miR-331-3p regulates expression of neuropilin-2 in glioblastoma. J Neurooncol. 2014;116:67-75. [PMID: 24142150 PMCID: PMC3889298 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1271-7]

Blood mir-331-3p is a potential diagnostic marker for giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) testicular tumor

BACKGROUND

In recent years, several giant pandas have suffered from testicular tumor, which has seriously affected giant panda health. However, the pathogenesis of testicular tumor in giant panda is still unclear. Studies have shown that miRNAs are involved in the occurrence and development of a variety of cancers. However, the effect of miRNAs on giant panda testicular tumor has been little studied. Therefore, this study explored the pathogenesis of giant panda testicular tumor through miRNA and mRNA sequencing, and screened out diagnostic markers of testicular tumor.

RESULTS

Combined with phenotypic symptoms and pathological section results, three giant pandas were diagnosed with testicular tumor and divided into tumor group, and three other giant pandas were divided into normal group. A total of 29 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) were screened by blood miRNA-seq, and 3149 target gene candidates were predicted. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the target genes were mainly involved in intermembrane lipid transfer and ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling. However, only 5 DEmiRNAs were screened by miRNA-seq of blood-derived exosomes and 364 target genes were predicted, which were mainly involved in antigen processing and presentation. In addition, 216 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened by RNA-seq, and functional enrichment analysis showed that tumor-specific DEGs significantly enriched to protein phosphorylation. Spearman correlation analysis of miRNA-mRNA showed that the expressions of miR-331-3p and PKIG were significantly positively correlated (spearman = 0.943, p < 0.01), while the expressions of miR-331-3p and ENSAMEG00000013628 were significantly negatively correlated (spearman= -0.829, p < 0.05). RT-PCR showed that the expression of miR-331-3p was significantly decreased in giant panda with tumor (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

blood miRNAs and exosomal miRNAs exhibit distinct regulatory patterns concerning giant panda testicular tumor, potentially reflecting divergent biological processes in the disease's etiology. Meanwhile, miR-331-3p could be used as a potential diagnostic marker for giant panda testicular tumor. Our findings are conducive to the rapid clinical diagnosis of testicular tumor in giant pandas, and are also expected to provide scientific reference for further research on the pathogenesis of testicular tumor.

Comparison of Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressors, and MicroRNAs Between Schizophrenia and Glioma: The Balance of Power

The risk of cancer in schizophrenia has been controversial. Confounders of the issue are cigarette smoking in schizophrenia, and antiproliferative effects of antipsychotic medications. The author has previously suggested comparison of a specific cancer like glioma to schizophrenia might help determine a more accurate relationship between cancer and schizophrenia. To accomplish this goal, the author performed three comparisons of data; the first a comparison of conventional tumor suppressors and oncogenes between schizophrenia and cancer including glioma. This comparison determined schizophrenia has both tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting characteristics. A second, larger comparison between brain-expressed microRNAs in schizophrenia with their expression in glioma was then performed. This identified a core carcinogenic group of miRNAs in schizophrenia offset by a larger group of tumor-suppressive miRNAs. This proposed "balance of power" between oncogenes and tumor suppressors could cause neuroinflammation. This was assessed by a third comparison between schizophrenia, glioma and inflammation in asbestos-related lung cancer and mesothelioma (ALRCM). This revealed that schizophrenia shares more oncogenic similarity to ALRCM than glioma.

Deoxyhypusine hydroxylase: A novel therapeutic target differentially expressed in short-term vs long-term survivors of glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GB) is the most aggressive neoplasm of the brain. Poor prognosis is mainly attributed to tumor heterogeneity, invasiveness and drug resistance. Only a small fraction of GB patients survives longer than 24 months from the time of diagnosis (ie, long-term survivors [LTS]). In our study, we aimed to identify molecular markers associated with favorable GB prognosis as a basis to develop therapeutic applications to improve patients' outcome. We have recently assembled a proteogenomic dataset of 87 GB clinical samples of varying survival rates. Following RNA-seq and mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics analysis, we identified several differentially expressed genes and proteins, including some known cancer-related pathways and some less established that showed higher expression in short-term (<6 months) survivors (STS) compared to LTS. One such target found was deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH), which is known to be involved in the biosynthesis of hypusine, an unusual amino acid essential for the function of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A), which promotes tumor growth. We consequently validated DOHH overexpression in STS samples by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry. We further showed robust inhibition of proliferation, migration and invasion of GB cells following silencing of DOHH with short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or inhibition of its activity with small molecules, ciclopirox and deferiprone. Moreover, DOHH silencing led to significant inhibition of tumor progression and prolonged survival in GB mouse models. Searching for a potential mechanism by which DOHH promotes tumor aggressiveness, we found that it supports the transition of GB cells to a more invasive phenotype via epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related pathways.

Insights into the Peritumoural Brain Zone of Glioblastoma: CDK4 and EXT2 May Be Potential Drivers of Malignancy

Despite the efforts made in recent decades, glioblastoma is still the deadliest primary brain cancer without cure. The potential role in tumour maintenance and progression of the peritumoural brain zone (PBZ), the apparently normal area surrounding the tumour, has emerged. Little is known about this area due to a lack of common definition and due to difficult sampling related to the functional role of peritumoural healthy brain. The aim of this work was to better characterize the PBZ and to identify genes that may have role in its malignant transformation. Starting from our previous study on the comparison of the genomic profiles of matched tumour core and PBZ biopsies, we selected CDK4 and EXT2 as putative malignant drivers of PBZ. The gene expression analysis confirmed their over-expression in PBZ, similarly to what happens in low-grade glioma and glioblastoma, and CDK4 high levels seem to negatively influence patient overall survival. The prognostic role of CDK4 and EXT2 was further confirmed by analysing the TCGA cohort and bioinformatics prediction on their gene networks and protein-protein interactions. These preliminary data constitute a good premise for future investigations on the possible role of CDK4 and EXT2 in the malignant transformation of PBZ.

circSMARCA5 Is an Upstream Regulator of the Expression of miR-126-3p, miR-515-5p, and Their mRNA Targets, Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2 (IGFBP2) and NRAS Proto-Oncogene, GTPase (NRAS) in Glioblastoma

The involvement of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) pathogenesis and progression has been ascertained but their cross-talk within GBM cells remains elusive. We previously demonstrated the role of circSMARCA5 as a tumor suppressor (TS) in GBM. In this paper, we explore the involvement of circSMARCA5 in the control of microRNA (miRNA) expression in GBM. By using TaqMan^® low-density arrays, the expression of 748 miRNAs was assayed in U87MG overexpressing circSMARCA5. Differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs were validated through single TaqMan^® assays in: (i) U87MG overexpressing circSMARCA5; (ii) four additional GBM cell lines (A172; CAS-1; SNB-19; U251MG); (iii) thirty-eight GBM biopsies; (iv) twenty biopsies of unaffected brain parenchyma (UC). Validated targets of DE miRNAs were selected from the databases TarBase and miRTarbase, and the literature; their expression was inferred from the GBM TCGA dataset. Expression was assayed in U87MG overexpressing circSMARCA5, GBM cell lines, and biopsies through real-time PCR. TS miRNAs 126-3p and 515-5p were upregulated following circSMARCA5 overexpression in U87MG and their expression was positively correlated with that of circSMARCA5 (r-values = 0.49 and 0.50, p-values = 9 × 10^-5 and 7 × 10^-5, respectively) in GBM biopsies. Among targets, IGFBP2 (target of miR-126-3p) and NRAS (target of miR-515-5p) mRNAs were positively correlated (r-value = 0.46, p-value = 0.00027), while their expression was negatively correlated with that of circSMARCA5 (r-values = -0.58 and -0.30, p-values = 0 and 0.019, respectively), miR-126-3p (r-value = -0.36, p-value = 0.0066), and miR-515-5p (r-value = -0.34, p-value = 0.010), respectively. Our data identified a new GBM subnetwork controlled by circSMARCA5, which regulates downstream miRNAs 126-3p and 515-5p, and their mRNA targets IGFBP2 and NRAS.

