.R.R., O.C.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (F.L., D.P.C.); Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (F.L.); High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.B.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (O.R., G.R.G.); Pappas Center of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G., A.S.C., T.T.B.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.U., H.A.S.)
| | - Franziska Loebel
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (K.J.-K., W.B., B.R.R., O.C.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (F.L., D.P.C.); Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (F.L.); High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.B.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (O.R., G.R.G.); Pappas Center of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G., A.S.C., T.T.B.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.U., H.A.S.)
| | - Wolfgang Bogner
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (K.J.-K., W.B., B.R.R., O.C.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (F.L., D.P.C.); Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (F.L.); High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.B.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (O.R., G.R.G.); Pappas Center of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G., A.S.C., T.T.B.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.U., H.A.S.)
| | - Otto Rapalino
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (K.J.-K., W.B., B.R.R., O.C.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (F.L., D.P.C.); Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (F.L.); High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.B.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (O.R., G.R.G.); Pappas Center of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G., A.S.C., T.T.B.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.U., H.A.S.)
| | - Gilberto R Gonzalez
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (K.J.-K., W.B., B.R.R., O.C.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (F.L., D.P.C.); Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (F.L.); High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.B.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (O.R., G.R.G.); Pappas Center of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G., A.S.C., T.T.B.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.U., H.A.S.)
| | - Elizabeth Gerstner
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (K.J.-K., W.B., B.R.R., O.C.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (F.L., D.P.C.); Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (F.L.); High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.B.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (O.R., G.R.G.); Pappas Center of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G., A.S.C., T.T.B.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.U., H.A.S.)
| | - Andrew S Chi
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (K.J.-K., W.B., B.R.R., O.C.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (F.L., D.P.C.); Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (F.L.); High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.B.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (O.R., G.R.G.); Pappas Center of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G., A.S.C., T.T.B.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.U., H.A.S.)
| | - Tracy T Batchelor
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (K.J.-K., W.B., B.R.R., O.C.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (F.L., D.P.C.); Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (F.L.); High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.B.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (O.R., G.R.G.); Pappas Center of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G., A.S.C., T.T.B.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.U., H.A.S.)
| | - Bruce R Rosen
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (K.J.-K., W.B., B.R.R., O.C.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (F.L., D.P.C.); Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (F.L.); High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.B.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (O.R., G.R.G.); Pappas Center of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G., A.S.C., T.T.B.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.U., H.A.S.)
| | - Jan Unkelbach
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (K.J.-K., W.B., B.R.R., O.C.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (F.L., D.P.C.); Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (F.L.); High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.B.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (O.R., G.R.G.); Pappas Center of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G., A.S.C., T.T.B.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.U., H.A.S.)
| | - Helen A Shih
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (K.J.-K., W.B., B.R.R., O.C.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (F.L., D.P.C.); Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (F.L.); High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.B.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (O.R., G.R.G.); Pappas Center of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G., A.S.C., T.T.B.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.U., H.A.S.)
| | - Daniel P Cahill
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (K.J.-K., W.B., B.R.R., O.C.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (F.L., D.P.C.); Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (F.L.); High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.B.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (O.R., G.R.G.); Pappas Center of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G., A.S.C., T.T.B.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.U., H.A.S.)
| | - Ovidiu C Andronesi
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (K.J.-K., W.B., B.R.R., O.C.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (F.L., D.P.C.); Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (F.L.); High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria (W.B.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (O.R., G.R.G.); Pappas Center of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (E.G., A.S.C., T.T.B.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.U., H.A.S.)
