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Di Bella DJ, Domínguez-Iturza N, Brown JR, Arlotta P. Making Ramón y Cajal proud: Development of cell identity and diversity in the cerebral cortex. Neuron 2024; 112:2091-2111. [PMID: 38754415 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Since the beautiful images of Santiago Ramón y Cajal provided a first glimpse into the immense diversity and complexity of cell types found in the cerebral cortex, neuroscience has been challenged and inspired to understand how these diverse cells are generated and how they interact with each other to orchestrate the development of this remarkable tissue. Some fundamental questions drive the field's quest to understand cortical development: what are the mechanistic principles that govern the emergence of neuronal diversity? How do extrinsic and intrinsic signals integrate with physical forces and activity to shape cell identity? How do the diverse populations of neurons and glia influence each other during development to guarantee proper integration and function? The advent of powerful new technologies to profile and perturb cortical development at unprecedented resolution and across a variety of modalities has offered a new opportunity to integrate past knowledge with brand new data. Here, we review some of this progress using cortical excitatory projection neurons as a system to draw out general principles of cell diversification and the role of cell-cell interactions during cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela J Di Bella
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Nuria Domínguez-Iturza
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Juliana R Brown
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Paola Arlotta
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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2
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Marziali LN, Hwang Y, Palmisano M, Cuenda A, Sim FJ, Gonzalez A, Volsko C, Dutta R, Trapp BD, Wrabetz L, Feltri ML. p38γ MAPK delays myelination and remyelination and is abundant in multiple sclerosis lesions. Brain 2024; 147:1871-1886. [PMID: 38128553 PMCID: PMC11068213 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which disability results from the disruption of myelin and axons. During the initial stages of the disease, injured myelin is replaced by mature myelinating oligodendrocytes that differentiate from oligodendrocyte precursor cells. However, myelin repair fails in secondary and chronic progressive stages of the disease and with ageing, as the environment becomes progressively more hostile. This may be attributable to inhibitory molecules in the multiple sclerosis environment including activation of the p38MAPK family of kinases. We explored oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation and myelin repair using animals with conditional ablation of p38MAPKγ from oligodendrocyte precursors. We found that p38γMAPK ablation accelerated oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation and myelination. This resulted in an increase in both the total number of oligodendrocytes and the migration of progenitors ex vivo and faster remyelination in the cuprizone model of demyelination/remyelination. Consistent with its role as an inhibitor of myelination, p38γMAPK was significantly downregulated as oligodendrocyte precursor cells matured into oligodendrocytes. Notably, p38γMAPK was enriched in multiple sclerosis lesions from patients. Oligodendrocyte progenitors expressed high levels of p38γMAPK in areas of failed remyelination but did not express detectable levels of p38γMAPK in areas where remyelination was apparent. Our data suggest that p38γ could be targeted to improve myelin repair in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro N Marziali
- Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Departments of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Yoonchan Hwang
- Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Departments of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Marilena Palmisano
- Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Departments of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Ana Cuenda
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Fraser J Sim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Alberto Gonzalez
- Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Departments of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Christina Volsko
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ranjan Dutta
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Bruce D Trapp
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Lawrence Wrabetz
- Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Departments of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Maria L Feltri
- Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, Departments of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Università degli studi di Milano, Biometra department and IRCcs Carlo Besta, Milano 20133, Italy
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Yoshida K, Chambers JK, Uchida K. The relationships of platelet-derived growth factor, microvascular proliferation, and tumor cell proliferation in canine high-grade oligodendrogliomas: Immunohistochemistry of 45 tumors and an AFOB-01 xenograft mouse model. Vet Pathol 2024:3009858241241793. [PMID: 38577818 DOI: 10.1177/03009858241241793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
High-grade oligodendroglioma (HGOG) is the most common type of glioma in dogs and expresses platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFR-α). Microvascular proliferation is often observed in HGOG. Therefore, the present study investigated the functional relationships between PDGFR-α, microvascular proliferation, and tumor cell proliferation in canine HGOG. The expression of PDGFR-α and PDGF-subunit A (PDGF-A) in tumor cells, as well as endothelial cells and pericytes of tumor-associated microvascular proliferations, in 45 canine HGOGs were examined immunohistochemically. Microvascular proliferation was observed in 24/45 cases (53%). PDGFR-α expression in tumor cells and microvascular proliferations was observed in 45/45 (100%) and 2/24 cases (8%), respectively. Furthermore, PDGF-A expression in tumor cells and microvascular proliferations was detected in 13/45 (29%) and 24/24 cases (100%), respectively. In vitro, stimulation of the canine HGOG cell line AOFB-01 with PDGF-A showed that the doubling time of AOFB-01 cells was significantly shorter with PDGF-A than without PDGF-A. Crenolanib (a PDGFR inhibitor) inhibited AOFB-01 cell proliferation. In vivo, the AOFB-01 xenograft mouse model was treated with crenolanib. Tumor xenografts were smaller in crenolanib-treated mice than in untreated control mice. PDGFR-α expression in tumor cells and PDGF-A expression in microvascular proliferations and tumor cells suggest autocrine and paracrine effects of PDGF-A in canine HGOG. The results of in vitro assays indicate that canine HGOG expresses functional PDGFR-α, which responds to PDGF-A. Therefore, PDGF-A produced by microvascular proliferations and tumor cells may promote the proliferation of PDGFR-α-expressing tumor cells in canine HGOG. PDGFR-α signaling has potential as a therapeutic target.
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Bruschi M, Midjek L, Ajlil Y, Vairy S, Lancien M, Ghermaoui S, Kergrohen T, Verreault M, Idbaih A, de Biagi CAO, Liu I, Filbin MG, Beccaria K, Blauwblomme T, Puget S, Tauziede-Espariat A, Varlet P, Dangouloff-Ros V, Boddaert N, Le Teuff G, Grill J, Montagnac G, Elkhatib N, Debily MA, Castel D. Diffuse midline glioma invasion and metastasis rely on cell-autonomous signaling. Neuro Oncol 2024; 26:553-568. [PMID: 37702430 PMCID: PMC10912010 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffuse midline gliomas (DMG) are pediatric tumors with negligible 2-year survival after diagnosis characterized by their ability to infiltrate the central nervous system. In the hope of controlling the local growth and slowing the disease, all patients receive radiotherapy. However, distant progression occurs frequently in DMG patients. Current clues as to what causes tumor infiltration circle mainly around the tumor microenvironment, but there are currently no known determinants to predict the degree of invasiveness. METHODS In this study, we use patient-derived glioma stem cells (GSCs) to create patient-specific 3D avatars to model interindividual invasion and elucidate the cellular supporting mechanisms. RESULTS We show that GSC models in 3D mirror the invasive behavior of the parental tumors, thus proving the ability of DMG to infiltrate as an autonomous characteristic of tumor cells. Furthermore, we distinguished 2 modes of migration, mesenchymal and ameboid-like, and associated the ameboid-like modality with GSCs derived from the most invasive tumors. Using transcriptomics of both organoids and primary tumors, we further characterized the invasive ameboid-like tumors as oligodendrocyte progenitor-like, with highly contractile cytoskeleton and reduced adhesion ability driven by crucial over-expression of bone morphogenetic pathway 7 (BMP7). Finally, we deciphered MEK, ERK, and Rho/ROCK kinases activated downstream of the BMP7 stimulation as actionable targets controlling tumor cell motility. CONCLUSIONS Our findings identify 2 new therapeutic avenues. First, patient-derived GSCs represent a predictive tool for patient stratification in order to adapt irradiation strategies. Second, autocrine and short-range BMP7-related signaling becomes a druggable target to prevent DMG spread and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bruschi
- Inserm U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, Team Genomics and Oncogenesis of Pediatric Brain Tumors, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Lilia Midjek
- Inserm U1279, Gustave Roussy Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Yassine Ajlil
- Inserm U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, Team Genomics and Oncogenesis of Pediatric Brain Tumors, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Stephanie Vairy
- Inserm U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, Team Genomics and Oncogenesis of Pediatric Brain Tumors, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Département de Cancérologie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Manon Lancien
- Inserm U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, Team Genomics and Oncogenesis of Pediatric Brain Tumors, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Samia Ghermaoui
- Inserm U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, Team Genomics and Oncogenesis of Pediatric Brain Tumors, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Thomas Kergrohen
- Inserm U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, Team Genomics and Oncogenesis of Pediatric Brain Tumors, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Maite Verreault
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, DMU Neurosciences, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, Paris, France
| | - Ahmed Idbaih
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, DMU Neurosciences, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, Paris, France
| | - Carlos Alberto Oliveira de Biagi
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - Ilon Liu
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - Mariella G Filbin
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - Kevin Beccaria
- Inserm U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, Team Genomics and Oncogenesis of Pediatric Brain Tumors, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, APHP, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Blauwblomme
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, APHP, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Stephanie Puget
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, APHP, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Arnault Tauziede-Espariat
- Department of Neuropathology, GHU Paris-Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Sainte-Anne Hospital, ParisFrance
- Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris (IPNP), UMR 1266, INSERM, IMA-BRAIN, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Varlet
- Department of Neuropathology, GHU Paris-Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Sainte-Anne Hospital, ParisFrance
- Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris (IPNP), UMR 1266, INSERM, IMA-BRAIN, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Volodia Dangouloff-Ros
- Paediatric Radiology Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Cité, Institut Imagine INSERM U1163, ParisFrance
| | - Nathalie Boddaert