Role of Neuropilin-2-mediated signaling axis in cancer progression and therapy resistance

Neuropilins (NRPs) are transmembrane proteins involved in vascular and nervous system development by regulating angiogenesis and axon guidance cues. Several published reports have established their role in tumorigenesis. NRPs are detectable in tumor cells of several cancer types and participate in cancer progression. NRP2 is also expressed in endothelial and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment and promotes functions such as lymphangiogenesis and immune suppression important for cancer progression. In this review, we have taken a comprehensive approach to discussing various aspects of NRP2-signaling in cancer, including its regulation, functional significance in cancer progression, and how we could utilize our current knowledge to advance the studies and target NRP2 to develop effective cancer therapies.

Wnt/β-catenin signal transduction pathway in prostate cancer and associated drug resistance

Globally, prostate cancer ranks second in cancer burden of the men. It occurs more frequently in black men compared to white or Asian men. Usually, high rates exist for men aged 60 and above. In this review, we focus on the Wnt/β-catenin signal transduction pathway in prostate cancer since many studies have reported that β-catenin can function as an oncogene and is important in Wnt signaling. We also relate its expression to the androgen receptor and MMP-7 protein, both critical to prostate cancer pathogenesis. Some mutations in the androgen receptor also impact the androgen-β-catenin axis and hence, lead to the progression of prostate cancer. We have also reviewed MiRNAs that modulate this pathway in prostate cancer. Finally, we have summarized the impact of Wnt/β-catenin pathway proteins in the drug resistance of prostate cancer as it is a challenging facet of therapy development due to the complexity of signaling pathways interaction and cross-talk.

miR-323a regulates ERBB4 and is involved in depression

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex and debilitating illness whose etiology remains unclear. Small RNA molecules, such as micro RNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in MDD, where they display differential expression in the brain and the periphery. In this study, we quantified miRNA expression by small RNA sequencing in the anterior cingulate cortex and habenula of individuals with MDD and psychiatrically-healthy controls. Thirty-two miRNAs showed significantly correlated expression between the two regions (False Discovery Rate < 0.05), of which four, miR-204-5p, miR-320b, miR-323a-3p, and miR-331-3p, displayed upregulated expression in MDD. We assessed the expression of predicted target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs in the brain, and found that the expression of erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 4 (ERBB4), a gene encoding a neuregulin receptor, was downregulated in both regions, and was influenced by miR-323a-3p in vitro. Finally, we assessed the effects of manipulating miRNA expression in the mouse ACC on anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors. Mice in which miR-323-3p was overexpressed or knocked-down displayed increased and decreased emotionality, respectively. Additionally, these mice displayed significantly downregulated and upregulated expression of Erbb4, respectively. Overall, our findings indicate the importance of brain miRNAs in the pathology of MDD, and emphasize the involvement of miR-323a-3p and ERBB4 in this phenotype. Future studies further characterizing miR-323a-3p and neuregulin signaling in depression are warranted.

LncRNA FOXD2-AS1 promotes cell proliferation and invasion of fibroblast-like synoviocytes by regulation of miR-331-3p/PIAS3 pathway in rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that leads to systemic inflammation of diarthrodial joint, synovial hyperplasia, cartilage damage, and ultimately joint destruction and deformity. As the dominant non-immune cells in the synovium, fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) significantly contribute to the deterioration of RA. Our study aimed to explore the regulatory role of long non-coding RNA FOXD2-AS1 in RA progression. Compared to patients with joint trauma, the expression of FOXD2-AS1 was elevated in serum and synovial tissue samples of RA patients. FOXD2-AS1 knockdown inhibited the proliferation and invasion of rheumatoid FLSs but restored their apoptotic ability. Furthermore, FOXD2-AS1 acted as a sponge for microRNA (miR)-331-3p. The expressions of FOXD2-AS1 and miR-331-3p in synovial tissues of RA patients were negatively correlated. Protein inhibitor of activated STAT 3 (PIAS3) was predicted as a downstream target of miR-331-3p. The expressions of FOXD2-AS1 and PIAS3 in synovial tissues of RA patients were positively correlated, whereas a negative correlation was observed between the levels of miR-331-3p and PIAS3. Moreover, increased proliferation and invasion of rheumatoid FLSs induced by FOXD2-AS1 overexpression was inhibited by the knockdown of PIAS3. In summary, this study demonstrated that FOXD2-AS1 promoted RA progression via regulating the miR-331-3p/PIAS3 pathway, suggesting that therapeutic strategies based on the FOXD2-AS1/miR-331-3p/PIAS3 axis may represent a promising treatment approach for RA patients.

Sevoflurane Suppresses Colon Cancer Cell Malignancy by Regulating circ-PI4KA

Purpose

To explore the effect of SEV on colon cancer cells through circ-PI4KA.

Methods

The RNA level of circular RNA_0062389, microRNA-331-3p and LIM and SH3 protein 1 was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Protein expression was detected by Western blot. Cell proliferation was investigated by 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide, cell colony formation and 5-ethynyl-29-deoxyuridine assays. Cell apoptosis was demonstrated using Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide double staining assay. Cell migration and invasion were detected by transwell assay. The target relationship between miR-331-3p and circ-PI4KA or LASP1 was predicted by starBase v2.0 online database, and identified by a dual-luciferase reporter assay. The effects between SEV treatment and circ-PI4KA knockdown on tumor formation were presented by in vivo tumor formation assay.

Results

Circ-PI4KA and LASP1 expressions were dramatically upregulated, while miR-331-3p was downregulated in colon cancer tissues and cells, respectively. SEV exposure significantly decreased the expression of circ-PI4KA and LASP1, but increased miR-331-3p expression. SEV inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and induced cell apoptosis by regulating circ-PI4KA. Furthermore, circ-PI4KA interacted with miR-331-3p, and miR-331-3p interacted with LASP1. SEV inhibited tumor growth by controlling circ-PI4KA in vivo.

Conclusion

Circ-PI4KA attenuated SEV-treated colon cancer cell malignancy by upregulating LASP1 through binding to miR-331-3p, which provided a new mechanism for studying surgery-mediated therapy of colon cancer.

Identification of Meningioma Patients at High Risk of Tumor Recurrence Using MicroRNA Profiling

BACKGROUND

Meningioma growth rates are highly variable, even within benign subgroups, with some remaining stable, whereas others grow rapidly.

OBJECTIVE

To identify molecular-genetic markers for more accurate prediction of meningioma recurrence and better-targeted therapy.

METHODS

Microarrays identified microRNA (miRNA) expression in primary and recurrent meningiomas of all World Health Organization (WHO) grades. Those found to be deregulated were further validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in a cohort of 172 patients. Statistical analysis of the resulting dataset revealed predictors of meningioma recurrence.

RESULTS

Adjusted and nonadjusted models of time to relapse identified the most significant prognosticators to be miR-15a-5p, miR-146a-5p, and miR-331-3p. The final validation phase proved the crucial significance of miR-146a-5p and miR-331-3p, and clinical factors such as type of resection (total or partial) and WHO grade in some selected models. Following stepwise selection in a multivariate model on an expanded cohort, the most predictive model was identified to be that which included lower miR-331-3p expression (hazard ratio [HR] 1.44; P < .001) and partial tumor resection (HR 3.90; P < .001). Moreover, in the subgroup of total resections, both miRNAs remained prognosticators in univariate models adjusted to the clinical factors.

CONCLUSION

The proposed models might enable more accurate prediction of time to meningioma recurrence and thus determine optimal postoperative management. Moreover, combining this model with current knowledge of molecular processes underpinning recurrence could permit the identification of distinct meningioma subtypes and enable better-targeted therapies.

microRNAs Mediated Regulation of the Ribosomal Proteins and its Consequences on the Global Translation of Proteins

Ribosomal proteins (RPs) are mostly derived from the energy-consuming enzyme families such as ATP-dependent RNA helicases, AAA-ATPases, GTPases and kinases, and are important structural components of the ribosome, which is a supramolecular ribonucleoprotein complex, composed of Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and RPs, coordinates the translation and synthesis of proteins with the help of transfer RNA (tRNA) and other factors. Not all RPs are indispensable; in other words, the ribosome could be functional and could continue the translation of proteins instead of lacking in some of the RPs. However, the lack of many RPs could result in severe defects in the biogenesis of ribosomes, which could directly influence the overall translation processes and global expression of the proteins leading to the emergence of different diseases including cancer. While microRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs and one of the potent regulators of the post-transcriptional gene expression, miRNAs regulate gene expression by targeting the 3' untranslated region and/or coding region of the messenger RNAs (mRNAs), and by interacting with the 5' untranslated region, and eventually finetune the expression of approximately one-third of all mammalian genes. Herein, we highlighted the significance of miRNAs mediated regulation of RPs coding mRNAs in the global protein translation.