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Andronesi OC, Loebel F, Bogner W, Marjańska M, Vander Heiden MG, Iafrate AJ, Dietrich J, Batchelor TT, Gerstner ER, Kaelin WG, Chi AS, Rosen BR, Cahill DP. Treatment Response Assessment in IDH-Mutant Glioma Patients by Noninvasive 3D Functional Spectroscopic Mapping of 2-Hydroxyglutarate. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:1632-41. [PMID: 26534967 PMCID: PMC4818725 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Measurements of objective response rates are critical to evaluate new glioma therapies. The hallmark metabolic alteration in gliomas with mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is the overproduction of oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG), which plays a key role in malignant transformation. 2HG represents an ideal biomarker to probe treatment response in IDH-mutant glioma patients, and we hypothesized a decrease in 2HG levels would be measureable by in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) as a result of antitumor therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We report a prospective longitudinal imaging study performed in 25 IDH-mutant glioma patients receiving adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy. A newly developed 3D MRS imaging was used to noninvasively image 2HG. Paired Student t test was used to compare pre- and posttreatment tumor 2HG values. Test-retest measurements were performed to determine the threshold for 2HG functional spectroscopic maps (fSM). Univariate and multivariate regression were performed to correlate 2HG changes with Karnofsky performance score (KPS). RESULTS We found that mean 2HG (2HG/Cre) levels decreased significantly (median = 48.1%; 95% confidence interval = 27.3%-56.5%;P= 0.007) in the posttreatment scan. The volume of decreased 2HG correlates (R(2)= 0.88,P= 0.002) with clinical status evaluated by KPS. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that dynamic measurements of 2HG are feasible by 3D fSM, and the decrease of 2HG levels can monitor treatment response in patients with IDH-mutant gliomas. Our results indicate that quantitative in vivo 2HG imaging may be used for precision medicine and early response assessment in clinical trials of therapies targeting IDH-mutant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu C Andronesi
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Franziska Loebel
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bogner
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Małgorzata Marjańska
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - A John Iafrate
- Center for Integrated Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jorg Dietrich
- Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tracy T Batchelor
- Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth R Gerstner
- Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Andrew S Chi
- Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bruce R Rosen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel P Cahill
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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25
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Piao Y, Park SY, Henry V, Smith BD, Tiao N, Flynn DL, de Groot JF. Novel MET/TIE2/VEGFR2 inhibitor altiratinib inhibits tumor growth and invasiveness in bevacizumab-resistant glioblastoma mouse models. Neuro Oncol 2016; 18:1230-41. [PMID: 26965451 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma highly expresses the proto-oncogene MET in the setting of resistance to bevacizumab. MET engagement by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) results in receptor dimerization and autophosphorylation mediating tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Evasive revascularization and the recruitment of TIE2-expressing macrophages (TEMs) are also triggered by anti-VEGF therapy. METHODS We investigated the activity of altiratinib (a novel balanced inhibitor of MET/TIE2/VEGFR2) against human glioblastoma stem cell lines in vitro and in vivo using xenograft mouse models. The biological activity of altiratinib was assessed in vitro by testing the expression of HGF-stimulated MET phosphorylation as well as cell viability after altiratinib treatment. Tumor volume, stem cell and mesenchymal marker levels, microvessel density, and TIE2-expressing monocyte infiltration were evaluated in vivo following treatment with a control, bevacizumab alone, bevacizumab combined with altiratinib, or altiratinib alone. RESULTS In vitro, HGF-stimulated MET phosphorylation was completely suppressed by altiratinib in GSC17 and GSC267, and altiratinib markedly inhibited cell viability in several glioblastoma stem cell lines. More importantly, in multiple xenograft mouse models, altiratinib combined with bevacizumab dramatically reduced tumor volume, invasiveness, mesenchymal marker expression, microvessel density, and TIE2-expressing monocyte infiltration compared with bevacizumab alone. Furthermore, in the GSC17 xenograft model, altiratinib combined with bevacizumab significantly prolonged survival compared with bevacizumab alone. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data suggest that altiratinib may suppress tumor growth, invasiveness, angiogenesis, and myeloid cell infiltration in glioblastoma. Thus, altiratinib administered alone or in combination with bevacizumab may overcome resistance to bevacizumab and prolong survival in patients with glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Piao
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (Y.P., S.Y.P., N.T., J.F.d.G.); Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (V.H.); Deciphera Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Waltham, Massachusetts (B.D.S., D.L.F.)
| | - Soon Young Park
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (Y.P., S.Y.P., N.T., J.F.d.G.); Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (V.H.); Deciphera Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Waltham, Massachusetts (B.D.S., D.L.F.)
| | - Verlene Henry
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (Y.P., S.Y.P., N.T., J.F.d.G.); Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (V.H.); Deciphera Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Waltham, Massachusetts (B.D.S., D.L.F.)
| | - Bryan D Smith
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (Y.P., S.Y.P., N.T., J.F.d.G.); Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (V.H.); Deciphera Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Waltham, Massachusetts (B.D.S., D.L.F.)
| | - Ningyi Tiao
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (Y.P., S.Y.P., N.T., J.F.d.G.); Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (V.H.); Deciphera Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Waltham, Massachusetts (B.D.S., D.L.F.)
| | - Daniel L Flynn
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (Y.P., S.Y.P., N.T., J.F.d.G.); Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (V.H.); Deciphera Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Waltham, Massachusetts (B.D.S., D.L.F.)
| | - John F de Groot
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (Y.P., S.Y.P., N.T., J.F.d.G.); Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (V.H.); Deciphera Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Waltham, Massachusetts (B.D.S., D.L.F.)
