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Shnayder NA, Ashkhotov AV, Trefilova VV, Nurgaliev ZA, Novitsky MA, Petrova MM, Narodova EA, Al-Zamil M, Chumakova GA, Garganeeva NP, Nasyrova RF. Molecular Basic of Pharmacotherapy of Cytokine Imbalance as a Component of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097692. [PMID: 37175399 PMCID: PMC10178334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) and associated conditions are an important problem in modern medicine. The onset of IDD may be in childhood and adolescence in patients with a genetic predisposition. With age, IDD progresses, leading to spondylosis, spondylarthrosis, herniated disc, spinal canal stenosis. One of the leading mechanisms in the development of IDD and chronic back pain is an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. However, classical therapeutic strategies for correcting cytokine imbalance in IDD do not give the expected response in more than half of the cases. The purpose of this review is to update knowledge about new and promising therapeutic strategies based on the correction of the molecular mechanisms of cytokine imbalance in patients with IDD. This review demonstrates that knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of the imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines may be a new key to finding more effective drugs for the treatment of IDD in the setting of acute and chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Shnayder
- Institute of Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology, Shared Core Facilities, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology, 192019 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Shared Core Facilities "Molecular and Cell Technologies", V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Azamat V Ashkhotov
- Institute of Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology, Shared Core Facilities, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology, 192019 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vera V Trefilova
- Department of Neurology, Hospital for War Veterans, 193079 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Zaitun A Nurgaliev
- Institute of Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology, Shared Core Facilities, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology, 192019 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Neurology, Hospital for War Veterans, 193079 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maxim A Novitsky
- Department of Neurology, Hospital for War Veterans, 193079 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina M Petrova
- Shared Core Facilities "Molecular and Cell Technologies", V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Narodova
- Shared Core Facilities "Molecular and Cell Technologies", V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Mustafa Al-Zamil
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Continuing Medical Education, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina A Chumakova
- Department of Therapy and General Medical Practice with a Course of Postgraduate Professional Education, Altai State Medical University, 656038 Barnaul, Russia
| | - Natalia P Garganeeva
- Department of General Medical Practice and Outpatient Therapy, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Regina F Nasyrova
- Institute of Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology, Shared Core Facilities, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology, 192019 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- International Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry, Samara State Medical University, 443016 Samara, Russia
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2
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Safari H, Mashayekhan S. Inflammation and Mental Health Disorders: Immunomodulation as a Potential Therapy for Psychiatric Conditions. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:2841-2852. [PMID: 37946352 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128251883231031054700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Mood disorders are the leading cause of disability worldwide and their incidence has significantly increased after the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the continuous surge in the number of people diagnosed with psychiatric disorders, the treatment methods for these conditions remain limited. A significant number of people either do not respond to therapy or discontinue the drugs due to their severe side effects. Therefore, alternative therapeutic interventions are needed. Previous studies have shown a correlation between immunological alterations and the occurrence of mental health disorders, yet immunomodulatory therapies have been barely investigated for combating psychiatric conditions. In this article, we have reviewed the immunological alterations that occur during the onset of mental health disorders, including microglial activation, an increased number of circulating innate immune cells, reduced activity of natural killer cells, altered T cell morphology and functionality, and an increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This article also examines key studies that demonstrate the therapeutic efficacy of anti-inflammatory medications in mental health disorders. These studies suggest that immunomodulation can potentially be used as a complementary therapy for controlling psychiatric conditions after careful screening of candidate drugs and consideration of their efficacy and side effects in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Safari
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Mashayekhan
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Pisanu C, Severino G, De Toma I, Dierssen M, Fusar-Poli P, Gennarelli M, Lio P, Maffioletti E, Maron E, Mehta D, Minelli A, Potier MC, Serretti A, Stacey D, van Westrhenen R, Xicota L, Baune BT, Squassina A. Transcriptional biomarkers of response to pharmacological treatments in severe mental disorders: A systematic review. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 55:112-157. [PMID: 35016057 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Variation in the expression level and activity of genes involved in drug disposition and action in tissues of pharmacological importance have been increasingly investigated in patients treated with psychotropic drugs. Findings are promising, but reliable predictive biomarkers of response have yet to be identified. Here we conducted a PRISMA-compliant systematic search of PubMed, Scopus and PsycInfo up to 12 September 2020 for studies investigating RNA expression levels in cells or biofluids from patients with major depressive disorder, schizophrenia or bipolar disorder characterized for response to psychotropic drugs (antidepressants, antipsychotics or mood stabilizers) or adverse effects. Among 5497 retrieved studies, 123 (63 on antidepressants, 33 on antipsychotics and 27 on mood stabilizers) met inclusion criteria. Studies were either focused on mRNAs (n = 96), microRNAs (n = 19) or long non-coding RNAs (n = 1), with only a minority investigating both mRNAs and microRNAs levels (n = 7). The most replicated results include genes playing a role in inflammation (antidepressants), neurotransmission (antidepressants and antipsychotics) or mitochondrial function (mood stabilizers). Compared to those investigating response to antidepressants, studies focused on antipsychotics or mood stabilizers more often showed lower sample size and lacked replication. Strengths and limitations of available studies are presented and discussed in light of the specific designs, methodology and clinical characterization of included patients for transcriptomic compared to DNA-based studies. Finally, future directions of transcriptomics of psychopharmacological interventions in psychiatric disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pisanu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Severino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ilario De Toma
