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Luan T, Li Q, Huang Z, Feng Y, Xu D, Zhou Y, Hu Y, Wang T. Axonopathy Underlying Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Unraveling Complex Pathways and Therapeutic Insights. Neurosci Bull 2024:10.1007/s12264-024-01267-2. [PMID: 39097850 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01267-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive axonopathy, jointly leading to the dying back of the motor neuron, disrupting both nerve signaling and motor control. In this review, we highlight the roles of axonopathy in ALS progression, driven by the interplay of multiple factors including defective trafficking machinery, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Dysfunctional intracellular transport, caused by disruptions in microtubules, molecular motors, and adaptors, has been identified as a key contributor to disease progression. Aberrant protein aggregation involving TDP-43, FUS, SOD1, and dipeptide repeat proteins further amplifies neuronal toxicity. Mitochondrial defects lead to ATP depletion, oxidative stress, and Ca2+ imbalance, which are regarded as key factors underlying the loss of neuromuscular junctions and axonopathy. Mitigating these defects through interventions including neurotrophic treatments offers therapeutic potential. Collaborative research efforts aim to unravel ALS complexities, opening avenues for holistic interventions that target diverse pathological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongshu Luan
- The Brain Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Qing Li
- The Brain Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Zhi Huang
- The Brain Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yu Feng
- The Brain Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Duo Xu
- The Brain Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yujie Zhou
- The Brain Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yiqing Hu
- The Brain Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Tong Wang
- The Brain Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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Percio A, Cicchinelli M, Masci D, Summo M, Urbani A, Greco V. Oxidative Cysteine Post Translational Modifications Drive the Redox Code Underlying Neurodegeneration and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:883. [PMID: 39199129 PMCID: PMC11351139 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13080883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Redox dysregulation, an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants, is crucial in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. Within this context, the "redoxome" encompasses the network of redox molecules collaborating to maintain cellular redox balance and signaling. Among these, cysteine-sensitive proteins are fundamental for this homeostasis. Due to their reactive thiol groups, cysteine (Cys) residues are particularly susceptible to oxidative post-translational modifications (PTMs) induced by free radicals (reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species) which profoundly affect protein functions. Cys-PTMs, forming what is referred to as "cysteinet" in the redox proteome, are essential for redox signaling in both physiological and pathological conditions, including neurodegeneration. Such modifications significantly influence protein misfolding and aggregation, key hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and notably, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This review aims to explore the complex landscape of cysteine PTMs in the cellular redox environment, elucidating their impact on neurodegeneration at protein level. By investigating specific cysteine-sensitive proteins and the regulatory networks involved, particular emphasis is placed on the link between redox dysregulation and ALS, highlighting this pathology as a prime example of a neurodegenerative disease wherein such redox dysregulation is a distinct hallmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Percio
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensivological and Perioperative Clinics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (M.C.); (D.M.); (M.S.); (A.U.)
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostic and Infectious Diseases, Unity of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Cicchinelli
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensivological and Perioperative Clinics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (M.C.); (D.M.); (M.S.); (A.U.)
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostic and Infectious Diseases, Unity of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Domiziana Masci
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensivological and Perioperative Clinics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (M.C.); (D.M.); (M.S.); (A.U.)
| | - Mariagrazia Summo
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensivological and Perioperative Clinics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (M.C.); (D.M.); (M.S.); (A.U.)
| | - Andrea Urbani
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensivological and Perioperative Clinics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (M.C.); (D.M.); (M.S.); (A.U.)
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostic and Infectious Diseases, Unity of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Greco
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensivological and Perioperative Clinics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (M.C.); (D.M.); (M.S.); (A.U.)
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostic and Infectious Diseases, Unity of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Guan T, Guo Y, Zhou T, Yu Q, Sun J, Sun B, Zhang G, Kong J. Oxidized SOD1 accelerates cellular senescence in neural stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:55. [PMID: 38414053 PMCID: PMC10900543 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural stem cells (NSCs), especially human NSCs, undergo cellular senescence characterized by an irreversible proliferation arrest and loss of stemness after prolonged culture. While compelling correlative data have been generated to support the oxidative stress theory as one of the primary determinants of cellular senescence of NSCs, a direct cause-and-effect relationship between the accumulation of oxidation-mediated damage and cellular senescence of NSCs has yet to be firmly established. Human SOD1 (hSOD1) is susceptible to oxidation. Once oxidized, it undergoes aberrant misfolding and gains toxic properties associated with age-related neurodegenerative disorders. The present study aims to examine the role of oxidized hSOD1 in the senescence of NSCs. METHODS NSCs prepared from transgenic mice expressing the wild-type hSOD1 gene were maintained in culture through repeated passages. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) were isolated from culture media at each passage. To selectively knock down oxidized SOD1 in NSCs and EVs, we used a peptide-directed chaperone-mediated protein degradation system named CT4 that we developed recently. RESULTS In NSCs expressing the hSOD1 from passage 5, we detected a significant increase of oxidized hSOD1 and an increased expression of biomarkers of cellular senescence, including upregulation of P53 and SA-β-Gal and cytoplasmic translocation of HMGB1. The removal of oxidized SOD1 remarkably increased the proliferation and stemness of the NSCs. Meanwhile, EVs derived from senescent NSCs carrying the wild-type hSOD1 contained high levels of oxidized hSOD1, which could accelerate the senescence of young NSCs and induce the death of cultured neurons. The removal of oxidized hSOD1 from the EVs abolished their senescence-inducing activity. Blocking oxidized SOD1 on EVs with the SOD1 binding domain of the CT4 peptide mitigated its toxicity to neurons. CONCLUSION Oxidized hSOD1 is a causal factor in the cellular senescence of NSCs. The removal of oxidized hSOD1 is a strategy to rejuvenate NSCs and to improve the quality of EVs derived from senescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Guan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jingyi Sun