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Flavahan WA, Drier Y, Liau BB, Gillespie SM, Venteicher AS, Stemmer-Rachamimov AO, Suvà ML, Bernstein BE. Insulator dysfunction and oncogene activation in IDH mutant gliomas. Nature 2016; 529:110-4. [PMID: 26700815 PMCID: PMC4831574 DOI: 10.1038/nature16490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 872] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gain-of-function IDH mutations are initiating events that define major clinical and prognostic classes of gliomas. Mutant IDH protein produces a new onco-metabolite, 2-hydroxyglutarate, which interferes with iron-dependent hydroxylases, including the TET family of 5'-methylcytosine hydroxylases. TET enzymes catalyse a key step in the removal of DNA methylation. IDH mutant gliomas thus manifest a CpG island methylator phenotype (G-CIMP), although the functional importance of this altered epigenetic state remains unclear. Here we show that human IDH mutant gliomas exhibit hypermethylation at cohesin and CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF)-binding sites, compromising binding of this methylation-sensitive insulator protein. Reduced CTCF binding is associated with loss of insulation between topological domains and aberrant gene activation. We specifically demonstrate that loss of CTCF at a domain boundary permits a constitutive enhancer to interact aberrantly with the receptor tyrosine kinase gene PDGFRA, a prominent glioma oncogene. Treatment of IDH mutant gliomaspheres with a demethylating agent partially restores insulator function and downregulates PDGFRA. Conversely, CRISPR-mediated disruption of the CTCF motif in IDH wild-type gliomaspheres upregulates PDGFRA and increases proliferation. Our study suggests that IDH mutations promote gliomagenesis by disrupting chromosomal topology and allowing aberrant regulatory interactions that induce oncogene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Flavahan
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
| | - Yotam Drier
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
| | - Brian B Liau
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
| | - Shawn M Gillespie
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
| | - Andrew S Venteicher
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Anat O Stemmer-Rachamimov
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Mario L Suvà
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Bradley E Bernstein
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
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27
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Le Rhun E, Chamberlain MC, Zairi F, Delmaire C, Idbaih A, Renaud F, Maurage CA, Grégoire V. Patterns of response to crizotinib in recurrent glioblastoma according to ALK and MET molecular profile in two patients. CNS Oncol 2015; 4:381-6. [PMID: 26498130 DOI: 10.2217/cns.15.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Two patients with an unmethylated MGMT promoter and IDH1 (R132H) wild-type recurrent glioblastoma were treated with crizotinib. Prolonged stabilization of the disease (17 months) was achieved in the first case. Interestingly, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) expression and c-MET protein overexpression was observed. Conversely, no response to crizotinib was obtained in the second case with MET protein overexpression and c-MET amplification but no ALK expression or ALK gene amplification. These case studies suggest that novel targeted ALK inhibitors may provide relevant clinical benefit in selected cases in which driver mutations are demonstrable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Le Rhun
- Neuro-Oncology, Neurosurgery Department, University Hospital - CHRU Lille, France.,Neurology, Medical Oncology Department, Oscar Lambret Center, Lille, France.,Inserm, U1192, Lille, France
| | - Marc C Chamberlain
- Neurology & Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Research Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Fahed Zairi
- Inserm, U1192, Lille, France.,Neurosurgery Department, University Hospital - CHRU Lille, France
| | | | - Ahmed Idbaih
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de neurologie 2-Mazarin; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM 75.,Inserm, U 1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Florence Renaud
- Neuropathology Department, University Hospital - CHRU Lille, France.,Lille University, Lille, France.,UMR-S, 1172 F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Claude Alain Maurage
- Neuropathology Department, University Hospital - CHRU Lille, France.,Lille University, Lille, France.,UMR-S, 1172 F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Valérie Grégoire
- Neuropathology Department, University Hospital - CHRU Lille, France.,Lille University, Lille, France.,UMR-S, 1172 F-59000 Lille, France
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28
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Maire CL, Ligon KL. Molecular pathologic diagnosis of epidermal growth factor receptor. Neuro Oncol 2015; 16 Suppl 8:viii1-6. [PMID: 25342599 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was one of the first oncogenes identified in glioblastoma (GBM) and remains one of the most attractive therapeutic targets. Genomic alterations in EGFR are present in 57% of patients and are strikingly diverse, including gene amplification, rearrangements, and point mutations. Each aberration class has important clinical implications for diagnosis, prognosis, or therapeutic investigation of EGFR in clinical trials. Somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) are the most common abnormalities in EGFR, with gene amplification present in >43% of patients. The presence of EGFR amplification is often used now to support the diagnosis of GBM and discriminate GBM from other gliomas. It is currently detected in clinical labs using fluorescence in situ hybridization, colorimetric in situ hybridization or, more recently multiplex genomic technologies such as array CGH or targeted next-generation sequencing approaches. Rearrangements of EGFR are most commonly internal deletions leading to activation of the receptor including EGFRvIII and, less commonly, EGFRvII and other variants, which are collectively seen in 25% of GBM patients. EGFRvIII is readily detected via mutation-specific antibodies, but heterogeneity of this and other deletion variants has hindered reliable detection of these aberrations using genomic DNA-based methods. RNA expression profiling (Nanostring and anchored multiplex PCR) has additional potential as a rapid and reliable strategy for detecting EGFR rearrangements with high sensitivity. Single nucleotide variants in EGFR are relatively rare and diverse but are efficiently detected using the targeted or exome-sequencing assays that are now entering clinical pathology practice. The advent of multiplex technologies has revealed the fact that multiple aberrations of EGFR are present in at least 30% of patients with EGFR disruption, a fact recently highlighted by more quantitative sequencing techniques and single cell analysis of GBM. Diagnostic assays used to evaluate EGFR and other receptor tyrosine kinases will therefore be increasingly used to measure and resolve this heterogeneity in order to better understand their mechanisms of resistance. In summary, the diagnostic approaches for identifying clinically relevant EGFR aberrations have rapidly advanced and are providing insights into more effective inhibition of this familiar oncogene in GBM and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile L Maire
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts (C.L.M., K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.)