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mara Dierssen
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paolo Fusar-Poli
- Early Psychosis: Intervention and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, UK; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Pietro Lio
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elisabetta Maffioletti
- Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eduard Maron
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Divya Mehta
- Queensland University of Technology, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Faculty of Health, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alessandra Minelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - David Stacey
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roos van Westrhenen
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health and Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology&Neuroscience (IoPPN) King's College London, UK
| | - Laura Xicota
- Paris Brain Institute ICM, Salpetriere Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alessio Squassina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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4
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Kim HK, Zai G, Hennings JM, Müller DJ, Kloiber S. Changes in RNA expression levels during antidepressant treatment: a systematic review. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:1461-1477. [PMID: 34415438 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02394-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
More than a third of patients treated with antidepressants experience treatment resistance. Furthermore, molecular pathways involved in antidepressant effect have yet to be fully understood. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of clinical studies that examined changes in RNA expression levels produced by antidepressant treatment. Literature search was performed through April 2021 for peer-reviewed studies measuring changes in mRNA or non-coding RNA levels before and after antidepressant treatment in human participants following PRISMA guidelines. Thirty-one studies were included in qualitative synthesis. We identified a large amount of heterogeneity between the studies for genes/RNAs measured, antidepressants used, and treatment duration. Of the six RNAs examined by more than one study, expression of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene and genes in the inflammation pathway, particularly IL-1β, were consistently reported to be altered by antidepressant treatment. Limitations of this review include heterogeneity of the studies, possibility of positive publication bias, and risk of false-negative findings secondary to small sample sizes. In conclusion, our systematic review provides an updated synthesis of RNA expression changes produced by antidepressant treatment in human participants, where genes in the BDNF and inflammatory pathways were identified as potential targets of antidepressant effect. Importantly, these findings also highlight the need for replication of the included studies in multiple strong, placebo-controlled studies for the identification of evidence-based markers that can be targeted to improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gwyneth Zai
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 100 Stokes Street, Toronto, ON, M6H 1J4, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Daniel J Müller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 100 Stokes Street, Toronto, ON, M6H 1J4, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stefan Kloiber
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 100 Stokes Street, Toronto, ON, M6H 1J4, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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5
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Szalontai K, Gémes N, Furák J, Varga T, Neuperger P, Balog JÁ, Puskás LG, Szebeni GJ. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Epidemiology, Biomarkers, and Paving the Way to Lung Cancer. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10132889. [PMID: 34209651 PMCID: PMC8268950 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10132889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the frequently fatal pathology of the respiratory tract, accounts for half a billion cases globally. COPD manifests via chronic inflammatory response to irritants, frequently to tobacco smoke. The progression of COPD from early onset to advanced disease leads to the loss of the alveolar wall, pulmonary hypertension, and fibrosis of the respiratory epithelium. Here, we focus on the epidemiology, progression, and biomarkers of COPD with a particular connection to lung cancer. Dissecting the cellular and molecular players in the progression of the disease, we aim to shed light on the role of smoking, which is responsible for the disease, or at least for the more severe symptoms and worse patient outcomes. We summarize the inflammatory conditions, as well as the role of EMT and fibroblasts in establishing a cancer-prone microenvironment, i.e., the soil for ‘COPD-derived’ lung cancer. We highlight that the major health problem of COPD can be alleviated via smoking cessation, early diagnosis, and abandonment of the usage of biomass fuels on a global basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Szalontai
- Csongrád County Hospital of Chest Diseases, Alkotmány u. 36., H6772 Deszk, Hungary;
| | - Nikolett Gémes
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62., H6726 Szeged, Hungary; (N.G.); (T.V.); (P.N.); (J.Á.B.); (L.G.P.)
- PhD School in Biology, University of Szeged, H6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - József Furák
- Department of Surgery, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 8., H6725 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Tünde Varga
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62., H6726 Szeged, Hungary; (N.G.); (T.V.); (P.N.); (J.Á.B.); (L.G.P.)
| | - Patrícia Neuperger
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62., H6726 Szeged, Hungary; (N.G.); (T.V.); (P.N.); (J.Á.B.); (L.G.P.)
- PhD School in Biology, University of Szeged, H6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - József Á. Balog
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62., H6726 Szeged, Hungary; (N.G.); (T.V.); (P.N.); (J.Á.B.); (L.G.P.)
- PhD School in Biology, University of Szeged, H6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László G. Puskás
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62., H6726 Szeged, Hungary; (N.G.); (T.V.); (P.N.); (J.Á.B.); (L.G.P.)
- Avicor Ltd. Alsó Kikötő sor 11/D, H6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor J. Szebeni
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62., H6726 Szeged, Hungary; (N.G.); (T.V.); (P.N.); (J.Á.B.); (L.G.P.)