- Paediatric Radiology Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Cité, Institut Imagine INSERM U1163, ParisFrance
| | - Gwenael Le Teuff
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Gustave Roussy and Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Jacques Grill
- Inserm U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, Team Genomics and Oncogenesis of Pediatric Brain Tumors, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Département de Cancérologie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Guillaume Montagnac
- Inserm U1279, Gustave Roussy Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Nadia Elkhatib
- Inserm U1279, Gustave Roussy Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Marie-Anne Debily
- Inserm U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, Team Genomics and Oncogenesis of Pediatric Brain Tumors, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Département de Biologie, Université Evry Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - David Castel
- Inserm U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, Team Genomics and Oncogenesis of Pediatric Brain Tumors, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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Kiaie N, Gorabi AM, Loveless R, Teng Y, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. The regenerative potential of glial progenitor cells and reactive astrocytes in CNS injuries. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 140:104794. [PMID: 35902044 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapeutic approaches focusing on the regeneration of damaged tissue have been a popular topic among researchers in recent years. In particular, self-repair scarring from the central nervous system (CNS) can significantly complicate the treatment of an injured patient. In CNS regeneration schemes, either glial progenitor cells or reactive glial cells have key roles to play. In this review, the contribution and underlying mechanisms of these progenitor/reactive glial cells during CNS regeneration are discussed, as well as their role in CNS-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Kiaie
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armita Mahdavi Gorabi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Science, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reid Loveless
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yong Teng
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Dermitzakis I, Manthou ME, Meditskou S, Miliaras D, Kesidou E, Boziki M, Petratos S, Grigoriadis N, Theotokis P. Developmental Cues and Molecular Drivers in Myelinogenesis: Revisiting Early Life to Re-Evaluate the Integrity of CNS Myelin. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:3208-3237. [PMID: 35877446 PMCID: PMC9324160 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44070222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian central nervous system (CNS) coordinates its communication through saltatory conduction, facilitated by myelin-forming oligodendrocytes (OLs). Despite the fact that neurogenesis from stem cell niches has caught the majority of attention in recent years, oligodendrogenesis and, more specifically, the molecular underpinnings behind OL-dependent myelinogenesis, remain largely unknown. In this comprehensive review, we determine the developmental cues and molecular drivers which regulate normal myelination both at the prenatal and postnatal periods. We have indexed the individual stages of myelinogenesis sequentially; from the initiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells, including migration and proliferation, to first contact with the axon that enlists positive and negative regulators for myelination, until the ultimate maintenance of the axon ensheathment and myelin growth. Here, we highlight multiple developmental pathways that are key to successful myelin formation and define the molecular pathways that can potentially be targets for pharmacological interventions in a variety of neurological disorders that exhibit demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iasonas Dermitzakis
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.D.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.); (D.M.)
| | - Maria Eleni Manthou
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.D.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.); (D.M.)
| | - Soultana Meditskou
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.D.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.); (D.M.)
| | - Dimosthenis Miliaras
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.D.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.); (D.M.)
| | - Evangelia Kesidou
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.K.); (M.B.); (N.G.)
| | - Marina Boziki
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.K.); (M.B.); (N.G.)
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, VIC 3004, Australia;
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.K.); (M.B.); (N.G.)
| | - Paschalis Theotokis
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.D.); (M.E.M.); (S.M.); (D.M.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.K.); (M.B.); (N.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Barber HM, Ali MF, Kucenas S. Glial Patchwork: Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells and Astrocytes Blanket the Central Nervous System. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:803057. [PMID: 35069117 PMCID: PMC8766310 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.803057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tiling is a developmental process where cell populations become evenly distributed throughout a tissue. In this review, we discuss the developmental cellular tiling behaviors of the two major glial populations in the central nervous system (CNS)—oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and astrocytes. First, we discuss OPC tiling in the spinal cord, which is comprised of the three cellular behaviors of migration, proliferation, and contact-mediated repulsion (CMR). These cellular behaviors occur simultaneously during OPC development and converge to produce the emergent behavior of tiling which results in OPCs being evenly dispersed and occupying non-overlapping domains throughout the CNS. We next discuss astrocyte tiling in the cortex and hippocampus, where astrocytes migrate, proliferate, then ultimately determine their exclusive domains by gradual removal of overlap rather than sustained CMR. This results in domains that slightly overlap, allowing for both exclusive control of “synaptic islands” and astrocyte-astrocyte communication. We finally discuss the similarities and differences in the tiling behaviors of these glial populations and what remains unknown regarding glial tiling and how perturbations to this process may impact injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M. Barber
- Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Cell & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Maria F. Ali
- Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Sarah Kucenas
- Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Cell & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Sarah Kucenas
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8
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Xia W, Fancy SPJ. Mechanisms of oligodendrocyte progenitor developmental migration. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:985-996. [PMID: 34643996 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS), develop from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) that must first migrate extensively throughout the developing brain and spinal cord. Specified at particular times from discrete regions in the developing CNS, OPCs are one of the most migratory of cell types and disperse rapidly. A variety of factors act on OPCs to trigger intracellular changes that regulate their migration. We will discuss factors that act as long-range guidance cues, those that act to regulate cellular motility, and those that are critical in determining the final positioning of OPCs. In addition, recent evidence has identified the vasculature as the physical substrate used by OPCs for their migration. Several new findings relating to this oligodendroglial-vascular signaling axis reveal new insight on the relationship between OPCs and blood vessels in the developing and adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Xia
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Division of Neuroimmunology and Glial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Newborn Brain Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephen P J Fancy
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Division of Neuroimmunology and Glial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Newborn Brain Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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9
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Ali MF, Latimer AJ, Wang Y, Hogenmiller L, Fontenas L, Isabella AJ, Moens CB, Yu G, Kucenas S. Met is required for oligodendrocyte progenitor cell migration in Danio rerio. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkab265. [PMID: 34568921 PMCID: PMC8473979 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
During vertebrate central nervous system development, most oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are specified in the ventral spinal cord and must migrate throughout the neural tube until they become evenly distributed, occupying non-overlapping domains. While this process of developmental OPC migration is well characterized, the nature of the molecular mediators that govern it remain largely unknown. Here, using zebrafish as a model, we demonstrate that Met signaling is required for initial developmental migration of OPCs, and, using cell-specific knock-down of Met signaling, show that Met acts cell-autonomously in OPCs. Taken together, these findings demonstrate in vivo, the role of Met signaling in OPC migration and provide new insight into how OPC migration is regulated during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Ali
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Andrew J Latimer
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Yinxue Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | - Leah Hogenmiller
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Laura Fontenas
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Adam J Isabella
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Cecilia B Moens
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Guoqiang Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | - Sarah Kucenas
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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10
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Piller M, Werkman IL, Brown RI, Latimer AJ, Kucenas S. Glutamate Signaling via the AMPAR Subunit GluR4 Regulates Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Migration in the Developing Spinal Cord. J Neurosci 2021; 41:5353-5371. [PMID: 33975920 PMCID: PMC8221590 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2562-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are specified from discrete precursor populations during gliogenesis and migrate extensively from their origins, ultimately distributing throughout the brain and spinal cord during early development. Subsequently, a subset of OPCs differentiates into mature oligodendrocytes, which myelinate axons. This process is necessary for efficient neuronal signaling and organism survival. Previous studies have identified several factors that influence OPC development, including excitatory glutamatergic synapses that form between neurons and OPCs during myelination. However, little is known about how glutamate signaling affects OPC migration before myelination. In this study, we use in vivo, time-lapse imaging in zebrafish in conjunction with genetic and pharmacological perturbation to investigate OPC migration and myelination when the GluR4A ionotropic glutamate receptor subunit is disrupted. In our studies, we observed that gria4a mutant embryos and larvae displayed abnormal OPC migration and altered dorsoventral distribution in the spinal cord. Genetic mosaic analysis confirmed that these effects were cell-autonomous, and we identified that voltage-gated calcium channels were downstream of glutamate receptor signaling in OPCs and could rescue the migration and myelination defects we observed when glutamate signaling was perturbed. These results offer new insights into the complex system of neuron-OPC interactions and reveal a cell-autonomous role for glutamatergic signaling in OPCs during neural development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The migration of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) is an essential process during development that leads to uniform oligodendrocyte distribution and sufficient myelination for central nervous system function. Here, we demonstrate that the AMPA receptor (AMPAR) subunit GluR4A is an important driver of OPC migration and myelination in vivo and that activated voltage-gated calcium channels are downstream of glutamate receptor signaling in mediating this migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Piller
