1
|
Qiu H, Abudureyimu S, Liu M, Liu F, Gao Y. Study on the Interaction Between C3 Gene Polymorphism and Environment in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Combined with Coronary Artery Disease. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024; 17:1467-1479. [PMID: 38562281 PMCID: PMC10982582 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s447789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was conducted to investigate the combined effect of genetic variation in the C3 gene and environmental factors on the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) and coronary artery disease(CAD) in a population from Xinjiang, China. Methods We conducted a hospital-based case-control study with 896 participants (217 with T2DM+CAD and 679 healthy controls). A polymerase chain reaction-ligase detection reaction was used to identify and genotype TagSNPs in the C3 gene, and the influence of the interaction of two SNP loci (rs1047286 and rs11569562) with the environment on T2DM combined with CAD was evaluated through clinical data, statistical analysis of gene frequencies, and the formation of a gene-environment interaction model. Results We find that rs11569562 GG is an independent protective factor for T2DM and CAD (OR=0.353, p=0.012), and the variants at its locus may be closely associated with Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT), lipoprotein a (Lp(a)), Apolipoprotein A (APOA), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Aspartate Aminotransferase (ALT) and AST/ALT levels (all P < 0.05); its GG genotype has significantly lower Gensini score and number of stenoses than the GA and AA genotypes. Multifactorial dimensionality reduction (MDR) finds a strong correlation between rs11569562 and AST (antagonistic effect) (4.44%); the role of rs11569562's influence remains strong in terms of the independent effects of each attribute (1.72%). Conclusions In this study, we find that variants in the C3 gene loci rs11569562 are associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with coronary heart disease in a Chinese population. It is expected to be an independent predictor of type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with coronary heart disease in the Chinese population. Rs11569562 may be associated with lipid levels and coagulation molecules. Clinical Trial Registration This trial registered on in 2014 at the China Clinical Trials Registry (ChiCTR-TRC-14005114).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haitang Qiu
- Department of Comprehensive Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shajidan Abudureyimu
- Department of Comprehensive Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengjia Liu
- Department of Comprehensive Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Clinical Medical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Comprehensive Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rezvani R, Shadmand Foumani Moghadam MR, Cianflone K. Acylation stimulating protein/C3adesArg in the metabolic states: role of adipocyte dysfunction in obesity complications. J Physiol 2024; 602:773-790. [PMID: 38305477 DOI: 10.1113/jp285127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue, as an endocrine organ, secretes several adipocyte-derived hormones named 'adipokines' that are implicated in regulating energy haemostasis. Substantial evidence shows that white adipose tissue-derived adipokines mediate the link between obesity-related exogenous factors (like diet and lifestyle) and various biological events (such as pre- and postmenopausal status) that have obesity consequences (cardiometabolic disorders). One of the critical aetiological factors for obesity-related diseases is the dysfunction of adipokine pathways. Acylation-stimulating protein (ASP) is an adipokine that stimulates triglyceride synthesis and storage in adipose tissue by enhancing glucose and fatty acid uptake. ASP acts via its receptor C5L2. The primary objective of this review is to address the existing gap in the literature regarding ASP by investigating its diverse responses and receptor interactions across multiple determinants of obesity. These determinants include diet composition, metabolic disorders, organ involvement, sex and sex hormone levels. Furthermore, this article explores the broader paradigm shift from solely focusing on adipose tissue mass, which contributes to obesity, to considering the broader implications of adipose tissue function. Additionally, we raise a critical question concerning the clinical relevance of the insights gained from this review, both in terms of potential therapeutic interventions targeting ASP and in the context of preventing obesity-related conditions, highlighting the potential of the ASP-C5L2 interaction as a pharmacological target. In conclusion, these findings validate that obesity is a low-grade inflammatory status with multiorgan involvement and sex differences, demonstrating dynamic interactions between immune and metabolic response determinants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rezvani
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Katherine Cianflone
- Centre de Recherche Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Boulenouar H, Benhatchi H, Guermoudi F, Oumiloud AH, Rahoui A. An actualized screening of schizophrenia-associated genes. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder that impacts around 0.5% to 1.2% of the world's population. It has been well established that heredity plays an essential role in the causation of schizophrenia, with genetic heritability of up to 80%. A several new schizophrenia susceptibility genes were identified at the start of the twenty-first century. The aim of this systematic review will be to explore the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and schizophrenia risk in people all over the world.