Diagnostic potential of three serum microRNAs as biomarkers for equine sarcoid disease in horses and donkeys

BACKGROUND

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are potential biomarkers for equine sarcoids (ES).

OBJECTIVES

To assess eca-miR-331, eca-miR-100, and eca-miR-1 as serum biomarkers for ES disease.

ANIMALS

Sixty-eight ES cases (56 horses, 12 donkeys), 69 tumor-free controls (60 horses, 9 donkeys), and 20 horses with other skin tumors.

METHODS

For this case-control study, expression of serum eca-miR-331, eca-miR-100, and eca-miR-1 in ES-affected equids was compared to tumor-free age-, sex-, and breed-matched control horses and donkeys with other skin tumors using reverse transcription quantitative PCR (polymerase chain reaction) for relative miRNA quantification. Biological, preanalytical, and clinical variable influences on miRNA expression were examined. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to determine differences in miRNA expression between groups.

RESULTS

The expression of eca-miR-100 was affected by age (P = .003) and expression of eca-miR-100 and eca-miR-1 were affected by hemolysis (both P < .001). Eca-miR-331 was unaffected by biological variation, hemolysis, ES type, and disease severity. Eca-miR-331 concentrations were higher in ES-affected compared to tumor-free controls (P = .002). The ROC curve analysis indicated an area under the curve of 0.65 (P = .002) with a sensitivity of 60%, specificity of 71%, and positive and negative likelihood ratios of 2.1 and 0.56, respectively, to diagnose ES. Eca-miR-331 expression did not discriminate between horses with ES and other skin tumors. Expression of eca-miR-100 and eca-miR-1 was not different between groups.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE

Serum eca-miR-331 expression is neither sensitive nor specific enough as a single ES biomarker. If combined with other miRNAs, it may be helpful for ES diagnosis.

Neuroprotective effects of miR-331-3p through improved cell viability and inflammatory marker expression: Correlation of serum miR-331-3p levels with diagnosis and severity of Alzheimer's disease

BACKGROUND

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease with an increasing incidence rate. Numerous microRNAs (miRNAs) have been found to be involved in AD progression. This study aimed to investigate the expression and diagnostic value of microRNA-331-3p (miR-331-3p) in AD patients and to explore the effects of miR-331-3p on neuronal viability and neuroinflammation.

METHODS

This study recruited AD patients and used Aβ_1-40 treated SH-SY5Y cells mimicking AD characteristics. The expression of miR-331-3p was estimated using reverse transcription quantitative PCR. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of miR-331-3p, and the correlation of miR-331-3p with patients' Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores and serum proinflammatory cytokines were analyzed. The effects of miR-331-3p on neuronal viability and inflammatory response were explored in SH-SY5Y cells by in vitro analysis.

RESULTS

In AD patients and Aβ_1-40 treated SH-SY5Y cells, the expression of miR-331-3p was significantly downregulated. Serum miR-331-3p had certain diagnostic potential and was correlated with the MMSE scores and serum proinflammatory cytokine levels of AD patients. In Aβ_1-40-treated SH-SY5Y cells, the overexpression of miR-331-3p enhanced cell viability and inhibited inflammatory responses.

CONCLUSION

The data of this study indicated that serum expression of miR-331-3p is decreased in AD patients, and is correlated with the MMSE scores and proinflammatory cytokine levels of AD patients. In addition, miR-331-3p can regulate the cell viability and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines of Aβ_1-40 treated SH-SY5Y cells, indicating the potential neuroprotective role of miR-331-3p.

miR-331-3p Inhibits Proliferation and Promotes Apoptosis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells by Targeting elf4B-PI3K-AKT Pathway

BACKGROUND

The incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is increasing gradually, but the pathogenesis is not completely clear. MicroRNA, a highly conserved endogenous noncoding small molecule RNA, plays an essential role in the regulation of gene expression and is a hotspot in cancer research worldwide.

OBJECTIVES

Although previous studies have confirmed that the abnormal expression of microRNAs is closely related to the progression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, the role of miRNA-331-3p in nasopharyngeal carcinoma has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to explore the role and mechanism of miRNA-331-3p in the progression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the expression of miRNA-331-3p in nasopharyngeal carcinoma clinical samples and cell lines (CNE-1 and 5-8F cells). After overexpression of miRNA-331-3p in CNE-1 cells, cell proliferation was measured by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, cell invasion was detected by Transwell assay, and apoptosis was tested by flow cytometry. In addition, the dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to identify the target gene of miRNA-331-3p and Western blotting was performed to measure the relative protein expression.

RESULTS

The expression of miRNA-331-3p in nasopharyngeal carcinoma clinical samples and cells was decreased significantly. Overexpression of miRNA-331-3p markedly inhibited the proliferation and invasion of CNE-1 cells and promoted cell apoptosis. Moreover, overexpression of miRNA-331-3p reduced the expression of target gene elF4B, leading to inhibition of the phosphorylation of Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Serine/ threonine kinase (AKT).

CONCLUSION

miRNA-331-3p inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by targeting elF4B gene and then blocked the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway.

SIGNIFICANCE

The role of miRNA-331-3p in the development of NPC and its mechanism provide new ideas for the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

New insights into the role of co-receptor neuropilins in tumour angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis and targeted therapy strategies

Local tumour sites lead to pathological angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis due to malignant conditions such as hypoxia. Although VEGF and VEGFR are considered to be the main anti-tumour treatment targets, the problems of limited efficacy and observable side effects of some drugs relevant to this target still remain to be solved. Therefore, it is necessary to identify new therapeutic targets for angiogenesis or lymphangiogenesis. The neuropilin family is a class of single transmembrane glycoprotein receptors, including neuropilin1 (NRP1) and neuropilin2 (NRP2), which could act as co-receptors of VEGFA-165 and VEGFC and play a key role in promoting tumour proliferation, invasion and metastasis. In this review, we introduced the schematic diagram to visually reveal the function of NRP1 and NRP2 in enhancing the binding affinity of VEGFR2 to VEGFA-165 and VEGFR3 to VEGFC, respectively. We also discussed the signalling pathways that depend on the co-receptors NRP1 and NRP2 and some existing targeted therapeutic strategies, such as monoclonal antibodies, targeted peptides, microRNAs and small molecule inhibitors. It will contribute a vital foundation for the future research and development of new drugs targeting NRPs. HIGHLIGHTS NRP1 acts as a co-receptor with VEGFR2 and the pro-angiogenic factor VEGFA-165 to up-regulate tumour angiogenesis by promoting endothelial cells proliferation, survival, migration, invasion and by preventing of apoptosis. NRP2 acts as a co-receptor with VEGFR3 and the pro-lymphogenic factor VEGFC to facilitate tumour metastasis by promoting lymphangiogenesis. Although NRP1 and NRP2 do not have enzymatic signalling activity, the affinity of VEGFR2 for VEGFA-165 and VEGFR3 for VEGFC can increase in a co-receptor manner, as detailed in the schematic. The exclusive roles of NRP1 and NRP2 in signalling pathways are specifically described to emphasise the molecular regulatory mechanisms involved in co-receptors. Various studies have shown that the co-receptors NRP1 and NRP2 can be directly or indirectly targeted by different methods to prevent tumour angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Therapeutic strategies targeting NRPs look promising soon as evidenced by preclinical and clinical studies.

Overexpression of miR-331 Indicates Poor Prognosis and Promotes Progression of Breast Cancer

BACKGROUND

With the increasing number of cases of breast cancer every year, the exploration of novel biomarkers has drawn attention. miR-331 has been demonstrated to play a role in various cancers, but its role in breast cancer is still unknown.

METHODS

In this study, we included 121 patients with breast cancer treated at Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University. Breast cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues were collected during the surgery. The expression of miR-331 in breast cancer tissues and cell lines was detected by qRT-PCR assay. Then, with the help of Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression analyses, the role of miR-331 in the prognosis of breast cancer was analyzed. Finally, the effect of miR-331 on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion was investigated with CCK-8 assay and transwell assay.