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H6726 Szeged, Hungary
- CS-Smartlab Devices Ltd., Ady E. u. 14., H7761 Kozármisleny, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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6
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Madrigal-Bujaidar E, Gómez-González P, Camacho-Cantera S, Morales-González JA, Madrigal-Santillán E, Álvarez-González I. Genotoxic and cytotoxic evaluation of venlafaxine in an acute and a subchronic assay in mouse. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 84:e251289. [PMID: 34932628 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.251289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present research was made to determine the micronuclei and cytotoxic capacity of the antidepressant venlafaxine in an in vivo acute and subchronic assays in mouse. In the first study, we administered once 5, 50, and 250 mg/kg of the drug, and included a negative and a daunorubicin treated group. Observations were daily made during four days. The subchronic assay lasted 5 weeks with daily administration of venlafaxine (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg) plus a negative and an imipramine administered groups. Observations were made each week. In the first assay results showed no micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPE) increase, except with the high dose at 72 h. The strongest cytotoxic effect was found with 250 mg/kg at 72 h (a 51% cytotoxic effect in comparison with the mean control level). In the subchronic assay no MNPE increase was found; however, with the highest dose a significant increase of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes was observed in the last three weeks (a mean of 51% respect to the mean control value). A cytotoxic effect with the two high doses in the last two weeks was observed (a polychromatic erythrocyte mean decrease of 52% respect to the mean control value). Results suggest caution with venlafaxine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Madrigal-Bujaidar
- Laboratorio de Genética, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, México
| | - P Gómez-González
- Laboratorio de Genética, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, México
| | - S Camacho-Cantera
- Laboratorio de Genética, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, México
| | - J A Morales-González
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Laboratorio de Medicina de la Conservación, Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, México
| | - E Madrigal-Santillán
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Laboratorio de Medicina de la Conservación, Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, México
| | - I Álvarez-González
- Laboratorio de Genética, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, México
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7
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Venlafaxine alleviates complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats: Modulation of STAT-3/IL-17/RANKL axis. Life Sci 2019; 226:68-76. [PMID: 30928406 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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8
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Nisa RU, Ayub K. Mechanism of Zn(OTf)2catalyzed hydroamination–hydrogenation of alkynes with amines: insight from theory. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj00312a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Zn(OTf)2catalyzed hydroamination of alkynes with amines proceeds through an outer sphere mechanism which is contrary to other late transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riffat Un Nisa
- Department of Chemistry
- COMSATS Institute for Information Technology
- Campus Abbottabad
- Abbottabad
- Pakistan
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry
- COMSATS Institute for Information Technology
- Campus Abbottabad
- Abbottabad
- Pakistan
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9
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Eyre HA, Eskin A, Nelson SF, St. Cyr NM, Siddarth P, Baune BT, Lavretsky H. Genomic predictors of remission to antidepressant treatment in geriatric depression using genome-wide expression analyses: a pilot study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2016; 31:510-7. [PMID: 26471432 PMCID: PMC5567872 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This first pilot study of genome-wide expression as predictor of antidepressant response in late-life depression examined genome-wide transcriptional profiles in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of combined methylphenidate and citalopram. METHODS Genome-wide transcriptional profiles were examined in peripheral blood leukocytes sampled at baseline and 16 weeks from 35 older adults with major depression, who were randomized to methylphenidate + citalopram, citalopram + placebo, or methylphenidate + placebo. Methylphenidate doses ranged between 10 and 40 mg/day, and citalopram doses ranged between 20 and 60 mg/day. Remission was defined as Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score of 6 or below. Early remission was achieved in the first 4 weeks of treatment. We hypothesized that differential gene expression at baseline can predict antidepressant response. RESULTS We analyzed gene expression in 24 remitters and 11 non-remitters. At baseline, we found three genes showing higher expression in all remitters versus non-remitters that satisfied the established level of significance: a fold change of 2 and p-value of 0.05 that included HLA-DRB5, SELENBP1, and LOC388588. Two gene transcripts showed higher expression in early remitters at baseline compared with non-remitters. The first gene was CA1 carbonic anhydrase gene, on chromosome 8 involved in respiratory function (fold change 2.54; p = 0.03). The second gene was the SNCA-α-synuclein gene, implicated, which binds to dopamine transporter (fold change 2.1; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Remission to antidepressants in geriatric depression may be associated with a particular gene expression profile in monoaminergic and metabolic pathways and needs to be replicated in a larger sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harris A. Eyre
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ascia Eskin
- Department of Human Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Natalie M. St. Cyr
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Prabha Siddarth
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bernhard T. Baune
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Helen Lavretsky
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Eyre HA, Lavretsky H, Kartika J, Qassim A, Baune BT. Modulatory Effects of Antidepressant Classes on the Innate and Adaptive Immune System in Depression. PHARMACOPSYCHIATRY 2016; 49:85-96. [PMID: 26951496 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-103159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Current reviews exploring for unique immune-modulatory profiles of antidepressant classes are limited by focusing mainly on cytokine modulation only and neglecting other aspects of the innate and adaptive immune system. These reviews also do not include recent comparative clinical trials, immune-genetic studies and therapeutics with unique neurotransmitter profiles (e. g., agomelatine). This systematic review extends the established literature by comprehensively reviewing the effects of antidepressants classes on both the innate and adaptive immune system. Antidepressants appear, in general, to reduce pro-inflammatory factor levels, particularly C-reactive protein (CRP), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6. We caution against conclusions as to which antidepressant possesses the greater anti-inflammatory effect, given the methodological heterogeneity among studies and the small number of comparative studies. The effects of antidepressant classes on adaptive immune factors are complex and poorly understood, and few studies have been conducted. Methodological heterogeneity is high among these studies (e. g., length of study, cohort characteristics, dosage used and immune marker analysis). We recommend larger, comparative studies - in clinical and pre-clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Eyre
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - H Lavretsky
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - J Kartika
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - A Qassim
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - B T Baune
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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11
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Hodgson K, Tansey KE, Powell TR, Coppola G, Uher R, Zvezdana Dernovšek M, Mors O, Hauser J, Souery D, Maier W, Henigsberg N, Rietschel M, Placentino A, Aitchison KJ, Craig IW, Farmer AE, Breen G, McGuffin P, Dobson R. Transcriptomics and the mechanisms of antidepressant efficacy. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:105-112. [PMID: 26621261 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which antidepressants have their effects are not clear and the reasons for variability in treatment outcomes are also unknown. However, there is evidence from candidate gene research that indicates gene expression changes may be involved in antidepressant action. In this study, we examined antidepressant-induced alterations in gene expression on a transcriptome-wide scale, exploring associations with treatment response. Blood samples were taken from a subset of depressed patients from the GENDEP study (n=136) before and after eight weeks of treatment with either escitalopram or nortriptyline. Transcriptomic data were obtained from these samples using Illumina HumanHT-12 v4 Expression BeadChip microarrays. When analysing individual genes, we observed that changes in the expression of two genes (MMP28 and KXD1) were associated with better response to nortriptyline. Considering connectivity between genes, we identified modules of genes that were highly coexpressed. In the whole sample, changes in one of the ten identified coexpression modules showed significant correlation with treatment response (cor=0.27, p=0.0029). Using transcriptomic approaches, we have identified gene expression correlates of the therapeutic effects of antidepressants, highlighting possible molecular pathways involved in efficacious antidepressant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hodgson
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King׳s College London, UK.
| | - Katherine E Tansey
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King׳s College London, UK.
| | - Timothy R Powell
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King׳s College London, UK.