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Inge L Werkman
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Robin Isadora Brown
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Andrew J Latimer
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Sarah Kucenas
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
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11
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Guo YS, Yuan M, Han Y, Shen XY, Gao ZK, Bi X. Therapeutic Potential of Cytokines in Demyelinating Lesions After Stroke. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:2035-2052. [PMID: 33970426 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01851-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
White matter damage is a component of most human stroke and usually accounts for at least half of the lesion volume. Subcortical white matter stroke (WMS) accounts for 25% of all strokes and causes severe motor and cognitive dysfunction. The adult brain has a very limited ability to repair white matter damage. Pathological analysis shows that demyelination or myelin loss is the main feature of white matter injury and plays an important role in long-term sensorimotor and cognitive dysfunction. This suggests that demyelination is a major therapeutic target for ischemic stroke injury. An acute inflammatory reaction is triggered by brain ischemia, which is accompanied by cytokine production. The production of cytokines is an important factor affecting demyelination and myelin regeneration. Different cytokines have different effects on myelin damage and myelin regeneration. Exploring the role of cytokines in demyelination and remyelination after stroke and the underlying molecular mechanisms of demyelination and myelin regeneration after ischemic injury is very important for the development of rehabilitation treatment strategies. This review focuses on recent findings on the effects of cytokines on myelin damage and remyelination as well as the progress of research on the role of cytokines in ischemic stroke prognosis to provide a new treatment approach for amelioration of white matter damage after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sha Guo
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Mei Yuan
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yu Han
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xin-Ya Shen
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhen-Kun Gao
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xia Bi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 201318, China.
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12
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Wang Y, Chen F, Wang P, Mana L, Sheng N, Huang S. Study on myelin injury of AD mice treated with Shenzhiling oral liquid in the PI3K/Akt-mTOR pathway. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2021; 34:2058738420923907. [PMID: 32462951 PMCID: PMC7262987 DOI: 10.1177/2058738420923907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Shenzhiling oral liquid (SZL) is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) compound to
be approved by the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) (Z20120010) for the
treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, its mechanism
in early AD is not clear. We studied its mechanism in protecting myelin.
Three-month-old APPswe/PS1dE9double transgenic mice were used as AD model and
wild-type C57BL/6 mice were used as control. After 3-month intervention, the
Morris water maze was used to detect behavioural changes. Myelin mTOR pathway
(PI3K, p-PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, mTOR, p-mTOR), myelin basic protein (MBP) and
postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) were detected by immunohistochemistry
and western blot and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
After 3 months of SZL treatment, compared with the model group (M), SZL
medium-dose (SM) and SZL low-dose groups (SL) exhibited increased staying and
crossing results in Morris water maze (P < 0.05). Compared
with M, PI3K-positive cells in SM and SL groups were increased
(P < 0.01), p-PI3K expression increased in the Donepezil
group (D), SZL high-dose group (SH) and SM (P < 0.05);
number of Akt-positive cells and Akt expression in D, SM and SL were increased
(P < 0.01, P < 0.05); number of
p-Akt- and mTOR-positive cells and mTOR expression in all drug-treated groups
were significantly increased (P < 0.01); p-Akt and p-mTOR
expression increased in all drug-treated groups (P < 0.05,
P < 0.01); MBP expression in D and SH increased
(P < 0.05), while in SM and SL it increased more
significantly (P < 0.01); and PSD95 expression in D, SM and
SL was increased (P < 0.05). RT-PCR results showed that
compared with M, PI3K mRNA and Akt mRNA expression in all drug-treated groups
increased, but there was no statistical difference
(P > 0.05), mTOR mRNA expression in all the drug-treated
groups increased significantly (P < 0.01) and MBP mRNA and
PSD95 mRNA expression in D and SH increased (P < 0.05). SZL
oral liquid could play a role in myelin protection in early AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Dongzhimen Hospital (BUCM), State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Dongzhimen Hospital (BUCM), State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Rehabilitation Department, The Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Pengwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Dongzhimen Hospital (BUCM), State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lulu Mana
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Dongzhimen Hospital (BUCM), State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,College of Chinese Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Ning Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Dongzhimen Hospital (BUCM), State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Oncology Department, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM) Affiliated Zaozhuang Hospital, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Shuaiyang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Dongzhimen Hospital (BUCM), State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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13
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Hassanzadeh S, Jalessi M, Jameie SB, Khanmohammadi M, Bagher Z, Namjoo Z, Davachi SM. More attention on glial cells to have better recovery after spinal cord injury. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 25:100905. [PMID: 33553683 PMCID: PMC7844125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional improvement after spinal cord injury remains an unsolved difficulty. Glial scars, a major component of SCI lesions, are very effective in improving the rate of this recovery. Such scars are a result of complex interaction mechanisms involving three major cells, namely, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. In recent years, scientists have identified two subtypes of reactive astrocytes, namely, A1 astrocytes that induce the rapid death of neurons and oligodendrocytes, and A2 astrocytes that promote neuronal survival. Moreover, recent studies have suggested that the macrophage polarization state is more of a continuum between M1 and M2 macrophages. M1 macrophages that encourage the inflammation process kill their surrounding cells and inhibit cellular proliferation. In contrast, M2 macrophages promote cell proliferation, tissue growth, and regeneration. Furthermore, the ability of oligodendrocyte precursor cells to differentiate into adult oligodendrocytes or even neurons has been reviewed. Here, we first scrutinize recent findings on glial cell subtypes and their beneficial or detrimental effects after spinal cord injury. Second, we discuss how we may be able to help the functional recovery process after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Hassanzadeh
- Skull Base Research Center, Hazrat Rasoul Hospital, The Five Senses Health Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center (NRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Jalessi
- Skull Base Research Center, Hazrat Rasoul Hospital, The Five Senses Health Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Behnamedin Jameie
- Neuroscience Research Center (NRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khanmohammadi
- Skull Base Research Center, Hazrat Rasoul Hospital, The Five Senses Health Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohre Bagher
- ENT and Head & Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Health Institute, Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Namjoo
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Davachi
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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14
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Adams KL, Dahl KD, Gallo V, Macklin WB. Intrinsic and extrinsic regulators of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation and differentiation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 116:16-24. [PMID: 34110985 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are highly specialized glial cells, responsible for producing myelin in the central nervous system (CNS). The multi-stage process of oligodendrocyte development is tightly regulated to ensure proper lineage progression of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to mature myelin producing oligodendrocytes. This developmental process involves complex interactions between several intrinsic signaling pathways that are modulated by an array of extrinsic factors. Understanding these regulatory processes is of crucial importance, as it may help to identify specific molecular targets both to enhance plasticity in the normal CNS and to promote endogenous recovery following injury or disease. This review describes two major regulators that play important functional roles in distinct phases of oligodendrocyte development: OPC proliferation and differentiation. Specifically, we highlight the roles of the extracellular astrocyte/radial glia-derived protein Endothelin-1 in OPC proliferation and the intracellular Akt/mTOR pathway in OPC differentiation. Lastly, we reflect on how recent advances in neuroscience and scientific technology will enable greater understanding into how intrinsic and extrinsic regulators interact to generate oligodendrocyte diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina L Adams
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Kristin D Dahl
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Vittorio Gallo
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Wendy B Macklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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15
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Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor Modulators and Oligodendroglial Cells: Beyond Immunomodulation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207537. [PMID: 33066042 PMCID: PMC7588977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by demyelination, axonal loss, and synaptic impairment in the central nervous system (CNS). The available therapies aim to reduce the severity of the pathology during the early inflammatory stages, but they are not effective in the chronic stage of the disease. In this phase, failure in endogenous remyelination is associated with the impairment of oligodendrocytes progenitor cells (OPCs) to migrate and differentiate into mature myelinating oligodendrocytes. Therefore, stimulating differentiation of OPCs into myelinating oligodendrocytes has become one of the main goals of new therapeutic approaches for MS. Different disease-modifying therapies targeting sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors (S1PRs) have been approved or are being developed to treat MS. Besides their immunomodulatory effects, growing evidence suggests that targeting S1PRs modulates mechanisms beyond immunomodulation, such as remyelination. In this context, this review focuses on the current understanding of S1PR modulators and their direct effect on OPCs and oligodendrocytes.
