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Al-Rawi SS, Ibrahim AH, Ahmed HJ, Khudhur ZO. Therapeutic, and pharmacological prospects of nutmeg seed: A comprehensive review for novel drug potential insights. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:102067. [PMID: 38690209 PMCID: PMC11059288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives For centuries, plant seed extracts have been widely used and valued for their benefits. They have been used in food, perfumes, aromatherapy, and traditional medicine. These natural products are renowned for their therapeutic properties and are commonly used in medicinal treatments. Their significant pharmacological profiles provide an excellent hallmark for the prevention or treatment of various diseases. In this study, we comprehensively evaluated the biological and pharmacological properties of nutmeg seeds and explored their efficacy in treating various illnesses. Method Published articles in databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Wiley, were analyzed using keywords related to nutmeg seed. The searched keywords were chemical compounds, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antidiabetic, anticancer properties, and their protective mechanisms in cardiovascular and Alzheimer's diseases. Results & discussion Nutmeg seeds have been reported to have potent antimicrobial properties against a wide range of various bacteria and fungi, thus showing potential for combating microbial infections and promoting overall health. Furthermore, nutmeg extract effectively reduces oxidative stress and inflammation by improving the body's natural antioxidant defense mechanism. Nutmeg affected lipid peroxidation, reduced lipid oxidation, reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and increased phospholipid and cholesterol excretion. In addition, nutmeg extract improves the modulation of cardiac metabolism, accelerates cardiac conductivity and ventricular contractility, and prevents cell apoptosis. This study elucidated the psychotropic, narcotic, antidepressant, and anxiogenic effects of nutmeg seeds and their potential as a pharmaceutical medicine. Notably, despite its sedative and toxic properties, nutmeg ingestion alone did not cause death or life-threatening effects within the dosage range of 20-80 g powder. However, chemical analysis of nutmeg extracts identified over 50 compounds, including flavonoids, alkaloids, and polyphenolic compounds, which exhibit antioxidant properties and can be used as phytomedicines. Moreover, the exceptional pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of nutmeg have been found different for different administration routes, yet, more clinical trials are still needed. Conclusion Understanding the chemical composition and pharmacological properties of nutmeg holds promise for novel drug discovery and therapeutic advancements. Nutmeg seed offers therapeutic and novel drug prospects that can revolutionize medicine. By delving into their pharmacological properties, we can uncover the vast potential possibilities of this natural wonder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawsan S. Al-Rawi
- Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education, Tishk International University, Erbil, KRG, Iraq
| | - Ahmad Hamdy Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, KRG, Iraq
| | - Heshu Jalal Ahmed
- Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education, Tishk International University, Erbil, KRG, Iraq
| | - Zhikal Omar Khudhur
- Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education, Tishk International University, Erbil, KRG, Iraq
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2
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Bhuia MS, Chowdhury R, Akter MA, Ali MA, Afroz M, Akbor MS, Sonia FA, Mubarak MS, Islam MT. A mechanistic insight into the anticancer potentials of resveratrol: Current perspectives. Phytother Res 2024. [PMID: 38768953 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Resveratrol is a widely recognized polyphenolic phytochemical found in various plants and their fruits, such as peanuts, grapes, and berry fruits. It is renowned for its several health advantages. The phytochemical is well known for its anticancer properties, and a substantial amount of clinical evidence has also established its promise as a chemotherapeutic agent. This study focuses on assessing the anticancer properties of resveratrol and gaining insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms. It also evaluates the biopharmaceutical, toxicological characteristics, and clinical utilization of resveratrol to determine its suitability for further development as a reliable anticancer agent. Therefore, the information about preclinical and clinical studies was collected from different electronic databases up-to-date (2018-2023). Findings from this study revealed that resveratrol has potent therapeutic