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Baoliang Sun
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Guohui Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Guan T, Zhou T, Zhang X, Guo Y, Yang C, Lin J, Zhang JV, Cheng Y, Marzban H, Wang YT, Kong J. Selective removal of misfolded SOD1 delays disease onset in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:304. [PMID: 37752364 PMCID: PMC11072549 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04956-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease. There is no cure currently. The discovery that mutations in the gene SOD1 are a cause of ALS marks a breakthrough in the search for effective treatments for ALS. SOD1 is an antioxidant that is highly expressed in motor neurons. Human SOD1 is prone to aberrant modifications. Familial ALS-linked SOD1 variants are particularly susceptible to aberrant modifications. Once modified, SOD1 undergoes conformational changes and becomes misfolded. This study aims to determine the effect of selective removal of misfolded SOD1 on the pathogenesis of ALS. METHODS Based on the chaperone-mediated protein degradation pathway, we designed a fusion peptide named CT4 and tested its efficiency in knocking down intracellularly misfolded SOD1 and its efficacy in modifying the pathogenesis of ALS. RESULTS Expression of the plasmid carrying the CT4 sequence in human HEK cells resulted in robust removal of misfolded SOD1 induced by serum deprivation. Co-transfection of the CT4 and the G93A-hSOD1 plasmids at various ratios demonstrated a dose-dependent knockdown efficiency on G93A-hSOD1, which could be further increased when misfolding of SOD1 was enhanced by serum deprivation. Application of the full-length CT4 peptide to primary cultures of neurons expressing the G93A variant of human SOD1 revealed a time course of the degradation of misfolded SOD1; misfolded SOD1 started to decrease by 2 h after the application of CT4 and disappeared by 7 h. Intravenous administration of the CT4 peptide at 10 mg/kg to the G93A-hSOD1 reduced human SOD1 in spinal cord tissue by 68% in 24 h and 54% in 48 h in presymptomatic ALS mice. Intraperitoneal administration of the CT4 peptide starting from 60 days of age significantly delayed the onset of ALS and prolonged the lifespan of the G93A-hSOD1 mice. CONCLUSIONS The CT4 peptide directs the degradation of misfolded SOD1 in high efficiency and specificity. Selective removal of misfolded SOD1 significantly delays the onset of ALS, demonstrating that misfolded SOD1 is the toxic form of SOD1 that causes motor neuron death. The study proves that selective removal of misfolded SOD1 is a promising treatment for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Guan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaosha Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Chaoxian Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Neurobiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Justin Lin
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jiasi Vicky Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yongquan Cheng
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hassan Marzban
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yu Tian Wang
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Medicine, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada.
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Sanghai N, Tranmer GK. Biochemical and Molecular Pathways in Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Integrated View. Cells 2023; 12:2318. [PMID: 37759540 PMCID: PMC10527779 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) like Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are defined by a myriad of complex aetiologies. Understanding the common biochemical molecular pathologies among NDDs gives an opportunity to decipher the overlapping and numerous cross-talk mechanisms of neurodegeneration. Numerous interrelated pathways lead to the progression of neurodegeneration. We present evidence from the past pieces of literature for the most usual global convergent hallmarks like ageing, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity-induced calcium butterfly effect, defective proteostasis including chaperones, autophagy, mitophagy, and proteosome networks, and neuroinflammation. Herein, we applied a holistic approach to identify and represent the shared mechanism across NDDs. Further, we believe that this approach could be helpful in identifying key modulators across NDDs, with a particular focus on AD, PD, and ALS. Moreover, these concepts could be applied to the development and diagnosis of novel strategies for diverse NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Sanghai
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada;
| | - Geoffrey K. Tranmer
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada;
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Hydrogen Peroxide and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: From Biochemistry to Pathophysiology. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010052. [PMID: 35052556 PMCID: PMC8773294 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Free radicals are unstable chemical reactive species produced during Redox dyshomeostasis (RDH) inside living cells and are implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. One of the most complicated and life-threatening motor neurodegenerative diseases (MND) is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) because of the poor understanding of its pathophysiology and absence of an effective treatment for its cure. During the last 25 years, researchers around the globe have focused their interest on copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD, SOD1) protein after the landmark discovery of mutant SOD1 (mSOD1) gene as a risk factor for ALS. Substantial evidence suggests that toxic gain of function due to redox disturbance caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) changes the biophysical properties of native SOD1 protein thus, instigating its fibrillization and misfolding. These abnormal misfolding aggregates or inclusions of SOD1 play a role in the pathogenesis of both forms of ALS, i.e., Sporadic ALS (sALS) and familial ALS (fALS). However, what leads to a decrease in the stability and misfolding of SOD1 is still in question and our scientific knowledge is scarce. A large number of studies have been conducted in this area to explore the biochemical mechanistic pathway of SOD1 aggregation. Several studies, over the past two decades, have shown that the SOD1-catalyzed biochemical reaction product hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at a pathological concentration act as a substrate to trigger the misfolding trajectories and toxicity of SOD1 in the pathogenesis of ALS. These toxic aggregates of SOD1 also cause aberrant localization of TAR-DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43), which is characteristic of neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions (NCI) found in ALS. Here in this review, we present the evidence implicating the pivotal role of H2O2 in modulating the toxicity of SOD1 in the pathophysiology of the incurable and highly complex disease ALS. Also, highlighting the role of H2O2 in ALS, we believe will encourage scientists to target pathological concentrations of H2O2 thereby halting the misfolding of SOD1.
