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Aghajani M, Jalilzadeh N, Aghebati-Maleki A, Yari A, Tabnak P, Mardi A, Saeedi H, Aghebati-Maleki L, Baradaran B. Current approaches in glioblastoma multiforme immunotherapy. Clin Transl Oncol 2024; 26:1584-1612. [PMID: 38512448 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-024-03395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is the most prevalent CNS (central nervous system) tumor in adults, with an average survival length shorter than 2 years and rare metastasis to organs other than CNS. Despite extensive attempts at surgical resecting, the inherently permeable nature of this disease has rendered relapse nearly unavoidable. Thus, immunotherapy is a feasible alternative, as stimulated immune cells can enter into the remote and inaccessible tumor cells. Immunotherapy has revolutionized patient upshots in various malignancies and might introduce different effective ways for GBM patients. Currently, researchers are exploring various immunotherapeutic strategies in patients with GBM to target both the innate and acquired immune responses. These approaches include reprogrammed tumor-associated macrophages, the use of specific antibodies to inhibit tumor progression and metastasis, modifying tumor-associated macrophages with antibodies, vaccines that utilize tumor-specific dendritic cells to activate anti-tumor T cells, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and enhanced T cells that function against tumor cells. Despite these findings, there is still room for improving the response faults of the many currently tested immunotherapies. This study aims to review the currently used immunotherapy approaches with their molecular mechanisms and clinical application in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Aghajani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazila Jalilzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Aghebati-Maleki
- Molecular Medicine Department, Faculty of Modern Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Yari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Peyman Tabnak
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Mardi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Saeedi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leili Aghebati-Maleki
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Liu CC, Yang WB, Chien CH, Wu CL, Chuang JY, Chen PY, Chu JM, Cheng SM, Qiu LY, Chang YC, Hwang DY, Huang CY, Lee JS, Chang KY. CXCR7 activation evokes the anti-PD-L1 antibody against glioblastoma by remodeling CXCL12-mediated immunity. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:434. [PMID: 38898023 PMCID: PMC11187218 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06784-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The interaction between glioblastoma cells and glioblastoma-associated macrophages (GAMs) influences the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, leading to ineffective immunotherapies. We hypothesized that disrupting the communication between tumors and macrophages would enhance the efficacy of immunotherapies. Transcriptomic analysis of recurrent glioblastoma specimens indicated an enhanced neuroinflammatory pathway, with CXCL12 emerging as the top-ranked gene in secretory molecules. Single-cell transcriptome profiling of naïve glioblastoma specimens revealed CXCL12 expression in tumor and myeloid clusters. An analysis of public glioblastoma datasets has confirmed the association of CXCL12 with disease and PD-L1 expression. In vitro studies have demonstrated that exogenous CXCL12 induces pro-tumorigenic characteristics in macrophage-like cells and upregulated PD-L1 expression through NF-κB signaling. We identified CXCR7, an atypical receptor for CXCL12 predominantly present in tumor cells, as a negative regulator of CXCL12 expression by interfering with extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. CXCR7 knockdown in a glioblastoma mouse model resulted in worse survival outcomes, increased PD-L1 expression in GAMs, and reduced CD8+ T-cell infiltration compared with the control group. Ex vivo T-cell experiments demonstrated enhanced cytotoxicity against tumor cells with a selective CXCR7 agonist, VUF11207, reversing GAM-induced immunosuppression in a glioblastoma cell-macrophage-T-cell co-culture system. Notably, VUF11207 prolonged survival and potentiated the anti-tumor effect of the anti-PD-L1 antibody in glioblastoma-bearing mice. This effect was mitigated by an anti-CD8β antibody, indicating the synergistic effect of VUF11207. In conclusion, CXCL12 conferred immunosuppression mediated by pro-tumorigenic and PD-L1-expressing GAMs in glioblastoma. Targeted activation of glioblastoma-derived CXCR7 inhibits CXCL12, thereby eliciting anti-tumor immunity and enhancing the efficacy of anti-PD-L1 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Chuan Liu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Bin Yang
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Neuroscience, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Chien
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Lin Wu
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Ying Chuang
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- International Master Program in Medical Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Yuan Chen
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Mei Chu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Siao Muk Cheng
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ying Qiu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chieh Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine; Taipei Cancer Center; Taipei Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Daw-Yang Hwang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Huang
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Shun Lee
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kwang-Yu Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Department of Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Center of Cell Therapy, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Lin H, Liu C, Hu A, Zhang D, Yang H, Mao Y. Understanding the immunosuppressive microenvironment of glioma: mechanistic insights and clinical perspectives. J Hematol Oncol 2024; 17:31. [PMID: 38720342 PMCID: PMC11077829 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-024-01544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the predominant and primary malignant intracranial tumor, poses a formidable challenge due to its immunosuppressive microenvironment, thereby confounding conventional therapeutic interventions. Despite the established treatment regimen comprising surgical intervention, radiotherapy, temozolomide administration, and the exploration of emerging modalities such as immunotherapy and integration of medicine and engineering technology therapy, the efficacy of these approaches remains constrained, resulting in suboptimal prognostic outcomes. In recent years, intensive scrutiny of the inhibitory and immunosuppressive milieu within GBM has underscored the significance of cellular constituents of the GBM microenvironment and their interactions with malignant cells and neurons. Novel immune and targeted therapy strategies have emerged, offering promising avenues for advancing GBM treatment. One pivotal mechanism orchestrating immunosuppression in GBM involves the aggregation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), glioma-associated macrophage/microglia (GAM), and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Among these, MDSCs, though constituting a minority (4-8%) of CD45+ cells in GBM, play a central component in fostering immune evasion and propelling tumor progression, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. MDSCs deploy intricate immunosuppressive mechanisms that adapt to the dynamic tumor microenvironment (TME). Understanding the interplay between GBM and MDSCs provides a compelling basis for therapeutic interventions. This review seeks to elucidate the immune regulatory mechanisms inherent in the GBM microenvironment, explore existing therapeutic targets, and consolidate recent insights into MDSC induction and their contribution to GBM immunosuppression. Additionally, the review comprehensively surveys ongoing clinical trials and potential treatment strategies, envisioning a future where targeting MDSCs could reshape the immune landscape of GBM. Through the synergistic integration of immunotherapy with other therapeutic modalities, this approach can establish a multidisciplinary, multi-target paradigm, ultimately improving the prognosis and quality of life in patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaxian Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ankang Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Duanwu Zhang
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- Institute for Translational Brain Research, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Tittarelli A, Pereda C, Gleisner MA, López MN, Flores I, Tempio F, Lladser A, Achour A, González FE, Durán-Aniotz C, Miranda JP, Larrondo M, Salazar-Onfray F. Long-Term Survival and Immune Response Dynamics in Melanoma Patients Undergoing TAPCells-Based Vaccination Therapy. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:357. [PMID: 38675738 PMCID: PMC11053591 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines present a promising avenue for treating immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs)-refractory patients, fostering immune responses to modulate the tumor microenvironment. We revisit a phase I/II trial using Tumor Antigen-Presenting Cells (TAPCells) (NCT06152367), an autologous antigen-presenting cell vaccine loaded with heat-shocked allogeneic melanoma cell lysates. Initial findings showcased TAPCells inducing lysate-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions, correlating with prolonged survival. Here, we extend our analysis over 15 years, categorizing patients into short-term (<36 months) and long-term (≥36 months) survivors, exploring novel associations between clinical outcomes and demographic, genetic, and immunologic parameters. Notably, DTHpos patients exhibit a 53.1% three-year survival compared to 16.1% in DTHneg patients. Extended remissions are observed in long-term survivors, particularly DTHpos/M1cneg patients. Younger age, stage III disease, and moderate immune events also benefit short-term survivors. Immunomarkers like increased C-type lectin domain family 2 member D on CD4+ T cells and elevated interleukin-17A were detected in long-term survivors. In contrast, toll-like receptor-4 D229G polymorphism and reduced CD32 on B cells are associated with reduced survival. TAPCells achieved stable long remissions in 35.2% of patients, especially M1cneg/DTHpos cases. Conclusions: Our study underscores the potential of vaccine-induced immune responses in melanoma, emphasizing the identification of emerging biological markers and clinical parameters for predicting long-term remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Tittarelli
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago 8940577, Chile;
| | - Cristian Pereda
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (C.P.); (M.A.G.); (M.N.L.); (I.F.); (F.T.)
| | - María A. Gleisner
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (C.P.); (M.A.G.); (M.N.L.); (I.F.); (F.T.)
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Mercedes N. López
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (C.P.); (M.A.G.); (M.N.L.); (I.F.); (F.T.)
| | - Iván Flores
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (C.P.); (M.A.G.); (M.N.L.); (I.F.); (F.T.)
| | - Fabián Tempio
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (C.P.); (M.A.G.); (M.N.L.); (I.F.); (F.T.)
| | - Alvaro Lladser
- Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 8580702, Chile;
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 8580702, Chile
| | - Adnane Achour
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fermín E. González
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology & Cancer, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile;
| | - Claudia Durán-Aniotz
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago 7941169, Chile;
| | | | - Milton Larrondo
- Banco de Sangre, Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Flavio Salazar-Onfray
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (C.P.); (M.A.G.); (M.N.L.); (I.F.); (F.T.)