Methods
This systematic review collected available data on genetic variants associated with schizophrenia in worldwide populations. A PubMed and Science Direct search was investigated to identify all studies published until December 2020 on genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia in various populations, excluding family studies, transversal studies, cohort studies, experimental studies, and descriptive studies; those that demonstrate an association between repeat polymorphism (CNV, VNTR, etc.). All researches on genetic predispositions of schizophrenia and accepting the predetermined inclusion criteria were included in this systematic review.
Findings
Thirty-six studies focused on the schizophrenia-associated genes were retained in which a total of 44 polymorphisms among 26 susceptibility genes to schizophrenia have been associated in the world populations.
Conclusion
Despite the few number of studies published about genetic of schizophrenia, some genetic variations have been consistently correlated to schizophrenia, particularly in China, as this analysis shows. Further data, especially from genome-wide association studies, might contribute in the development of a reference for schizophrenia genetic susceptibility markers.
Collapse
|
4
|
Mohd Asyraf AJ, Nour El Huda AR, Hanisah MN, Norsidah KZ, Norlelawati AT. Relationship of selective complement markers with schizophrenia. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 363:577793. [PMID: 34990981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Immune system dysregulation may be involved in schizophrenia, but biomarker studies have thus far reported inconsistent findings. The relationship of plasma levels of complement markers C3 and C4, with schizophrenia, sociodemographic and clinico-psychological factors were here studied in 183 patients and 212 controls. C3 and C4 levels were significantly higher in the patients and in subjects with elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), and positively correlated with body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.05). Schizophrenia, BMI, and CRP were significant predictors for C3 and C4 levels in multivariate analyses (p < 0.001). In conclusion, complements C3 and C4 are potential peripheral biomarkers in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdull Jalil Mohd Asyraf
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Abd Rahim Nour El Huda
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Noor Hanisah
- Psychological Medicine Unit, Medical Faculty, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 24200 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Ku Zaifah Norsidah
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - A Talib Norlelawati
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chan ST, McCarthy MJ, Vawter MP. Psychiatric drugs impact mitochondrial function in brain and other tissues. Schizophr Res 2020; 217:136-147. [PMID: 31744750 PMCID: PMC7228833 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria have been linked to the etiology of schizophrenia (SZ). However, studies of mitochondria in SZ might be confounded by the effects of pharmacological treatment with antipsychotic drugs (APDs) and other common medications. This review summarizes findings on relevant mitochondria mechanisms underlying SZ, and the potential impact of psychoactive drugs including primarily APDs, but also antidepressants and anxiolytics. The summarized data suggest that APDs impair mitochondria function by decreasing Complex I activity and ATP production and dissipation of the mitochondria membrane potential. At the same time, in the brains of patients with SZ, antipsychotic drug treatment normalizes gene expression modules enriched in mitochondrial genes that are decreased in SZ. This indicates that APDs may have both positive and negative effects on mitochondria. The available evidence suggests three conclusions i) alterations in mitochondria functions in SZ exist prior to APD treatment, ii) mitochondria alterations in SZ can be reversed by APD treatment, and iii) APDs directly cause impairment of mitochondria function. Overall, the mechanisms of action of psychiatric drugs on mitochondria are both direct and indirect; we conclude the effects of APDs on mitochondria may contribute to both their therapeutic and metabolic side effects. These studies support the hypothesis that neuronal mitochondria are an etiological factor in SZ. Moreover, APDs and other drugs must be considered in the evaluation of this pathophysiological role of mitochondria in SZ. Considering these effects, pharmacological actions on mitochondria may be a worthwhile target for further APD development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawna T Chan
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Human Behavior and Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, USA; School of Medicine University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Michael J McCarthy
- Psychiatry Service VA San Diego Healthcare System, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Marquis P Vawter
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Human Behavior and Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cai G, Li L, Chen Y, Huang H, Yu L, Xu L. Complement C3 gene polymorphisms are associated with lipid levels, but not the risk of coronary artery disease: a case-control study. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:217. [PMID: 31829184 PMCID: PMC6905069 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Previous studies have shown that complement component 3 (C3) is associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk factors. Methods We conducted this study to evaluate the associations between tagSNPs in the C3 gene locus and the CAD susceptibility and lipid levels in the Chinese population. A hospital-based case-control study, including 1017 subjects (580 CAD patients and 437 non-CAD controls), was conducted. TagSNPs in the C3 gene were searched and genotyped by using the polymerase chain reaction-ligase detection reaction method. Results The C3 levels were positively associated with the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels (r = 0.269, P = 0.001). Compared with those in controls, the serum C3 levels in CAD patients were significantly higher (Control: 0.94 + 0.14 g/l; CAD: 1.10 + 0.19 g/l, P < 0.001). No significant differences in genotype or allele frequencies were observed between CAD patients and controls. The minor T allele of rs2287848 was associated with low apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) levels in controls (Bonferroni corrected P, Pc = 0.032). Linkage disequilibrium and haplotype analysis established two haplotype blocks (Block1: rs344555-rs2277984, Block 2: rs2287848-rs11672613) and six haplotypes. No significant associations between haplotypes and the risk of CAD were observed (all Pc > 0.05). Conclusions The results revealed that C3 gene polymorphisms were associated with the lipid levels, but not CAD susceptibility in the Chinese population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaojun Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Wujin hospital affiliated with Jiangsu University, the Wujin Clinical college of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, 213017, China.