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16
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Zhou L, Shao CY, Xie YJ, Wang N, Xu SM, Luo BY, Wu ZY, Ke YH, Qiu M, Shen Y. Gab1 mediates PDGF signaling and is essential to oligodendrocyte differentiation and CNS myelination. eLife 2020; 9:52056. [PMID: 31944179 PMCID: PMC6984811 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs) myelinate axons and provide electrical insulation and trophic support for neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is critical for steady-state number and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), but its downstream targets are unclear. Here, we show for the first time that Gab1, an adaptor protein of receptor tyrosine kinase, is specifically expressed in OL lineage cells and is an essential effector of PDGF signaling in OPCs in mice. Gab1 is downregulated by PDGF stimulation and upregulated during OPC differentiation. Conditional deletions of Gab1 in OLs cause CNS hypomyelination by affecting OPC differentiation. Moreover, Gab1 binds to downstream GSK3β and regulated its activity, and thereby affects the nuclear accumulation of β-catenin and the expression of a number of transcription factors critical to myelination. Our work uncovers a novel downstream target of PDGF signaling, which is essential to OPC differentiation and CNS myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhou
- Department of Physiology of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Guizhou Institution of Higher Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Chong-Yu Shao
- Department of Physiology of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Jun Xie
- Department of Physiology of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Na Wang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Si-Min Xu
- Department of Physiology of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ben-Yan Luo
- Department of Physiology of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Hai Ke
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengsheng Qiu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Physiology of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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17
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Yu G, Sun X, Li L, Huang L, Liu H, Wang S, Ren Z, Zhang Y. Cystatin C promotes cognitive dysfunction in rats with cerebral microbleeds by inhibiting the ERK/synapsin Ia/Ib pathway. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:2282-2290. [PMID: 32104295 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although higher serum level of cystatin C (CysC) was observed in patients with cerebral microbleeds, its associated role in the disease has not been elucidated. In this work, a rat model of cerebral microbleeds was created with the aim of investigating effects of CysC on cognitive function in rats with cerebral microbleeds and the underlying mechanism. Serum samples of patients with cerebral microbleeds and healthy people of the same age were collected. Levels of cystatin C expression in these samples were measured using CysC kits. Moreover, 48 spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) bred under specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions were randomly divided into 4 groups: sham surgery control group (sham), model group (CMB), model + empty vector control group (CMB + vehicle), and model + cystatin C overexpression group (CMB + CysC). Expression levels of CysC in hippocampus of rats in each group were measured by western blot analysis. The Y-maze was used to evaluate cognitive function of rats. Hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) in rats was assessed by the electrophysiological assay. Alterations in levels of p-ERK1/2 and p-synapsin Ia/b proteins associated with cognitive function were identified by western blot analysis. The serum levels of CysC in patients with cerebral microbleeds were significantly upregulated (P<0.001). After injection of CysC, its expression levels in rat hippocampus were significantly increased (P<0.001), which enhanced the decline in learning and memory function, as well as the decrease of LTP in the rat model of cerebral microbleeds (P<0.001). Western blot results showed that injection of CysC further reduced the levels of p-ERK1/2 and p-synapsin Ia/b in the rat model of microbleeds (P<0.001). CysC was up regulated in serum of patients with cerebral microbleeds. It promoted cognitive dysfunction in rats with microbleeds by inhibiting ERK/synapsin Ia/Ib pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangna Yu
- Department of Physical Examination, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Xingyuan Sun
- Director's Office, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- First Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Huang
- First Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Third Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Shuying Wang
- Department of Imagine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Zhanjun Ren
- Sixth Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Yanjiao Zhang
- First Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
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18
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Hor CHH, Goh ELK. Rab23 Regulates Radial Migration of Projection Neurons via N-cadherin. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:1516-1531. [PMID: 29420702 PMCID: PMC6093454 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Radial migration of cortical projection neurons is a prerequisite for shaping a distinct multilayered cerebral cortex during mammalian corticogenesis. Members of Rab GTPases family were reported to regulate radial migration. Here, in vivo conditional knockout or in utero knockdown (KD) of Rab23 in mice neocortex causes aberrant polarity and halted migration of cortical projection neurons. Further investigation of the underlying mechanism reveals down-regulation of N-cadherin in the Rab23-deficient neurons, which is a cell adhesion protein previously known to modulate radial migration. (Shikanai M, Nakajima K, Kawauchi T. 2011. N-cadherin regulates radial glial fiber-dependent migration of cortical locomoting neurons. Commun Integr Biol. 4:326–330.) Interestingly, pharmacological inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) also decreases the expression of N-cadherin, implicating an upstream effect of ERK1/2 on N-cadherin and also suggesting a link between Rab23 and ERK1/2. Further biochemical studies show that silencing of Rab23 impedes activation of ERK1/2 via perturbed platelet-derived growth factor-alpha (PDGFRα) signaling. Restoration of the expression of Rab23 or N-cadherin in Rab23-KD neurons could reverse neuron migration defects, indicating that Rab23 modulates migration through N-cadherin. These studies suggest that cortical neuron migration is mediated by a molecular hierarchy downstream of Rab23 via N-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine H H Hor
- Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.,Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Eyleen L K Goh
- Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.,Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore.,KK Research Center, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore
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19
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Cell migration promotes dynamic cellular interactions to control cerebral cortex morphogenesis. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:318-329. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Massey SC, Hawkins-Daarud A, Gallaher J, Anderson ARA, Canoll P, Swanson KR. Lesion Dynamics Under Varying Paracrine PDGF Signaling in Brain Tissue. Bull Math Biol 2019; 81:1645-1664. [PMID: 30796683 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-019-00587-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Paracrine PDGF signaling is involved in many processes in the body, both normal and pathological, including embryonic development, angiogenesis, and wound healing as well as liver fibrosis, atherosclerosis, and cancers. We explored this seemingly dual (normal and pathological) role of PDGF mathematically by modeling the release of PDGF in brain tissue and then varying the dynamics of this release. Resulting simulations show that by varying the dynamics of a PDGF source, our model predicts three possible outcomes for PDGF-driven cellular recruitment and lesion growth: (1) localized, short duration of growth, (2) localized, chronic growth, and (3) widespread chronic growth. Further, our model predicts that the type of response is much more sensitive to the duration of PDGF exposure than the maximum level of that exposure. This suggests that extended duration of paracrine PDGF signal during otherwise normal processes could potentially lead to lesions having a phenotype consistent with pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Christine Massey
- Precision Neurotherapeutics Innovation Program, Mayo Clinic, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA.