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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Chia TY, Billingham LK, Boland L, Katz JL, Arrieta VA, Shireman J, Rosas AL, DeLay SL, Zillinger K, Geng Y, Kruger J, Silvers C, Wang H, Vazquez Cervantes GI, Hou D, Wang S, Wan H, Sonabend A, Zhang P, Lee-Chang C, Miska J. The CXCL16-CXCR6 axis in glioblastoma modulates T-cell activity in a spatiotemporal context. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1331287. [PMID: 38299146 PMCID: PMC10827847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1331287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) pathobiology is characterized by its significant induction of immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment, predominantly mediated by immunosuppressive tumor-associated myeloid cells (TAMCs). Myeloid cells play a pivotal role in shaping the GBM microenvironment and influencing immune responses, with direct interactions with effector immune cells critically impacting these processes. Methods Our study investigates the role of the CXCR6/CXCL16 axis in T-cell myeloid interactions within GBM tissues. We examined the surface expression of CXCL16, revealing its limitation to TAMCs, while microglia release CXCL16 as a cytokine. The study explores how these distinct expression patterns affect T-cell engagement, focusing on the consequences for T-cell function within the tumor environment. Additionally, we assessed the significance of CXCR6 expression in T-cell activation and the initial migration to tumor tissues. Results Our data demonstrates that CXCL16 surface expression on TAMCs results in predominant T-cell engagement with these cells, leading to impaired T-cell function within the tumor environment. Conversely, our findings highlight the essential role of CXCR6 expression in facilitating T-cell activation and initial migration to tumor tissues. The CXCL16-CXCR6 axis exhibits dualistic characteristics, facilitating the early stages of the T-cell immune response and promoting T-cell infiltration into tumors. However, once inside the tumor, this axis contributes to immunosuppression. Discussion The dual nature of the CXCL16-CXCR6 axis underscores its potential as a therapeutic target in GBM. However, our results emphasize the importance of carefully considering the timing and context of intervention. While targeting this axis holds promise in combating GBM, the complex interplay between TAMCs, microglia, and T cells suggests that intervention strategies need to be tailored to optimize the balance between promoting antitumor immunity and preventing immunosuppression within the dynamic tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yi Chia
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Leah K. Billingham
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lauren Boland
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Joshua L. Katz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Victor A. Arrieta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jack Shireman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, UW Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Aurora-Lopez Rosas
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Susan L. DeLay
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kaylee Zillinger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yuheng Geng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jeandre Kruger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Caylee Silvers
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hanxiang Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gustavo Ignacio Vazquez Cervantes
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - David Hou
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Si Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hanxiao Wan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Adam Sonabend
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Catalina Lee-Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jason Miska
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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Rynda AY, Rostovthev DM, Zabrodskaya YM, Olyushin VE. Immunotherapy with autologous dendritic cells in the complex treatment of malignant gliomas - results. J Neurooncol 2024; 166:309-319. [PMID: 38227144 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-023-04559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
ANNOTATION Malignant gliomas are the most common primary brain tumor. Despite the variety of modern treatments, it is still a fatal disease with an extremely poor prognosis. The use of immunotherapy as a technique for the treatment of malignant tumors has great promise, retraining and exploiting the patient's immune response against tumors. OBJECTIVE Evaluation of the effectiveness of dendritic cell vaccine in patients with malignant brain gliomas in the structure of complex treatment in comparison with the control group of patients without immunotherapy in the structure of treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a single-center, prospective, cohort study, taking place on the basis of the RNSI named after prof. A.L. Polenov, 91 patients with morphologically established malignant glial tumor (glioblastoma) took part. The main group of 41 patients who, in addition to standard treatment (surgical, radiation and chemotherapy), underwent specific antitumor immunotherapy. 50 patients received only standard treatment, without immunotherapy. RESULTS Median survival was 21.7 months in the immunotherapy group (95% CI 4-37 months) and 15.8 months (95% CI 3-22 months) in the non-immunotherapy group (p = 0.002). The median relapse-free period in the group with immunotherapy was 13.8 months (95% CI 1-20 months), and in the group without immunotherapy 7.9 months (95% CI 1-12 months) (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION In general, the use of immunotherapy in the structure of complex treatment of patients with malignant gliomas demonstrates a clear positive trend in terms of overall survival and median relapse-free period. But nevertheless, immunotherapy requires further development as a therapeutic tool, study and improvement, which will take into account immunosuppression in malignant gliomas and means of overcoming it, optimization in terms of target antigen selection, cell preparation and integration of dendritic vaccines into other treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemii Yuryevich Rynda
- Russian Neurosurgical Institute (RNSI) named after prof. A.L. Polenov- a branch of the National Medical Research Center named after V.A. Almazov »Ministry of Health of Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Dmitrii M Rostovthev
- Russian Neurosurgical Institute (RNSI) named after prof. A.L. Polenov- a branch of the National Medical Research Center named after V.A. Almazov »Ministry of Health of Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yulia M Zabrodskaya
- Russian Neurosurgical Institute (RNSI) named after prof. A.L. Polenov- a branch of the National Medical Research Center named after V.A. Almazov »Ministry of Health of Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Victor E Olyushin
- Russian Neurosurgical Institute (RNSI) named after prof. A.L. Polenov- a branch of the National Medical Research Center named after V.A. Almazov »Ministry of Health of Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia
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7
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Shen Y, Zheng D, Hu D, Ma B, Cai C, Chen W, Zeng J, Luo J, Xiao D, Zhao Y, Wu Z, Jing G, Xie Y. The prognostic value of tumor-associated macrophages in glioma patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35298. [PMID: 37747032 PMCID: PMC10519474 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is a complex tumor composed of both neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells, including tumor-infiltrating leukocytes (TILs), and each cell type contributes to tumor formation and malignant progression. Among TILs, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are of great importance and play a key role in the immune response to cancer. In this study, 22 types of adaptive and innate TILs were evaluated in gliomas. TAMs, which account for 38.7% of all these cells, are the most abundant immune infiltrates in the tumor microenvironment. In addition, we observed different immune cell patterns in low-grade glioma and glioblastoma. Our research indicated that there was a connection between TILs, and 13 of 22 TILs were significantly associated with patient outcomes. Finally, the prognosis and diagnostic value of TAMs were revealed using Kaplan-Meier analysis. We identified the optimal cutoff point of TAMs at an infiltrating level of 0.47 to predict patient prognosis, with a median overall survival of 448 days in patients with higher TAM infiltration levels and 2660 days in patients with lower TAM infiltration levels. These findings provide a new idea for glioma to regulate tumor-specific immunity, clarify the potential effects of TAMs on disease pathology, and provide a theoretical basis for immune intervention treatment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shen
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Huizhou First People’s Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dingke Zheng
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Huizhou First People’s Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong Hu
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Huizhou First People’s Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Baoxin Ma
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Huizhou First People’s Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunsheng Cai
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Huizhou First People’s Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Huizhou First People’s Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiahao Zeng
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Huizhou First People’s Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junran Luo
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Huizhou First People’s Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dan Xiao
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Huizhou First People’s Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Huizhou First People’s Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyan Wu
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Huizhou First People’s Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guojie Jing
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Huizhou First People’s Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yituan Xie
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Huizhou First People’s Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
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8
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Ge Z, Zhang Q, Lin W, Jiang X, Zhang Y. The role of angiogenic growth factors in the immune microenvironment of glioma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1254694. [PMID: 37790751 PMCID: PMC10542410 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1254694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenic growth factors (AGFs) are a class of secreted cytokines related to angiogenesis that mainly include vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and angiopoietins (ANGs). Accumulating evidence indicates that the role of AGFs is not only limited to tumor angiogenesis but also participating in tumor progression by other mechanisms that go beyond their angiogenic role. AGFs were shown to be upregulated in the glioma microenvironment characterized by extensive angiogenesis and high immunosuppression. AGFs produced by tumor and stromal cells can exert an immunomodulatory role in the glioma microenvironment by interacting with immune cells. This review aims to sum up the interactions among AGFs, immune cells and cancer cells with a particular emphasis on glioma and tries to provide new perspectives for understanding the glioma immune microenvironment and in-depth explorations for anti-glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiaofan Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yanyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
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9
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Ren R, Xiong C, Ma R, Wang Y, Yue T, Yu J, Shao B. The recent progress of myeloid-derived suppressor cell and its targeted therapies in cancers. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e323. [PMID: 37547175 PMCID: PMC10397484 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are an immature group of myeloid-derived cells generated from myeloid cell precursors in the bone marrow. MDSCs appear almost exclusively in pathological conditions, such as tumor progression and various inflammatory diseases. The leading function of MDSCs is their immunosuppressive ability, which plays a crucial role in tumor progression and metastasis through their immunosuppressive effects. Since MDSCs have specific molecular features, and only a tiny amount exists in physiological conditions, MDSC-targeted therapy has become a promising research direction for tumor treatment with minimal side effects. In this review, we briefly introduce the classification, generation and maturation process, and features of MDSCs, and detail their functions under various circumstances. The present review specifically demonstrates the environmental specificity of MDSCs, highlighting the differences between MDSCs from cancer and healthy individuals, as well as tumor-infiltrating MDSCs and circulating MDSCs. Then, we further describe recent advances in MDSC-targeted therapies. The existing and potential targeted drugs are divided into three categories, monoclonal antibodies, small-molecular inhibitors, and peptides. Their targeting mechanisms and characteristics have been summarized respectively. We believe that a comprehensive in-depth understanding of MDSC-targeted therapy could provide more possibilities for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesDepartment of OrthodonticsWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Chenyi Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Runyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Yixuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Tianyang Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Jiayun Yu
- Department of RadiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Bin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
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10
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Kumari S, Gupta R, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. Multiple therapeutic approaches of glioblastoma multiforme: From terminal to therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188913. [PMID: 37182666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive brain cancer showing poor prognosis. Currently, treatment methods of GBM are limited with adverse outcomes and low survival rate. Thus, advancements in the treatment of GBM are of utmost importance, which can be achieved in recent decades. However, despite aggressive initial treatment, most patients develop recurrent diseases, and the overall survival rate of patients is impossible to achieve. Currently, researchers across the globe target signaling events along with tumor microenvironment (TME) through different drug molecules to inhibit the progression of GBM, but clinically they failed to demonstrate much success. Herein, we discuss the therapeutic targets and signaling cascades along with the role of the organoids model in GBM research. Moreover, we systematically review the traditional and emerging therapeutic strategies in GBM. In addition, we discuss the implications of nanotechnologies, AI, and combinatorial approach to enhance GBM therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Kumari
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, India
| | - Rohan Gupta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, India
| | - Rashmi K Ambasta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, India.