| | - Li Li
- Department of Cardiology, Wujin hospital affiliated with Jiangsu University, the Wujin Clinical college of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, 213017, China
| | - Yifei Chen
- Department of Emergency, the affiliated hospital of Yangzhou university, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225001, China
| | - Haomin Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Wujin hospital affiliated with Jiangsu University, the Wujin Clinical college of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, 213017, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Wujin hospital affiliated with Jiangsu University, the Wujin Clinical college of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, 213017, China
| | - Lianhong Xu
- Department of laboratory, Wujin hospital affiliated with Jiangsu University, the Wujin Clinical college of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, 213017, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dogan MV, Beach SR, Philibert RA. Genetically contextual effects of smoking on genome wide DNA methylation. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:595-607. [PMID: 28686328 PMCID: PMC5561723 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is the leading cause of death in the United States. It exerts its effects by increasing susceptibility to a variety of complex disorders among those who smoke, and if pregnant, to their unborn children. In prior efforts to understand the epigenetic mechanisms through which this increased vulnerability is conveyed, a number of investigators have conducted genome wide methylation analyses. Unfortunately, secondary to methodological limitations, these studies were unable to examine methylation in gene regions with significant amounts of genetic variation. Using genome wide genetic and epigenetic data from the Framingham Heart Study, we re-examined the relationship of smoking status to genome wide methylation status. When only methylation status is considered, smoking was significantly associated with differential methylation in 310 genes that map to a variety of biological process and cellular differentiation pathways. However, when SNP effects on the magnitude of smoking associated methylation changes are also considered, cis and trans-interaction effects were noted at a total of 266 and 4353 genes with no marked enrichment for any biological pathways. Furthermore, the SNP variation participating in the significant interaction effects is enriched for loci previously associated with complex medical illnesses. The enlarged scope of the methylome shown to be affected by smoking may better explicate the mediational pathways linking smoking with a myriad of smoking related complex syndromes. Additionally, these results strongly suggest that combined epigenetic and genetic data analyses may be critical for a more complete understanding of the relationship between environmental variables, such as smoking, and pathophysiological outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meeshanthini V. Dogan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | | | - Robert A. Philibert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Behavioral Diagnostics, 2500 Crosspark Road, Coralville, IA, 52241
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Joseph J, Depp C, Shih PAB, Cadenhead KS, Schmid-Schönbein G. Modified Mediterranean Diet for Enrichment of Short Chain Fatty Acids: Potential Adjunctive Therapeutic to Target Immune and Metabolic Dysfunction in Schizophrenia? Front Neurosci 2017; 11:155. [PMID: 28396623 PMCID: PMC5366345 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing interest in gut and digestive processes and their potential link to brain and peripheral based inflammation or biobehavioral phenotypes has led to an increasing number of basic and translational scientific reports focused on the role of gut microbiota within the context of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the effect of dietary modification on specific gut metabolites, in association with immune, metabolic, and psychopathological functioning in schizophrenia spectrum disorders has not been well characterized. The short chain fatty acids (SCFA) acetate, butyrate, and propionate, major metabolites derived from fermentation of dietary fibers by gut microbes, interact with multiple immune and metabolic pathways. The specific pathways that SCFA are thought to target, are dysregulated in cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, and systemic inflammation. Most notably, these disorders are consistently linked to an attenuated lifespan in schizophrenia. Although, unhealthy dietary intake patterns and increased prevalence of immune and metabolic dysfunction has been observed in people with schizophrenia; dietary interventions have not been well utilized to target immune or metabolic illness. Prior schizophrenia patient trials primarily focused on the effects of gluten free diets. Findings from these studies indicate that a diet avoiding gluten benefits a limited subset of patients, individuals with celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity. Therefore, alternative dietary and nutritional modifications such as high-fiber, Mediterranean style, diets that enrich the production of SCFA, while being associated with a minimal likelihood of adverse events, may improve immune and cardiovascular outcomes linked to premature mortality in schizophrenia. With a growing literature demonstrating that SCFA can cross the blood brain barrier and target key inflammatory and metabolic pathways, this article highlights enriching dietary intake for SCFA as a potential adjunctive therapy for people with schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Joseph