| | - Andrea Hawkins-Daarud
- Precision Neurotherapeutics Innovation Program, Mayo Clinic, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Jill Gallaher
- Integrative Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Peter Canoll
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristin R Swanson
- Precision Neurotherapeutics Innovation Program, Mayo Clinic, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
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21
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Ishii A, Furusho M, Macklin W, Bansal R. Independent and cooperative roles of the Mek/ERK1/2-MAPK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways during developmental myelination and in adulthood. Glia 2019; 67:1277-1295. [PMID: 30761608 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple extracellular and intracellular signals regulate the functions of oligodendrocytes as they progress through the complex process of developmental myelination and then maintain a functionally intact myelin sheath throughout adult life, preserving the integrity of the axons. Recent studies suggest that Mek/ERK1/2-MAPK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR intracellular signaling pathways play important, often overlapping roles in the regulation of myelination. However, it remains poorly understood whether they function independently, sequentially, or converge using a common mechanism to facilitate oligodendrocyte differentiation, myelin growth, and maintenance. To address these questions, we analyzed multiple genetically modified mice and asked whether the deficits due to the conditional loss-of-function of ERK1/2 or mTOR could be abrogated by simultaneous constitutive activation of PI3K/Akt or Mek, respectively. From these studies, we concluded that while PI3K/Akt, not Mek/ERK1/2, plays a key role in promoting oligodendrocyte differentiation and timely initiation of myelination through mTORC1 signaling, Mek/ERK1/2-MAPK functions largely independently of mTORC1 to preserve the integrity of the myelinated axons during adulthood. However, to promote the efficient growth of the myelin sheath, these two pathways cooperate with each other converging at the level of mTORC1, both in the context of normal developmental myelination or following forced reactivation of the myelination program during adulthood. Thus, Mek/ERK1/2-MAPK and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways work both independently and cooperatively to maintain a finely tuned, temporally regulated balance as oligodendrocytes progress through different phases of developmental myelination into adulthood. Therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting remyelination in demyelinating diseases are expected to benefit from these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ishii
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Medical School, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Miki Furusho
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Medical School, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Wendy Macklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rashmi Bansal
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Medical School, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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Role of PDGF-A-Activated ERK Signaling Mediated FAK-Paxillin Interaction in Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Migration. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 67:564-573. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-1260-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Guidolin D, Fede C, Tortorella C. Nerve cells developmental processes and the dynamic role of cytokine signaling. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 77:3-17. [PMID: 30465872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The stunning diversity of neurons and glial cells makes possible the higher functions of the central nervous system (CNS), allowing the organism to sense, interpret and respond appropriately to the external environment. This cellular diversity derives from a single primary progenitor cell type initiating lineage leading to the formation of both differentiated neurons and glial cells. The processes governing the differentiation of the progenitor pool of cells into mature nerve cells will be here briefly reviewed. They involve morphological transformations, specialized modes of cell division, migration, and controlled cell death, and are regulated through cell-cell interactions and cues provided by the extracellular matrix, as well as by humoral factors from the cerebrospinal fluid and the blood system. In this respect, a quite large body of studies have been focused on cytokines, proteins representing the main signaling network that coordinates immune defense and the maintenance of homeostasis. At the same time, they are deeply involved in CNS development as regulatory factors. This dual role in the nervous system appears of particular relevance for CNS pathology, since cytokine dysregulation (occurring as a consequence of maternal infection, exposure to environmental factors or prenatal hypoxia) can profoundly impact on neurodevelopment and likely influence the response of the adult tissue during neuroinflammatory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, via Gabelli 65, I-35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Caterina Fede
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, via Gabelli 65, I-35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Cinzia Tortorella
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, via Gabelli 65, I-35121, Padova, Italy
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Role of astrocytic MeCP2 in regulation of CNS myelination by affecting oligodendrocyte and neuronal physiology and axo–glial interactions. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:3015-3027. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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To Be or Not to Be: Environmental Factors that Drive Myelin Formation during Development and after CNS Trauma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/neuroglia1010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are specialized glial cells that myelinate central nervous system (CNS) axons. Historically, it was believed that the primary role of myelin was to compactly ensheath axons, providing the insulation necessary for rapid signal conduction. However, mounting evidence demonstrates the dynamic importance of myelin and oligodendrocytes, including providing metabolic support to neurons and regulating axon protein distribution. As such, the development and maintenance of oligodendrocytes and myelin are integral to preserving CNS homeostasis and supporting proper functioning of widespread neural networks. Environmental signals are critical for proper oligodendrocyte lineage cell progression and their capacity to form functional compact myelin; these signals are markedly disturbed by injury to the CNS, which may compromise endogenous myelin repair capabilities. This review outlines some key environmental factors that drive myelin formation during development and compares that to the primary factors that define a CNS injury milieu. We aim to identify developmental factors disrupted after CNS trauma as well as pathogenic factors that negatively impact oligodendrocyte lineage cells, as these are potential therapeutic targets to promote myelin repair after injury or disease.
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Chatterjee J, Nairy RK, Langhnoja J, Tripathi A, Patil RK, Pillai PP, Mustak MS. ER stress and genomic instability induced by gamma radiation in mice primary cultured glial cells. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:855-868. [PMID: 29429012 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0183-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation induces various pathophysiological conditions by altering central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, leading to neurodegenerative diseases. However, the potential effect of ionizing radiation response on cellular physiology in glial cells is unclear. In the present study, micronucleus test, comet assay, and RT-PCR were performed to investigate the potential effect of gamma radiation in cultured oligodendrocytes and astrocytes with respect to genomic instability, Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress, and inflammation. Further, we studied the effect of alteration in ER stress specific gene expression in cortex post whole body radiation in mice. Results showed that exposure of gamma radiation of 2Gy in-vitro cultured astrocytes and oligodendrocytes and 7Gy in-vivo induced ER stress and Inflammation along with profuse DNA damage and Chromosomal abnormality. Additionally, we observed downregulation of myelin basic protein levels in cultured oligodendrocytes exposed to radiation. The present data suggests that ER stress and pro inflammatory cytokines serve as the major players in inducing glial cell dysfunction post gamma irradiation along with induction of genomic instability. Taken together, these results indicate that ER stress, DNA damage, and inflammatory pathways may be critical events leading to glial cell dysfunction and subsequent cell death following exposure to ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jit Chatterjee
- Department of Applied Zoology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Mangalore, Karnataka State, 574199, India
| | - Rajesha K Nairy
- Department of Physics, P.A College of Engineering, Mangalore, 574153, India
| | - Jaldeep Langhnoja
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Zoology, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, India
| | - Ashutosh Tripathi
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Zoology, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, India
| | - Rajashekhar K Patil
- Department of Applied Zoology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Mangalore, Karnataka State, 574199, India
| | - Prakash P Pillai
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Zoology, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, India
| | - Mohammed S Mustak
- Department of Applied Zoology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Mangalore, Karnataka State, 574199, India.
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Sharma K, Singh J, Frost EE, Pillai PP. MeCP2 overexpression inhibits proliferation, migration and invasion of C6 glioma by modulating ERK signaling and gene expression. Neurosci Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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28
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Multipotency and therapeutic potential of NG2 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 141:42-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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29
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Massey SC, Rockne RC, Hawkins-Daarud A, Gallaher J, Anderson ARA, Canoll P, Swanson KR. Simulating PDGF-Driven Glioma Growth and Invasion in an Anatomically Accurate Brain Domain. Bull Math Biol 2017; 80:1292-1309. [PMID: 28842831 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-017-0312-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common of all primary brain tumors. They are characterized by their diffuse infiltration of the brain tissue and are uniformly fatal, with glioblastoma being the most aggressive form of the disease. In recent years, the over-expression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) has been shown to produce tumors in experimental rodent models that closely resemble this human disease, specifically the proneural subtype of glioblastoma. We have previously modeled this system, focusing on the key attribute of these experimental tumors-the "recruitment" of oligodendroglial progenitor cells (OPCs) to participate in tumor formation by PDGF-expressing retrovirally transduced cells-in one dimension, with spherical symmetry. However, it has been observed that these recruitable progenitor cells are not uniformly distributed throughout the brain and that tumor cells migrate at different rates depending on the material properties in different regions of the brain. Here we model the differential diffusion of PDGF-expressing and recruited cell populations via a system of partial differential equations with spatially variable diffusion coefficients and solve the equations in two spatial dimensions on a mouse brain atlas using a flux-differencing numerical approach. Simulations of our in silico model demonstrate qualitative agreement with the observed tumor distribution in the experimental animal system. Additionally, we show that while there are higher concentrations of OPCs in white matter, the level of recruitment of these plays little role in the appearance of "white matter disease," where the tumor shows a preponderance for white matter. Instead, simulations show that this is largely driven by the ratio of the diffusion rate in white matter as compared to gray. However, this ratio has less effect on the speed of tumor growth than does the degree of OPC recruitment in the tumor. It was observed that tumor simulations with greater degrees of recruitment grow faster and develop more nodular tumors than if there is no recruitment at all, similar to our prior results from implementing our model in one dimension. Combined, these results show that recruitment remains an important consideration in understanding and slowing glioma growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Christine Massey
- Precision Neurotherapeutics Innovation Program, Mayo Clinic, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA.