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Klichkhanov NK, Nikitina ER, Shihamirova ZM, Astaeva MD, Chalabov SI, Krivchenko AI. Erythrocytes of Little Ground Squirrels Undergo Reversible Oxidative Stress During Arousal From Hibernation. Front Physiol 2021; 12:730657. [PMID: 34690805 PMCID: PMC8529035 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.730657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The hibernation of small mammals is characterized by long torpor bouts alternating with short periods of arousal. During arousal, due to a significant increase in oxygen consumption, tissue perfusion, and the launch of thermogenesis in cells, a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) can be formed, which can trigger oxidative stress in cells. To estimate this possibility, we studied the intensity of free-radical processes in the red blood cells (RBCs) of little ground squirrels (LGS; Spermophilus pygmaeus) in the dynamics of arousal from hibernation. We found that in the torpid state, the degree of generation of ROS and RNS (8.3%, p>0.09; 20.7%, p<0.001, respectively), the degree of oxidative modification of membrane lipids and RBC proteins is at a low level (47%, p<0.001; 82.7%, p<0.001, respectively) compared to the summer control. At the same time, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in RBC is significantly reduced (32.8%, p<0.001; 22.2%, p<0.001, respectively), but not the level of glutathione (GSH). In the torpid state, SOD is activated by exogenous GSH in concentration-dependent manner, which indicates reversible enzyme inhibition. During the arousal of ground squirrels, when the body temperature reaches 25°C, RBCs are exposed oxidative stress. This is confirmed by the maximum increase in the level of uric acid (25.4%, p<0.001) in plasma, a marker of oxidative modification of lipids [thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS); 82%, p < 0.001] and proteins (carbonyl groups; 499%, p < 0.001) in RBC membranes, as well as the decrease in the level of GSH (19.7%, p < 0.001) in erythrocytes relative to the torpid state and activity of SOD and CAT in erythrocytes to values at the Tb 20°C. After full recovery of body temperature, the level of GSH increases, the ratio of SOD/CAT is restored, which significantly reduces the degree of oxidative damage of lipids and proteins of RBC membranes. Thus, the oxidative stress detected at Tb 25°C was transient and physiologically regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena R Nikitina
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiology of Respiration, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Maria D Astaeva
- Department of Biochemistry, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia
| | - Shamil I Chalabov
- Department of Biochemistry, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia.,Laboratory of Comparative Physiology of Respiration, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksandr I Krivchenko
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiology of Respiration, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Shafiq K, Sanghai N, Guo Y, Kong J. Implication of post-translationally modified SOD1 in pathological aging. GeroScience 2021; 43:507-515. [PMID: 33608813 PMCID: PMC8110659 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00332-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Why certain people relish healthy aging throughout their life span while others suffer pathological consequences? In this review, we focus on some of the dominant paradigms of pathological aging, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD), and predict that the antioxidant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), when post-translationally modified by aging-associated oxidative stress, acts as a mechanism to accelerated aging in these age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Oxidative modifications of natively reduced SOD1 induce pathological confirmations such as misfolding, leading to a subsequent formation of monomeric, oligomeric, and multimeric aggregates. Misfolded SOD1 propagates like prions from cell to cell. These modified conformations are detected in brain tissues in ALS, AD, and PD, and are considered a contributing factor to their initial pathogenesis. We have also elaborated on oxidative stress-induced non-native modifications of SOD1 and offered a logistic argument on their global implication in accelerated or pathological aging in the context of ALS, AD, and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashfia Shafiq
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 27, King's College Cir, Toronto, ON, M5S, Canada
| | - Nitesh Sanghai
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada.,Pathological Department, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada.
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Oxidative Stress in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Pathophysiology and Opportunities for Pharmacological Intervention. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5021694. [PMID: 33274002 PMCID: PMC7683149 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5021694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease or Charcot disease, is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons (MNs) and leads to death within 2–5 years of diagnosis, without any effective therapy available. Although the pathological mechanisms leading to ALS are still unknown, a wealth of evidence indicates that an excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production associated with an inefficient antioxidant defense represents an important pathological feature in ALS. Substantial evidence indicates that oxidative stress (OS) is implicated in the loss of MNs and in mitochondrial dysfunction, contributing decisively to neurodegeneration in ALS. Although the modulation of OS represents a promising approach to protect MNs from degeneration, the fact that several antioxidants with beneficial effects in animal models failed to show any therapeutic benefit in patients raises several questions that should be analyzed. Using specific queries for literature search on PubMed, we review here the role of OS-related mechanisms in ALS, including the involvement of altered mitochondrial function with repercussions in neurodegeneration. We also describe antioxidant compounds that have been mostly tested in preclinical and clinical trials of ALS, also describing their respective mechanisms of action. While the description of OS mechanism in the different mutations identified in ALS has as principal objective to clarify the contribution of OS in ALS, the description of positive and negative outcomes for each antioxidant is aimed at paving the way for novel opportunities for intervention. In conclusion, although antioxidant strategies represent a very promising approach to slow the progression of the disease, it is of utmost need to invest on the characterization of OS profiles representative of each subtype of patient, in order to develop personalized therapies, allowing to understand the characteristics of antioxidants that have beneficial effects on different subtypes of patients.