- Department of Psychiatry, University of CaliforniaSan Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Colin Depp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of CaliforniaSan Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, VA San Diego Healthcare SystemSan Diego, CA, USA
| | - Pei-an B. Shih
- Department of Psychiatry, University of CaliforniaSan Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Debnath M, Berk M. Functional Implications of the IL-23/IL-17 Immune Axis in Schizophrenia. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:8170-8178. [PMID: 27900676 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aetiology of schizophrenia seems to stem from complex interactions amongst environmental, genetic, metabolic, immunologic and oxidative components. Chronic low-grade inflammation has been persistently linked to schizophrenia, and this has primarily been based on the findings derived from Th1/Th2 cytokine balance. While the IL-23/IL-17 axis plays crucial role in the pathogenesis of several immune-mediated disorders, it has remained relatively unexplored in neuropsychiatric disorders. Altered levels of cytokines related to IL-23/IL-17 axis have been observed in schizophrenia patients in a few studies. In addition, other indirect factors known to confer schizophrenia risk like complement activation and altered gut microbiota are shown to modulate the IL-23/IL-17 axis. These preliminary observations provide crucial clues about the functional implications of IL-23/IL-17 axis in schizophrenia. In this review, an attempt has been made to highlight the biology of IL-23/IL-17 axis and its relevance to schizophrenia risk and pathogenesis. Given the pathogenic potential of the IL-23/IL-17 axis, therapeutic targeting of this axis may be a promising approach to benefit patients suffering from this devastating disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monojit Debnath
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, India.
| | - Michael Berk
- School of Medicine, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Malan-Müller S, Kilian S, van den Heuvel LL, Bardien S, Asmal L, Warnich L, Emsley RA, Hemmings SMJ, Seedat S. A systematic review of genetic variants associated with metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2016; 170:1-17. [PMID: 26621002 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of factors that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), one of the leading causes of mortality in patients with schizophrenia. Incidence rates of MetS are significantly higher in patients with schizophrenia compared to the general population. Several factors contribute to this high comorbidity. This systematic review focuses on genetic factors and interrogates data from association studies of genes implicated in the development of MetS in patients with schizophrenia. We aimed to identify variants that potentially contribute to the high comorbidity between these disorders. PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases were accessed and a systematic review of published studies was conducted. Several genes showed strong evidence for an association with MetS in patients with schizophrenia, including the fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO), leptin and leptin receptor genes (LEP, LEPR), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene and the serotonin receptor 2C gene (HTR2C). Genetic association studies in complex disorders are convoluted by the multifactorial nature of these disorders, further complicating investigations of comorbidity. Recommendations for future studies include assessment of larger samples, inclusion of healthy controls, longitudinal rather than cross-sectional study designs, detailed capturing of data on confounding variables for both disorders and verification of significant findings in other populations. In future, big genomic datasets may allow for the calculation of polygenic risk scores in risk prediction of MetS in patients with schizophrenia. This could ultimately facilitate early, precise, and patient-specific pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to minimise CVD associated morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Malan-Müller
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, South Africa; SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Sanja Kilian
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Soraya Bardien
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Laila Asmal
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Louise Warnich
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Robin A Emsley
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sîan M J Hemmings
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, South Africa; SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|