benefits against various cancers involving different molecular mechanisms, such as induction of oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, inhibition of cell migration and invasion, autophagy, arresting of the S phase of the cell cycle, apoptotic, anti-angiogenic, and antiproliferative effects by regulating different molecular pathways including PI3K/AKT, p38/MAPK/ERK, NGFR-AMPK-mTOR, and so on. However, the compound has poor oral bioavailability due to reduced absorption; this limitation is overcome by applying nanotechnology (nanoformulation of resveratrol). Clinical application also showed therapeutic benefits in several types of cancer with no serious adverse effects. We suggest additional extensive studies to further check the efficacy, safety, and long-term hazards. This could involve a larger number of clinical samples to establish the compound as a reliable drug in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shimul Bhuia
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
- Phytochemistry and Biodiversity Research Laboratory, BioLuster Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Raihan Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
- Phytochemistry and Biodiversity Research Laboratory, BioLuster Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mst Asma Akter
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | - Md Arman Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | - Meher Afroz
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | - Md Showkot Akbor
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | - Fatema Akter Sonia
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | | | - Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
- Phytochemistry and Biodiversity Research Laboratory, BioLuster Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmacy Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
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3
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Iliopoulos F, Tu D, Pence IJ, Li X, Ghosh P, Luke MC, Raney SG, Rantou E, Evans CL. Determining topical product bioequivalence with stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. J Control Release 2024; 367:864-876. [PMID: 38346503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Generic drugs are essential for affordable medicine and improving accessibility to treatments. Bioequivalence (BE) is typically demonstrated by assessing a generic product's pharmacokinetics (PK) relative to a reference-listed drug (RLD). Accurately estimating cutaneous PK (cPK) at or near the site of action can be challenging for locally acting topical products. Certain cPK approaches are available for assessing local bioavailability (BA) in the skin. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy has unique capabilities enabling continuous, high spatial and temporal resolution and quantitative imaging of drugs within the skin. In this paper, we developed an approach based on SRS and a polymer-based standard reference for the evaluation of topical product BA and BE in human skin ex vivo. BE assessment of tazarotene-containing formulations was achieved using cPK parameters obtained within different skin microstructures. The establishment of BE between the RLD and an approved generic product was successfully demonstrated. Interestingly, within the constraints of the current study design the results suggest similar BA between the tested gel formulation and the reference cream formulation, despite the differences in the formulation/dosage form. Another formulation containing polyethylene glycol as the vehicle was demonstrated to be not bioequivalent to the RLD. Compared to using the SRS approach without a standard reference, the developed approach enabled more consistent and reproducible results, which is crucial in BE assessment. The abundant information from the developed approach can help to systematically identify key areas of study design that will enable a better comparison of topical products and support an assessment of BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotis Iliopoulos
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown 02129, MA, USA
| | - Dandan Tu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown 02129, MA, USA
| | - Isaac J Pence
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown 02129, MA, USA
| | - Xiaolei Li
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown 02129, MA, USA
| | - Priyanka Ghosh
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring 20993, MD, USA
| | - Markham C Luke
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring 20993, MD, USA
| | - Sam G Raney
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring 20993, MD, USA
| | - Elena Rantou
- Office of Biostatistics, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring 20993, MD, USA
| | - Conor L Evans
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown 02129, MA, USA.