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11
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Rafii S, Kandoussi S, Ghouzlani A, Naji O, Reddy KP, Ullah Sadiqi R, Badou A. Deciphering immune microenvironment and cell evasion mechanisms in human gliomas. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1135430. [PMID: 37274252 PMCID: PMC10235598 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1135430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are considered one of the most malignant cancers in the body. Despite current therapies, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, these tumors usually recur with more aggressive and resistant phenotypes. Indeed, the survival following these conventional therapies is very poor, which makes immunotherapy the subject of active research at present. The anti-tumor immune response could also be considered a prognostic factor since each stage of cancer development is regulated by immune cells. However, glioma microenvironment contains malignant cells that secrete numerous chemokines, cytokines and growth factors, promoting the infiltration of immunosuppressive cells into the tumor, which limit the functioning of the immune system against glioma cells. Recently, researchers have been able to reverse the immune resistance of cancer cells and thus activate the anti-tumor immune response through different immunotherapy strategies. Here, we review the general concept of glioma's immune microenvironment and report the impact of its distinct components on the anti-tumor immune response. We also discuss the mechanisms of glioma cell evasion from the immune response and pinpoint some potential therapeutic pathways, which could alleviate such resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumaya Rafii
- Immuno-Genetics and Human Pathologies Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Sarah Kandoussi
- Immuno-Genetics and Human Pathologies Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Amina Ghouzlani
- Immuno-Genetics and Human Pathologies Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Oumayma Naji
- Immuno-Genetics and Human Pathologies Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | | | - Rizwan Ullah Sadiqi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abdallah Badou
- Immuno-Genetics and Human Pathologies Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
- Mohammed VI Center for Research and Innovation, Rabat, Morocco and Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health, Casablanca, Morocco
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12
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Recent Emerging Immunological Treatments for Primary Brain Tumors: Focus on Chemokine-Targeting Immunotherapies. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060841. [PMID: 36980182 PMCID: PMC10046911 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary brain tumors are a leading cause of death worldwide and are characterized by extraordinary heterogeneity and high invasiveness. Current drug and radiotherapy therapies combined with surgical approaches tend to increase the five-year survival of affected patients, however, the overall mortality rate remains high, thus constituting a clinical challenge for which the discovery of new therapeutic strategies is needed. In this field, novel immunotherapy approaches, aimed at overcoming the complex immunosuppressive microenvironment, could represent a new method of treatment for central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Chemokines especially are a well-defined group of proteins that were so named due to their chemotactic properties of binding their receptors. Chemokines regulate the recruitment and/or tissue retention of immune cells as well as the mobilization of tumor cells that have undergone epithelial–mesenchymal transition, promoting tumor growth. On this basis, this review focuses on the function and involvement of chemokines and their receptors in primary brain tumors, specifically examining chemokine-targeting immunotherapies as one of the most promising strategies in neuro-oncology.
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13
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Zhu X, Fang Y, Chen Y, Chen Y, Hong W, Wei W, Tu J. Interaction of tumor-associated microglia/macrophages and cancer stem cells in glioma. Life Sci 2023; 320:121558. [PMID: 36889666 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Glioma is the most common tumor of the primary central nervous system, and its malignant phenotype has been shown to be closely related to glioma stem cells (GSCs). Although temozolomide has significantly improved the therapeutic outcome of glioma with a high penetration rate of the blood-brain barrier, resistance is often present in patients. Moreover, evidence has shown that the crosstalk between GSCs and tumor-associated microglia/macrophages (TAMs) affect the clinical occurrence, growth, and multi-tolerance of chemoradiotherapy in gliomas. Here, we highlight its vital roles in the maintenance of the stemness of GSCs and the ability of GSCs to recruit TAMs to the tumor microenvironment and promote their polarization into tumor-promoting macrophages, hence providing groundwork for future research into new treatment strategies of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yilong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yizhao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenming Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Jiajie Tu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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14
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Khan AB, Lee S, Harmanci AS, Patel R, Latha K, Yang Y, Marisetty A, Lee HK, Heimberger AB, Fuller GN, Deneen B, Rao G. CXCR4 expression is associated with proneural-to-mesenchymal transition in glioblastoma. Int J Cancer 2023; 152:713-724. [PMID: 36250346 PMCID: PMC10071545 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary intracranial malignant tumor and consists of three molecular subtypes: proneural (PN), mesenchymal (MES) and classical (CL). Transition between PN to MES subtypes (PMT) is the glioma analog of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in carcinomas and is associated with resistance to therapy. CXCR4 signaling increases the expression of MES genes in glioma cell lines and promotes EMT in other cancers. RNA sequencing (RNAseq) data of PN GBMs in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and secondary high-grade gliomas (HGGs) from an internal cohort were examined for correlation between CXCR4 expression and survival as well as expression of MES markers. Publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) data was analyzed for cell type specific CXCR4 expression. These results were validated in a genetic mouse model of PN GBM. Higher CXCR4 expression was associated with significantly reduced survival and increased expression of MES markers in TCGA and internal cohorts. CXCR4 was expressed in immune and tumor cells based on scRNAseq analysis. Higher CXCR4 expression within tumor cells on scRNAseq was associated with increased MES phenotype, suggesting a cell-autonomous effect. In a genetically engineered mouse model, tumors induced with CXCR4 exhibited a mesenchymal phenotype and shortened survival. These results suggest that CXCR4 signaling promotes PMT and shortens survival in GBM and highlights its inhibition as a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Basit Khan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Sungho Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Rajan Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Khatri Latha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Yuhui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Hyun-Kyoung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Benjamin Deneen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Ganesh Rao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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15
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A combination therapy of bortezomib, CXCR4 inhibitor, and checkpoint inhibitor is effective in cholangiocarcinoma in vivo. iScience 2023; 26:106095. [PMID: 36843847 PMCID: PMC9950944 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a biliary tree malignancy with a dismal prognosis. Tumor microenvironment (TME), including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) has been shown to be involved in drug resistance. To model the interactions between cancer cells and the TME, we established CCA complex patient-derived organoids (cPDOs) to include epithelial PDO (ePDOs) and matched CAFs. While ePDOs were sensitive to bortezomib, we found the matched cPDOs were relatively resistant. Mechanistically, this resistance was correlated with over-expression of CXCR4 in the CAF component of cPDOs. In accord with the role of CXCR4 in the resistance to bortezomib, we found that a CXCR4 inhibitor can reverse the resistance to bortezomib in vivo. Furthermore, we found that the inhibition of CXCR4 allowed bortezomib to sensitize CCA to anti-PD1 treatment, with a significant reduction of tumor burden and long-term overall survival. This novel cancer/stroma/immune triple treatment holds great promise for the treatment of CCA.
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16
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Eulberg D, Frömming A, Lapid K, Mangasarian A, Barak A. The prospect of tumor microenvironment-modulating therapeutical strategies. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1070243. [PMID: 36568151 PMCID: PMC9772844 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1070243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple mechanisms promote tumor prosperity, which does not only depend on cell-autonomous, inherent abnormal characteristics of the malignant cells that facilitate rapid cell division and tumor expansion. The neoplastic tissue is embedded in a supportive and dynamic tumor microenvironment (TME) that nurtures and protects the malignant cells, maintaining and perpetuating malignant cell expansion. The TME consists of different elements, such as atypical vasculature, various innate and adaptive immune cells with immunosuppressive or pro-inflammatory properties, altered extracellular matrix (ECM), activated stromal cells, and a wide range of secreted/stroma-tethered bioactive molecules that contribute to malignancy, directly or indirectly. In this review, we describe the various TME components and provide examples of anti-cancer therapies and novel drugs under development that aim to target these components rather than the intrinsic processes within the malignant cells. Combinatory TME-modulating therapeutic strategies may be required to overcome the resistance to current treatment options and prevent tumor recurrence.
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17
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Wang J, Nan Y, Liu M, Hu K. The Role of CD4 + T Cells in the Immunotherapy of Brain Disease by Secreting Different Cytokines. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2022; 17:409-422. [PMID: 36443518 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-022-10056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Upon different stimulation, naïve CD4+ T cells differentiate into various subsets of T helper (Th) cells, including Th1, Th2, Th17, and Tregs. They play both protective and pathogenic roles in the central nervous system (CNS) by secreting different cytokines. Failure of the homeostasis of the subgroups in the CNS can result in different brain diseases. Recently, immunotherapy has drawn more and more attention in the therapy of various brain diseases. Here, we describe the role of different CD4+ T cell subsets and their secreted cytokines in various brain diseases, as well as the ways in which by affecting CD4+ T cells in therapy of the CNS diseases. Understanding the role of CD4+ T cells and their secreted cytokines in the immunotherapy of brain disease will provide new targets and therapeutics for the treatment of brain disease. The role of CD4 + T cell subtypes in different diseases and their associated regulatory genes, proteins, and enzymes. CD4 + T cell subtypes play both protective (green) and pathogenic (red) roles in different brain diseases. The immune regulatory effects of CD4 + T cells and their subtypes are promoted or inhibited by different genes, proteins, and enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Shanghai Innovation Center of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yunrong Nan
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Shanghai Innovation Center of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Industrial Development Center of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Kaili Hu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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18
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Preddy I, Nandoliya K, Miska J, Ahmed AU. Checkpoint: Inspecting the barriers in glioblastoma immunotherapies. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:473-481. [PMID: 35150865 PMCID: PMC9363531 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite an aggressive standard of care involving radiation therapy, temozolomide-based chemotherapy, and surgical resection, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) continues to exhibit very high recurrence and mortality rates partly due to the highly plastic and heterogenous nature of the tumor. In recent years, activation of the immune system has emerged as a promising strategy in cancer therapies. However, despite recent successes in other fields, immunotherapeutic approaches continue to encounter challenges in GBM. In this review, we first discuss immunotherapies targeting the most well-studied immune checkpoint proteins, CTLA-4 and PD-1, followed by discussions on therapies targeting immune-stimulatory molecules and secreted metabolic enzymes. Finally, we address the major challenges with immunotherapy in GBM and the potential for combination and neoadjuvant immunotherapies to tip the scales in the fight against glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Preddy
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, United States
| | - Khizar Nandoliya
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, United States
| | - Jason Miska
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, United States; Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, United States
| | - Atique U Ahmed
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, United States; Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, United States.