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Amporndanai K, Rogers M, Watanabe S, Yamanaka K, O'Neill PM, Hasnain SS. Novel Selenium-based compounds with therapeutic potential for SOD1-linked amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. EBioMedicine 2020; 59:102980. [PMID: 32862101 PMCID: PMC7456458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease as well as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a progressive neurological disorder selectively affecting motor neurons with no currently known cure. Around 20% of the familial ALS cases arise from dominant mutations in the sod1 gene encoding superoxide dismutase1 (SOD1) enzyme. Aggregation of mutant SOD1 in familial cases and of wild-type SOD1 in at least some sporadic ALS cases is one of the known causes of the disease. Riluzole, approved in 1995 and edaravone in 2017 remain the only drugs with limited therapeutic benefits. Methods We have utilised the ebselen template to develop novel compounds that redeem stability of mutant SOD1 dimer and prevent aggregation. Binding modes of compounds have been visualised by crystallography. In vitro neuroprotection and toxicity of lead compounds have been performed in mouse neuronal cells and disease onset delay of ebselen has been demonstrated in transgenic ALS mice model. Finding We have developed a number of ebselen-based compounds with improvements in A4V SOD1 stabilisation and in vitro therapeutic effects with significantly better potency than edaravone. Structure-activity relationship of hits has been guided by high resolution structures of ligand-bound A4V SOD1. We also show clear disease onset delay of ebselen in transgenic ALS mice model holding encouraging promise for potential therapeutic compounds. Interpretation Our finding established the new generation of organo-selenium compounds with better in vitro neuroprotective activity than edaravone. The potential of this class of compounds may offer an alternative therapeutic agent for ALS treatment. The ability of these compounds to target cysteine 111 in SOD may have wider therapeutic applications targeting cysteines of enzymes involved in pathogenic and viral diseases including main protease of SARS-Cov-2 (COVID-19). Funding Project funding was supported by the 10.13039/100000971ALS Association grant (WA1128) and Fostering Joint International Research (19KK0214) from the 10.13039/100009950Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (10.13039/501100001700MEXT), Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangsa Amporndanai
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Department of Biochemistry and System Biology, Institute of System, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Rogers
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Seiji Watanabe
- Department of Neuroscience & Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan; Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Koji Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience & Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan; Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Paul M O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - S Samar Hasnain
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Department of Biochemistry and System Biology, Institute of System, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
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11
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van Dam L, Dansen TB. Cross-talk between redox signalling and protein aggregation. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:379-397. [PMID: 32311028 PMCID: PMC7200635 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that both an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS: i.e. O2•-, H2O2 and OH•), as well as protein aggregation, accompany ageing and proteinopathies such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. However, it is far from clear whether there is a causal relation between the two. This review describes how protein aggregation can be affected both by redox signalling (downstream of H2O2), as well as by ROS-induced damage, and aims to give an overview of the current knowledge of how redox signalling affects protein aggregation and vice versa. Redox signalling has been shown to play roles in almost every step of protein aggregation and amyloid formation, from aggregation initiation to the rapid oligomerization of large amyloids, which tend to be less toxic than oligomeric prefibrillar aggregates. We explore the hypothesis that age-associated elevated ROS production could be part of a redox signalling-dependent-stress response in an attempt to curb protein aggregation and minimize toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loes van Dam
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias B. Dansen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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Anzai I, Tokuda E, Handa S, Misawa H, Akiyama S, Furukawa Y. Oxidative misfolding of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase triggered by non-canonical intramolecular disulfide formation. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 147:187-199. [PMID: 31863908 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Misfolded Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is a pathological species in a subset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Oxidative stress is known to increase in affected spinal cords of ALS and is thus considered to cause damages on SOD1 leading to the misfolding and aggregation. Despite this, it still remains elusive what triggers misfolding of SOD1 under oxidizing environment. Here, we show that a thiol group of Cys111 in SOD1 is oxidized to a sulfenic acid with hydrogen peroxide and reveal that further dissociation of the bound metal ions from the oxidized SOD1 allows another free Cys residue (Cys6) to nucleophilically attack the sulfenylated Cys111. As a result, an intra-molecular disulfide bond forms between Cys6 and Cys111. Such an abnormal SOD1 with the non-canonical disulfide bond was conformationally extended with significant cytotoxicity as well as high propensity to aggregate. Taken together, we propose a new model of SOD1 misfolding under oxidizing environment, in which formation of the non-canonical intramolecular disulfide bond plays a pivotal role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsuki Anzai
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Eiichi Tokuda
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Sumika Handa
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Hidemi Misawa
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Shuji Akiyama
- Research Center of Integrative Molecular Systems (CIMoS), Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan; Department of Functional Molecular Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Furukawa
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan.
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13
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Abstract
Few proteins have come under such intense scrutiny as superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1). For almost a century, scientists have dissected its form, function and then later its malfunction in the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We now know SOD1 is a zinc and copper metalloenzyme that clears superoxide as part of our antioxidant defence and respiratory regulation systems. The possibility of reduced structural integrity was suggested by the first crystal structures of human SOD1 even before deleterious mutations in the sod1 gene were linked to the ALS. This concept evolved in the intervening years as an impressive array of biophysical studies examined the characteristics of mutant SOD1 in great detail. We now recognise how ALS-related mutations perturb the SOD1 maturation processes, reduce its ability to fold and reduce its thermal stability and half-life. Mutant SOD1 is therefore predisposed to monomerisation, non-canonical self-interactions, the formation of small misfolded oligomers and ultimately accumulation in the tell-tale insoluble inclusions found within the neurons of ALS patients. We have also seen that several post-translational modifications could push wild-type SOD1 down this toxic pathway. Recently we have come to view ALS as a prion-like disease where both the symptoms, and indeed SOD1 misfolding itself, are transmitted to neighbouring cells. This raises the possibility of intervention after the initial disease presentation. Several small-molecule and biologic-based strategies have been devised which directly target the SOD1 molecule to change the behaviour thought to be responsible for ALS. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the many biophysical advances that sculpted our view of SOD1 biology and the recent work that aims to apply this knowledge for therapeutic outcomes in ALS.