RESULTS

miR-331 was significantly upregulated in breast cancer tissues compared with normal tissues. The overexpression of miR-331 was associated with lymph node metastasis, TNM stage, and poor prognosis. From the results of Cox regression analyses, it was found that miR-331 served as an independent indicator in the prognosis of breast cancer. In addition, miR-331 was also found to be upregulated in breast cancer cells, which promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of breast cancer.

CONCLUSION

As shown from our data, miR-331 may be a potential prognostic biomarker in breast cancer. Moreover, the development and progression of breast cancer may involve miR-331. These findings suggest a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of breast cancer.

miR-331-3p Inhibits Tumor Cell Proliferation, Metastasis, Invasion by Targeting MLLT10 in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Objective

Mounting research has established the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) as oncogenes or anti-oncogenes (tumor suppressors) in the development and progression of several cancers. The purpose of our current study is to delineate the roles and functional mechanisms of miR-331-3p and MLLT10 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumorigenesis.

Patients and Methods

Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was employed to measure miR-331-3p expression levels in twenty-six matched tumor tissues and non-cancerous tissues collected from patients suffering from NSCLC, and from six NSCLC cell lines separately: A549, H1650, H292, H1299, H1944 and BEAS-2b. We employed the dual-luciferase activity assay to check whether the putative gene, MLLT10, was a downstream target of miR-331-3p in NSCLC pathogenesis and development. Western blot was conducted to analyze the protein expression levels of MLLT10 (AF10), E-cadherin, Vimentin, and GAPDH. CCK-8 assay, transwell migration assay, and transwell invasion assay were carried out to observe the functions of miR-331-3p and MLLT10 on NSCLC tumor cell proliferation, metastasis, and invasion, respectively. To identify whether the metastasis of NSCLC tumor cells was EMT-mediated, supplementary experiments involving E-cadherin and Vimentin were implemented.

Results

miR-331-3p was downregulated in NSCLC, which promoted tumor cell proliferation, whereas the overexpression of miR-331-3p inhibited tumor cell proliferation. Being a direct target of miR-331-3p, MLLT10 was negatively modulated by miR-331-3p, which suppressed tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in NSCLC. However, MLLT10 overexpression alleviated the above inhibitory effects. Furthermore, EMT-mediated metastasis was proved to be present in NSCLC.

Conclusion

miR-331-3p played a suppressor role in NSCLC tumor cell proliferation, EMT-mediated metastasis, and invasion by targeting MLLT10. Our findings highlighted that miR-331-3p/MLLT10 axis could be useful as a clinical diagnostic marker and therapeutic target in NSCLC patients.

miR-331-3p Inhibits Inflammatory Response after Intracerebral Hemorrhage by Directly Targeting NLRP6

Background

The mechanism of inflammatory reaction after intracerebral hemorrhage remains unclear, which to some extent restrains the therapeutic development of hemorrhagic stroke. The present study attempts to verify whether NLRP6 plays an important role in inflammatory reaction after intracerebral hemorrhage and identify the critical microRNA during the process.

Methods

Suitable simulated cerebral hemorrhage environments were established in vitro and in vivo. BV2 cells were treated with hemin to induce cell damage. Collagenase was used to establish a model of mouse cerebral hemorrhage. The relationship among NLRP6, miR-331-3p, and the corresponding inflammatory expression was closely observed during this process. Techniques, such as western blot, real-time quantitative PCR, immunofluorescence, and immunocytochemistry, were used to detect the expression of relative genes and molecules in the in vitro and in vivo models.

Results

Downregulated miR-331-3p increased the expression of NLRP6 and alleviated the expression of TNF-α and IL-6. The neurological function recovery of mice was promoted after intracerebral hemorrhage.

Conclusion

miR-331-3p regulated the inflammatory response after cerebral hemorrhage by negatively regulating the expression of NLRP6.

Hsa_circ_0038646 promotes cell proliferation and migration in colorectal cancer via miR-331-3p/GRIK3

Increasing evidence supports the essential roles of circular RNAs (circRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) in different types of human cancer. For example, hsa_circ_0137008 functions as a sponge for mi-338-5p and inhibits the malignant phenotype in colorectal cancer. Furthermore, hsa_circ_RNA_0011780 downregulates FBXW7 by targeting miR-554a and suppressing the progression of non-small cell lung cancer. Thus far, only a single report has identified that the miRNA miR-331-3p exerts a pivotal effect on human colorectal cancer (CRC) evolution. However, both the up- and downstream regulatory mechanisms of miR-331-3p are unclear. In the present study, it was predicted via bioinformatics analysis that the circRNA, hsa_circ_0038646, and the glutamate receptor ionotropic kainate 3 (GRIK3) gene contain binding sites that can interact with miR-331-3p. Thus, hsa_circ_0038646/miR-331-3p/GRIK3 may be a novel therapeutic pathway for CRC. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting analyses were performed, as well as cell proliferation, luciferase reporter and Transwell migration assays. Hsa_circ_0038646 was overexpressed in both CRC cells and tissues, and this aberrant expression was positively related with increasing tumor grade. Knockdown of hsa_circ_0038646 significantly weakened human CRC cell proliferation and migration. It was shown that hsa_circ_0038646 can sponge miR-331-3p to suppress its expression, and that suppression of miR-331-3p can reverse the effects of hsa_circ_0038646 inhibition in CRC cells. It was determined that GRIK3 is a downstream target of miR-331-3p, and that hsa_circ_0038646 could increase the levels of GRIK3 by suppressing miR-331-3p in CRC cells. Restoring GRIK3 expression rescued the weakened CRC cell proliferation and migration following hsa_circ_0038646 knockdown. The present study indicated that hsa_circ_0038646 functions as a tumor promoter in CRC by increasing GRIK3 expression via sponging of miR-331-3p. The hsa_circ_0038646/miR-331-3p/GRIK3 axis may be a novel therapeutic and diagnostic target of CRC.

Neuropilin: Handyman and Power Broker in the Tumor Microenvironment

Neuropilin-1 and neuropilin-2 form a small family of transmembrane receptors, which, due to the lack of a cytosolic protein kinase domain, act primarily as co-receptors for various ligands. Performing at the molecular level both the executive and organizing functions of a handyman as well as of a power broker, they are instrumental in controlling the signaling of various receptor tyrosine kinases, integrins, and other molecules involved in the regulation of physiological and pathological angiogenic processes. In this setting, the various neuropilin ligands and interaction partners on various cells of the tumor microenvironment, such as cancer cells, endothelial cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and immune cells, are surveyed. The suitability of various neuropilin-targeting substances and the intervention in neuropilin-mediated interactions is considered as a possible building block of tumor therapy.

Clinical Application of Circulating MicroRNAs in Parkinson's Disease: The Challenges and Opportunities as Diagnostic Biomarker

Discovery of evolutionarily conserved, nonprotein-coding, endogenous microRNAs has induced a paradigm shift in the overall understanding of gene regulation. Now, microRNAs are considered and classified as master regulators of gene expression as they regulate a wide range of processes – gene regulation, splicing, translation and posttranscriptional modifications. Besides, dysregulated microRNAs have been related to many diseases, including Parkinson's and related disorders. Several studies proposed that differentially expressed microRNAs as a potential biomarker. So far, there is no accepted clinical diagnostic test for Parkinson's disease based on biochemical analysis of biological fluids. However, circulating microRNAs possess many vital features typical of reliable biomarkers and discriminates Parkinson's patients from healthy control with much higher sensitivity and specificity. Though they show tremendous promise as a putative biomarker, translating these research findings to clinical application is often met with many obstacles. Most of the candidate microRNAs reported as a diagnostic biomarker is not organ-specific, and their overlap is low between studies. Therefore this review aimed to highlight the challenges in the application of microRNA in guiding disease discrimination decisions and its future prospects as a diagnostic biomarker in Parkinson's Disease.

The Effect of MicroRNA-331-3p on Preadipocytes Proliferation and Differentiation and Fatty Acid Accumulation in Laiwu Pigs

Objective

The proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes are regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs), hormones, and other factors. This study aimed to investigate the effects of miR-331-3p on the proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes in addition to fatty acid metabolism.

Methods

Preadipocytes were transfected with miR-331-3p mimics, miR-NC, or miR-331-3p inhibitor to explore its effect on cell proliferation and fatty acid accumulation. Furthermore, preadipocytes were transfected with pre-miR-331-3p, pcDNA3.1(+), or miR-331-3p inhibitor to explore its effect on differentiation.