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Psychiatry and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Rudolf Uher
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King׳s College London, UK; Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | | | - Ole Mors
- Research Department P, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrated Psychiatric Research, Aarhus and Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Joanna Hauser
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland.
| | - Daniel Souery
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Psy Pluriel - Centre Européen de Psychologie Médicale, Belgium.
| | | | - Neven Henigsberg
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Anna Placentino
- Psychiatric Unit (UOP 23), Department of Mental Health,Spedali Civili Hospital of Brescia; Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS-FBF, Brescia.
| | - Katherine J Aitchison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King׳s College London, UK.
| | - Ian W Craig
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King׳s College London, UK.
| | - Anne E Farmer
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King׳s College London, UK.
| | - Gerome Breen
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King׳s College London, UK.
| | - Peter McGuffin
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King׳s College London, UK.
| | - Richard Dobson
- King׳s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, King׳s Health Partners Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, London, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Psychiatry, King׳s College London, London, UK.
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12
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Hennings JM, Uhr M, Klengel T, Weber P, Pütz B, Touma C, Czamara D, Ising M, Holsboer F, Lucae S. RNA expression profiling in depressed patients suggests retinoid-related orphan receptor alpha as a biomarker for antidepressant response. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e538. [PMID: 25826113 PMCID: PMC4429173 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Response to antidepressant treatment is highly variable with some patients responding within a few weeks, whereas others have to wait for months until the onset of clinical effects. Gene expression profiling may be a tool to identify markers of antidepressant treatment response and new potential drug targets. In a first step, we selected 12 male, age- and severity-matched pairs of remitters and nonresponders, and analyzed expression profiles in peripheral blood at admission and after 2 and 5 weeks of treatment using Illumina expression arrays. We identified 127 transcripts significantly associated with treatment response with a minimal P-value of 9.41 × 10(-)(4) (false discovery rate-corrected). Analysis of selected transcripts in an independent replication sample of 142 depressed inpatients confirmed that lower expression of retinoid-related orphan receptor alpha (RORa, P=6.23 × 10(-4)), germinal center expressed transcript 2 (GCET2, P=2.08 × 10(-2)) and chitinase 3-like protein 2 (CHI3L2, P=4.45 × 10(-2)) on admission were associated with beneficial treatment response. In addition, leukocyte-specific protein 1 (LSP1) significantly decreased after 5 weeks of treatment in responders (P=2.91 × 10(-2)). Additional genetic, in vivo stress responsitivity data and murine gene expression findings corroborate our finding of RORa as a transcriptional marker of antidepressant response. In summary, using a genome-wide transcriptomics approach and subsequent validation studies, we identified several transcripts including the circadian gene transcript RORa that may serve as biomarkers indicating antidepressant treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Hennings
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany,Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany. E-mail:
| | - M Uhr
- Core Unit Biobanking and Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - T Klengel
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - P Weber
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - B Pütz
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - C Touma
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - D Czamara
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - M Ising
- Department of Clinical Research, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - F Holsboer
- Emeritus scientific member, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - S Lucae
- Department of Clinical Research, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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13
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Cegielska-Perun K, Tatarkiewicz J, Siwek A, Dybała M, Bujalska-Zadrożny M. Mechanisms of morphine–venlafaxine interactions in diabetic neuropathic pain model. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:90-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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14
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Duan D, Yang X, Ya T, Chen L. Hippocampal gene expression in a rat model of depression after electroacupuncture at the Baihui and Yintang acupoints. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:76-83. [PMID: 25206746 PMCID: PMC4146319 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.125333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Preliminary basic research and clinical findings have demonstrated that electroacupuncture therapy exhibits positive effects in ameliorating depression. However, most studies of the underlying mechanism are at the single gene level; there are few reports regarding the mechanism at the whole-genome level. Using a rat genomic gene-chip, we profiled hippocampal gene expression changes in rats after electroacupuncture therapy. Electroacupuncture therapy alleviated depression-related manifestations in the model rats. Using gene-chip analysis, we demonstrated that electroacupuncture at Baihui (DU20) and Yintang (EX-HN3) regulates the expression of 21 genes. Real-time PCR showed that the genes Vgf, Igf2, Tmp32, Loc500373, Hif1a, Folr1, Nmb, and Rtn were upregulated or downregulated in depression and that their expression tended to normalize after electroacupuncture therapy. These results indicate that electroacupuncture at Baihui and Yintang modulates depression by regulating the expression of particular genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Duan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine of South Building, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuyan Yang
- Institute of Health Maintenance, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tu Ya
- School of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine of South Building, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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15