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14
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Gill C, Phelan JP, Hatzipetros T, Kidd JD, Tassinari VR, Levine B, Wang MZ, Moreno A, Thompson K, Maier M, Grimm J, Gill A, Vieira FG. SOD1-positive aggregate accumulation in the CNS predicts slower disease progression and increased longevity in a mutant SOD1 mouse model of ALS. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6724. [PMID: 31040321 PMCID: PMC6491559 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43164-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-natively folded variants of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), however the relative toxicities of these variants are controversial. Here, we aimed to decipher the relationships between the different SOD1 variants (aggregated, soluble misfolded, soluble total) and the clinical presentation of ALS in the SOD1G93A mouse. Using a multi-approach strategy, we found that the CNS regions least affected by disease had the most aggregated SOD1. We also found that the levels of aggregated SOD1 in the spinal cord were inversely correlated with the disease progression. Conversely, in the most affected regions, we observed that there was a high soluble misfolded/soluble total SOD1 ratio. Taken together, these findings suggest that soluble misfolded SOD1 may be the disease driver in ALS, whereas aggregated SOD1 may serve to sequester the toxic species acting in a neuroprotective fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Gill
- ALS Therapy Development Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James P Phelan
- ALS Therapy Development Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Theo Hatzipetros
- ALS Therapy Development Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua D Kidd
- ALS Therapy Development Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Beth Levine
- ALS Therapy Development Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Monica Z Wang
- ALS Therapy Development Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew Moreno
- ALS Therapy Development Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kenneth Thompson
- ALS Therapy Development Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jan Grimm
- Neurimmune AG, Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alan Gill
- ALS Therapy Development Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Abstract
The concept of cell signaling in the context of nonenzyme-assisted protein modifications by reactive electrophilic and oxidative species, broadly known as redox signaling, is a uniquely complex topic that has been approached from numerous different and multidisciplinary angles. Our Review reflects on five aspects critical for understanding how nature harnesses these noncanonical post-translational modifications to coordinate distinct cellular activities: (1) specific players and their generation, (2) physicochemical properties, (3) mechanisms of action, (4) methods of interrogation, and (5) functional roles in health and disease. Emphasis is primarily placed on the latest progress in the field, but several aspects of classical work likely forgotten/lost are also recollected. For researchers with interests in getting into the field, our Review is anticipated to function as a primer. For the expert, we aim to stimulate thought and discussion about fundamentals of redox signaling mechanisms and nuances of specificity/selectivity and timing in this sophisticated yet fascinating arena at the crossroads of chemistry and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Parvez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of
Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Marcus J. C. Long
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Jesse R. Poganik
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne,
Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Yimon Aye
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne,
Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New
York, New York, 10065, USA
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16
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Xu WC, Liang JZ, Li C, He ZX, Yuan HY, Huang BY, Liu XL, Tang B, Pang DW, Du HN, Yang Y, Chen J, Wang L, Zhang M, Liang Y. Pathological hydrogen peroxide triggers the fibrillization of wild-type SOD1 via sulfenic acid modification of Cys-111. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:67. [PMID: 29358575 PMCID: PMC5833406 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) involves the abnormal posttranslational modifications and fibrillization of copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and TDP-43. However, how SOD1-catalyzed reaction product hydrogen peroxide affects amyloid formation of SOD1 and TDP-43 remains elusory. 90% of ALS cases are sporadic and the remaining cases are familial ALS. In this paper, we demonstrate that H2O2 at pathological concentrations triggers the fibrillization of wild-type SOD1 both in vitro and in SH-SY5Y cells. Using an anti-dimedone antibody that detects sulfenic acid modification of proteins, we found that Cys-111 in wild-type SOD1 is oxidized to C-SOH by pathological concentration of H2O2, followed by the formation of sulfenic acid modified SOD1 oligomers. Furthermore, we show that such SOD1 oligomers propagate in a prion-like manner, and not only drive wild-type SOD1 to form fibrils in the cytoplasm but also induce cytoplasm mislocalization and the subsequent fibrillization of wild-type TDP-43, thereby inducing apoptosis of living cells. Thus, we propose that H2O2 at pathological concentrations triggers the fibrillization of wild-type SOD1 and subsequently induces SOD1 toxicity and TDP-43 toxicity in neuronal cells via sulfenic acid modification of Cys-111 in SOD1. Our Western blot and ELISA data demonstrate that sulfenic acid modified wild-type SOD1 level in cerebrospinal fluid of 15 sporadic ALS patients is significantly increased compared with 6 age-matched control patients. These findings can explain how H2O2 at pathologic concentrations regulates the misfolding and toxicity of SOD1 and TDP-43 associated with ALS, and suggest that sulfenic acid modification of wild-type SOD1 should play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of sporadic ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jin-Zhao Liang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhi-Xin He
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Han-Ye Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ben-Yan Huang
- Department of Neurology Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Dai-Wen Pang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hai-Ning Du
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lei Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Neurology Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Yi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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17