Results

It was observed that miR-331-3p could inhibit preadipocytes proliferation. Furthermore, miR-331-3p was highly expressed during cellular differentiation and appeared to promote the process. In addition, dual fluorescein analysis showed that dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase (DLST) is a target gene of miR-331-3p, and overexpression of miR-331-3p could regulate the metabolism of fatty acids in the citrate pyruvate cycle by targeting DLST expression.

Conclusion

In summary, these findings indicated that miR-331-3p exerts contrasting effects on the processes of fat deposition.

microRNA-331-3p maintains the contractile type of vascular smooth muscle cells by regulating TNF-α and CD14 in intracranial aneurysm

Dysfunction of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may be linked to intracranial aneurysm (IA) formation. VSMCs possess a phenotypic plasticity, capable of changing from a mature, contractile to a less differentiated, synthetic phenotype. In this study, we identify a microRNA candidate miR-331-3p that participates in regulating differentiation properties of VSMCs. The expression of TNF-α and CD14 was quantified in IA wall tissues obtained from 96 IA patients and their associations with clinicopathological features of IA were assessed. Then the interactions between miR-331-3p, TNF-α and CD14 were evaluated by determination of luciferase activity. Differentiated properties of VSMCs were assessed from phenotypic markers of contractile VSMCs, a-SMA and E-cadherin, and of synthetic VSMCs, ICAM-1, MCP-1, IL-6, MMP-2 and MMP-9. Rat IA models by ligation of left carotid artery and left renal artery and histological analysis of induced IAs were performed. The TNF-α and CD14 was highly expressed in IA wall tissues and associated with the type and diameter of aneurysm. Depletion of TNF-α or CD14 retarded VSMC apoptosis and transformation to the synthetic type but facilitated cell proliferation. Elevations in miR-331-3p, a direct negative regulator of both TNF-α and CD14, also reduced VSMC apoptosis and prevented VSMCs from synthetic type and increase their proliferation. Furthermore, miR-331-3p was demonstrated to inhibit the formation of IA by down-regulating TNF-α and CD14 in vivo. In conclusion, miR-331-3p maintains the contractile type of VSMCs, thus possibly inhibiting the progression of IA. These findings provide potential new strategies for the clinical treatment of IA.

miR-331-3p functions as an oncogene by targeting ST7L in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly invasive tumor with early metastasis and poor prognosis, yet the mechanisms for tumor progression have not been fully elucidated. Emerging evidence indicates that microRNA-331-3p (miR-331-3p) plays an important role in the progression of diverse human cancers. Here, we found that miR-331-3p was significantly upregulated in tumor specimens of PC patients and PC cell lines. Functional studies showed that downregulation of miR-331-3p inhibited PC cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-mediated metastasis in vitro. Furthermore, suppression of tumorigenicity 7 like (ST7L) was identified as a novel target gene of miR-331-3p. Tumor promotion effects of miR-331-3p were partially reversed by ST7L re-expression. In addition, miR-331-3p antagomir suppressed PC tumor growth and metastasis via upregulation of ST7L in xenograft mice. In summary, these results demonstrate that miR-331-3p is a tumor-promoting microRNA (miRNA) in PC cells and a promising biomarker for PC.

MicroRNA-331 inhibits development of gastric cancer through targeting musashi1

BACKGROUND

The molecular mechanisms involved in microRNAs (miRNAs) have been extensively investigated in gastric cancer (GC). However, how miR-331 regulates GC pathogenesis remains unknown.

AIM

To illuminate the effect of miR-331 on cell metastasis and tumor growth in GC.

METHODS

The qRT-PCR, CCK8, Transwell, cell adhesion, Western blot, luciferase reporter and xenograft tumor formation assays were applied to explore the regulatory mechanism of miR-331 in GC.

RESULTS

Downregulation of miR-331 associated with poor prognosis was detected in GC. Functionally, miR-331 suppressed cell proliferation, metastasis and tumor growth in GC. Further, miR-331 was verified to directly target musashi1 (MSI1). In addition, miR-331 inversely regulated MSI1 expression in GC tissues. Furthermore, upregulation of MSI1 weakened the inhibitory effect of miR-331 in GC.

CONCLUSION

miR-331 inhibited development of GC through targeting MSI1, which may be used as an indicator for the prediction and prognosis of GC.

Neuropilin-2 contributes to tumor progression in preclinical models of small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors

The identification of novel regulators of tumor progression is a key challenge to gain knowledge on the biology of small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NETs). We recently identified the loss of the axon guidance protein semaphorin 3F as a protumoral event in SI-NETs. Interestingly the expression of its receptor neuropilin-2 (NRP-2) was still maintained. This study aimed at deciphering the potential role of NRP-2 as a contributor to SI-NET progression. The role of NRP-2 in SI-NET progression was addressed using an approach integrating human tissue and serum samples, cell lines and in vivo models. Data obtained from human SI-NET tissues showed that membranous NRP-2 expression is present in a majority of tumors, and is correlated with invasion, metastatic abilities, and neovascularization. In addition, NRP-2 soluble isoform was found elevated in serum samples from metastatic patients. In preclinical mouse models of NET progression, NRP-2 silencing led to a sustained antitumor effect, partly driven by the downregulation of VEGFR2. In contrast, its ectopic expression conferred a gain of aggressiveness, driven by the activation of various oncogenic signaling pathways. Lastly, NRP-2 inhibition led to a decrease of tumor cell viability, and sensitized to therapeutic agents. Overall, our results point out NRP-2 as a potential therapeutic target for SI-NETs, and will foster the development of innovative strategies targeting this receptor. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Neuropilins in the Context of Tumor Vasculature

Neuropilin-1 and Neuropilin-2 form a small family of plasma membrane spanning receptors originally identified by the binding of semaphorin and vascular endothelial growth factor. Having no cytosolic protein kinase domain, they function predominantly as co-receptors of other receptors for various ligands. As such, they critically modulate the signaling of various receptor tyrosine kinases, integrins, and other molecules involved in the regulation of physiological and pathological angiogenic processes. This review highlights the diverse neuropilin ligands and interacting partners on endothelial cells, which are relevant in the context of the tumor vasculature and the tumor microenvironment. In addition to tumor cells, the latter contains cancer-associated fibroblasts, immune cells, and endothelial cells. Based on the prevalent neuropilin-mediated interactions, the suitability of various neuropilin-targeted substances for influencing tumor angiogenesis as a possible building block of a tumor therapy is discussed.

Serum miR-331-3p predicts tumor recurrence in esophageal adenocarcinoma

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) may contribute to the initiation and progression of cancer. The role of circulating miRNAs as predictors of recurrence in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has not been extensively explored. Here we measured the expressions of 167 miRNAs in serum samples from a discovery cohort of 72 EAC patients (32 patients with recurrence and 40 patients without). A rank sum test was performed to identify differentially expressed miRNAs. Cox regression model was applied to estimate the effect of miRNA expression on recurrence-free survival. The eligible miRNAs were then validated in an independent cohort of 329 EAC patients (132 patients with recurrence and 197 patients without). miR-331-3p was identified and confirmed to be differentially expressed between EAC patients with and without recurrence and associated with recurrence-free survival. In both cohorts, the expression of miR-331-3p was consistently decreased in patients with recurrence compared to those without (P < 0.05). Using patients with low expression of miR-331-3p as reference, those with high expression had HRs for recurrence of 0.45 (95% CI, 0.21-0.96, P = 0.040) and 0.55 (95% CI, 0.38-0.78, P = 0.001) in the discovery and validation cohorts, respectively. Therefore, serum miR-331-3p may be a useful biomarker for identifying EAC patients at high risk of recurrence.