| | - Russell C Rockne
- Division of Mathematical Oncology, Department of Information Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Hawkins-Daarud
- Precision Neurotherapeutics Innovation Program, Mayo Clinic, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Jill Gallaher
- Integrative Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Research Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Peter Canoll
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristin R Swanson
- Precision Neurotherapeutics Innovation Program, Mayo Clinic, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
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Parikh ZS, Tripathi A, Pillai PP. Differential Regulation of MeCP2 Phosphorylation by Laminin in Oligodendrocytes. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 62:309-317. [PMID: 28616777 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0939-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLGs) are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS), and its proper differentiation is crucial for normal functioning of neurons. Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) is a multifunctional methylated DNA binding protein; mutation of which causes Rett syndrome, a severe neurodevelopmental disorder. Previously, we reported that MeCP2 is expressed in all the stages of oligodendrocyte development, and also shown the role of MeCP2 as a transcription regulator of myelin genes in OLGs. The expression and function of MeCP2 phosphorylation at S80 (pS80MeCP2) has been well studied in neurons and astrocytes; however, there is no data so far available in OLGs regarding pS80MeCP2. Certain developmental stimuli such as growth factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) protein play important role in OLG development. In the present study, we have examined the effects of external stimuli (growth factors (GFs) and extracellular matrix (ECMs)) on S80 phosphorylation of MeCP2 in N19 oligodendroglial cells (N19 OLGs). This study provides the first evidence that laminin (LN) differentially regulates the expression of pS80MeCP2 in immature and mature N19 OLGs. Thus, MeCP2 is phosphorylated in a stimulus-dependent manner during oligodendrocyte development, and thereby, it may regulate the oligodendrocyte behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zalak S Parikh
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India
| | - Ashutosh Tripathi
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India
| | - Prakash P Pillai
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India.
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31
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Ono K, Suzuki H, Yamamoto R, Sahashi H, Takido Y, Sawada M. Optogenetic control of cell differentiation in channelrhodopsin-2-expressing OS3, a bipotential glial progenitor cell line. Neurochem Int 2017; 104:49-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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32
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Recovery from Toxic-Induced Demyelination Does Not Require the NG2 Proteoglycan. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163841. [PMID: 27755537 PMCID: PMC5068753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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33
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Wheeler NA, Fuss B. Extracellular cues influencing oligodendrocyte differentiation and (re)myelination. Exp Neurol 2016; 283:512-30. [PMID: 27016069 PMCID: PMC5010977 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing number of neurologic disorders found to be associated with loss and/or dysfunction of the CNS myelin sheath, ranging from the classic demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis, through CNS injury, to neuropsychiatric diseases. The disabling burden of these diseases has sparked a growing interest in gaining a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating the differentiation of the myelinating cells of the CNS, oligodendrocytes (OLGs), and the process of (re)myelination. In this context, the importance of the extracellular milieu is becoming increasingly recognized. Under pathological conditions, changes in inhibitory as well as permissive/promotional cues are thought to lead to an overall extracellular environment that is obstructive for the regeneration of the myelin sheath. Given the general view that remyelination is, even though limited in human, a natural response to demyelination, targeting pathologically 'dysregulated' extracellular cues and their downstream pathways is regarded as a promising approach toward the enhancement of remyelination by endogenous (or if necessary transplanted) OLG progenitor cells. In this review, we will introduce the extracellular cues that have been implicated in the modulation of (re)myelination. These cues can be soluble, part of the extracellular matrix (ECM) or mediators of cell-cell interactions. Their inhibitory and permissive/promotional roles with regard to remyelination as well as their potential for therapeutic intervention will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Wheeler
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Babette Fuss
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
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34
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Tripathi A, Parikh ZS, Vora P, Frost EE, Pillai PP. pERK1/2 Peripheral Recruitment and Filopodia Protrusion Augment Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Migration: Combined Effects of PDGF-A and Fibronectin. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:183-194. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0359-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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35
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Minocha S, Valloton D, Brunet I, Eichmann A, Hornung JP, Lebrand C. NG2 glia are required for vessel network formation during embryonic development. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26651999 PMCID: PMC4764555 DOI: 10.7554/elife.09102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The NG2(+) glia, also known as polydendrocytes or oligodendrocyte precursor cells, represent a new entity among glial cell populations in the central nervous system. However, the complete repertoire of their roles is not yet identified. The embryonic NG2(+) glia originate from the Nkx2.1(+) progenitors of the ventral telencephalon. Our analysis unravels that, beginning from E12.5 until E16.5, the NG2(+) glia populate the entire dorsal telencephalon. Interestingly, their appearance temporally coincides with the establishment of blood vessel network in the embryonic brain. NG2(+) glia are closely apposed to developing cerebral vessels by being either positioned at the sprouting tip cells or tethered along the vessel walls. Absence of NG2(+) glia drastically affects the vascular development leading to severe reduction of ramifications and connections by E18.5. By revealing a novel and fundamental role for NG2(+) glia, our study brings new perspectives to mechanisms underlying proper vessels network formation in embryonic brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Minocha
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Delphine Valloton
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jean-Pierre Hornung
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cecile Lebrand
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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36
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Li N, Leung GKK. Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells in Spinal Cord Injury: A Review and Update. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:235195. [PMID: 26491661 PMCID: PMC4600489 DOI: 10.1155/2015/235195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition to individuals, families, and society. Oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination contribute as major pathological processes of secondary damages after injury. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), a subpopulation that accounts for 5 to 8% of cells within the central nervous system, are potential sources of oligodendrocyte replacement after SCI. OPCs react rapidly to injuries, proliferate at a high rate, and can differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes. However, posttraumatic endogenous remyelination is rarely complete, and a better understanding of OPCs' characteristics and their manipulations is critical to the development of novel therapies. In this review, we summarize known characteristics of OPCs and relevant regulative factors in both health and demyelinating disorders including SCI. More importantly, we highlight current evidence on post-SCI OPCs transplantation as a potential treatment option as well as the impediments against regeneration. Our aim is to shed lights on important knowledge gaps and to provoke thoughts for further researches and the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Gilberto K. K. Leung
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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37
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Chen Y, Mei R, Teng P, Yang A, Hu X, Zhang Z, Qiu M, Zhao X. TAPP1 inhibits the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells via suppressing the Mek/Erk pathway. Neurosci Bull 2015; 31:517-26. [PMID: 26242484 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-015-1537-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs) are glial cells that form myelin sheaths around axons in the central nervous system (CNS). Loss of the myelin sheath in demyelinating and neurodegenerative diseases can lead to severe impairment of movement. Understanding the extracellular signals and intracellular factors that regulate OL differentiation and myelination during development can help to develop novel strategies for enhancing myelin repair in neurological disorders. Here, we report that TAPP1 was selectively expressed in differentiating OL precursor cells (OPCs). TAPP1 knockdown promoted OL differentiation and myelin gene expression in culture. Conversely, over-expression of TAPP1 in immature OPCs suppressed their differentiation. Moreover, TAPP1 inhibition in OPCs altered the expression of Erk1/2 but not AKT. Taken together, our results identify TAPP1 as an important negative regulator of OPC differentiation through the Mek/Erk signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Chen
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Ruyi Mei
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Peng Teng
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Aifen Yang
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Xuemei Hu
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Zunyi Zhang
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Mengsheng Qiu
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China. .,Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Xiaofeng Zhao
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China.