| | - Keith L Ligon
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts (C.L.M., K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the current knowledge on v-RAF murine sarcoma viral oncogene homologue B1 (BRAF) aberrations in tumours of the central nervous system. RECENT FINDINGS BRAF alterations are found in variable frequencies across a wide spectrum of diverse central nervous system neoplasms. BRAF V600 point mutations (most commonly of the V600E type) are most common in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (approximately 60% of cases), gangliogliomas (50%), dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumours (30%), Langerhans cell histiocytosis (50%), melanoma brain metastases (50%) and papillary craniopharyngiomas (96%) and are also detectable in a fraction of glioblastomas (overall mutation rate of 2-12%, with a higher rate of approximately 50% in epithelioid glioblastomas). BRAF fusions (most commonly KIAA1549: BRAF) are typical for pilocytic astrocytomas and are almost absent from other tumour types. Clinical trials have established tyrosine-kinase inhibitors of BRAF as feasible treatment option in selected patients with mutation-bearing brain metastases of melanoma. Preclinical studies, some case reports and small patient series have documented tumour responses of primary brain tumours with BRAF aberrations to BRAF inhibition. SUMMARY Molecular testing for BRAF alterations in brain tumours may be of clinical relevance for differential diagnostic considerations in some situations or to guide selection of patients for targeted therapy with specific inhibitors. Prospective clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of BRAF inhibitors in central nervous system tumours are strongly supported by the available evidence.
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30
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Abstract
Diffusely infiltrating gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors and include astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and oligoastrocytomas of grades II and III and glioblastoma (GBM), grade IV. Histologic classification is increasingly aided by molecular genetic studies, which assist in the diagnosis and provide prognostic and predictive value. Mutations in IDH1 are frequent in grades II and III astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and oligoastrocytomas, as well as secondary GBMs. IDH1-mutated diffuse gliomas are distinct from their IDH1 wild-type counterparts based on clinical features, growth rates, and concurrent genomic alterations. Grades II and III astrocytomas, as well as secondary GBMs are characterized by IDH1, TP53, and ATRX mutations, whereas oligodendrogliomas most frequently harbor codeletion of 1p/19q and mutations in CIC, FUBP1, and the TERT promoter. Primary GBMs frequently show molecular alterations in EGFR, PDGFRA, PTEN, TP53, NF1, and CDKN2A/B, as well as TERT promoter mutations, but not IDH mutations. Pediatric GBMs have a distinctive molecular pathogenesis, as H3F3A and DAXX mutations are frequent, and their gene expression profile is different than adult GBMs. Other lower-grade gliomas of childhood, such as pilocytic astrocytoma and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, are characterized by BRAF mutations or activating gene rearrangements involving BRAF.
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31
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Rundle-Thiele D, Day B, Stringer B, Fay M, Martin J, Jeffree RL, Thomas P, Bell C, Salvado O, Gal Y, Coulthard A, Crozier S, Rose S. Using the apparent diffusion coefficient to identifying MGMT promoter methylation status early in glioblastoma: importance of analytical method. J Med Radiat Sci 2015; 62:92-8. [PMID: 26229673 PMCID: PMC4462980 DOI: 10.1002/jmrs.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accurate knowledge of O(6)-methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) gene promoter subtype in patients with glioblastoma (GBM) is important for treatment. However, this test is not always available. Pre-operative diffusion MRI (dMRI) can be used to probe tumour biology using the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC); however, its ability to act as a surrogate to predict MGMT status has shown mixed results. We investigated whether this was due to variations in the method used to analyse ADC. METHODS We undertook a retrospective study of 32 patients with GBM who had MGMT status measured. Matching pre-operative MRI data were used to calculate the ADC within contrast enhancing regions of tumour. The relationship between ADC and MGMT was examined using two published ADC methods. RESULTS A strong trend between a measure of 'minimum ADC' and methylation status was seen. An elevated minimum ADC was more likely in the methylated compared to the unmethylated MGMT group (U = 56, P = 0.0561). In contrast, utilising a two-mixture model histogram approach, a significant reduction in mean measure of the 'low ADC' component within the histogram was associated with an MGMT promoter methylation subtype (P < 0.0246). CONCLUSION This study shows that within the same patient cohort, the method selected to analyse ADC measures has a significant bearing on the use of that metric as a surrogate marker of MGMT status. Thus for dMRI data to be clinically useful, consistent methods of data analysis need to be established prior to establishing any relationship with genetic or epigenetic profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayle Rundle-Thiele
- Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bryan Day
- Brain Cancer Research Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brett Stringer
- Brain Cancer Research Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Fay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jennifer Martin
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rosalind L Jeffree
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul Thomas
- Queensland PET Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher Bell
- Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Olivier Salvado
- CSIRO Digital Productivity Flagship, CSIRO Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yaniv Gal
- Centre for Medical Diagnostic Technologies in Queensland, University of Queensland Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alan Coulthard
- Discipline of Medical Imaging, University of Queensland St Lucia, Queensland, Australia ; Department of Medical Imaging, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stuart Crozier
- Centre for Medical Diagnostic Technologies in Queensland, University of Queensland Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen Rose
- CSIRO Digital Productivity Flagship, CSIRO Herston, Queensland, Australia
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32