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Iacob E, Light KC, Tadler SC, Weeks HR, White AT, Hughen RW, VanHaitsma TA, Bushnell L, Light AR. Dysregulation of leukocyte gene expression in women with medication-refractory depression versus healthy non-depressed controls. BMC Psychiatry 2013; 13:273. [PMID: 24143878 PMCID: PMC4015603 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-13-273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depressive Disorders (DD) are a great financial and social burden. Females display 70% higher rate of depression than males and more than 30% of these patients do not respond to conventional medications. Thus medication-refractory female patients are a large, under-served, group where new biological targets for intervention are greatly needed. METHODS We used real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to evaluate mRNA gene expression from peripheral blood leukocytes for 27 genes, including immune, HPA-axis, ion channels, and growth and transcription factors. Our sample included 23 females with medication refractory DD: 13 with major depressive disorder (MDD), 10 with bipolar disorder (BPD). Our comparison group was 19 healthy, non-depressed female controls. We examined differences in mRNA expression in DD vs. controls, in MDD vs. BPD, and in patients with greater vs. lesser depression severity. RESULTS DD patients showed increased expression for IL-10, IL-6, OXTR, P2RX7, P2RY1, and TRPV1. BPD patients showed increased APP, CREB1, NFKB1, NR3C1, and SPARC and decreased TNF expression. Depression severity was related to increased IL-10, P2RY1, P2RX1, and TRPV4 expression. CONCLUSIONS These results support prior findings of dysregulation in immune genes, and provide preliminary evidence of dysregulation in purinergic and other ion channels in females with medication-refractory depression, and in transcription and growth factors in those with BPD. If replicated in future research examining protein levels as well as mRNA, these pathways could potentially be used to explore biological mechanisms of depression and to develop new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Iacob
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Kathleen C Light
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Scott C Tadler
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Howard R Weeks
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Andrea T White
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, USA, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ronald W Hughen
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Timothy A VanHaitsma
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, USA, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lowry Bushnell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alan R Light
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,Neuroscience Program, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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16
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Abstract
While antidepressant therapy is an essential treatment of major depression, a substantial group of treated patients do not respond to therapy, or suffer from severe side effects. Moreover, the time of onset of the clinical improvement is often delayed. Antidepressants as currently available usually enhance serotonergic, noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission and may contribute to the inadequate remission rates for major depression. Therefore biomarkers enabling the identification of subgroups of patients and also finding unprecedented targets would provide the basis for personalized medication and thus improve treatment efficacy and reduce side effects. Several pharmacogenetic studies on antidepressant treatment response using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) mapping have been performed but provided only modest findings. Therefore the analysis of gene expression to integrate genomic activity and environmental effects promises a new approach to cope with the complexity of factors influencing antidepressant treatment. Here gene expression studies focusing on candidate genes and genome-wide approaches using RNA derived from peripheral blood cells are reviewed. The most promising findings exist for hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, inflammation and neuroplasticity related genes. However, straightforward translation into tailored treatment is still unlikely. Contradictory results limit the clinical use of the findings. Future studies are necessary, which could include functional analysis and consider gene-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Menke
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry , Munich , Germany
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17
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Gust M, Fortier M, Garric J, Fournier M, Gagné F. Effects of short-term exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of different pharmaceutical mixtures on the immune response of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 445-446:210-218. [PMID: 23333517 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are pollutants of potential concern in the aquatic environment where they are commonly introduced as complex mixtures via municipal effluents. Many reports underline the effects of pharmaceuticals on immune system of non target species. Four drug mixtures were tested, and regrouped pharmaceuticals by main therapeutic use: psychiatric (venlafaxine, carbamazepine, diazepam), antibiotic (ciprofloxacine, erythromycin, novobiocin, oxytetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim), hypolipemic (atorvastatin, gemfibrozil, benzafibrate) and antihypertensive (atenolol, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, lisinopril). Their effects were then compared with a treated municipal effluent known for its contamination, and its effects on the immune response of Lymnaea stagnalis. Adult L. stagnalis were exposed for 3 days to an environmentally relevant concentration of the four mixtures individually and as a global mixture. Effects on immunocompetence (hemocyte viability and count, ROS and thiol levels, phagocytosis) and gene expression were related to the immune response and oxidative stress: catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), Selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (SeGPx), two isoforms of the nitric oxide synthetase gene (NOS1 and NOS2), molluscan defensive molecule (MDM), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF) and heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70). Immunocompetence was differently affected by the therapeutic class mixtures compared to the global mixture, which increased hemocyte count, ROS levels and phagocytosis, and decreased intracellular thiol levels. TLR4 gene expression was the most strongly increased, especially by psychiatric mixture (19-fold), while AIF-1, GR and CAT genes were downregulated. A decision tree analysis revealed that the immunotoxic responses caused by the municipal effluent were comparable to those obtained with the global pharmaceutical mixture, and the latter shared similarity with the antibiotic mixture. This suggests that pharmaceutical mixtures in municipal effluents represent a risk for gastropods at the immunocompetence levels and the antibiotic group could represent a model therapeutic class for municipal effluent toxicity studies in L. stagnalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gust
- IRSTEA, UR MAEP, Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, 3 bis quai Chauveau, 69009 Lyon, France.