Serum microRNAs as predictors of risk for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are implicated in the development of nearly all cancers and may function as promising biomarkers for early detection, diagnosis and prognosis. We sought to investigate the role of serum miRNAs as potential diagnostic biomarkers or biomarkers of risk for early-stage bladder cancer. First, we profiled global serum miRNAs in a pilot set of 10 non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) cases and 10 healthy controls matched on age, gender and smoking status. Eighty nine stably detectable miRNAs were selected for further testing and quantification by high-throughput Taqman analysis using the Fluidigm BioMark HD System to assess their association with NMIBC risk in both discovery and validation sets totaling 280 cases and 278 controls. We found miR-409-3p and six miRNAs expression ratios were significantly associated with risk of bladder cancer in both discovery and validation sets. Interestingly, we identified expression of miR-409-3p and miR-342-3p inversely correlated with age and age of onset of NMIBC. A risk score was generated based on the combination of three miRNA ratios (miR-29a-3p/miR-222-3p, miR-150-5p/miR-331-3p, miR-409-3p/miR-423-5p). In dichotomized analysis, we found individuals with high risk score showed increased risk of bladder cancer in the discovery, validation, and combined sets. Pathway enrichment analyses suggested altered miRNAs and cognate target genes are linked to the retinoid acid receptor (RAR) signaling pathway. Overall, these results suggested specific serum miRNA signatures may serve as noninvasive predictors of NMIBC risk. Biological insights underlying bladder cancer development based on the pathway enrichment analysis may reveal novel therapeutic targets for personalized medicine.

MicroRNA-331 Inhibits Proliferation and Invasion of Melanoma Cells by Targeting Astrocyte-Elevated Gene-1

Melanoma is characterized by aggressive invasion, early metastasis, and resistance to existing chemotherapeutic agents. Accumulated studies have reported that microRNA (miRNA) is a potentially robust molecular tool for developing future therapeutic technologies. Therefore, examining the expression patterns, biological roles, and associated mechanisms of cancer-related miRNAs in melanoma is essential for developing novel therapeutic targets for patients with this disease. In this study, miRNA-331 (miR-331) was underexpressed in melanoma tissues and cell lines. Functional assays revealed that the enforced expression of miR-331 inhibited cell proliferation and invasion. In addition, astrocyte-elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) was identified as a novel target of miR-331 through bioinformatics analysis, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, Western blot analysis, dual-luciferase reporter assay, and Spearman’s correlation analysis. Furthermore, reintroduction of AEG-1 partially abrogated the inhibitory effects of miR-331 overexpression on the proliferation and invasion of melanoma cells. Moreover, miR-331 suppressed the activation of the PTEN/AKT signaling pathway in melanoma by inhibiting AEG-1. In short, miR-331 may play tumor-suppressive roles in melanoma by directly targeting AEG-1 and regulating the PTEN/AKT signaling pathway, suggesting that miR-331 could be investigated as a therapeutic strategy for patients with this malignancy.

NRP-2 in tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis

Neuropilin-2 (NRP-2) not only functions as a receptor for semaphorins, a family of neural axon guidance factors, but also interacts with VEGFs, a family of vascular endothelial growth factors. As an independent receptor or a co-receptor, NRP-2 binds to ligands VEGF-C/D, activates the VEGF-C/D-NRP-2 signaling axis, and further regulates lymphangiogenesis-associated factors in both lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) and some tumor cells during tumor progression. Via VEGF-C/D-NRP-2 axis, NRP-2 induces LEC proliferation, reconstruction and lymphangiogenesis and subsequently promotes tumor cell migration, invasion and lymphatic metastasis. There are similarities and differences among NRP-1, NRP-2 and VEGFR-3 in chemical structure, ligand specificity, chromosomal location, soluble protein forms, cellular functions and expression profiles. High expression of NRP-2 in LECs and tumor cells has been observed in different anatomic sites, histological patterns and progression stages of various tumors, especially during tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis, and therefore the NRP-2 and VEGF-C/D-NRP-2 axis are closely related to tumor development, progression, invasion, and metastasis. In addition, it is important for prognosis of tumor. The studies on NRP-2 targeted therapy have recently achieved some successes, utilizing NRP-2 blocking antibodies, NRP-2 inhibitory peptides, soluble NRP-2 antagonists, small molecule inhibitors and various NRP-2 gene therapeutic strategies.

A 4-miRNA signature to predict survival in glioblastomas

Glioblastomas are among the most lethal cancers; however, recent advances in survival have increased the need for better prognostic markers. microRNAs (miRNAs) hold great prognostic potential being deregulated in glioblastomas and highly stable in stored tissue specimens. Moreover, miRNAs control multiple genes representing an additional level of gene regulation possibly more prognostically powerful than a single gene. The aim of the study was to identify a novel miRNA signature with the ability to separate patients into prognostic subgroups. Samples from 40 glioblastoma patients were included retrospectively; patients were comparable on all clinical aspects except overall survival enabling patients to be categorized as short-term or long-term survivors based on median survival. A miRNome screening was employed, and a prognostic profile was developed using leave-one-out cross-validation. We found that expression patterns of miRNAs; particularly the four miRNAs: hsa-miR-107_st, hsa-miR-548x_st, hsa-miR-3125_st and hsa-miR-331-3p_st could determine short- and long-term survival with a predicted accuracy of 78%. Heatmap dendrograms dichotomized glioblastomas into prognostic subgroups with a significant association to survival in univariate (HR 8.50; 95% CI 3.06–23.62; p<0.001) and multivariate analysis (HR 9.84; 95% CI 2.93–33.06; p<0.001). Similar tendency was seen in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) using a 2-miRNA signature of miR-107 and miR-331 (miR sum score), which were the only miRNAs available in TCGA. In TCGA, patients with O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) unmethylated tumors and low miR sum score had the shortest survival. Adjusting for age and MGMT status, low miR sum score was associated with a poorer prognosis (HR 0.66; 95% CI 0.45–0.97; p = 0.033). A Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis predicted the identified miRNAs to regulate genes involved in cell cycle regulation and survival. In conclusion, the biology of miRNAs is complex, but the identified 4-miRNA expression pattern could comprise promising biomarkers in glioblastoma stratifying patients into short- and long-term survivors.

MicroRNAs and Target Genes As Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Early Onset of Parkinson Disease

Among the neurodegenerative disorders, Parkinson's disease (PD) ranks as the second most common disorder with a higher prevalence in individuals aged over 60 years old. Younger individuals may also be affected with PD which is known as early onset PD (EOPD). Despite similarities between the characteristics of EOPD and late onset PD (LODP), EOPD patients experience much longer disease manifestations and poorer quality of life. Although some individuals are more prone to have EOPD due to certain genetic alterations, the molecular mechanisms that differentiate between EOPD and LOPD remains unclear. Recent findings in PD patients revealed that there were differences in the genetic profiles of PD patients compared to healthy controls, as well as between EOPD and LOPD patients. There were variants identified that correlated with the decline of cognitive and motor symptoms as well as non-motor symptoms in PD. There were also specific microRNAs that correlated with PD progression, and since microRNAs have been shown to be involved in the maintenance of neuronal development, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, there is a strong possibility that these microRNAs can be potentially used to differentiate between subsets of PD patients. PD is mainly diagnosed at the late stage, when almost majority of the dopaminergic neurons are lost. Therefore, identification of molecular biomarkers for early detection of PD is important. Given that miRNAs are crucial in controlling the gene expression, these regulatory microRNAs and their target genes could be used as biomarkers for early diagnosis of PD. In this article, we discussed the genes involved and their regulatory miRNAs, regarding their roles in PD progression, based on the findings of significantly altered microRNAs in EOPD studies. We also discussed the potential of these miRNAs as molecular biomarkers for early diagnosis.

miR-331-3p and Aurora Kinase inhibitor II co-treatment suppresses prostate cancer tumorigenesis and progression

RNA-based therapeutics could represent a new avenue of cancer treatment. miRNA 331-3p (miR-331-3p) is implicated in prostate cancer (PCa) as a putative tumor suppressor, but its functional activity and synergy with other anti-tumor agents is largely unknown. We found miR-331-3p expression in PCa tumors was significantly decreased compared to non-malignant matched tissue. Analysis of publicly available PCa gene expression data sets showed miR-331-3p expression negatively correlated with Gleason Score, tumor stage, lymph node involvement and PSA value, and was significantly down regulated in tumor tissue relative to normal prostate tissue. Overexpression of miR-331-3p reduced PCa cell growth, migration and colony formation, as well as xenograft tumor initiation, proliferation and survival of mice. Microarray analysis identified seven novel targets of miR-331-3p in PCa. The 3’-untranslated regions of PLCγ1 and RALA were confirmed as targets of miR-331-3p, with mutation analyses confirming RALA as a direct target. Expression of miR-331-3p or RALA siRNA in PCa cells reduced RALA expression, proliferation, migration and colony formation in vitro. RALA expression positively correlated with Gleason grade in two separate studies, as well as in a PCa tissue microarray. Co-treatment using siRALA with an Aurora Kinase inhibitor (AKi-II) decreased colony formation of PCa cells while the combination of AKi-II with miR-331-3p resulted in significant reduction of PCa cell proliferation in vitro and PCa xenograft growth in vivo. Thus, miR-331-3p directly targets the RALA pathway and the addition of the AKi-II has a synergistic effect on tumor growth inhibition, suggesting a potential role as combination therapy in PCa.