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Afshar P, Ashtari N, Jiao X, Rahimi-Balaei M, Zhang X, Yaganeh B, Del Bigio MR, Kong J, Marzban H. Overexpression of Human SOD1 Leads to Discrete Defects in the Cerebellar Architecture in the Mouse. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:22. [PMID: 28424594 PMCID: PMC5372795 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene is responsible for neutralizing supercharged oxygen radicals within the cell. Mutation in SOD1 gene causes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Recent studies have shown involvement of the cerebellum in ALS, although the cerebellar contribution in SOD1 transgenic mice remains unclear. Using immunohistopathology, we investigated the Purkinje cell phenotype in the vermis of the SOD1 transgenic mice cerebellum. Calbindin 1 (Calb1) and three well-known zone and stripe markers, zebrin II, HSP25, and PLCβ4 have been used to explore possible alteration in zone and stripe. Here we show that Calb1 expression is significantly reduced in a subset of the Purkinje cells that is almost aligned with the cerebellar zones and stripes pattern. The Purkinje cells of SOD1 transgenic mice display a pattern of Calb1 down-regulation, which seems to proceed to Purkinje cell degeneration as the mice age. The onset of Calb1 down-regulation in Purkinje cells begins from the central zone and continues into the nodular zone, however it has not been observed in the anterior and posterior zones. In a subgroup of SOD1 transgenic mice in which gait unsteadiness was apparent, down-regulation of Calb1 is seen in a subset of PLCβ4+ Purkinje cells in the anterior zone. These observations suggest that the Calb1- subset of Purkinje cells in the anterior zone, which receives somatosensory input, causes unsteady gait. Our data suggest that human SOD1 overexpression leads to Calb1 down-regulation in the zone and strip pattern and raise the question of whether SOD1 overexpression leads to Purkinje cells degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Afshar
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, The Children's Hospital Foundation University of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Niloufar Ashtari
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, The Children's Hospital Foundation University of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Xiaodan Jiao
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, The Children's Hospital Foundation University of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Maryam Rahimi-Balaei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, The Children's Hospital Foundation University of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Xiaosha Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, The Children's Hospital Foundation University of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Behzad Yaganeh
- Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children and University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc R Del Bigio
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, The Children's Hospital Foundation University of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, The Children's Hospital Foundation University of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hassan Marzban
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, The Children's Hospital Foundation University of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
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18
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Appolinário PP, Medinas DB, Chaves-Filho AB, Genaro-Mattos TC, Cussiol JRR, Netto LES, Augusto O, Miyamoto S. Oligomerization of Cu,Zn-Superoxide Dismutase (SOD1) by Docosahexaenoic Acid and Its Hydroperoxides In Vitro: Aggregation Dependence on Fatty Acid Unsaturation and Thiols. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125146. [PMID: 25928076 PMCID: PMC4415921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6, n-3, DHA) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid highly enriched in the brain. This fatty acid can be easily oxidized yielding hydroperoxides as primary products. Cu, Zn-Superoxide dismutase (SOD1) aggregation is a common hallmark of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and the molecular mechanisms behind their formation are not completely understood. Here we investigated the effect of DHA and its hydroperoxides (DHAOOH) on human SOD1 oligomerization in vitro. DHA induced the formation of high-molecular-weight (HMW) SOD1 species (>700 kDa). Aggregation was dependent on free thiols and occurred primarily with the protein in its apo-form. SOD1 incubation with DHA was accompanied by changes in protein structure leading to exposure of protein hydrophobic patches and formation of non-amyloid aggregates. Site-directed mutagenesis studies demonstrated that Cys 6 and Cys 111 in wild-type and Cys 6 in ALS-linked G93A mutant are required for aggregation. In contrast, DHAOOH did not induce HMW species formation but promoted abnormal covalent dimerization of apo-SOD1 that was resistant to SDS and thiol reductants. Overall, our data demonstrate that DHA and DHAOOH induce distinct types of apo-SOD1 oligomerization leading to the formation of HMW and low-molecular-weight species, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danilo Bilches Medinas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano B. Chaves-Filho
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago C. Genaro-Mattos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Renato Rosa Cussiol
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ohara Augusto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sayuri Miyamoto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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19
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Nagano S, Takahashi Y, Yamamoto K, Masutani H, Fujiwara N, Urushitani M, Araki T. A cysteine residue affects the conformational state and neuronal toxicity of mutant SOD1 in mice: relevance to the pathogenesis of ALS. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:3427-39. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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20
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Aggregation propensities of superoxide dismutase G93 hotspot mutants mirror ALS clinical phenotypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E4568-76. [PMID: 25316790 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1308531111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein framework alterations in heritable Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) mutants cause misassembly and aggregation in cells affected by the motor neuron disease ALS. However, the mechanistic relationship between superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mutations and human disease is controversial, with many hypotheses postulated for the propensity of specific SOD mutants to cause ALS. Here, we experimentally identify distinguishing attributes of ALS mutant SOD proteins that correlate with clinical severity by applying solution biophysical techniques to six ALS mutants at human SOD hotspot glycine 93. A small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) assay and other structural methods assessed aggregation propensity by defining the size and shape of fibrillar SOD aggregates after mild biochemical perturbations. Inductively coupled plasma MS quantified metal ion binding stoichiometry, and pulsed dipolar ESR spectroscopy evaluated the Cu(2+) binding site and defined cross-dimer copper-copper distance distributions. Importantly, we find that copper deficiency in these mutants promotes aggregation in a manner strikingly consistent with their clinical severities. G93 mutants seem to properly incorporate metal ions under physiological conditions when assisted by the copper chaperone but release copper under destabilizing conditions more readily than the WT enzyme. Altered intradimer flexibility in ALS mutants may cause differential metal retention and promote distinct aggregation trends observed for mutant proteins in vitro and in ALS patients. Combined biophysical and structural results test and link copper retention to the framework destabilization hypothesis as a unifying general mechanism for both SOD aggregation and ALS disease progression, with implications for disease severity and therapeutic intervention strategies.