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19
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Xu C, Xiao M, Li X, Xin L, Song J, Zhan Q, Wang C, Zhang Q, Yuan X, Tan Y, Fang C. Origin, activation, and targeted therapy of glioma-associated macrophages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:974996. [PMID: 36275720 PMCID: PMC9582955 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.974996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The glioma tumor microenvironment plays a crucial role in the development, occurrence, and treatment of gliomas. Glioma-associated macrophages (GAMs) are the most widely infiltrated immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and one of the major cell populations that exert immune functions. GAMs typically originate from two cell types-brain-resident microglia (BRM) and bone marrow-derived monocytes (BMDM), depending on a variety of cytokines for recruitment and activation. GAMs mainly contain two functionally and morphologically distinct activation types- classically activated M1 macrophages (antitumor/immunostimulatory) and alternatively activated M2 macrophages (protumor/immunosuppressive). GAMs have been shown to affect multiple biological functions of gliomas, including promoting tumor growth and invasion, angiogenesis, energy metabolism, and treatment resistance. Both M1 and M2 macrophages are highly plastic and can polarize or interconvert under various malignant conditions. As the relationship between GAMs and gliomas has become more apparent, GAMs have long been one of the promising targets for glioma therapy, and many studies have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of this target. Here, we review the origin and activation of GAMs in gliomas, how they regulate tumor development and response to therapies, and current glioma therapeutic strategies targeting GAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Xu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hebei University, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding, China
| | - Menglin Xiao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hebei University, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Hebei University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Lei Xin
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hebei University, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding, China
| | - Jia Song
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding, China
- Hebei University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Qi Zhan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Changsheng Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hebei University, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding, China
| | - Qisong Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hebei University, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaoye Yuan
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding, China
- Hebei University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Yanli Tan
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding, China
- Hebei University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
- *Correspondence: Chuan Fang, ; Yanli Tan,
| | - Chuan Fang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hebei University, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding, China
- *Correspondence: Chuan Fang, ; Yanli Tan,
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20
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Chen J, Kang Z, Li S, Wang C, Zheng X, Cai Z, Pan L, Chen F, Li W. Molecular profile reveals immune-associated markers of medulloblastoma for different subtypes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:911260. [PMID: 35967388 PMCID: PMC9367478 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.911260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma, a common pediatric malignant tumor, has been recognized to have four molecular subgroups [wingless (WNT), sonic hedgehog (SHH), group 3, group 4], which are defined by the characteristic gene transcriptomic and DNA methylomic profiles, and has distinct clinical features within each subgroup. The tumor immune microenvironment is integral in tumor initiation and progression and might be associated with therapeutic responses. However, to date, the immune infiltrative landscape of medulloblastoma has not yet been elucidated. Thus, we proposed MethylCIBERSORT to estimate the degree of immune cell infiltration and weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) to find modules of highly correlated genes. Synthesizing the hub genes in the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network and modules of the co-expression network, we identify three candidate biomarkers [GRB2-associated-binding protein 1 (GAB1), Abelson 1 (ABL1), and CXC motif chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4)] via the molecular profiles of medulloblastoma. Given this, we investigated the correlation between these three immune hub genes and immune checkpoint blockade response and the potential of drug prediction further. In addition, this study demonstrated a higher presence of endothelial cells and infiltrating immune cells in Group 3 tumor bulk. The above results will be conducive to better comprehending the immune-related pathogenesis and treatment of medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Chen
- Department of Neuro-oncology, Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuang Kang
- Department of Neuro-oncology, Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shenglan Li
- Department of Neuro-oncology, Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Can Wang
- Department of Neuro-oncology, Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Zheng
- Department of Neuro-oncology, Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zehao Cai
- Department of Neuro-oncology, Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lexin Pan
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Neuro-oncology, Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Department of Neuro-oncology, Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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21
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Liu Y, Wang W, Zhang D, Sun Y, Li F, Zheng M, Lovejoy DB, Zou Y, Shi B. Brain co‐delivery of first‐line chemotherapy drug and epigenetic bromodomain inhibitor for multidimensional enhanced synergistic glioblastoma therapy. EXPLORATION 2022; 2:20210274. [PMCID: PMC10190947 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Liu
- Henan–Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio‐nanomedicine School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Wendie Wang
- Henan–Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio‐nanomedicine School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Dongya Zhang
- Henan–Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio‐nanomedicine School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Yajing Sun
- Henan–Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio‐nanomedicine School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - Fangzhou Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China Beijing China
| | - Meng Zheng
- Henan–Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio‐nanomedicine School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
| | - David B. Lovejoy
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research Macquarie Medical School Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Yan Zou
- Henan–Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio‐nanomedicine School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research Macquarie Medical School Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Bingyang Shi
- Henan–Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio‐nanomedicine School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng Henan China
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research Macquarie Medical School Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
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22
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Wu Y, Hu Y, Tang L, Yin S, Lv L, Zhou P. Targeting CXCR4 to suppress glioma-initiating cells and chemoresistance in glioma. Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:1519-1529. [PMID: 35731168 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glioma initiating cells (GICs), also known as glioma stem cells, display the capacity to recapitulate the functional diversity within the tumor. Despite the great progress achieved over the last decades, defining the key molecular regulators of GICs has represented a major obstacle in this field. In our study, data from The Cancer Genome Atlas database illustrated a relationship between C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) expression and the survival of glioma patients. Mechanistically, we further indicated that CXCR4 mediated the upregulation of Kruppel like factor 5 (KLF5), a zinc-finger-containing transcription factor, to facilitate the proliferation of GICs. What's more, CXCR4 also enhanced the chemoresistance through KLF5/Bcl2-like 12 (BCl2L12) in glioma. The elevated expression of KLF5 and BCL2L12 induced by CXCR4 was dependent on phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/serine/threonine kinase (AKT) signaling. Importantly, combined application of temozolomide and a CXCR4 inhibitor efficiently reversed CXCR4 mediated drugs resistance and improved anticancer effects in vivo. Collectively, our findings confirmed that CXCR4 promoted GICs proliferation via the KLF5/BCL2L12 dependent pathway, which may enrich the understanding of GICs and help drive the design of efficacious therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingli Tang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Senlin Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peizhi Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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23
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Translational landscape of glioblastoma immunotherapy for physicians: guiding clinical practice with basic scientific evidence. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:80. [PMID: 35690784 PMCID: PMC9188021 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in cancer therapeutics, glioblastoma (GBM) remains one of the most difficult cancers to treat in both the primary and recurrent settings. GBM presents a unique therapeutic challenge given the immune-privileged environment of the brain and the aggressive nature of the disease. Furthermore, it can change phenotypes throughout the course of disease—switching between mesenchymal, neural, and classic gene signatures, each with specific markers and mechanisms of resistance. Recent advancements in the field of immunotherapy—which utilizes strategies to reenergize or alter the immune system to target cancer—have shown striking results in patients with many types of malignancy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cellular therapy, cellular and peptide vaccines, and other technologies provide clinicians with a vast array of tools to design highly individualized treatment and potential for combination strategies. There are currently over 80 active clinical trials evaluating immunotherapies for GBM, often in combination with standard secondary treatment options including re-resection and anti-angiogenic agents, such as bevacizumab. This review will provide a clinically focused overview of the immune environment present in GBM, which is frequently immunosuppressive and characterized by M2 macrophages, T cell exhaustion, enhanced transforming growth factor-β signaling, and others. We will also outline existing immunotherapeutic strategies, with a special focus on immune checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor therapy, and dendritic cell vaccines. Finally, we will summarize key discoveries in the field and discuss currently active clinical trials, including combination strategies, burgeoning technology like nucleic acid and nanoparticle therapy, and novel anticancer vaccines. This review aims to provide the most updated summary of the field of immunotherapy for GBM and offer both historical perspective and future directions to help inform clinical practice.
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24
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Kollis PM, Ebert LM, Toubia J, Bastow CR, Ormsby RJ, Poonnoose SI, Lenin S, Tea MN, Pitson SM, Gomez GA, Brown MP, Gargett T. Characterising Distinct Migratory Profiles of Infiltrating T-Cell Subsets in Human Glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:850226. [PMID: 35464424 PMCID: PMC9019231 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.850226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive form of primary brain cancer, with no improvements in the 5-year survival rate of 4.6% over the past three decades. T-cell-based immunotherapies such as immune-checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy have prolonged the survival of patients with other cancers and have undergone early-phase clinical evaluation in glioblastoma patients. However, a major challenge for T-cell-based immunotherapy of glioblastoma and other solid cancers is T-cell infiltration into tumours. This process is mediated by chemokine-chemokine receptor and integrin-adhesion molecule interactions, yet the specific nature of the molecules that may facilitate T-cell homing into glioblastoma are unknown. Here, we have characterised chemokine receptor and integrin expression profiles of endogenous glioblastoma-infiltrating T cells, and the chemokine expression profile of glioblastoma-associated cells, by single-cell RNA-sequencing. Subsequently, chemokine receptors and integrins were validated at the protein level to reveal enrichment of receptors CCR2, CCR5, CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR6, CD49a, and CD49d in glioblastoma-infiltrating T-cell populations relative to T cells in matched patient peripheral blood. Complementary chemokine ligand expression was then validated in glioblastoma biopsies and glioblastoma-derived primary cell cultures. Together, enriched expression of homing receptor-ligand pairs identified in this study implicate a potential role in mediating T-cell infiltration into glioblastoma. Importantly, our data characterising the migratory receptors on endogenous tumour-infiltrating T cells could be exploited to enhance the tumour-homing properties of future T-cell immunotherapies for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paris M Kollis
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lisa M Ebert
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - John Toubia
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation (ACRF) Cancer Genomics Facility, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Cameron R Bastow
- Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Molecular Life Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Ormsby
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Santosh I Poonnoose
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sakthi Lenin
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Melinda N Tea
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stuart M Pitson
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Guillermo A Gomez
- Tissue Architecture and Organ Function Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael P Brown
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tessa Gargett
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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25
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Emerging Biomarkers for Immunotherapy in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14081940. [PMID: 35454848 PMCID: PMC9024739 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immunotherapy has shown clinical benefits in several solid cancers; still, glioblastoma remains very challenging to treat. Glioblastoma is the most frequent brain cancer and displays great heterogeneity. The standard of care has remained the same for over fifteen years, and to overcome the therapeutic limitations, emerging immune correlates of therapy responses and improved prognosis should be further developed for a more personalized therapy approach and increased clinical responses. Abstract Immunotherapy has shown clinical benefits in several solid malignancies—in particular, melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer. However, in other solid tumours such as glioblastoma (GBM), the response to immunotherapy has been more variable, and except for anti-PD-1 for patients with microsatellite instable (MSI)+ cancers, no immunotherapy is currently approved for GBM patients. GBM is the most common and most aggressive brain cancer with a very poor prognosis and a median overall survival of 15 months. A few prognostic biomarkers have been identified and are used to some extent, but apart from MSI, no biomarkers are used for patient stratification for treatments other than the standard of care, which was established 15 years ago. Around 25% of new treatments investigated in GBM are immunotherapies. Recent studies indicate that the use of integrated and validated immune correlates predicting the response and guiding treatments could improve the efficacy of immunotherapy in GBM. In this review, we will give an overview of the current status of immunotherapy and biomarkers in use in GBM with the main challenges of treatment in this disease. We will also discuss emerging biomarkers that could be used in future immunotherapy strategies for patient stratification and potentially improved treatment efficacy.