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High levels of c-Met is associated with poor prognosis in glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 2015; 122:517-27. [PMID: 25800004 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-1723-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase receptor c-Met has been suggested to be involved in crucial parts of glioma biology like tumor stemness, growth and invasion. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of c-Met in a population-based glioma patient cohort. Tissue samples from 238 patients with WHO grade I, II, III and IV tumors were analyzed using immunohistochemical staining and advanced image analysis. Strong c-Met expression was found in tumor cells, blood vessels, and peri-necrotic areas. At the subcellular level, c-Met was identified in the cytoplasm and in the cell membrane. Measurements of high c-Met intensity correlated with high WHO grade (p = 0.006) but no association with survival was observed in patients with WHO grade II (p = 0.09) or III (p = 0.17) tumors. High expression of c-Met was associated with shorter overall survival in patients with glioblastoma multiforme (p = 0.03). However the prognostic effect of c-Met in glioblastomas was time-dependent and only observed in patients who survived more than 8.5 months, and not within the first 8.5 months after diagnosis. This was significant in multivariate analysis (HR 1.99, 95 % CI 1.29-3.08, p = 0.002) adjusted for treatment and the clinical variables age (HR 1.01, 95 % CI 0.99-1.03, p = 0.30), performance status (HR 1.34, 95 % CI 1.17-1.53, p < 0.001), and tumor crossing midline (HR 1.28, 95 % CI 0.79-2.07, p = 0.29). In conclusion, this study showed that high levels of c-Met holds unfavorable prognostic value in glioblastomas.
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33
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Ramkissoon SH, Bi WL, Schumacher SE, Ramkissoon LA, Haidar S, Knoff D, Dubuc A, Brown L, Burns M, Cryan JB, Abedalthagafi M, Kang YJ, Schultz N, Reardon DA, Lee EQ, Rinne ML, Norden AD, Nayak L, Ruland S, Doherty LM, LaFrankie DC, Horvath M, Aizer AA, Russo A, Arvold ND, Claus EB, Al-Mefty O, Johnson MD, Golby AJ, Dunn IF, Chiocca EA, Trippa L, Santagata S, Folkerth RD, Kantoff P, Rollins BJ, Lindeman NI, Wen PY, Ligon AH, Beroukhim R, Alexander BM, Ligon KL. Clinical implementation of integrated whole-genome copy number and mutation profiling for glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2015; 17:1344-55. [PMID: 25754088 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidimensional genotyping of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples has the potential to improve diagnostics and clinical trials for brain tumors, but prospective use in the clinical setting is not yet routine. We report our experience with implementing a multiplexed copy number and mutation-testing program in a diagnostic laboratory certified by the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments. METHODS We collected and analyzed clinical testing results from whole-genome array comparative genomic hybridization (OncoCopy) of 420 brain tumors, including 148 glioblastomas. Mass spectrometry-based mutation genotyping (OncoMap, 471 mutations) was performed on 86 glioblastomas. RESULTS OncoCopy was successful in 99% of samples for which sufficient DNA was obtained (n = 415). All clinically relevant loci for glioblastomas were detected, including amplifications (EGFR, PDGFRA, MET) and deletions (EGFRvIII, PTEN, 1p/19q). Glioblastoma patients ≤40 years old had distinct profiles compared with patients >40 years. OncoMap testing reliably identified mutations in IDH1, TP53, and PTEN. Seventy-seven glioblastoma patients enrolled on trials, of whom 51% participated in targeted therapeutic trials where multiplex data informed eligibility or outcomes. Data integration identified patients with complete tumor suppressor inactivation, albeit rarely (5% of patients) due to lack of whole-gene coverage in OncoMap. CONCLUSIONS Combined use of multiplexed copy number and mutation detection from FFPE samples in the clinical setting can efficiently replace singleton tests for clinical diagnosis and prognosis in most settings. Our results support incorporation of these assays into clinical trials as integral biomarkers and their potential to impact interpretation of results. Limited tumor suppressor variant capture by targeted genotyping highlights the need for whole-gene sequencing in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakti H Ramkissoon
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Wenya Linda Bi
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Steven E Schumacher
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Lori A Ramkissoon
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Sam Haidar
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - David Knoff
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Adrian Dubuc
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Loreal Brown
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Margot Burns
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Jane B Cryan
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Malak Abedalthagafi
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Yun Jee Kang
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Nikolaus Schultz
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - David A Reardon
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Eudocia Q Lee
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Mikael L Rinne
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Andrew D Norden
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Lakshmi Nayak
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Sandra Ruland
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Lisa M Doherty
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Debra C LaFrankie
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Margaret Horvath
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Ayal A Aizer
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Andrea Russo
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Nils D Arvold
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Elizabeth B Claus
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Ossama Al-Mefty
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Mark D Johnson
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Alexandra J Golby
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Ian F Dunn
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - E Antonio Chiocca
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Lorenzo Trippa
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Sandro Santagata
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Rebecca D Folkerth
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Philip Kantoff
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Barrett J Rollins
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Neal I Lindeman
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Azra H Ligon
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Brian M Alexander
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
| | - Keith L Ligon
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., L.A.R., S.H., D.K., Y.J.K., K.L.L.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.E.S., L.B., M.B., D.A.R., E.Q.L., M.L.R., A.D.N., L.N., S.R., L.M.D., D.C.L., P.K., B.J.R., P.Y.W., R.B., K.L.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., E.B.C, O.A.-M., M.D.J., A.J.G., I.F.D., E.A.C.); Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (L.T.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (M.H., A.A.A., N.D.A., B.M.A.); Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.); Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (N.S.); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.B.); Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L.); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (S.H.R., A.D., J.B.C., M.A., S.S., R.D.F., N.I.L., A.H.L., K.L.L.)