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21
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Rotunno MS, Auclair JR, Maniatis S, Shaffer SA, Agar J, Bosco DA. Identification of a misfolded region in superoxide dismutase 1 that is exposed in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:28527-38. [PMID: 25164820 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.581801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations and aberrant post-translational modifications within Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) cause this otherwise protective enzyme to misfold, leading to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The C4F6 antibody selectively binds misfolded SOD1 in spinal cord tissues from postmortem human ALS cases, as well as from an ALS-SOD1 mouse model, suggesting that the C4F6 epitope reports on a pathogenic conformation that is common to misfolded SOD1 variants. To date, the residues and structural elements that comprise this epitope have not been elucidated. Using a chemical cross-linking and mass spectrometry approach, we identified the C4F6 epitope within several ALS-linked SOD1 variants, as well as an oxidized form of WT SOD1, supporting the notion that a similar misfolded conformation is shared among pathological SOD1 proteins. Exposure of the C4F6 epitope was modulated by the SOD1 electrostatic (loop VII) and zinc binding (loop IV) loops and correlated with SOD1-induced toxicity in a primary microglia activation assay. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed Asp(92) and Asp(96) as key residues within the C4F6 epitope required for the SOD1-C4F6 binding interaction. We propose that stabilizing the functional loops within SOD1 and/or obscuring the C4F6 epitope are viable therapeutic strategies for treating SOD1-mediated ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Rotunno
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Jared R Auclair
- the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Stephanie Maniatis
- the Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts 01545, and
| | - Scott A Shaffer
- the Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts 01545, and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Jeffrey Agar
- the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Daryl A Bosco
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
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22
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Redler RL, Fee L, Fay JM, Caplow M, Dokholyan NV. Non-native soluble oligomers of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) contain a conformational epitope linked to cytotoxicity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Biochemistry 2014; 53:2423-32. [PMID: 24660965 PMCID: PMC4004233 DOI: 10.1021/bi500158w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Soluble misfolded Cu/Zn superoxide
dismutase (SOD1) is implicated
in motor neuron death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); however,
the relative toxicities of the various non-native species formed by
SOD1 as it misfolds and aggregates are unknown. Here, we demonstrate
that early stages of SOD1 aggregation involve the formation of soluble
oligomers that contain an epitope specific to disease-relevant misfolded
SOD1; this epitope, recognized by the C4F6 antibody, has been proposed
as a marker of toxic species. Formation of potentially toxic oligomers
is likely to be exacerbated by an oxidizing cellular environment,
as evidenced by increased oligomerization propensity and C4F6 reactivity
when oxidative modification by glutathione is present at Cys-111.
These findings suggest that soluble non-native SOD1 oligomers, rather
than native-like dimers or monomers, share structural similarity to
pathogenic misfolded species found in ALS patients and therefore represent
potential cytotoxic agents and therapeutic targets in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Redler
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 120 Mason Farm Road, CB# 7260, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States 27599
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23
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Hitchler MJ, Domann FE. Regulation of CuZnSOD and its redox signaling potential: implications for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1590-8. [PMID: 23795822 PMCID: PMC3960847 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Molecular oxygen is a Janus-faced electron acceptor for biological systems, serving as a reductant for respiration, or as the genesis for oxygen-derived free radicals that damage macromolecules. Superoxide is well known to perturb nonheme iron proteins, including Fe/S proteins such as aconitase and succinate dehydrogenase, as well as other enzymes containing labile iron such as the prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing family of enzymes; whereas hydrogen peroxide is more specific for two-electron reactions with thiols on glutathione, glutaredoxin, thioredoxin, and the peroxiredoxins. RECENT ADVANCES Over the past two decades, familial cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have been shown to have an association with commonly altered superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) activity, expression, and protein structure. This has led to speculation that an altered redox balance may have a role in creating the ALS phenotype. CRITICAL ISSUES While SOD1 alterations in familial ALS are manifold, they generally create perturbations in the flux of electrons. The nexus of SOD1 between one- and two-electron signaling processes places it at a key signaling regulatory checkpoint for governing cellular responses to physiological and environmental cues. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The manner in which ALS-associated mutations adjust SOD1's role in controlling the flow of electrons between one- and two-electron signaling processes remains obscure. Here, we discuss the ways in which SOD1 mutations influence the form and function of copper zinc SOD, the consequences of these alterations on free radical biology, and how these alterations might influence cell signaling during the onset of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hitchler
- 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
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Vonk WIM, Kakkar V, Bartuzi P, Jaarsma D, Berger R, Hofker MH, Klomp LWJ, Wijmenga C, Kampinga HH, van de Sluis B. The Copper Metabolism MURR1 domain protein 1 (COMMD1) modulates the aggregation of misfolded protein species in a client-specific manner. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92408. [PMID: 24691167 PMCID: PMC3972230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Copper Metabolism MURR1 domain protein 1 (COMMD1) is a protein involved in multiple cellular pathways, including copper homeostasis, NF-κB and hypoxia signalling. Acting as a scaffold protein, COMMD1 mediates the levels, stability and proteolysis of its substrates (e.g. the copper-transporters ATP7B and ATP7A, RELA and HIF-1α). Recently, we established an interaction between the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and COMMD1, resulting in a decreased maturation and activation of SOD1. Mutations in SOD1, associated with the progressive neurodegenerative disorder Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), cause misfolding and aggregation of the mutant SOD1 (mSOD1) protein. Here, we identify COMMD1 as a novel regulator of misfolded protein aggregation as it enhances the formation of mSOD1 aggregates upon binding. Interestingly, COMMD1 co-localizes to the sites of mSOD1 inclusions and forms high molecular weight complexes in the presence of mSOD1. The effect of COMMD1 on protein aggregation is client-specific as, in contrast to mSOD1, COMMD1 decreases the abundance of mutant Parkin inclusions, associated with Parkinson’s disease. Aggregation of a polyglutamine-expanded Huntingtin, causative of Huntington’s disease, appears unaltered by COMMD1. Altogether, this study offers new research directions to expand our current knowledge on the mechanisms underlying aggregation disease pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willianne I. M. Vonk