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26
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The Hallmarks of Glioblastoma: Heterogeneity, Intercellular Crosstalk and Molecular Signature of Invasiveness and Progression. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040806. [PMID: 35453557 PMCID: PMC9031586 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2021 the World Health Organization published the fifth and latest version of the Central Nervous System tumors classification, which incorporates and summarizes a long list of updates from the Consortium to Inform Molecular and Practical Approaches to CNS Tumor Taxonomy work. Among the adult-type diffuse gliomas, glioblastoma represents most primary brain tumors in the neuro-oncology practice of adults. Despite massive efforts in the field of neuro-oncology diagnostics to ensure a proper taxonomy, the identification of glioblastoma-tumor subtypes is not accompanied by personalized therapies, and no improvements in terms of overall survival have been achieved so far, confirming the existence of open and unresolved issues. The aim of this review is to illustrate and elucidate the state of art regarding the foremost biological and molecular mechanisms that guide the beginning and the progression of this cancer, showing the salient features of tumor hallmarks in glioblastoma. Pathophysiology processes are discussed on molecular and cellular levels, highlighting the critical overlaps that are involved into the creation of a complex tumor microenvironment. The description of glioblastoma hallmarks shows how tumoral processes can be linked together, finding their involvement within distinct areas that are engaged for cancer-malignancy establishment and maintenance. The evidence presented provides the promising view that glioblastoma represents interconnected hallmarks that may led to a better understanding of tumor pathophysiology, therefore driving the development of new therapeutic strategies and approaches.
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27
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Candiota AP, Arús C. Establishing Imaging Biomarkers of Host Immune System Efficacy during Glioblastoma Therapy Response: Challenges, Obstacles and Future Perspectives. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12030243. [PMID: 35323686 PMCID: PMC8950145 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12030243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This hypothesis proposal addresses three major questions: (1) Why do we need imaging biomarkers for assessing the efficacy of immune system participation in glioblastoma therapy response? (2) Why are they not available yet? and (3) How can we produce them? We summarize the literature data supporting the claim that the immune system is behind the efficacy of most successful glioblastoma therapies but, unfortunately, there are no current short-term imaging biomarkers of its activity. We also discuss how using an immunocompetent murine model of glioblastoma, allowing the cure of mice and the generation of immune memory, provides a suitable framework for glioblastoma therapy response biomarker studies. Both magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance-based metabolomic data (i.e., magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging) can provide non-invasive assessments of such a system. A predictor based in nosological images, generated from magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging analyses and their oscillatory patterns, should be translational to clinics. We also review hurdles that may explain why such an oscillatory biomarker was not reported in previous imaging glioblastoma work. Single shot explorations that neglect short-term oscillatory behavior derived from immune system attack on tumors may mislead actual response extent detection. Finally, we consider improvements required to properly predict immune system-mediated early response (1–2 weeks) to therapy. The sensible use of improved biomarkers may enable translatable evidence-based therapeutic protocols, with the possibility of extending preclinical results to human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Candiota
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Biociències, Edifici Cs, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Arús
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Biociències, Edifici Cs, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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28
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Revolutionization in Cancer Therapeutics via Targeting Major Immune Checkpoints PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030335. [PMID: 35337133 PMCID: PMC8952773 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous research reports have witnessed dramatic advancements in cancer therapeutic approaches through immunotherapy. Blocking immunological checkpoint pathways (mechanisms employed by malignant cells to disguise themselves as normal human body components) has emerged as a viable strategy for developing anticancer immunity. Through the development of effective immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in multiple carcinomas, advances in cancer immunity have expedited a major breakthrough in cancer therapy. Blocking a variety of ICIs, such as PD-1 (programmed cell death-1), programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) has improved the immune system’s efficacy in combating cancer cells. Recent studies also supported the fact that ICIs combined with other potent antitumor candidates, such as angiogenic agents, could be a solid promising chemopreventive therapeutic approach in improving the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Immune checkpoint blockade has aided antiangiogenesis by lowering vascular endothelial growth factor expression and alleviating hypoxia. Our review summarized recent advances and clinical improvements in immune checkpoint blocking tactics, including combinatorial treatment of immunogenic cell death (ICD) inducers with ICIs, which may aid future researchers in creating more effective cancer-fighting strategies.
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29
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Henderson JJ, Das A, Morgenstern DA, Sudhaman S, Bianchi V, Chung J, Negm L, Edwards M, Kram DE, Osborn M, Hawkins C, Bouffet E, Cho YJ, Tabori U. Immune Checkpoint Inhibition as Single Therapy for Synchronous Cancers Exhibiting Hypermutation: An IRRDC Study. JCO Precis Oncol 2022; 6:e2100286. [PMID: 35235414 PMCID: PMC8906457 DOI: 10.1200/po.21.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Two targets with one arrow: #Immunotherapy as single treatment for synchronous RRD #glioblastoma and #metastatic cancers.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Henderson
- Mary Bridge Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Tacoma, WA.,Papé Pediatric Research Institute, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR
| | - Anirban Das
- Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, CA
| | | | - Sumedha Sudhaman
- Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, CA
| | - Vanessa Bianchi
- Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, CA
| | - Jill Chung
- Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, CA
| | - Logine Negm
- Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, CA
| | - Melissa Edwards
- Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, CA
| | - David E Kram
- Section of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
| | - Michael Osborn
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia
| | - Cynthia Hawkins
- Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, CA
| | - Eric Bouffet
- Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, CA
| | - Yoon-Jae Cho
- Papé Pediatric Research Institute, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR
| | - Uri Tabori
- Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, CA
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30
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Li X, Zhong J, Deng X, Guo X, Lu Y, Lin J, Huang X, Wang C. Targeting Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells to Enhance the Antitumor Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy. Front Immunol 2022; 12:754196. [PMID: 35003065 PMCID: PMC8727744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.754196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells that are activated under pathological conditions, such as cancer, or mature myeloid cells that are converted immune-suppressive cells via tumor-derived exosomes, and potently support the tumor processes at different levels. Currently, multiple studies have demonstrated that MDSCs induce immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy resistance through their contribution to the immunosuppressive network in the tumor microenvironment. In addition, non-immunosuppressive mechanisms of MDSCs such as promotion of angiogenesis and induction of cancer stem cells also exert a powerful role in tumor progression. Thus, MDSCs are potential therapeutic targets to enhance the antitumor efficacy of ICB therapy in cases of multiple cancers. This review focuses on the tumor-promoting mechanism of MDSCs and provides an overview of current strategies that target MDSCs with the objective of enhancing the antitumor efficacy of ICB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Geriatric Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Zhong
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Deng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Guo
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yantong Lu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juze Lin
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Geriatric Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuhui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Geriatric Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changjun Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Geriatric Institute, Guangzhou, China
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31
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Immunotherapeutic Approaches for Glioblastoma Treatment. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020427. [PMID: 35203636 PMCID: PMC8962267 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma remains a challenging disease to treat, despite well-established standard-of-care treatments, with a median survival consistently of less than 2 years. In this review, we delineate the unique disease-specific challenges for immunotherapies, both brain-related and non-brain-related, which will need to be adequately overcome for the development of effective treatments. We also review current immunotherapy treatments, with a focus on clinical applications, and propose future directions for the field of GBM immunotherapy.