Exposure to PM2.5 induces aberrant activation of NF-κB in human airway epithelial cells by downregulating miR-331 expression

Exposure to particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter≤2.5μm (PM2.5) induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, leading to airway epithelial injury. However, the mechanisms underlying the toxicity of PM2.5 have not been clarified. Here, we show that exposure to PM2.5 induces sustained activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling in human airway epithelial Beas-2B (B2B) cells. In addition, PM2.5 exposure significantly decreased miR-331 expression in B2B cells, which was abrogated by inhibition of ROS or phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. Induction of miR-331 overexpression attenuated the PM2.5 exposure-induced NF-kBp65 nuclear translocation, IL-6 and IL-8 expression in B2B cells. Furthermore, miR-331 targeted the inhibitor of NF-κB kinase beta (IKK-β) by down-regulating the IKK-β-regulated luciferase activity in HEK293 cells. Moreover, induction of miR-331 over-expression inhibited IKK-β expression while induction of IKK-β over-expression prevented the inhibition of miR-331 on the PM2.5 exposure-induced NF-kBp65 nuclear translocation, IL-6 and IL-8 expression in B2B cells. Therefore, PM2.5 exposure decreased miR-331 expression via the ROS/PI3K/Akt pathway, resulting in an increase in the IKK-β expression and sustained NF-κB activation in human airway epithelial cells. Our findings may provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity of PM2.5 exposure and aid in design of new therapeutic strategies to prevent PM2.5-induced toxicity.

Cancer-Related Triplets of mRNA-lncRNA-miRNA Revealed by Integrative Network in Uterine Corpus Endometrial Carcinoma

The regulation of transcriptome expression level is a complex process involving multiple-level interactions among molecules such as protein coding RNA (mRNA), long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), and microRNA (miRNA), which are essential for the transcriptome stability and maintenance and regulation of body homeostasis. The availability of multilevel expression data enables a comprehensive view of the regulatory network. In this study, we analyzed the coding and noncoding gene expression profiles of 301 patients with uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC). A new method was proposed to construct a genome-wide integrative network based on variance inflation factor (VIF) regression method. The cross-regulation relations of mRNA, lncRNA, and miRNA were then selected based on clique-searching algorithm from the network, when any two molecules of the three were shown as interacting according to the integrative network. Such relation, which we call the mRNA-lncRNA-miRNA triplet, demonstrated the complexity in transcriptome regulation process. Finally, six UCEC-related triplets were selected in which the mRNA participates in endometrial carcinoma pathway, such as CDH1 and TP53. The multi-type RNAs are proved to be cross-regulated as to each of the six triplets according to literature. All the triplets demonstrated the association with the initiation and progression of UCEC. Our method provides a comprehensive strategy for the investigation of transcriptome regulation mechanism.

Concurrent Expression of VEGF-C and Neuropilin-2 Is Correlated with Poor Prognosis in Glioblastoma

Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) is a secreted growth factor involved in many oncogenic processes, and neuropilin-2 (NRP2) is essential for neuronal guidance as a well-acknowledged co-receptor of VEGF receptors. The overexpression of NRP2 has been reported in many types of cancers, but the significance of NRP2 in glioblastoma is not elucidated. To investigate the clinical significance of VEGF-C and NRP2 in glioblastoma, we detected their expression in 86 cases of glioblastoma with immunohistochemistry and categorized our cohort into high- and low-expression groups according to the immunohistochemistry score, which was the product of the score of staining intensity multiplied by the score reflecting the percentage of positive cells. The proportion of glioblastoma with high VEGF-C expression was 34.9% (30/86), and that with high NRP2 expression was 37.2% (32/86). The proportion of glioblastoma with high expression of both VEGF-C and NRP2 was 15.1% (13/86). Moreover, the proportion of cases with high VEGF-C and low NRP2 was 19.7% (17/86), while the proportion of cases with low VEGF-C and high NRP2 was 22.1% (19/86). The high expression of both VEGF-C and NRP2 was associated with poorer survival rate (P = 0.023), and can be identified as an independent prognostic factor in glioblastoma (P = 0.030). Moreover, cases with low NRP2 expression are easier for complete tumor resection (P = 0.038). In conclusion, the concurrent high expression of VEGF-C and NRP2 is predictive of the unfavorable prognosis in glioblastoma, indicating that the VEGF-C-NRP2 signaling pathway is a potential and promising drug target in glioblastoma therapy.

Upregulated in Hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma cells, miR-331-3p promotes proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by targeting ING5

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major risk factor for development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It has been reported that viral infection can interfere with cellular microRNA (miRNA) expression and participate in the pathogenesis of oncogenicity. Our miRNAs array data indicated that miR-331-3p expression in HCC cell lines increased, but the relationship between miR-331-3p expression and HBV activity is unclear. Here, we observed elevated expression of miR-331-3p in different HCC cell lines expressing HBV. HBV, especially HBx, promotes miR-331-3p expression by enhancing its promoter activity. Using a miRNA target prediction database miRBase, we identified ING5 to be a novel target gene of miR-331-3p. miR-331-3p could inhibit ING5 expression by directly targeting its 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR). As predicted, HBV was confirmed to repress ING5 at both mRNA and protein levels by promoting miR-331-3p expression. Our result indicated that miR-331-3p expression promotes proliferation of SMMC7721 cells by inhibiting ING5. ING5 overexpression promoted cell apoptosis in HCC cell lines. We also found ING5 expression was decreased in tumor tissue of HCC patient with HBV infection compared to its expression in para-carcinoma tissues. Conclusion: These results showed that miR-331-3p is upregulated by HBV and promotes proliferation of HCC cells though repression of ING5 expression. These data provide new insights for understanding the mechanisms of HBV-related HCC pathogenesis.

MicroRNA-331-3p Suppresses Cervical Cancer Cell Proliferation and E6/E7 Expression by Targeting NRP2

Aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is involved in the development and progression of various types of cancers. In this study, we investigated the role of miR-331-3p in cell proliferation and the expression of keratinocyte differentiation markers of uterine cervical cancer cells. Moreover, we evaluated whether neuropilin 2 (NRP2) are putative target molecules that regulate the human papillomavirus (HPV) related oncoproteins E6 and E7. Cell proliferation in the human cervical cancer cell lines SKG-II, HCS-2, and HeLa was assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt (MTS) assay. Cellular apoptosis was measured using the TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and Annexin V assays. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to measure the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of the NRP2, E6, E7, p63, and involucrin (IVL) genes. A functional assay for cell growth was performed using cell cycle analyses. Overexpression of miR-331-3p inhibited cell proliferation, and induced G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis in SKG-II, HCS-2 and HeLa cells. The luciferase reporter assay of the NRP2 3′-untranslated region revealed the direct regulation of NRP2 by miR-331-3p. Gene expression analyses using quantitative RT-PCR in SKG-II, HCS-2, and HeLa cells overexpressing miR-331-3p or suppressing NRP2 revealed down-regulation of E6, E7, and p63 mRNA and up-regulation of IVL mRNA. Moreover, miR-331-3p overexpression was suppressed NRP2 expression in protein level. We showed that miR-331-3p and NRP2 were key effectors of cell proliferation by regulating the cell cycle, apoptosis. NRP-2 also regulates the expression of E6/E7 and keratinocyte differentiation markers. Our findings suggest that miR-331-3p has an important role in regulating cervical cancer cell proliferation, and that miR-331-3p may contribute to keratinocyte differentiation through NRP2 suppression. miR-331-3p and NRP2 may contribute to anti-cancer effects.

MicroRNAs in glioblastoma multiforme pathogenesis and therapeutics

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and lethal cancer of the adult brain, remaining incurable with a median survival time of only 15 months. In an effort to identify new targets for GBM diagnostics and therapeutics, recent studies have focused on molecular phenotyping of GBM subtypes. This has resulted in mounting interest in microRNAs (miRNAs) due to their regulatory capacities in both normal development and in pathological conditions such as cancer. miRNAs have a wide range of targets, allowing them to modulate many pathways critical to cancer progression, including proliferation, cell death, metastasis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. This review explores our current understanding of miRNAs that are differentially modulated and pathologically involved in GBM as well as the current state of miRNA-based therapeutics. As the role of miRNAs in GBM becomes more well understood and novel delivery methods are developed and optimized, miRNA-based therapies could provide a critical step forward in cancer treatment.