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4
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Eltayib EM, Himawan A, Detamornrat U, Muhtadi WK, Li H, Li L, Vora L, Donnelly RF. Porous microneedle arrays as promising tools for the quantification of drugs in the skin: a proof of concept study. Pharm Dev Technol 2024; 29:164-175. [PMID: 38363720 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2024.2319734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to demonstrate the potential of using porous microneedles (PMNs) as a promising tool for the noninvasive quantification of topically applied pharmaceutical products. We fabricated a porous microneedle (PMN) from a blend of cellulose acetate and dimethyl sulfoxide by casting and phase separation; it was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and a Texture Analyzer. An ex vivo study was conducted as a proof-of-concept study to assess whether this PMN could be used to quantify drug absorption through the skin after the topical administration of two nonequivalent products of sodium ibuprofen (gel and dissolving microneedles). Three cellulose acetate formulations (PMN1: 37.5%, PMN-2: 44.4%, and PMN-3: 50%) were used to prepare PMN patches; subsequently, these were evaluated for their morphological and insertion properties. Only PMN-2 microneedle patches were chosen to continue with the ex vivo study. The ex vivo study results demonstrated that PMNs could absorb and release sodium ibuprofen (SDIB) and differentiate between two different SDIB topical products. This can be attributed to the porous and interconnected architecture of these microneedles. This developmental study highlights the potential success of such a tool for the quantification of dermal drug concentration and supports moving to in vivo tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyman M Eltayib
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Achmad Himawan
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Huanhuan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Luchi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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5
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Alomari N, Alhussaini W. Update on the advances and challenges in bioequivalence testing methods for complex topical generic products. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1330712. [PMID: 38389924 PMCID: PMC10881717 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1330712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Most of the government regulatory agencies, including the United States Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicine Agency, demand that the generic complex topical products prove pharmaceutical and bioequivalence. The evaluation of bioequivalence for complex topical dermatological formulations is a challenging task that requires careful consideration of several factors. Although comparative clinical studies are still considered the gold standard approach for establishing bioequivalence in most formulations, these studies can be costly and insensitive to detect formulation differences. Therefore, significant efforts have been made to develop and validate alternative approaches that demonstrate bioequivalence and expedite the availability of high-quality generic topical dermatological products. This article reviews the current methods for determining the bioequivalence of topical formulations in humans, with particular emphasis on recent advances in these methodologies. Most of the alternative methods are sensitive and reproducible, with the capability to ease the financial burden of comparative clinical studies within a short delivery time. The limitations associated with each technique are reviewed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedaa Alomari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of the National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Alhussaini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of the National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Andrianopoulou A, Sokolowski K, Wenzler E, Bulman ZP, Gemeinhart RA. Assessment of antibiotic release and antibacterial efficacy from pendant glutathione hydrogels using ex vivo porcine skin. J Control Release 2024; 365:936-949. [PMID: 38070603 PMCID: PMC10843833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSIs) confer a substantial burden on the healthcare system. Local antibiotic delivery systems can provide controlled drug release directly to the site of infection to maximize efficacy and minimize systemic toxicity. The purpose of this study was to examine the antibacterial activity of antibiotic-loaded glutathione-conjugated poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels (GSH-PEG) against ABSSSIs utilizing an ex vivo porcine dermal explant model. Vancomycin- or meropenem-loaded GSH-PEG hydrogels at 3 different dose levels were loaded over 1 h. Drug release was monitored in vitro under submerged conditions, by the Franz cell diffusion method, and ex vivo utilizing a porcine dermis model. Antibacterial activity was assessed ex vivo on porcine dermis explants inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates treated with vancomycin- or meropenem-loaded GSH-PEG hydrogels, respectively. Histological assessment of the explants was conducted to evaluate tissue integrity and viability in the context of the experimental conditions. A dose-dependent release was observed from vancomycin and meropenem hydrogels, with in vitro Franz cell diffusion data closely representing ex vivo vancomycin release, but not high dose meropenem release. High dose vancomycin-loaded hydrogels resulted in a >3 log10 clearance against all S. aureus isolates at 48 h. High dose meropenem-loaded hydrogels achieved 6.5, 4, and 2 log10 reductions in CFU/ml against susceptible, intermediate, and resistant P. aeruginosa isolates, respectively. Our findings demonstrate the potential application of GSH-PEG hydrogels for flexible, local antibiotic delivery against bacterial skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karol Sokolowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eric Wenzler