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Bausart M, Préat V, Malfanti A. Immunotherapy for glioblastoma: the promise of combination strategies. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:35. [PMID: 35078492 PMCID: PMC8787896 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) treatment has remained almost unchanged for more than 20 years. The current standard of care involves surgical resection (if possible) followed by concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In recent years, immunotherapy strategies have revolutionized the treatment of many cancers, increasing the hope for GBM therapy. However, mostly due to the high, multifactorial immunosuppression occurring in the microenvironment, the poor knowledge of the neuroimmune system and the presence of the blood-brain barrier, the efficacy of immunotherapy in GBM is still low. Recently, new strategies for GBM treatments have employed immunotherapy combinations and have provided encouraging results in both preclinical and clinical studies. The lessons learned from clinical trials highlight the importance of tackling different arms of immunity. In this review, we aim to summarize the preclinical evidence regarding combination immunotherapy in terms of immune and survival benefits for GBM management. The outcomes of recent studies assessing the combination of different classes of immunotherapeutic agents (e.g., immune checkpoint blockade and vaccines) will be discussed. Finally, future strategies to ameliorate the efficacy of immunotherapy and facilitate clinical translation will be provided to address the unmet medical needs of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Bausart
- UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Préat
- UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Alessio Malfanti
- UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
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Vafaei S, Zekiy AO, Khanamir RA, Zaman BA, Ghayourvahdat A, Azimizonuzi H, Zamani M. Combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs); a new frontier. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:2. [PMID: 34980128 PMCID: PMC8725311 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02407-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapy has become a promising therapeutic strategy with encouraging therapeutic outcomes due to their durable anti-tumor effects. Though, tumor inherent or acquired resistance to ICIs accompanied with treatment-related toxicities hamper their clinical utility. Overall, about 60-70% of patients (e.g., melanoma and lung cancer) who received ICIs show no objective response to intervention. The resistance to ICIs mainly caused by alterations in the tumor microenvironment (TME), which in turn, supports angiogenesis and also blocks immune cell antitumor activities, facilitating tumor cells' evasion from host immunosurveillance. Thereby, it has been supposed and also validated that combination therapy with ICIs and other therapeutic means, ranging from chemoradiotherapy to targeted therapies as well as cancer vaccines, can capably compromise tumor resistance to immune checkpoint blocked therapy. Herein, we have focused on the therapeutic benefits of ICIs as a groundbreaking approach in the context of tumor immunotherapy and also deliver an overview concerning the therapeutic influences of the addition of ICIs to other modalities to circumvent tumor resistance to ICIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Vafaei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Angelina O. Zekiy
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ramadhan Ado Khanamir
- Internal Medicine and Surgery Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Burhan Abdullah Zaman
- Basic Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | | | | | - Majid Zamani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
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Cho HJ, Koo J. Odorant G protein-coupled receptors as potential therapeutic targets for adult diffuse gliomas: a systematic analysis and review. BMB Rep 2021. [PMID: 34847986 PMCID: PMC8728539 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2021.54.12.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Odorant receptors (ORs) account for about 60% of all human G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). OR expression outside of the nose has functions distinct from odor perception, and may contribute to the pathogenesis of disorders including brain diseases and cancers. Glioma is the most common adult malignant brain tumor and requires novel therapeutic strategies to improve clinical outcomes. Here, we outlined the expression of brain ORs and investigated OR expression levels in glioma. Although most ORs were not ubiquitously expressed in gliomas, a subset of ORs displayed glioma subtype-specific expression. Moreover, through systematic survival analysis on OR genes, OR51E1 (mouse Olfr558) was identified as a potential biomarker of unfavorable overall survival, and OR2C1 (mouse Olfr15) was identified as a potential biomarker of favorable overall survival in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wild-type glioma. In addition to transcriptomic analysis, mutational profiles revealed that somatic mutations in OR genes were detected in > 60% of glioma samples. OR5D18 (mouse Olfr1155) was the most frequently mutated OR gene, and OR5AR1 (mouse Olfr1019) showed IDH wild-type-specific mutation. Based on this systematic analysis and review of the genomic and transcriptomic profiles of ORs in glioma, we suggest that ORs are potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Convergence Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - JaeHyung Koo
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
- 4New Biology Research Center (NBRC), DGIST, Daegu 42988, 5Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea
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Zhai Y, Ma Y, Pang B, Zhang J, Li Y, Rui Y, Xu T, Zhao Y, Qian Z, Gu Y, Li S. A cascade targeting strategy based on modified bacterial vesicles for enhancing cancer immunotherapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:434. [PMID: 34930285 PMCID: PMC8686283 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01193-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an efficient tumor immunotherapy, PD-1 antibody has been gradually used in clinical tumor treatment, but the low response rate and excessive immune response limit its extensive application. RESULTS Herein, a therapeutic regime for the reinvigoration and activation of the tumor immune microenvironment is introduced to improve the anti-tumor effect of the PD-1 antibody. To comprehensively improve the effect of the immunotherapy and reduce excessive immune response, a biomimetic cascade targeting nanosystem, siRNA@PLOV, which was fused by photothermal sensitive liposomes (PTSLs) and attenuated Salmonella outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), was administered in the tumor therapy for targeting of tumor tissues and T cells within tumor respectively. The fused PLOVs which not only retained the biological character of the OMVs, but also enhanced the drug loading ability. The results demonstrated that the immunogenicity of OMVs and photothermal effects can obviously increase the infiltration of T cells and the silencing of CD38 can effectively improve the T cell cytotoxicity, especially combining with PD-1 antibody. CONCLUSIONS Interesting, this study revealed that anti-PD-1 administration on the 5th day after siRNA@PLOV treatment had the best performance in killing tumors compared with other groups. In addition, this new therapeutic regime also presents a novel strategy for inducing "vaccine effects", conclusively highlighting its potential in preventing tumor recurrence and improving prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuewen Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yuying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Bo Pang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Jinnan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yalan Rui
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Tian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Zhiyu Qian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Automation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29th JiangJun Street, Nanjing, 211106, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yueqing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Siwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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Wang EJ, Chen JS, Jain S, Morshed RA, Haddad AF, Gill S, Beniwal AS, Aghi MK. Immunotherapy Resistance in Glioblastoma. Front Genet 2021; 12:750675. [PMID: 34976006 PMCID: PMC8718605 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.750675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults. Despite treatment consisting of surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy, survival remains poor at a rate of 26.5% at 2 years. Recent successes in using immunotherapies to treat a number of solid and hematologic cancers have led to a growing interest in harnessing the immune system to target glioblastoma. Several studies have examined the efficacy of various immunotherapies, including checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines, adoptive transfer of lymphocytes, and oncolytic virotherapy in both pre-clinical and clinical settings. However, these therapies have yielded mixed results at best when applied to glioblastoma. While the initial failures of immunotherapy were thought to reflect the immunoprivileged environment of the brain, more recent studies have revealed immune escape mechanisms created by the tumor itself and adaptive resistance acquired in response to therapy. Several of these resistance mechanisms hijack key signaling pathways within the immune system to create a protumoral microenvironment. In this review, we discuss immunotherapies that have been trialed in glioblastoma, mechanisms of tumor resistance, and strategies to sensitize these tumors to immunotherapies. Insights gained from the studies summarized here may help pave the way for novel therapies to overcome barriers that have thus far limited the success of immunotherapy in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaina J. Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Jia-Shu Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Saket Jain
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ramin A. Morshed
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Alexander F. Haddad
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sabraj Gill
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Angad S. Beniwal
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Manish K. Aghi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Fang H, Huang Y, Luo Y, Tang J, Yu M, Zhang Y, Zhong M. SIRT1 induces the accumulation of TAMs at colorectal cancer tumor sites via the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis. Cell Immunol 2021; 371:104458. [PMID: 34847407 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Our previous work suggested that high SIRT1 expression by cancer cells predicted a poor colorectal cancer (CRC) prognosis, but its role in the tumor microenvironment was unclear. Here, we examined tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in CRC expressing different levels of SIRT1. We also established a co-culture system with monocytes, CD8+ T cells and patient-derived tumor organoids (PDOs) to study the relationships between immune cells and cancer cells. The percentage of CD8+ T cells was decreased and the percentage of macrophages was increased in SIRT1-high (SIRT1-hi) CRC. Co-culture results showed that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) from SIRT1-hi CRC inhibited the proliferation and anti-tumor activity of CD8+ T cells. Importantly, SIRT1-hi CRC were shown to modulate the migration and the activity of TAMs. RNA sequencing revealed that CD14+ monocytes in SIRT1-hi patients expressed higher levels of CXCR4. Mechanistically, SIRT1 expression was shown to promote CXCL12 expression by inhibiting the acetylation of p53. Our findings indicate that SIRT1 in CRC induces TAM migration through the CXCR4/CXCL12 pathway, and inhibits the proliferation and activity of CD8+ T cells, resulting in promotion of CRC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsheng Fang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yizhou Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayin Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minhao Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Med-X Research Institute & School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Stem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ming Zhong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
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Déry L, Charest G, Guérin B, Akbari M, Fortin D. Chemoattraction of Neoplastic Glial Cells with CXCL10, CCL2 and CCL11 as a Paradigm for a Promising Therapeutic Approach for Primary Brain Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212150. [PMID: 34830041 PMCID: PMC8626037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoattraction is a normal and essential process, but it can also be involved in tumorigenesis. This phenomenon plays a key role in glioblastoma (GBM). The GBM tumor cells are extremely difficult to eradicate, due to their strong capacity to migrate into the brain parenchyma. Consequently, a complete resection of the tumor is rarely a possibility, and recurrence is inevitable. To overcome this problem, we proposed to exploit this behavior by using three chemoattractants: CXCL10, CCL2 and CCL11, released by a biodegradable hydrogel (GlioGel) to produce a migration of tumor cells toward a therapeutic trap. To investigate this hypothesis, the agarose drop assay was used to test the chemoattraction capacity of these three chemokines on murine F98 and human U87MG cell lines. We then studied the potency of this approach in vivo in the well-established syngeneic F98-Fischer glioma-bearing rat model using GlioGel containing different mixtures of the chemoattractants. In vitro assays resulted in an invasive cell rate 2-fold higher when chemokines were present in the environment. In vivo experiments demonstrated the capacity of these specific chemoattractants to strongly attract neoplastic glioblastoma cells. The use of this strong locomotion ability to our end is a promising avenue in the establishment of a new therapeutic approach in the treatment of primary brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Déry
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada;
- Correspondence:
| | - Gabriel Charest
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; (G.C.); (D.F.)
| | - Brigitte Guérin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada;
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovation in Microengineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada;
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - David Fortin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; (G.C.); (D.F.)