Accuracy of novel diagnostic biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma: An update for clinicians (Review)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver malignancy and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Accurate detection and differential diagnosis of early HCC can significantly improve patient survival. Currently, detection of HCC in clinical practice is performed by diagnostic imaging techniques and determination of serum biomarkers, most notably α-fetoprotein (AFP), fucosylated AFP and des-γ-carboxyprothrombin. However, these methods display limitations in sensitivity and specificity, especially with respect to early stages of HCC. Recently, high-throughput technologies have elucidated many new pathways involved in hepatocarcinogenesis and have led to the discovery of a plethora of novel, non-invasive serum biomarkers. In particular, the combination of AFP with these new candidate molecules has yielded promising results. In this review, we aimed at recapitulating the most recent (2013–2015) developments in HCC biomarker research. We compared promising novel diagnostic serum protein biomarkers, such as annexin A2, the soluble form of the receptor tyrosine kinase Axl and thioredoxin, as well as their combinations with AFP. High diagnostic performance (area under the curve >0.75) as shown by threshold-independent receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was a prerequisite for inclusion in this review. In addition, we discuss the role and potential of microRNAs in HCC diagnosis and associated methodological challenges.

Neuropilin-2 promotes tumourigenicity and metastasis in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma through ERK-MAPK-ETV4-MMP-E-cadherin deregulation

Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the most common histological subtype of oesophageal cancer. The disease is particularly prevalent in southern China. The incidence of the disease is on the rise and its overall survival rate remains dismal. Identification and characterization of better molecular markers for early detection and therapeutic targeting are urgently needed. Here, we report levels of transmembrane and soluble neuropilin-2 (NRP2) to be significantly up-regulated in ESCC, and to correlate positively with advanced tumour stage, lymph node metastasis, less favourable R category and worse overall patient survival. NRP2 up-regulation in ESCC was in part a result of gene amplification at chromosome 2q. NRP2 overexpression promoted clonogenicity, angiogenesis and metastasis in ESCC in vitro, while NRP2 silencing by lentiviral knockdown or neutralizing antibody resulted in a contrary effect. This observation was extended in vivo in animal models of subcutaneous tumourigenicity and tail vein metastasis. Mechanistically, overexpression of NRP2 induced expression of ERK MAP kinase and the transcription factor ETV4, leading to enhanced MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity and, as a consequence, suppression of E-cadherin. In summary, NRP2 promotes tumourigenesis and metastasis in ESCC through deregulation of ERK-MAPK-ETV4-MMP-E-cadherin signalling. NRP2 represents a potential diagnostic or prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for ESCC. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Differential expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A, its receptors VEGFR-1, -2, and -3 and co-receptors neuropilin-1 and -2 does not predict bevacizumab response in human astrocytomas

BACKGROUND

A major hallmark of malignant progression in human astrocytomas is the formation of new blood vessels. Antiangiogenic therapy using the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-antibody bevacizumab leads to increased progression-free survival in glioblastoma patients but does not influence their overall survival. To date, it is unclear why antiangiogenic therapy fails in many glioblastoma patients, while a small subpopulation profits considerably from this treatment.

METHODS

The aim of our study was to determine the expression of VEGF-A and its (co-) receptors by immunohistochemistry and to test the association with patient survival in 350 glioma patients. Additionally, VEGF-A expression was analyzed by in-situ hybridization. In 18 patients, the protein expression was compared with the bevacizumab response according to extended and modified RANO criteria.

RESULTS

We found a heterogeneous expression pattern of VEGF and its receptors in glioblastoma patients with significantly lower levels in WHO grade II and III tumors and normal-appearing brain tissue (P < .001). Pilocytic astrocytomas (WHO grade I) showed significantly higher VEGFR-1, -2 and neuropilin-1 levels as compared to WHO grade II and III astrocytomas (P < .01) but at lower levels than glioblastomas. The expression of neuropilin-2 was low in all tumors. There was neither a significant correlation between protein expression and patient survival nor between protein levels and bevacizumab response after modified RANO criteria.

CONCLUSION

Since our data indicate that beneficial response to bevacizumab treatment is independent of the expression of VEGF-A and its (co-) receptors, further investigation is needed to decipher the underlying mechanisms of antiangiogenic treatment response.

MiR-331-3p inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis by targeting HER2 through the PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 pathways in colorectal cancer

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate cell proliferation, apoptosis and carcinogenesis by targeting related mRNAs in different types of cancer. miR-331-3p has been found to regulate the development and progression of various types of cancer cells. However, little research has been conducted on the role of miR-331-3p in colorectal cancer (CRC). The present study aimed to explore the function of miR-331-3p in CRC. We found that miR-331-3p was significantly downregulated in CRC tissues and cells compared to the level in healthy colon tissues and cells. Overexpression of miR-331-3p by transfection with pre‑miR-331-3p inhibited cell proliferation, promoted apoptosis and activated caspase-3. Furthermore, the protein expression level of apoptosis-related protein Bcl-2 was downregulated and Bax was upregulated by pre‑miR‑331-3p. Downregulation of the expression of miR-331-3p by transfection with AS-miR-331-3p had the opposite effect. Moreover, we found that HER2 was overexpressed in the CRC cell lines, and the expression level of HER2 was negatively regulated by miR‑331-3p. Additionally, knockdown of HER2 inhibited cell proliferation and phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2 induced by AS-miR-331-3p. Overall, we identified that miR‑331-3p is underexpressed in CRC and contributes to cell growth regulation by targeting HER2 through activating the PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways.

Syndecan-1 up-regulates microRNA-331-3p and mediates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs with a length of approximately 19-24 nucleotides that regulate gene expression through translational inhibition and contribute to the progression of various tumors including prostate cancer. Aberrant expression of miRNAs has been implicated in the progression and metastasis of prostate cancer. The present study aimed to investigate whether miR-331-3p controlled by syndecan-1 positively affects the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Overexpression of miR-331-3p upregulated mesenchymal markers such as vimentin, N-cadherin, and snail and downregulated epithelial markers such as E-cadherin and desmoplakin in the prostate cancer cell line PC3. We identified Neuropilin 2 and nucleus accumbens-associated protein 1 as putative target molecules in silico, as they were closely associated with the expression of miR-331-3p and TGF-β/Smad 4 signals. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry of radical prostatectomy samples revealed miR-331-3p in cancer cells with high Gleason patterns, in which EMT was demonstrated by decreased E-cadherin, and increased vimentin staining. Syndecan-1 gene silencing decreased levels of Dicer, which is involved in miRNA maturation. MiR-331-3p-mediated miRNA maturation and enhanced EMT via effects on TGF-β/Smad 4 and Dicer are essential for the development of prostate cancer mediated by syndecan-1. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Downregulation of Plasma MiR-142-3p and MiR-26a-5p in Patients With Colorectal Carcinoma

Background:

Colorectal cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers and cancer- related death worldwide. Identification of new specific biomarkers could be helpful to detection of this malignancy. Altered plasma microRNA expression has been identified in many cancers, including colorectal cancer.

Objectives:

The main objective of this study was to identify the circulating microRNAs with the most expression changes in colorectal cancer patients compared with neoplasm free healthy individuals.

Materials and Methods:

MicroRNA expression profiling was performed on plasma samples of 37 colorectal cancer patients and 8 normal subjects using microRNA microarray. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to validate the two selected altered microR NAs. Plasma samples from 61 colorectal cancer patients and 24 normal subjects were used in our validation study.

Results:

In profiling study we found a panel of six plasma microRNAs with significant downregulation. MicroRNA-142-3p and microRNA-26a-5p were selected and validated by polymerase chain reaction. Our results demonstrated that expression levels of plasma microRNA-142-3p and microRNA-26a-5p were significantly downregulated in patients with colorectal cancer when compared to control group.

Conclusions:

Our findings suggest that downregulation of plasma microRNA-142-3p and microRNA-26a-5p might serve as novel noninvasive biomarkers in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer, although more studies are needed to highlight the theoretical strengths.