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18
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Hepgul N, Cattaneo A, Zunszain PA, Pariante CM. Depression pathogenesis and treatment: what can we learn from blood mRNA expression? BMC Med 2013; 11:28. [PMID: 23384232 PMCID: PMC3606439 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in several biological systems, including the neuroendocrine and immune systems, have been consistently demonstrated in patients with major depressive disorder. These alterations have been predominantly studied using easily accessible systems such as blood and saliva. In recent years there has been an increasing body of evidence supporting the use of peripheral blood gene expression to investigate the pathogenesis of depression, and to identify relevant biomarkers. In this paper we review the current literature on gene expression alterations in depression, focusing in particular on three important and interlinked biological domains: inflammation, glucocorticoid receptor functionality and neuroplasticity. We also briefly review the few existing transcriptomics studies. Our review summarizes data showing that patients with major depressive disorder exhibit an altered pattern of expression in several genes belonging to these three biological domains when compared with healthy controls. In particular, we show evidence for a pattern of 'state-related' gene expression changes that are normalized either by remission or by antidepressant treatment. Taken together, these findings highlight the use of peripheral blood gene expression as a clinically relevant biomarker approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Hepgul
- Section of Perinatal Psychiatry & Stress, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK
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19
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Mamdani F, Berlim MT, Beaulieu MM, Labbe A, Merette C, Turecki G. Gene expression biomarkers of response to citalopram treatment in major depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2011; 1:e13. [PMID: 22832429 PMCID: PMC3309465 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2011.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is significant variability in antidepressant treatment outcome, with ∼30-40% of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) not presenting with adequate response even following several trials. To identify potential biomarkers of response, we investigated peripheral gene expression patterns of response to antidepressant treatment in MDD. We did this using Affymetrix HG-U133 Plus2 microarrays in blood samples, from untreated individuals with MDD (N=63) ascertained at a community outpatient clinic, pre and post 8-week treatment with citalopram, and used a regression model to assess the impact of gene expression differences on antidepressant response. We carried out technical validation of significant probesets by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR and conducted central nervous system follow-up of the most significant result in post-mortem brain samples from 15 subjects who died during a current MDD episode and 11 sudden-death controls. A total of 32 probesets were differentially expressed according to response to citalopram treatment following false discovery rate correction. Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) was the most significant differentially expressed gene and its expression was upregulated by citalopram treatment in individuals who responded to treatment. We found these results to be concordant with our observation of decreased expression of IRF7 in the prefrontal cortex of MDDs with negative toxicological evidence for antidepressant treatment at the time of death. These findings point to IRF7 as a gene of interest in studies investigating genomic factors associated with antidepressant response.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mamdani
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies and Depressive Disorders Program, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - M T Berlim
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies and Depressive Disorders Program, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - M-M Beaulieu
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies and Depressive Disorders Program, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - A Labbe
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada,Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - C Merette
- Centre de Recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - G Turecki
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies and Depressive Disorders Program, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada,McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Verdun, Montréal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada. E-mail:
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20
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Scaini G, Maggi DD, De-Nês BT, Gonçalves CL, Ferreira GK, Teodorak BP, Bez GD, Ferreira GC, Schuck PF, Quevedo J, Streck EL. Activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain is increased by chronic administration of antidepressants. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2011; 23:112-8. [PMID: 26952897 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2011.00548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depressive disorders, including major depression, are serious and disabling for affected patients. Although the neurobiological understanding of major depressive disorder focuses mainly on the monoamine hypothesis, the exact pathophysiology of depression is not fully understood. METHODS Animals received daily intra-peritoneal injections of paroxetine (10 mg/kg), nortriptyline (15 mg/kg) or venlafaxine (10 mg/kg) in 1.0 ml/kg volume for 15 days. Twelve hours after the last injection, the rats were killed by decapitation, where the brain was removed and homogenised. The activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes in different brain structures were measured. RESULTS We first verified that chronic administration of paroxetine increased complex I activity in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum and cerebral cortex. In addition, complex II activity was increased by the same drug in hippocampus, striatum and cerebral cortex and complex IV activity in prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, chronic administration of nortriptyline increased complex II activity in hippocampus and striatum and complex IV activity in prefrontal cortex, striatum and cerebral cortex. Finally, chronic administration of venlafaxine increased complex II activity in hippocampus, striatum and cerebral cortex and complex IV activity in prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSION On the basis of the present findings, it is tempting to speculate that an increase in brain energy metabolism by the antidepressant paroxetine, nortriptyline and venlafaxine could play a role in the mechanism of action of these drugs. These data corroborate with other studies suggesting that some antidepressants modulate brain energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselli Scaini
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Débora D Maggi
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Bruna T De-Nês
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Cinara L Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gabriela K Ferreira
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Brena P Teodorak
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gisele D Bez
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gustavo C Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Patricia F Schuck
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina
| | - Emilio L Streck
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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21
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Uddin M, Koenen KC, Aiello AE, Wildman DE, de los Santos R, Galea S. Epigenetic and inflammatory marker profiles associated with depression in a community-based epidemiologic sample. Psychol Med 2011; 41:997-1007. [PMID: 20836906 PMCID: PMC3065166 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291710001674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent work suggests that epigenetic differences may be associated with psychiatric disorders. Here we investigate, in a community-based sample, whether methylation profiles distinguish between individuals with and without lifetime depression. We also investigate the physiologic consequences that may be associated with these profiles. METHOD Using whole blood-derived genomic DNA from a subset of participants in the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study (DNHS), we applied methylation microarrays to assess genome-wide methylation profiles for over 14 000 genes in 33 persons who reported a lifetime history of depression and 67 non-depressed adults. Bioinformatic functional analyses were performed on the genes uniquely methylated and unmethylated in each group, and inflammatory biomarkers [interleukin (IL)-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP)] were measured to investigate the possible functional significance of the methylation profiles observed. RESULTS Uniquely unmethylated gene sets distinguished between those with versus without lifetime depression. In particular, some processes (e.g. brain development, tryptophan metabolism) showed patterns suggestive of increased methylation among individuals with depression whereas others (e.g. lipoprotein) showed patterns suggestive of decreased methylation among individuals with depression. IL-6 and CRP levels were elevated among those with lifetime depression and, among those with depression only, IL-6 methylation showed an inverse correlation with circulating IL-6 and CRP. CONCLUSIONS Genome-wide methylation profiles distinguish individuals with versus without lifetime depression in a community-based setting, and show coordinated signals with pathophysiological mechanisms previously implicated in the etiology of this disorder. Examining epigenetic mechanisms in concert with other dynamic markers of physiologic functioning should improve our understanding of the neurobiology of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Uddin
- Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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22
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Belzeaux R, Formisano-Tréziny C, Loundou A, Boyer L, Gabert J, Samuelian JC, Féron F, Naudin J, Ibrahim EC. Clinical variations modulate patterns of gene expression and define blood biomarkers in major depression. J Psychiatr Res 2010; 44:1205-13. [PMID: 20471034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study is to compare the expression level of candidate genes between patients suffering from a severe major depressive episode (MDE) and controls, and also among patients during MDE evolution. After a comprehensive review of the biological data related to mood disorders, we initiated a hypothesis-driven exploration of candidate mRNAs. Using RT-qPCR, we analyzed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) mRNA obtained from a homogeneous population of 11 patients who suffered from severe melancholic MDE. To assess the evolution of MDE, we analyzed PBMC mRNAs that were collected on Day 1 and 8 weeks later. Data from these patient samples were analyzed in comparison to age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Among 40 candidate genes consistently transcribed in PBMCs, 10 were differentially expressed in at least one comparison. We found that variations of mRNA levels for NRG1, SORT1 and TPH1 were interesting state-dependent biological markers of the disease. We also observed that variations in other mRNA expression were associated with treatment efficacy or clinical improvement (CREB1, HDAC5, HSPA2, HTR1B, HTR2A, and SLC6A4/5HTT). Significantly, 5HTT exhibited a strong correlation with clinical score evolution. We also found a state-independent marker, IL10. Moreover, the analysis of 2 separate MDEs concerning a same patient revealed comparable results for the expression of CREB1, HSPA2, HTR1B, NRG1 and TPH1. Overall, our results indicate that PBMCs obtained at different time points during MDE progression represent a promising avenue to discover biological markers for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul Belzeaux
- NICN-CNRS UMR 6184, Faculté de Médecine Nord-IFR Jean Roche, 51 Bd Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, France
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Lee JH, Ko E, Kim YE, Min JY, Liu J, Kim Y, Shin M, Hong M, Bae H. Gene expression profile analysis of genes in rat hippocampus from antidepressant treated rats using DNA microarray. BMC Neurosci 2010; 11:152. [PMID: 21118505 PMCID: PMC3009642 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-11-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular and biological mechanisms by which many antidepressants function are based on the monoamine depletion hypothesis. However, the entire cascade of mechanisms responsible for the therapeutic effect of antidepressants has not yet been elucidated. RESULTS We used a genome-wide microarray system containing 30,000 clones to evaluate total RNA that had been isolated from the brains of treated rats to identify the genes involved in the therapeutic mechanisms of various antidepressants, a tricyclic antidepressant (imipramine). a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (fluoxetine), a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (phenelzine) and psychoactive herbal extracts of Nelumbinis Semen (NS). To confirm the differential expression of the identified genes, we analyzed the amount of mRNA that was isolated from the hippocampus of rats that had been treated with antidepressants by real-time RT-PCR using primers specific for selected genes of interest. These data demonstrate that antidepressants interfere with the expression of a large array of genes involved in signaling, survival and protein metabolism, suggesting that the therapeutic effect of these antidepressants is very complex. Surprisingly, unlike other antidepressants, we found that the standardized herbal medicine, Nelumbinis Semen, is free of factors that can induce neurodegenerative diseases such as caspase 8, α-synuclein, and amyloid precursor protein. In addition, the production of the inflammatory cytokine, IFNγ, was significantly decreased in rat hippocampus in response to treatment with antidepressants, while the inhibitory cytokine, TGFβ, was significantly enhanced. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that antidepressants function by regulating neurotransmission as well as suppressing immunoreactivity in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ho Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Ku, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Eunjung Ko
- Department of Physiology, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Ku, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Young-Eun Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Ku, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Min
- Department of Physiology, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Ku, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Physiology, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Ku, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Yangseok Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Ku, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Minkyu Shin
- Department of Physiology, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Ku, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Moochang Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Ku, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Hyunsu Bae
- Department of Physiology, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Ku, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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Spijker S, Van Zanten JS, De Jong S, Penninx BWJH, van Dyck R, Zitman FG, Smit JH, Ylstra B, Smit AB, Hoogendijk WJG. Stimulated gene expression profiles as a blood marker of major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 68:179-86. [PMID: 20471630 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a moderately heritable disorder with a high lifetime prevalence. At present, laboratory blood tests to support MDD diagnosis are not available. METHODS We used a classifier approach on blood gene expression profiles of a unique set of unmedicated subjects (MDD patients and control subjects) to select genes with expression predictive for disease status. To reveal blood gene expression changes related to major depressive disorder-disease, we applied a powerful ex vivo stimulus to the blood: incubation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10 ng/mL blood). RESULTS Based on LPS-stimulated blood gene expression using whole-genome microarrays (primary cohort; 21 MDD patients, 21 healthy control subjects), we identified a set of genes (CAPRIN1, CLEC4A, KRT23, MLC1, PLSCR1, PROK2, ZBTB16) that serves as a molecular signature of MDD. These findings were validated using an independent quantitative polymerase chain reaction method (primary cohort, p = .007). The difference between depressive patients and control subjects was confirmed (p = .019) in a replication cohort of 13 MDD patients and 14 control subjects. The MDD signature score comprised expression levels of seven genes could discriminate depressive patients from control subjects with sensitivity of 76.9% and specificity of 71.8%. CONCLUSIONS We have shown for the first time that molecular analysis of stimulated blood cells can be used as an endophenotype for MDD diagnosis, which is a milestone in establishing biomarkers for neuropsychiatric disorders with moderate heritability in general. Our results may provide a new entry point for following and predicting treatment outcome, as well as prediction of severity and recurrence of major depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Spijker