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, and Netherlands Metabolomics Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Complex Genetics Section, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Vaishali Kakkar
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cell Biology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Paulina Bartuzi
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Molecular Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dick Jaarsma
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ruud Berger
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, and Netherlands Metabolomics Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marten H. Hofker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Molecular Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leo W. J. Klomp
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, and Netherlands Metabolomics Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Complex Genetics Section, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harm H. Kampinga
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cell Biology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Molecular Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Son M, Elliott JL. Mitochondrial defects in transgenic mice expressing Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutase mutations, the role of Copper Chaperone for SOD1. J Neurol Sci 2014; 336:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Rotunno MS, Bosco DA. An emerging role for misfolded wild-type SOD1 in sporadic ALS pathogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:253. [PMID: 24379756 PMCID: PMC3863749 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder that targets motor neurons, leading to paralysis and death within a few years of disease onset. While several genes have been linked to the inheritable, or familial, form of ALS, much less is known about the cause(s) of sporadic ALS, which accounts for ~90% of ALS cases. Due to the clinical similarities between familial and sporadic ALS, it is plausible that both forms of the disease converge on a common pathway and, therefore, involve common factors. Recent evidence suggests the Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) protein to be one such factor that is common to both sporadic and familial ALS. In 1993, mutations were uncovered in SOD1 that represent the first known genetic cause of familial ALS. While the exact mechanism of mutant-SOD1 toxicity is still not known today, most evidence points to a gain of toxic function that stems, at least in part, from the propensity of this protein to misfold. In the wild-type SOD1 protein, non-genetic perturbations such as metal depletion, disruption of the quaternary structure, and oxidation, can also induce SOD1 to misfold. In fact, these aforementioned post-translational modifications cause wild-type SOD1 to adopt a “toxic conformation” that is similar to familial ALS-linked SOD1 variants. These observations, together with the detection of misfolded wild-type SOD1 within human post-mortem sporadic ALS samples, have been used to support the controversial hypothesis that misfolded forms of wild-type SOD1 contribute to sporadic ALS pathogenesis. In this review, we present data from the literature that both support and contradict this hypothesis. We also discuss SOD1 as a potential therapeutic target for both familial and sporadic ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Rotunno
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Daryl A Bosco
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center Worcester, MA, USA
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Hanashima S, Fujiwara N, Matsumoto K, Iwasaki N, Zheng GQ, Torigoe H, Suzuki K, Taniguchi N, Yamaguchi Y. A solution 17O-NMR approach for observing an oxidized cysteine residue in Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:1449-51. [PMID: 23323266 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc36918d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Solution (17)O-NMR application to biological macromolecules is extremely limited. We describe here (17)O-NMR observation of the (17)O(2)-oxidized cysteine side chain of human Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase in solution using selective (17)O(2) oxidation. (17)O-NMR with the aid of (17)O-labeling has wide potential to probe the environment and dynamics of oxidizable functionalities in proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Hanashima
- Structural Glycobiology Team, RIKEN ASI, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan
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Li C, Xu WC, Xie ZS, Pan K, Hu J, Chen J, Pang DW, Yang FQ, Liang Y. Cupric ions induce the oxidation and trigger the aggregation of human superoxide dismutase 1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65287. [PMID: 23755211 PMCID: PMC3670862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), partly caused by the mutations and aggregation of human copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1), is a fatal degenerative disease of motor neurons. Because SOD1 is a major copper-binding protein present at relatively high concentration in motor neurons and copper can be a harmful pro-oxidant, we want to know whether aberrant copper biochemistry could underlie ALS pathogenesis. In this study, we have investigated and compared the effects of cupric ions on the aggregation of ALS-associated SOD1 mutant A4V and oxidized wild-type SOD1. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS As revealed by 90° light scattering, dynamic light scattering, SDS-PAGE, and atomic force microscopy, free cupric ions in solution not only induce the oxidation of either apo A4V or Zn2-A4V and trigger the oligomerization and aggregation of oxidized A4V under copper-mediated oxidative conditions, but also trigger the aggregation of non-oxidized form of such a pathogenic mutant. As evidenced by mass spectrometry and SDS-PAGE, Cys-111 is a primary target for oxidative modification of pathological human SOD1 mutant A4V by either excess Cu(2+) or hydrogen peroxide. The results from isothermal titration calorimetry show that A4V possesses two sets of independent binding sites for Cu(2+): a moderate-affinity site (10(6) M(-1)) and a high-affinity site (10(8) M(-1)). Furthermore, Cu(2+) binds to wild-type SOD1 oxidized by hydrogen peroxide in a way similar to A4V, triggering the aggregation of such an oxidized form. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We demonstrate that excess cupric ions induce the oxidation and trigger the aggregation of A4V SOD1, and suggest that Cu(2+) plays a key role in the mechanism of aggregation of both A4V and oxidized wild-type SOD1. A plausible model for how pathological SOD1 mutants aggregate in ALS-affected motor neurons with the disruption of copper homeostasis has been provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Chang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen-Sheng Xie
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dai-Wen Pang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fu-Quan Yang
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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