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He Y, de Araújo Júnior RF, Cruz LJ, Eich C. Functionalized Nanoparticles Targeting Tumor-Associated Macrophages as Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1670. [PMID: 34683963 PMCID: PMC8540805 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a central role in regulating antitumor immune responses. As an important part of the TME, alternatively activated type 2 (M2) macrophages drive the development of primary and secondary tumors by promoting tumor cell proliferation, tumor angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling and overall immunosuppression. Immunotherapy approaches targeting tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in order to reduce the immunosuppressive state in the TME have received great attention. Although these methods hold great potential for the treatment of several cancers, they also face some limitations, such as the fast degradation rate of drugs and drug-induced cytotoxicity of organs and tissues. Nanomedicine formulations that prevent TAM signaling and recruitment to the TME or deplete M2 TAMs to reduce tumor growth and metastasis represent encouraging novel strategies in cancer therapy. They allow the specific delivery of antitumor drugs to the tumor area, thereby reducing side effects associated with systemic application. In this review, we give an overview of TAM biology and the current state of nanomedicines that target M2 macrophages in the course of cancer immunotherapy, with a specific focus on nanoparticles (NPs). We summarize how different types of NPs target M2 TAMs, and how the physicochemical properties of NPs (size, shape, charge and targeting ligands) influence NP uptake by TAMs in vitro and in vivo in the TME. Furthermore, we provide a comparative analysis of passive and active NP-based TAM-targeting strategies and discuss their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan He
- Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging (TNI) Group, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (Y.H.); (R.F.d.A.J.)
| | - Raimundo Fernandes de Araújo Júnior
- Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging (TNI) Group, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (Y.H.); (R.F.d.A.J.)
- Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59064-720, Brazil
- Cancer and Inflammation Research Laboratory (LAICI), Postgraduate Program in Functional and Structural Biology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59064-720, Brazil
- Percuros B.V., 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Luis J. Cruz
- Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging (TNI) Group, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (Y.H.); (R.F.d.A.J.)
| | - Christina Eich
- Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging (TNI) Group, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (Y.H.); (R.F.d.A.J.)
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40
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Yin W, Zhang K, Deng Q, Yu Q, Mao Y, Zhao R, Ma S. AZD3759 inhibits glioma through the blockade of the epidermal growth factor receptor and Janus kinase pathways. Bioengineered 2021; 12:8679-8689. [PMID: 34635007 PMCID: PMC8806996 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1991160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is an intracranial malignant tumor with high morbidity in China. Limited efficacy has been achieved in the treatment of glioma through the application of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors, which is reported to be related to the poor permeability of the brain–blood barrier (BBB) to EGFR inhibitors. AZD3759 and osimertinib are both BBB-penetrating EGFR inhibitors. The present study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of AZD3759 and osimertinib on glioma and compare their efficacy and the underlying mechanisms. C6 and U87 cells were incubated with different concentrations of AZD3759 (1, 2, and 4 μM) and 4 μM osimertinib, respectively. C6-LUC xenograft animals were administered different doses of AZD3759 (15, 30, and 60 mg/kg) and 60 mg/kg osimertinib. We found that proliferation was significantly suppressed and that apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were dramatically induced in both C6 and U87 cells by AZD3759 in a dose-dependent manner. Compared to AZD3759, osimertinib had inferior effects on proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle. In vivo experiments verified that the anti-tumor efficacy of AZD3759 against C6 xenograft tumors was dose dependent and superior to that of osimertinib. The inhibitory effects of AZD3759 on the Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT pathway were observed in both glioma cells and tumor tissues, which were more significant than those of osimertinib. In conclusion, AZD3759 may inhibit the progression of glioma via a synergistic blockade of the EGFR and JAK/STAT signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qinghua Deng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingqing Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanjiao Mao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruping Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiahui International Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenglin Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Maddison K, Graves MC, Bowden NA, Fay M, Vilain RE, Faulkner S, Tooney PA. Low tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte density in primary and recurrent glioblastoma. Oncotarget 2021; 12:2177-2187. [PMID: 34676050 PMCID: PMC8522837 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies targeting tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) that express the immune checkpoint molecule programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) have shown promise in preclinical glioblastoma models but have had limited success in clinical trials. To assess when glioblastoma is most likely to benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors we determined the density of TILs in primary and recurrent glioblastoma. Thirteen cases of matched primary and recurrent glioblastoma tissue were immunohistochemically labelled for CD3, CD8, CD4 and PD-1, and TIL density assessed. CD3+ TILs were observed in all cases, with the majority of both primary (69.2%) and recurrent (61.5%) tumours having low density of TILs present. CD8+ TILs were observed at higher densities than CD4+ TILs in both tumour groups. PD-1+ TILs were sparse and present in only 25% of primary and 50% of recurrent tumours. Quantitative analysis of TILs demonstrated significantly higher CD8+ TIL density at recurrence (p = 0.040). No difference was observed in CD3+ (p = 0.191), CD4+ (p = 0.607) and PD-1+ (p = 0.070) TIL density between primary and recurrent groups. This study shows that TILs are present at low densities in both primary and recurrent glioblastoma. Furthermore, PD-1+ TILs were frequently absent, which may provide evidence as to why anti-PD-1 immunotherapy trials have been largely unsuccessful in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Maddison
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Drug Repurposing and Medicines Research, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Moira C Graves
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Drug Repurposing and Medicines Research, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Nikola A Bowden
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Drug Repurposing and Medicines Research, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Fay
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Drug Repurposing and Medicines Research, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,GenesisCare, Lake Macquarie Private Hospital, Gateshead, NSW, Australia
| | - Ricardo E Vilain
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Cancer Biobank, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,Pathology North, Hunter New England Area Health Service, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Sam Faulkner
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul A Tooney
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Drug Repurposing and Medicines Research, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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42
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Gu Y, Gu W, Xie R, Chen Z, Xu T, Fei Z. Role of CXCR4 as a Prognostic Biomarker Associated With the Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Gastric Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:654504. [PMID: 34568309 PMCID: PMC8457401 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.654504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, accounting for high rates of morbidity and mortality in the population. The tumor microenvironment (TME), which plays a crucial role in GC progression, may serve as an optimal prognostic predictor of GC. In this study, we identified CXC motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) as a TME-related gene among thousands of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). We showed that CXCR4 can be used to predict the effect of immunotherapy in patients with GC. Methods: GC samples obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were analyzed for the presence of stroma (stromal score), the infiltration of immune cells (immune score) in tumor tissues, and the tumor purity (estimate score) using the ESTIMATE (Estimation of STromal and Immune cells in MAlignant Tumor tissues using Expression data) algorithm. DEGs were sorted based on differences in the values of the three scores. Furthermore, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were performed to determine the biological processes and pathways enriched in these DEGs. The correlations of scores with clinicopathological features and overall survival (OS) of patients with GC were assessed by the Kaplan–Meier survival and Cox regression analyses. Through subsequent protein–protein interaction (PPI) network and univariate Cox regression analyses, CXCR4 was identified as a TME-related gene. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was performed to assess the role of CXCR4 in the TME of GC. The CIBERSORT algorithm was used to further explore the correlation between tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) and CXCR4. Finally, the TISIDB database was used to predict the efficacy of immunotherapy in patients with GC. Results: We extracted 1231 TME-related DEGs and by an overlapping screening of PPI network and univariate Cox regression, CXCR4 was identified as a biomarker of TME, which deeply engaged in immune-related biological processes of gastric cancer and have close association with several immunocompetent cells. Conclusion: CXCR4 may be a useful biomarker of prognosis and an indicator of the TME in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Gu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenyue Gu
- Yancheng Third People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng, China
| | - Rongrong Xie
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tongpeng Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenghua Fei
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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43
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Pilanc P, Wojnicki K, Roura AJ, Cyranowski S, Ellert-Miklaszewska A, Ochocka N, Gielniewski B, Grzybowski MM, Błaszczyk R, Stańczak PS, Dobrzański P, Kaminska B. A Novel Oral Arginase 1/2 Inhibitor Enhances the Antitumor Effect of PD-1 Inhibition in Murine Experimental Gliomas by Altering the Immunosuppressive Environment. Front Oncol 2021; 11:703465. [PMID: 34504786 PMCID: PMC8422859 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.703465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are the common and aggressive primary brain tumors that are incurable by conventional therapies. Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors is not effective in GBM patients due to the highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) restraining the infiltration and activation of cytotoxic T cells. Clinical and experimental studies showed the upregulation of expression of the arginase 1 and 2 (ARG1 and ARG2, respectively) in murine and human GBMs. The elevated arginase activity leads to the depletion of L-arginine, an amino-acid required for the proliferation of T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Inhibition of ARG1/2 in the TME may unblock T cell proliferation and activate effective antitumor responses. To explore the antitumor potential of ARG1/2 inhibition, we analyzed bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from human and murine gliomas. We found the upregulation of ARG1/2 expression in GBMs, both in tumor cells and in tumor infiltrating microglia and monocytes/macrophages. We employed selective arginase inhibitors to evaluate if ARG1/2 inhibition in vitro and in vivo exerts the antitumor effects. A novel, selective ARG1/2 inhibitor - OAT-1746 blocked microglia-dependent invasion of U87-MG and LN18 glioma cells in a Matrigel invasion assay better than reference compounds, without affecting the cell viability. OAT-1746 effectively crossed the blood brain barrier in mice and increased arginine levels in the brains of GL261 glioma bearing mice. We evaluated its antitumor efficacy against GL261 intracranial gliomas as a monotherapy and in combination with the PD-1 inhibition. The oral treatment with OAT-1746 did not affect the immune composition of TME, it induced profound transcriptomic changes in CD11b+ cells immunosorted from tumor-bearing brains as demonstrated by RNA sequencing analyses. Treatment with OAT-1746 modified the TME resulting in reduced glioma growth and increased antitumor effects of the anti-PD-1 antibody. Our findings provide the evidence that inhibition of ARG1/2 activity in tumor cells and myeloid cells in the TME unblocks antitumor responses in myeloid cells and NK cells, and improves the efficacy of the PD-1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Pilanc
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Wojnicki
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adria-Jaume Roura
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Salwador Cyranowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Ellert-Miklaszewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Ochocka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Gielniewski
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | - Bozena Kaminska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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44