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Abstract
Gliomas are a large and diverse group of primary brain tumors that include those that are diffusely infiltrative and others that are well-circumscribed and low grade. Diffuse gliomas are currently classified by the World Health Organization as astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, or oligoastrocytomas and range in grade from II to IV. Glioblastoma (GBM), World Health Organization grade IV, is the highest grade and most common form of astrocytoma. In the past, the diagnosis of gliomas was almost exclusively based on histopathologic features. More recently, improved understanding of molecular genetic underpinnings has led to ancillary molecular studies becoming standard for classification, prognostication, and predicting therapy response. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations are frequent in grade II and III infiltrating gliomas and secondary GBMs. Infiltrating astrocytomas and secondary GBMs are characterized by IDH, TP53, and ATRX mutations, whereas oligodendrogliomas demonstrate 1p/19q codeletion and mutations in IDH, CIC, FUBP1, and the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter. Primary GBMs typically lack IDH mutations and are instead characterized by EGFR, PTEN, TP53, PDGFRA, NF1, and CDKN2A/B alterations and TERT promoter mutations. Pediatric GBMs differ from those in adults and frequently have mutations in H3F3A, ATRX, and DAXX, but not IDH. In contrast, circumscribed, low-grade gliomas of childhood, such as pilocytic astrocytoma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, and ganglioglioma, often harbor mutations or activating gene rearrangements in BRAF. Neuropathologic assessment of gliomas increasingly relies on ancillary testing of molecular alterations for proper classification and patient management.
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Bauer R, Kaiser M, Stoll E. A computational model incorporating neural stem cell dynamics reproduces glioma incidence across the lifespan in the human population. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111219. [PMID: 25409511 PMCID: PMC4237327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common form of primary brain tumor. Demographically, the risk of occurrence increases until old age. Here we present a novel computational model to reproduce the probability of glioma incidence across the lifespan. Previous mathematical models explaining glioma incidence are framed in a rather abstract way, and do not directly relate to empirical findings. To decrease this gap between theory and experimental observations, we incorporate recent data on cellular and molecular factors underlying gliomagenesis. Since evidence implicates the adult neural stem cell as the likely cell-of-origin of glioma, we have incorporated empirically-determined estimates of neural stem cell number, cell division rate, mutation rate and oncogenic potential into our model. We demonstrate that our model yields results which match actual demographic data in the human population. In particular, this model accounts for the observed peak incidence of glioma at approximately 80 years of age, without the need to assert differential susceptibility throughout the population. Overall, our model supports the hypothesis that glioma is caused by randomly-occurring oncogenic mutations within the neural stem cell population. Based on this model, we assess the influence of the (experimentally indicated) decrease in the number of neural stem cells and increase of cell division rate during aging. Our model provides multiple testable predictions, and suggests that different temporal sequences of oncogenic mutations can lead to tumorigenesis. Finally, we conclude that four or five oncogenic mutations are sufficient for the formation of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Bauer
- Interdisciplinary Computing and Complex BioSystems Research Group (ICOS), School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Kaiser
- Interdisciplinary Computing and Complex BioSystems Research Group (ICOS), School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Stoll
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom
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Sullivan JP, Nahed BV, Madden MW, Oliveira SM, Springer S, Bhere D, Chi AS, Wakimoto H, Rothenberg SM, Sequist LV, Kapur R, Shah K, Iafrate AJ, Curry WT, Loeffler JS, Batchelor TT, Louis DN, Toner M, Maheswaran S, Haber DA. Brain tumor cells in circulation are enriched for mesenchymal gene expression. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:1299-309. [PMID: 25139148 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain cancer characterized by local invasion and angiogenic recruitment, yet metastatic dissemination is extremely rare. Here, we adapted a microfluidic device to deplete hematopoietic cells from blood specimens of patients with GBM, uncovering evidence of circulating brain tumor cells (CTC). Staining and scoring criteria for GBM CTCs were first established using orthotopic patient-derived xenografts (PDX), and then applied clinically: CTCs were identified in at least one blood specimen from 13 of 33 patients (39%; 26 of 87 samples). Single GBM CTCs isolated from both patients and mouse PDX models demonstrated enrichment for mesenchymal over neural differentiation markers compared with primary GBMs. Within primary GBMs, RNA in situ hybridization identified a subpopulation of highly migratory mesenchymal tumor cells, and in a rare patient with disseminated GBM, systemic lesions were exclusively mesenchymal. Thus, a mesenchymal subset of GBM cells invades the vasculature and may proliferate outside the brain. SIGNIFICANCE GBMs are locally invasive within the brain but rarely metastasize to distant organs, exemplifying the debate over "seed" versus "soil." We demonstrate that GBMs shed CTCs with invasive mesenchymal characteristics into the circulation. Rare metastatic GBM lesions are primarily mesenchymal and show additional mutations absent in the primary tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Sullivan
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brian V Nahed
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marissa W Madden
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Simeon Springer
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deepak Bhere
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew S Chi
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - S Michael Rothenberg
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lecia V Sequist
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ravi Kapur
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Khalid Shah
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - A John Iafrate
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William T Curry
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jay S Loeffler
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tracy T Batchelor
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David N Louis
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mehmet Toner
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shyamala Maheswaran
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Daniel A Haber
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland.
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Intraoperative mass spectrometry mapping of an onco-metabolite to guide brain tumor surgery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:11121-6. [PMID: 24982150 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1404724111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For many intraoperative decisions surgeons depend on frozen section pathology, a technique developed over 150 y ago. Technical innovations that permit rapid molecular characterization of tissue samples at the time of surgery are needed. Here, using desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) MS, we rapidly detect the tumor metabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) from tissue sections of surgically resected gliomas, under ambient conditions and without complex or time-consuming preparation. With DESI MS, we identify isocitrate dehydrogenase 1-mutant tumors with both high sensitivity and specificity within minutes, immediately providing critical diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive information. Imaging tissue sections with DESI MS shows that the 2-HG signal overlaps with areas of tumor and that 2-HG levels correlate with tumor content, thereby indicating tumor margins. Mapping the 2-HG signal onto 3D MRI reconstructions of tumors allows the integration of molecular and radiologic information for enhanced clinical decision making. We also validate the methodology and its deployment in the operating room: We have installed a mass spectrometer in our Advanced Multimodality Image Guided Operating (AMIGO) suite and demonstrate the molecular analysis of surgical tissue during brain surgery. This work indicates that metabolite-imaging MS could transform many aspects of surgical care.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes recent studies on the predictive value of molecular markers in adult gliomas, including 1p/19q codeletion, MGMT methylation, IDH mutation and markers identified using omics and next-generation sequencing studies. RECENT FINDINGS The long-term results of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer trials in anaplastic oligodendroglial glioma have shown that the 1p/19q codeletion predicts an overall survival benefit from early PCV (procarbazine CCNU vincristine) chemotherapy. This benefit can also be predicted using gene expression-based molecular subtypes of gliomas while the predictive value of the IDH mutation in this context requires further study. In elderly patients with glioblastoma, the analysis of MGMT methylation status in two phase III trials suggests that this alteration may guide treatment decisions; however, this finding still needs confirmation in prospective studies. Omics and next-generation sequencing studies have identified additional potential predictive markers. In particular, IDH mutations, BRAF V600E mutations and FGFR gene fusions might predict efficacy of therapies targeted against these alterations. SUMMARY Currently, the 1p/19q codeletion is the only well established predictive marker with clinical utility. However, it is likely that other molecular markers such as MGMT methylation, IDH mutation and those identified using omics and next-generation sequencing studies will further guide treatment decisions in adult gliomas.