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38
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Wang G, Wang JJ, Tang HM, To SST. Targeting strategies on miRNA-21 and PDCD4 for glioblastoma. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 580:64-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Yoon H, Radulovic M, Drucker KL, Wu J, Scarisbrick IA. The thrombin receptor is a critical extracellular switch controlling myelination. Glia 2015; 63:846-59. [PMID: 25628003 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic white matter injuries in the perinatal period are a growing cause of cerebral palsy yet no neuroprotective strategies exist to prevent the devastating motor and cognitive deficits that ensue. We demonstrate that the thrombin receptor (protease-activated receptor 1, PAR1) exhibits peak expression levels in the spinal cord at term and is a critical regulator of the myelination continuum from initiation to the final levels achieved. Specifically, PAR1 gene deletion resulted in earlier onset of spinal cord myelination, including substantially more Olig2-positive oligodendrocytes, more myelinated axons, and higher proteolipid protein (PLP) levels at birth. In vitro, the highest levels of PAR1 were observed in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), being reduced with differentiation. In parallel, the expression of PLP and myelin basic protein (MBP), in addition to Olig2, were all significantly higher in cultures of PAR1-/- oligodendroglia. Moreover, application of a small molecule inhibitor of PAR1 (SCH79797) to OPCs in vitro increased PLP and MBP expression. Enhancements in myelination associated with PAR1 genetic deletion were also observed in adulthood as evidenced by higher amounts of MBP and thickened myelin sheaths across large, medium, and small diameter axons. Enriched spinal cord myelination in PAR1-/- mice was coupled to increases in extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and AKT signaling developmentally. Nocturnal ambulation and rearing activity were also elevated in PAR1-/- mice. These studies identify the thrombin receptor as a powerful extracellular regulatory switch that could be readily targeted to improve myelin production in the face of white matter injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesook Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Sahinkaya FR, Milich LM, McTigue DM. Changes in NG2 cells and oligodendrocytes in a new model of intraspinal hemorrhage. Exp Neurol 2014; 255:113-26. [PMID: 24631375 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) evokes rapid deleterious and reparative glial reactions. Understanding the triggers for these responses is necessary for designing strategies to maximize repair. This study examined lesion formation and glial responses to vascular disruption and hemorrhage, a prominent feature of acute SCI. The specific role of hemorrhage is difficult to evaluate in trauma-induced lesions, because mechanical injury initiates many downstream responses. To isolate vascular disruption from trauma-induced effects, we created a novel and reproducible model of collagenase-induced intraspinal hemorrhage (ISH) and compared glial reactions between unilateral ISH and a hemi-contusion injury. Similar to contusion injuries, ISH lesions caused loss of myelin and axons and became filled with iron-laden macrophages. We hypothesized that intraspinal hemorrhage would also initiate reparative cellular responses including NG2+ oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) proliferation and oligodendrocyte genesis. Indeed, ISH induced OPC proliferation within 1d post-injury (dpi), which continued throughout the first week and resulted in a sustained elevation of NG2+ OPCs. ISH also caused oligodendrocyte loss within 4h that was sustained through 3d post-ISH. However, oligodendrogenesis, as determined by bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU) positive oligodendrocytes, restored oligodendrocyte numbers by 7dpi, revealing that proliferating OPCs differentiated into new oligodendrocytes after ISH. The signaling molecules pERK1/2 and pSTAT3 were robustly increased acutely after ISH, with pSTAT3 being expressed in a portion of OPCs, suggesting that activators of this signaling cascade may initiate OPC responses. Aside from subtle differences in timing of OPC responses, changes in ISH tissue closely mimicked those in hemi-contusion tissue. These results are important for elucidating the contribution of hemorrhage to lesion formation and endogenous cell-mediated repair, and will provide the foundation for future studies geared toward identifying the role of specific blood components on injury and repair mechanisms. This understanding may provide new clinical targets for SCI and other devastating conditions such as intracerebral hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rezan Sahinkaya
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Studies Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lindsay M Milich
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dana M McTigue
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Murcia-Belmonte V, Medina-Rodríguez EM, Bribián A, de Castro F, Esteban PF. ERK1/2 signaling is essential for the chemoattraction exerted by human FGF2 and human anosmin-1 on newborn rat and mouse OPCs via FGFR1. Glia 2013; 62:374-86. [PMID: 24375670 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Signaling through fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) is essential for many cellular processes including proliferation and migration, as well as differentiation events such as myelination. Anosmin-1 is an extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein that interacts with the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) to exert its biological actions through this receptor, although the intracellular pathways underlying anosmin-1 signaling remain largely unknown. This protein is defective in the X-linked form of Kallmann syndrome (KS) and has a prominent role in the migration of neuronal and oligodendroglial precursors. We have shown that anosmin-1 exerts a chemotactic effect via FGFR1 on neuronal precursors from the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the essential role of the ERK1/2 signaling. We report here the positive chemotactic effect of FGF2 and anosmin-1 on rat and mouse postnatal OPCs via FGFR1. The same effect was observed with the truncated N-terminal region of anosmin-1 (A1Nt). The introduction in anosmin-1 of the missense mutation F517L found in patients suffering from KS annulled the chemotactic activity; however, the mutant form carrying the disease-causing mutation E514K also found in KS patients, behaved as the wild-type protein. The chemoattraction exhibited by FGF2 and anosmin-1 on OPCs was blocked by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor U0126, suggesting that the activation of the ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathway following interaction with the FGFR1 is necessary for FGF2 and anosmin-1 to exert their chemotactic effect. In fact, both proteins were able to induce the phosphorylation of the ERK1/2 kinases after the activation of the FGFR1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Murcia-Belmonte
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca "La Peraleda, s/n, E-45071-Toledo, Spain
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Xiao L, Hu C, Yang W, Guo D, Li C, Shen W, Liu X, Aijun H, Dan W, He C. NMDA receptor couples Rac1-GEF Tiam1 to direct oligodendrocyte precursor cell migration. Glia 2013; 61:2078-99. [PMID: 24123220 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiao
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education; Neuroscience Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Hu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education; Neuroscience Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education; Neuroscience Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Dazhi Guo
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education; Neuroscience Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Cui Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education; Neuroscience Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Weiran Shen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education; Neuroscience Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuyun Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education; Neuroscience Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Huang Aijun
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education; Neuroscience Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Dan
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education; Neuroscience Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng He
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education; Neuroscience Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
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The antiaging protein Klotho enhances oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination of the CNS. J Neurosci 2013; 33:1927-39. [PMID: 23365232 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2080-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that myelin abnormalities characterize the normal aging process of the brain and that an age-associated reduction in Klotho is conserved across species. Predominantly generated in brain and kidney, Klotho overexpression extends life span, whereas loss of Klotho accelerates the development of aging-like phenotypes. Although the function of Klotho in brain is unknown, loss of Klotho expression leads to cognitive deficits. We found significant effects of Klotho on oligodendrocyte functions, including induced maturation of rat primary oligodendrocytic progenitor cells (OPCs) in vitro and myelination. Phosphoprotein analysis indicated that Klotho's downstream effects involve Akt and ERK signal pathways. Klotho increased OPC maturation, and inhibition of Akt or ERK function blocked this effect on OPCs. In vivo studies of Klotho knock-out mice and control littermates revealed that knock-out mice have a significant reduction in major myelin protein and gene expression. By immunohistochemistry, the number of total and mature oligodendrocytes was significantly lower in Klotho knock-out mice. Strikingly, at the ultrastructural level, Klotho knock-out mice exhibited significantly impaired myelination of the optic nerve and corpus callosum. These mice also displayed severe abnormalities at the nodes of Ranvier. To decipher the mechanisms by which Klotho affects oligodendrocytes, we used luciferase pathway reporters to identify the transcription factors involved. Together, these studies provide novel evidence for Klotho as a key player in myelin biology, which may thus be a useful therapeutic target in efforts to protect brain myelin against age-dependent changes and promote repair in multiple sclerosis.
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ERK1/ERK2 MAPK signaling is required to increase myelin thickness independent of oligodendrocyte differentiation and initiation of myelination. J Neurosci 2012; 32:8855-64. [PMID: 22745486 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0137-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Wrapping of the myelin sheath around axons by oligodendrocytes is critical for the rapid conduction of electrical signals required for the normal functioning of the CNS. Myelination is a multistep process where oligodendrocytes progress through a well coordinated differentiation program regulated by multiple extracellular growth and differentiation signals. The intracellular transduction of the extracellular signals that regulate myelination is poorly understood. Here we demonstrate a critical role for two important signaling molecules, extracelluar signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/ERK2), downstream mediators of mitogen-activated protein kinases, in the control of CNS myelin thickness. We generated and analyzed two lines of mice lacking both ERK1/ERK2 function specifically in oligodendrocyte-lineage cells. In the absence of ERK1/ERK2 signaling NG2⁺ oligodendrocyte progenitor cells proliferated and differentiated on schedule. Mutant oligodendrocytes also ensheathed axons normally and made a few wraps of compact myelin. However, the subsequent increase in myelination that correlated myelin thickness in proportion to the axon caliber failed to occur. Furthermore, although the numbers of differentiated oligodendrocytes in the adult mutants were unchanged, they showed an inability to upregulate the transcription of major myelin genes that normally occurs during active myelination. Similarly, in vitro ERK1/ERK2-deficient oligodendrocytes differentiated normally but failed to form typical myelin-like membrane sheets. None of these effects were observed in single ERK1 or ERK2 mutants. These studies suggest that the predominant role of ERK1/ERK2 signaling in vivo is in promoting rapid myelin growth to increase its thickness, subsequent to oligodendrocyte differentiation and the initiation of myelination.