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O'Donovan C, Davern M, Donlon NE, Lysaght J, Conroy MJ. Chemokine-targeted therapies: An opportunity to remodel immune profiles in gastro-oesophageal tumours. Cancer Lett 2021; 521:224-236. [PMID: 34506844 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapies are transforming outcomes for many cancer patients and are quickly becoming the fourth pillar of cancer therapy. However, their efficacy of only ∼25% in gastro-oesophageal cancer has been disappointing. This is attributed to factors such as insufficient patient stratification and the pro-tumourigenic immune landscape of gastro-oesophageal tumours. The chemokine profiles of solid tumours and the availability of effector immune cells greatly influence the immune infiltrate, producing 'cold' or 'immune-excluded' tumours in which immunotherapies are unable to reinvigorate the immune response. Other biological functions for chemokines have emerged, such as promoting cell survival, polarising T cell responses, and supporting several hallmarks of cancer. Therefore, chemokine networks may be exploited with therapeutic intent to mobilise and polarise anti-tumour immune cells, with further utility as combination treatments to augment the efficacy of current cancer immunotherapies. Few studies have demonstrated the clinical benefit of chemokine-targeted therapies as monotherapies, and this review proposes their consideration as combination treatments. Herein, we explore the anti-tumour and pro-tumour implications of chemokine signalling in gastro-oesophageal cancer and discuss their value as prognostic and predictive biomarkers in response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cillian O'Donovan
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital Campus, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Maria Davern
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital Campus, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Noel E Donlon
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital Campus, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Joanne Lysaght
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital Campus, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Melissa J Conroy
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital Campus, Dublin 8, Ireland; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
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45
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Kasperska A, Borowczak J, Szczerbowski K, Stec E, Ahmadi N, Szylber Ł. Current challenges in targeting tumor desmoplasia to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21:919-931. [PMID: 34525931 DOI: 10.2174/1568009621666210825101456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Desmoplasia is crucial for the development, progression and treatment of immune-resistant malignancies. and treatment of immune-resistant malignancies. Targeting desmoplasia-related metabolic pathways appears to be an interesting approach to expand our stock of disposable anti-tumor agents.CXCL12/CXCR4 axis inhibition reduces fibrosis, alleviates immunosuppression and significantly enhances the efficacy of PD-1 immunotherapy. CD40L substitute therapy may increase the activity of T-cells, downregulate CD40+, prolong patients' survival and prevent cancer progression. Although FAPα antagonists used in preclinical models did not lead to permanent cure, an alleviation of immune-resistance, modification of desmoplasia and a decrease in angiogenesis were observed. Targeting DDR2 may enhance the effect of anti-PD-1 treatment in multiple neoplasm cell lines and has the ability to overcome the adaptation to BRAF-targeted therapy in melanoma. Reprogramming desmoplasia could potentially cooperate not only with present treatment, but also other potential therapeutic targets. We present the most promising metabolic pathways related to desmoplasia and discuss the emerging strategies to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kasperska
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun. Poland
| | - Jędrzej Borowczak
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun. Poland
| | - Krzysztof Szczerbowski
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun. Poland
| | - Ewa Stec
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun. Poland
| | - Navid Ahmadi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge. United Kingdom
| | - Łukasz Szylber
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun. Poland
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46
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Zhang H, Chen Y. Identification of glioblastoma immune subtypes and immune landscape based on a large cohort. Hereditas 2021; 158:30. [PMID: 34412691 PMCID: PMC8377979 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-021-00193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are the most common primary brain malignancy and also the most aggressive one. In addition, GBM have to date poor treatment options. Therefore, understanding the GBM microenvironment may help to design immunotherapy treatments and rational combination strategies. In this study, the gene expression profiles and clinical follow-up data were downloaded from TCGA-GBM, and the molecular subtypes were identified using ConsensusClusterPlus. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression were used to evaluate the prognostic value of immune subtypes. The Graph Structure Learning method was used for dimension reduction to reveal the internal structure of the immune system. A Weighted Correlation Network Analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify immune-related gene modules. Four immune subtypes (IS1, IS2, IS3, IS4) with significant prognosis differences were obtained. Interestingly, IS4 had the highest mutation rate. We also found significant differences in the distribution of the four subtypes at immune checkpoints, molecular markers, and immune characteristics. WGCNA identified 11 co-expressed module genes, and there were significant differences among the four subtypes. Finally, CD1A, CD1E, and IL23R genes with significant prognostic significance were selected as the final feature genes in the brown module. Overall, this study provided a conceptual framework for understanding the tumor immune microenvironment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China. .,Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Shenyang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China.
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47
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Luong N, Lenz JA, Modiano JF, Olson JK. Extracellular Vesicles Secreted by Tumor Cells Promote the Generation of Suppressive Monocytes. Immunohorizons 2021; 5:647-658. [PMID: 34404719 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are among the first cells to infiltrate the tumor microenvironment. The conversion of monocytes to suppressor cells in the tumor microenvironment is crucial in evasion of the immune response and tumor maintenance. Tumor cells may secrete products that promote the conversion of monocytes to suppressor cells. Cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing cargos of genetic materials and proteins as a way to communicate with neighboring cells. During pathologic conditions like cancers, tumor cells increase their EVs production containing microRNA, RNA, and proteins that may affect the immune cell response, contributing to the immunosuppressive microenvironment. Our studies show that EVs secreted by a wide range of murine tumor cells, including osteosarcoma, glioma, colon carcinoma, sarcoma, and melanoma, can be taken up by bone marrow-derived monocytes. The monocytes that took up the EVs secreted by tumor cells matured toward an immune-suppressive phenotype by upregulating the expression of suppressive cytokines and effector molecules. The monocytes also downregulated MHC class II and costimulatory molecules while increasing the expression of PD-L1 on their surface after taking up EVs from tumor cells. Most importantly, monocytes exposed to EVs secreted by tumor cells suppressed activated Ag-specific CD4+ T cells. These results show that tumor cells from several different tumor types secrete EVs which promote the conversion of monocytes into suppressor cells, thus promoting immune evasion. These studies suggest that EVs secreted by tumors are potentially a new target for future cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhungoc Luong
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Jennifer A Lenz
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Jaime F Modiano
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; and
| | - Julie K Olson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN;
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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48
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Tu S, Lin X, Qiu J, Zhou J, Wang H, Hu S, Yao Y, Wang Y, Deng Y, Zhou Y, Shao A. Crosstalk Between Tumor-Associated Microglia/Macrophages and CD8-Positive T Cells Plays a Key Role in Glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:650105. [PMID: 34394072 PMCID: PMC8358794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.650105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is considered to be the most malignant disease of the central nervous system, and it is often associated with poor survival. The immune microenvironment plays a key role in the development and treatment of glioblastoma. Among the different types of immune cells, tumor-associated microglia/macrophages (TAM/Ms) and CD8-positive (CD8+) T cells are the predominant immune cells, as well as the most active ones. Current studies have suggested that interaction between TAM/Ms and CD8+ T cells have numerous potential targets that will allow them to overcome malignancy in glioblastoma. In this review, we summarize the mechanism and function of TAM/Ms and CD8+ T cells involved in glioblastoma, as well as update on the relationship and crosstalk between these two cell types, to determine whether this association alters the immune status during glioblastoma development and affects optimal treatment. We focus on the molecular factors that are crucial to this interaction, and the role that this crosstalk plays in the biological processes underlying glioblastoma treatment, particularly with regard to immune therapy. We also discuss novel therapeutic targets that can aid in resolving reticular connections between TAM/Ms and CD8+ T cells, including depletion and reprogramming TAM/Ms and novel TAM/Ms-CD8+ T cell cofactors with potential translational usage. In addition, we highlight the challenges and discuss future perspectives of this crosstalk between TAM/Ms and CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xu Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jili Qiu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiyao Hu
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yihan Yao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongchuan Deng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunxiang Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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49
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Advances in Chemokine Signaling Pathways as Therapeutic Targets in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122983. [PMID: 34203660 PMCID: PMC8232256 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With a median patient survival of 15 months, glioblastoma (GBM) is still one of the deadliest malign tumors. Despite immense efforts, therapeutic regimens fail to prolong GBM patient overall survival due to various resistance mechanisms. Chemokine signaling as part of the tumor microenvironment plays a key role in gliomagenesis, proliferation, neovascularization, metastasis and tumor progression. In this review, we aimed to investigate novel therapeutic approaches targeting various chemokine axes, including CXCR2/CXCL2/IL-8, CXCR3/CXCL4/CXCL9/CXCL10, CXCR4/CXCR7/CXCL12, CXCR6/CXCL16, CCR2/CCL2, CCR5/CCL5 and CX3CR1/CX3CL1 in preclinical and clinical studies of GBM. We reviewed targeted therapies as single therapies, in combination with the standard of care, with antiangiogenic treatment as well as immunotherapy. We found that there are many antagonist-, antibody-, cell- and vaccine-based therapeutic approaches in preclinical and clinical studies. Furthermore, targeted therapies exerted their highest efficacy in combination with other established therapeutic applications. The novel chemokine-targeting therapies have mainly been examined in preclinical models. However, clinical applications are auspicious. Thus, it is crucial to broadly investigate the recently developed preclinical approaches. Promising preclinical applications should then be investigated in clinical studies to create new therapeutic regimens and to overcome therapy resistance to GBM treatment.
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50
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Abstract
Immunotherapeutic treatment strategies greatly extend patient survival following malignant disease across a wide range of tumor types, including even those with metastatic disease. While diverse in approach, adoptive cell therapy, introduction of T cells that express chimeric antigen receptors, and checkpoint inhibitors all aim to re-invigorate the immune system to promote tumor cell identification and elimination. This review will focus on immune cell infiltration into tumors as well as a cellular organization within the tumor microenvironment as directed by the cell-specific expression patterns of chemokines and chemokine receptors. Through better understanding the chemokine network within tumors, we can uncover mechanisms to promote beneficial immune cell infiltration that can be combined with checkpoint inhibition. Conversely, chemokine expression is not limited to cells of the immune system, and it is understood that tumor cells also express chemokines and chemokine receptors. Tumor cells can hijack the chemokine networks to promote immune suppression and metastatic tumor cell trafficking. We will discuss the ways in which the chemokine network lies at the crossroad of immune evasion and tumor regression. Overall, this review will summarize key publications in the field of immune cell recruitment to tumors, highlight the dichotomous nature of chemokine interventions into cancer, and aims to identify therapeutic pathways forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Strazza
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 W 168 St. BB-1708, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Adam Mor
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 W 168 St. BB-1708, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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