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Wakimoto H, Tanaka S, Curry WT, Loebel F, Zhao D, Tateishi K, Chen J, Klofas LK, Lelic N, Kim JC, Dias-Santagata D, Ellisen LW, Borger DR, Fendt SM, Heiden MGV, Batchelor TT, Iafrate AJ, Cahill DP, Chi AS. Targetable signaling pathway mutations are associated with malignant phenotype in IDH-mutant gliomas. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:2898-909. [PMID: 24714777 PMCID: PMC4070445 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) gene mutations occur in low-grade and high-grade gliomas. We sought to identify the genetic basis of malignant phenotype heterogeneity in IDH-mutant gliomas. METHODS We prospectively implanted tumor specimens from 20 consecutive IDH1-mutant glioma resections into mouse brains and genotyped all resection specimens using a CLIA-certified molecular panel. Gliomas with cancer driver mutations were tested for sensitivity to targeted inhibitors in vitro. Associations between genomic alterations and outcomes were analyzed in patients. RESULTS By 10 months, 8 of 20 IDH1-mutant gliomas developed intracerebral xenografts. All xenografts maintained mutant IDH1 and high levels of 2-hydroxyglutarate on serial transplantation. All xenograft-producing gliomas harbored "lineage-defining" mutations in CIC (oligodendroglioma) or TP53 (astrocytoma), and 6 of 8 additionally had activating mutations in PIK3CA or amplification of PDGFRA, MET, or N-MYC. Only IDH1 and CIC/TP53 mutations were detected in non-xenograft-forming gliomas (P = 0.0007). Targeted inhibition of the additional alterations decreased proliferation in vitro. Moreover, we detected alterations in known cancer driver genes in 13.4% of IDH-mutant glioma patients, including PIK3CA, KRAS, AKT, or PTEN mutation or PDGFRA, MET, or N-MYC amplification. IDH/CIC mutant tumors were associated with PIK3CA/KRAS mutations whereas IDH/TP53 tumors correlated with PDGFRA/MET amplification. Presence of driver alterations at progression was associated with shorter subsequent progression-free survival (median 9.0 vs. 36.1 months; P = 0.0011). CONCLUSION A subset of IDH-mutant gliomas with mutations in driver oncogenes has a more malignant phenotype in patients. Identification of these alterations may provide an opportunity for use of targeted therapies in these patients. Clin Cancer Res; 20(11); 2898-909. ©2014 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shota Tanaka
- Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William T. Curry
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Franziska Loebel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dan Zhao
- Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kensuke Tateishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juxiang Chen
- Translational Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lindsay K. Klofas
- Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nina Lelic
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James C. Kim
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dora Dias-Santagata
- Translational Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leif W. Ellisen
- Translational Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Darrell R. Borger
- Translational Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah-Maria Fendt
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB, and Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthew G. Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tracy T. Batchelor
- Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A. John Iafrate
- Translational Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel P. Cahill
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew S. Chi
- Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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García-Gómez JM, Gómez-Sanchis J, Escandell-Montero P, Fuster-Garcia E, Soria-Olivas E. Sparse Manifold Clustering and Embedding to discriminate gene expression profiles of glioblastoma and meningioma tumors. Comput Biol Med 2013; 43:1863-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Chi AS, Batchelor TT, Yang D, Dias-Santagata D, Borger DR, Ellisen LW, Iafrate AJ, Louis DN. BRAF V600E mutation identifies a subset of low-grade diffusely infiltrating gliomas in adults. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:e233-6. [PMID: 23547069 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.46.0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Chi
- Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Omuro A, Chan TA, Abrey LE, Khasraw M, Reiner AS, Kaley TJ, Deangelis LM, Lassman AB, Nolan CP, Gavrilovic IT, Hormigo A, Salvant C, Heguy A, Kaufman A, Huse JT, Panageas KS, Hottinger AF, Mellinghoff I. Phase II trial of continuous low-dose temozolomide for patients with recurrent malignant glioma. Neuro Oncol 2012; 15:242-50. [PMID: 23243055 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nos295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this phase II trial, we investigated the efficacy of a metronomic temozolomide schedule in the treatment of recurrent malignant gliomas (MGs). METHODS Eligible patients received daily temozolomide (50 mg/m2) continuously until progression. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival rate at 6 months in the glioblastoma cohort (N = 37). In an exploratory analysis, 10 additional recurrent grade III MG patients were enrolled. Correlative studies included evaluation of 76 frequent mutations in glioblastoma (iPLEX assay, Sequenom) aiming at establishing the frequency of potentially "drugable" mutations in patients entering recurrent MG clinical trials. RESULTS Among glioblastoma patients, median age was 56 y; median Karnofsky performance score (KPS) was 80; 62% of patients had been treated for ≥2 recurrences, including 49% of patients having failed bevacizumab. Treatment was well tolerated; clinical benefit (complete response + partial response + stable disease) was seen in 10 (36%) patients. Progression-free survival rate at 6 months was 19% and median overall survival was 7 months. Patients with previous bevacizumab exposure survived significantly less than bevacizumab-naive patients (median overall survival: 4.3 mo vs 13 mo; hazard ratio = 3.2; P = .001), but those patients had lower KPS (P = .04) and higher number of recurrences (P < .0001). Mutations were found in 13 of the 38 MGs tested, including mutations of EGFR (N = 10), IDH1 (N = 5), and ERBB2 (N = 1). CONCLUSIONS In spite of a heavily pretreated population, including nearly half of patients having failed bevacizumab, the primary endpoint was met, suggesting that this regimen deserves further investigation. Results in bevacizumab-naive patients seemed particularly favorable, while results in bevacizumab-failing patients highlight the need to develop further treatment strategies for advanced MG. Clinical trials.gov identifier NCT00498927 (available at http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00498927).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Omuro
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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