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Patel SD, Le-Niculescu H, Koller DL, Green SD, Lahiri DK, McMahon FJ, Nurnberger JI, Niculescu AB. Coming to grips with complex disorders: genetic risk prediction in bipolar disorder using panels of genes identified through convergent functional genomics. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:850-77. [PMID: 20468069 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We previously proposed and provided proof of principle for the use of a complementary approach, convergent functional genomics (CFG), combining gene expression and genetic data, from human and animal model studies, as a way of mining the existing GWAS datasets for signals that are there already, but did not reach significance using a genetics-only approach [Le-Niculescu et al., 2009b]. CFG provides a fit-to-disease prioritization of genes that leads to generalizability in independent cohorts, and counterbalances the fit-to-cohort prioritization inherent in classic genetic-only approaches, which have been plagued by poor reproducibility across cohorts. We have now extended our previous work to include more datasets of GWAS, and more recent evidence from other lines of work. In essence our analysis is the most comprehensive integration of genetics and functional genomics to date in the field of bipolar disorder. Biological pathway analyses identified top canonical pathways, and epistatic interaction testing inside these pathways has identified genes that merit future follow-up as direct interactors (intra-pathway epistasis, INPEP). Moreover, we have put together a panel of best P-value single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), based on the top candidate genes we identified. We have developed a genetic risk prediction score (GRPS) based on our panel, and demonstrate how in two independent test cohorts the GRPS differentiates between subjects with bipolar disorder and normal controls, in both European-American and African-American populations. Lastly, we describe a prototype of how such testing could be used to categorize disease risk in individuals and aid personalized medicine approaches, in psychiatry and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Patel
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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26
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Epigenetic side-effects of common pharmaceuticals: A potential new field in medicine and pharmacology. Med Hypotheses 2009; 73:770-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Le-Niculescu H, Patel SD, Bhat M, Kuczenski R, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT, McMahon FJ, Schork NJ, Nurnberger JI, Niculescu AB. Convergent functional genomics of genome-wide association data for bipolar disorder: comprehensive identification of candidate genes, pathways and mechanisms. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B:155-81. [PMID: 19025758 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Given the mounting convergent evidence implicating many more genes in complex disorders such as bipolar disorder than the small number identified unambiguously by the first-generation Genome-Wide Association studies (GWAS) to date, there is a strong need for improvements in methodology. One strategy is to include in the next generation GWAS larger numbers of subjects, and/or to pool independent studies into meta-analyses. We propose and provide proof of principle for the use of a complementary approach, convergent functional genomics (CFG), as a way of mining the existing GWAS datasets for signals that are there already, but did not reach significance using a genetics-only approach. With the CFG approach, the integration of genetics with genomics, of human and animal model data, and of multiple independent lines of evidence converging on the same genes offers a way of extracting signal from noise and prioritizing candidates. In essence our analysis is the most comprehensive integration of genetics and functional genomics to date in the field of bipolar disorder, yielding a series of novel (such as Klf12, Aldh1a1, A2bp1, Ak3l1, Rorb, Rora) and previously known (such as Bdnf, Arntl, Gsk3b, Disc1, Nrg1, Htr2a) candidate genes, blood biomarkers, as well as a comprehensive identification of pathways and mechanisms. These become prime targets for hypothesis driven follow-up studies, new drug development and personalized medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Le-Niculescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
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Kovács ZA, Puskás LG, Juhász A, Rimanóczy A, Hackler L, Kátay L, Gali Z, Vetró A, Janka Z, Kálmán J. Hypnosis upregulates the expression of immune-related genes in lymphocytes. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 2008; 77:257-9. [PMID: 18443392 DOI: 10.1159/000128165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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29
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Domenici E, Muglia P. The search for peripheral disease markers in psychiatry by genomic and proteomic approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 1:235-51. [DOI: 10.1517/17530059.1.2.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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van der Ven K, Keil D, Moens LN, Hummelen PV, van Remortel P, Maras M, De Coen W. Effects of the antidepressant mianserin in zebrafish: molecular markers of endocrine disruption. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 65:1836-45. [PMID: 16750242 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Revised: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to their environmental occurrence and intrinsic biological activity, human pharmaceuticals have received increasing attention from environmental and health agencies. Of particular, ecotoxicological concern are drugs that affect nervous- and endocrine-systems. Zebrafish genome-wide oligo arrays are used to collect mechanistic information on mianserin-induced changes in gene expression in zebrafish. Gene expression analysis in brain and gonad tissue clearly demonstrated the estrogenic activity of mianserin and its potency to disrupt normal endocrine (estrogenic) signaling, based on induction of molecular biomarkers of estrogenicity (e.g., vitellogenin1 and zona pellucida proteins). The possible mechanism underlying this estrogenic activity of mianserin is disturbance of the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) axis by direct interference of mianserin with the serotonergic and adrenergic systems in the brain of zebrafish. Taking into account the importance of the HPG-axis, and considering the concept of 'critical window of exposure', our results reveal the importance for more elaborate testing of endocrine disruptive effects of aquatic antidepressants at different lifestages and during longer exposure periods (e.g., life cycle studies). Although there is a low concordance between the gene expression results in this study and previous cDNA microarray hybridizations, the global mechanistic expression patterns are similar in both platforms. This argues in favor of pathway-driven analysis of gene expression results compared to gene-per-gene analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlijn van der Ven
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Ecophysiology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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McShea A, Marlatt MW, Lee HG, Tarkowsky SM, Smit M, Smith MA. The Application of Microarray Technology to Neuropathology: Cutting Edge Tool With Clinical Diagnostics Potential or Too Much Information? J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2006; 65:1031-9. [PMID: 17086099 DOI: 10.1097/01.jnen.0000240471.04920.3c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microarray technology is a tremendously powerful method for simultaneously monitoring the expression of thousands of species of nucleic acids, usually cellular mRNA, producing a high-resolution representation of the genes encoded or expressed in a cell. As such, microarray technology has great potential for impacting research and clinical approaches to treatment. However, this complex technology has been challenging to apply as a result of difficulties discerning biologic variation from technologic issues, therefore slowing the application of the technology to human diagnostics. Nevertheless, significant advances in microarray technology, improvements that avoid potential pitfalls, and a wider spectrum of application are making this technology easier to apply. Indeed, microarray technology has provided valuable insights into mechanisms involving gene regulation and expression in Alzheimer disease, and it remains a powerful tool to identify biomarkers for disease diagnosis. Ultimately, the most robust markers will enable the application of more specific treatments particular to disease stages or subcategories. Currently, no widely applicable molecular test is available to identify those at risk for developing Alzheimer disease or those who have early markers of pathology but show discernible cognitive impairment. The progression of this technology will lead to earlier detection of the disease through enhanced understanding of disease onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McShea
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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