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Costa PM, Cardoso AL, Pereira de Almeida LF, Bruce JN, Canoll P, Pedroso de Lima MC. PDGF-B-mediated downregulation of miR-21: new insights into PDGF signaling in glioblastoma. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:5118-30. [PMID: 22922228 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly heterogeneous type of tumor characterized by genomic and signaling abnormalities affecting pathways involved in control of cell fate, including tumor-suppressor- and growth factor-regulated pathways. An aberrant miRNA expression has been observed in GBM, being associated with impaired cellular functions resulting in malignant transformation, proliferation and invasion. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B), a potent angiogenic growth factor involved in GBM development and progression, promotes downregulation of pro-oncogenic (miR-21) and anti-oncogenic (miR-128) miRNAs, as well as upregulation/downregulation of several miRNAs involved in GBM pathology. Retrovirally mediated overexpression of PDGF-B in U87 human GBM cells or their prolonged exposure, as well as that of F98 rat glioma cells to this ligand, resulted in decreased miR-21 and miR-128 levels, which was associated with increased cell proliferation. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated PDGF-B silencing led to increased levels of miR-21 and miR-128, while miRNA modulation through overexpression of miR-21 did not alter the levels of PDGF-B. Finally, we demonstrate that modulation of tumor suppressors PTEN and p53 in U87 cells does not affect the decrease in miR-21 levels associated with PDGF-B overexpression. Overall, our findings suggest that, besides its role in inducing GBM tumorigenesis, PDGF-B may enhance tumor proliferation by modulating the expression of oncomiRs and tumor suppressor miRNAs in U87 human GBM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Costa
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
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Vora P, Pillai P, Mustapha J, Kowal C, Shaffer S, Bose R, Namaka M, Frost EE. CXCL1 regulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell migration is independent of calcium signaling. Exp Neurol 2012; 236:259-67. [PMID: 22554866 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is an indispensable aspect of tissue patterning during embryonic development. Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the central nervous system, migrate significantly during development of the brain. Several growth factors have been identified as being critical regulators of oligodendrocyte progenitor migration, including platelet derived growth factor-A (PDGFA), and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2). Further, the chemokine CXCL1 has been shown to play a critical role in regulating the dispersal of oligodendrocyte progenitors during development, although the mechanisms underlying this regulation are unknown. Previous studies have also shown that calcium flux is required for oligodendrocyte progenitor migration. CXCL1 induces calcium flux in cells; therefore, we hypothesized that CXCL1 inhibition of oligodendrocyte progenitor migration is regulated via changes in intracellular calcium flux. The current study shows that CXCL1 inhibition of oligodendrocyte progenitor migration is independent of calcium signaling. Further, we show that CXCL1 inhibition of oligodendrocyte progenitor migration is specific to PDGFA induced migration. Finally, we show that CXCL1 inhibition of oligodendrocyte progenitor migration is independent of activation of the cell cycle. Our results provide intriguing results relevant to specific aspects of patterning of white matter tracts in the central nervous system, and may further the understanding of tissue remodeling seen during disease-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvez Vora
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Guardiola-Diaz HM, Ishii A, Bansal R. Erk1/2 MAPK and mTOR signaling sequentially regulates progression through distinct stages of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Glia 2011; 60:476-86. [PMID: 22144101 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Myelination is the culmination of a complex process in which oligodendrocyte (OL) progenitors transition through defined stages in a well-coordinated differentiation program. The signaling mechanisms that regulate this progression are poorly understood. Here we investigate the role of extracellular signal-regulated-kinase-1,-2 (Erk1/2) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), downstream effectors of the Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways, at specific stages of OL development in vitro. Using a panel of developmental stage-specific antigenic markers and pharmacological inhibitors, we provide evidence that Erk1/2 signaling regulates transition of early progenitors to the late progenitor stage and, as a consequence, to the immature OL stage, but not the transition of immature OL to the mature OL stage. In contrast, mTOR signaling is not required for early progenitor transition to late progenitor stage. Surprisingly, it is also not required for the transition of late progenitors to terminally differentiated immature OLs, as has been reported previously, but is required for the next sequential transition of immature OLs to the mature OL stage. Furthermore, mTOR signaling regulates OL cytoskeletal organization and major myelin protein expression. These in vitro findings correlate with our in vivo data showing that inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin injection attenuated the onset of myelination in the early postnatal brain. Thus, these studies demonstrate that Erk1/2 and mTOR signaling sequentially regulates distinct stages of OL progenitor differentiation and suggest that cells in the OL-lineage require distinct signaling mechanisms to transition through specific stages of their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebe M Guardiola-Diaz
- Department of Biology and Neuroscience Program, Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
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SRY-box containing gene 17 regulates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. J Neurosci 2011; 31:13921-35. [PMID: 21957254 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3343-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The SRY-box (Sox) transcription factors regulate oligodendrocyte differentiation, but their signaling targets are largely unknown. We have identified a major signal transduction pathway regulated by Sox containing gene 17 (Sox17) in the oligodendrocyte lineage. Microarray analysis in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) after Sox17 attenuation revealed upregulated genes associated with cell cycle control and activation of the Wingless and integration site (Wnt)/β-catenin pathway. Sox17 knockdown also increases the levels of cyclin D1, Axin2, and activated β-catenin. In OPCs, the expression pattern of Sox17, cyclin D1, and secreted Frizzled-related protein-1 in the presence of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) was coordinately accelerated by addition of thyroid hormone, indicating differentiation-induced regulation of Sox17 targets. In developing white matter, decreased total β-catenin, activated β-catenin, and cyclin D1 levels coincided with the peak of Sox17 expression, and immunoprecipitates showed a developmentally regulated interaction among Sox17, T-cell transcription factor 4, and β-catenin proteins. In OPCs, PDGF stimulated phosphorylation of glycogen synthase 3β and the Wnt coreceptor LRP6, and enhanced β-catenin-dependent gene expression. Sox17 overexpression inhibited PDGF-induced TOPFLASH and cyclin D1 promoter activity, and decreased endogenous cyclin D1, activated β-catenin, as well as total β-catenin levels. Recombinant Sox17 prevented Wnt3a from repressing myelin protein expression, and inhibition of Sox17-mediated proteasomal degradation of β-catenin blocked myelin protein induction. These results indicate that Sox17 suppresses cyclin D1 expression and cell proliferation by directly antagonizing β-catenin, whose activity in OPCs is stimulated not only by Wnt3a, but also by PDGF. Our identification of downstream targets of Sox17 thus defines signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms in OPCs that are regulated by Sox17 during cell cycle exit and the onset of differentiation in oligodendrocyte development.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-grade gliomas are among the most deadly of all cancer types and are also the most common malignant primary tumors of the CNS. Large-scale studies that have analyzed the transcriptional and translational expression patterns of glioma have found that the majority of these tumors can be categorized based on specific genomic anomalies. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) that represent the molecular subgroups of the human disease harbor a variety of molecular alterations that have been proven to drive gliomagenesis. These models provide an opportunity to assess the effects of novel therapies in the presence of specific molecular defects. Research using GEMMs, which are associated with these subclasses, allow researchers to assess drug efficacy by subclass. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss the histological and molecular characteristics of malignant gliomas, the therapies used to treat them and the animal models that closely recapitulate them. EXPERT OPINION It is likely that GEMMs that recapitulate the molecular character of human tumors will provide a more accurate prediction of individuals who may be more or less likely to benefit from specific therapies. This knowledge can be then used to drive clinical trial design and this, in turn, could lead to better therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terreia S Jones
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Department of Clinical Pharmacy , 19 S. Manassas, Memphis, TN, 39103 , USA +901 448 1136 ; +901 448 6064 ;
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Vora P, Pillai PP, Zhu W, Mustapha J, Namaka MP, Frost EE. Differential effects of growth factors on oligodendrocyte progenitor migration. Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 90:649-56. [PMID: 21616555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are myelinating cells of the CNS that originate as progenitor cells (OP) in discrete areas of the developing brain. During brain development, OP migrate significant distances prior to proliferating and myelinating the axons of the putative white matter tracts. Growth factors play a major regulatory role in the behavior of OP. Specifically, platelet-derived growth factor A (PDGF-A) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) are two of the most well characterized regulators of OP development. Both growth factors interact with tyrosine kinase receptors, activating various intracellular signaling pathways. The current study advances our earlier research by comparing the effects of both PDGF-A and FGF2 on OP migration. Our results show that activation of ERK is required for OP migration. These findings correlate well with our previous demonstration of the ERK pathway mediating PDGF-A induced OP migration. We also demonstrate the significance of threshold levels of growth factors and temporal regulation for OP migration. In addition, ERK activation alone is not sufficient to induce OP migration. The current research supports the involvement of the non-ERK mediated signaling pathway in OP migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvez Vora
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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