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zackery P Bulman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard A Gemeinhart
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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7
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Stielow M, Witczyńska A, Kubryń N, Fijałkowski Ł, Nowaczyk J, Nowaczyk A. The Bioavailability of Drugs-The Current State of Knowledge. Molecules 2023; 28:8038. [PMID: 38138529 PMCID: PMC10745386 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug bioavailability is a crucial aspect of pharmacology, affecting the effectiveness of drug therapy. Understanding how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated in patients' bodies is essential to ensure proper and safe treatment. This publication aims to highlight the relevance of drug bioavailability research and its importance in therapy. In addition to biochemical activity, bioavailability also plays a critical role in achieving the desired therapeutic effects. This may seem obvious, but it is worth noting that a drug can only produce the expected effect if the proper level of concentration can be achieved at the desired point in a patient's body. Given the differences between patients, drug dosages, and administration forms, understanding and controlling bioavailability has become a priority in pharmacology. This publication discusses the basic concepts of bioavailability and the factors affecting it. We also looked at various methods of assessing bioavailability, both in the laboratory and in the clinic. Notably, the introduction of new technologies and tools in this field is vital to achieve advances in drug bioavailability research. This publication also discusses cases of drugs with poorly described bioavailability, providing a deeper understanding of the complex challenges they pose to medical researchers and practitioners. Simultaneously, the article focuses on the perspectives and trends that may shape the future of research regarding bioavailability, which is crucial to the development of modern pharmacology and drug therapy. In this context, the publication offers an essential, meaningful contribution toward understanding and highlighting bioavailability's role in reliable patient treatment. The text also identifies areas that require further research and exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrianna Witczyńska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 2 Jurasza Street, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.W.); (N.K.); (Ł.F.)
| | - Natalia Kubryń
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 2 Jurasza Street, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.W.); (N.K.); (Ł.F.)
| | - Łukasz Fijałkowski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 2 Jurasza Street, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.W.); (N.K.); (Ł.F.)
| | - Jacek Nowaczyk
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Physicochemistry of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Alicja Nowaczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 2 Jurasza Street, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.W.); (N.K.); (Ł.F.)
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8
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Daneshvar S, Zamanian MY, Ivraghi MS, Golmohammadi M, Modanloo M, Kamiab Z, Pourhosseini SME, Heidari M, Bazmandegan G. A comprehensive view on the apigenin impact on colorectal cancer: Focusing on cellular and molecular mechanisms. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:6789-6801. [PMID: 37970406 PMCID: PMC10630840 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer (CC) is one of the most common and deadly cancers worldwide. Oncologists are facing challenges such as development of drug resistance and lack of suitable drug options for CC treatment. Flavonoids are a group of natural compounds found in fruits, vegetables, and other plant-based foods. According to research, they have a potential role in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Apigenin is a flavonoid that is present in many fruits and vegetables. It has been used as a natural antioxidant for a long time and has been considered due to its anticancer effects and low toxicity. The results of this review study show that apigenin has potential anticancer effects on CC cells through various mechanisms. In this comprehensive review, we present the cellular targets and signaling pathways of apigenin indicated to date in in vivo and in vitro CC models. Among the most important modulated pathways, Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, MAPK/ERK, JNK, STAT3, Bcl-xL and Mcl-1, PKM2, and NF-kB have been described. Furthermore, apigenin suppresses the cell cycle in G2/M phase in CC cells. In CC cells, apigenin-induced apoptosis is increased by inhibiting the formation of autophagy. According to the results of this study, apigenin appears to have the potential to be a promising agent for CC therapy, but more research is required in the field of pharmacology and pharmacokinetics to establish the apigenin effects and its dosage for clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Daneshvar
- Department of General SurgerySchool of MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mohammad Yasin Zamanian
- Department of PhysiologySchool of MedicineHamadan University of Medical SciencesHamadanIran
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologySchool of PharmacyHamadan University of Medical SciencesHamadanIran
| | | | | | - Mona Modanloo
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research CenterMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSariIran
| | - Zahra Kamiab
- Clinical Research Development UnitAli‐Ibn Abi‐Talib HospitalRafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjanIran
- Department of Community MedicineSchool of MedicineRafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjanIran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Ebrahim Pourhosseini
- Non‐Communicable Diseases Research CenterRafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjanIran
- Department of Internal MedicineSchool of MedicineRafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjanIran
| | - Mahsa Heidari
- Department of BiochemistryInstitute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB)University of TehranTehranIran
| | - Gholamreza Bazmandegan
- Physiology‐Pharmacology Research CenterResearch Institute of Basic Medical SciencesRafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjanIran
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologySchool of MedicineRafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjanIran
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9
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Darvin ME. Optical Methods for Non-Invasive Determination of Skin Penetration: Current Trends, Advances, Possibilities, Prospects, and Translation into In Vivo Human Studies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2272. [PMID: 37765241 PMCID: PMC10538180 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Information on the penetration depth, pathways, metabolization, storage of vehicles, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), and functional cosmetic ingredients (FCIs) of topically applied formulations or contaminants (substances) in skin is of great importance for understanding their interaction with skin targets, treatment efficacy, and risk assessment-a challenging task in dermatology, cosmetology, and pharmacy. Non-invasive methods for the qualitative and quantitative visualization of substances in skin in vivo are favored and limited to optical imaging and spectroscopic methods such as fluorescence/reflectance confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM); two-photon tomography (2PT) combined with autofluorescence (2PT-AF), fluorescence lifetime imaging (2PT-FLIM), second-harmonic generation (SHG), coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), and reflectance confocal microscopy (2PT-RCM); three-photon tomography (3PT); confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy (CRM); surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) micro-spectroscopy; stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy; and optical coherence tomography (OCT). This review summarizes the state of the art in the use of the CLSM, 2PT, 3PT, CRM, SERS, SRS, and OCT optical methods to study skin penetration in vivo non-invasively (302 references). The advantages, limitations, possibilities, and prospects of the reviewed optical methods are comprehensively discussed. The ex vivo studies discussed are potentially translatable into in vivo measurements. The requirements for the optical properties of substances to determine their penetration into skin by certain methods are highlighted.
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Lo Presti A, Montoya NA, Criscuolo V, Khan G, Khan U, Vecchione R, Falconi C. Fundamentals of Skin Bioimpedances. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302127. [PMID: 37252818 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The bioimpedances of tissues beyond the stratum corneum, which is the outermost layer of skin, contain crucial clinical information. Nevertheless, bioimpedance measurements of both the viable skin and the adipose tissue are not widely used, mainly because of the complex multilayered skin structure and the electrically insulating nature of the stratum corneum. Here, a theoretical framework is established for analyzing the impedances of multilayered tissues and, in particular, of skin. Then, strategies are determined for the system-level design of electrodes and electronics, which minimize 4-wire (or tetrapolar) measurement errors even in the presence of a top insulating tissue, thus enabling non-invasive characterizations of tissues beyond the stratum corneum. As an example, non-invasive measurements of bioimpedances of living tissues are demonstrated in the presence of parasitic impedances which are much (e.g., up to 350 times) higher than the bioimpedances of the living tissues beyond the stratum corneum, independently on extreme variations of the barrier (tape stripping) or of the skin-electrode contact impedances (sweat). The results can advance the development of bioimpedance systems for the characterization of viable skin and adipose tissues in several applications, including transdermal drug delivery and the assessment of skin cancer, obesity, dehydration, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular risk, and multipotent adult stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lo Presti
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, Roma, 00133, Italy
| | - Nerio Andrés Montoya
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, Roma, 00133, Italy
- School of Physics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, A. A. 3840, Colombia
| | - Valeria Criscuolo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, Roma, 00133, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterial for Health Care, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, Naples, 80125, Italy
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and IT, RWTH Aachen, 52062, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics, IBI-3, Forschungszentrum Juelich, 52428, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gulaly Khan
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Usman Khan
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Raffaele Vecchione
- Center for Advanced Biomaterial for Health Care, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, Naples, 80125, Italy
| | - Christian Falconi
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, Roma, 00133, Italy
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11
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Slavkova M, Tzankov B, Popova T, Voycheva C. Gel Formulations for Topical Treatment of Skin Cancer: A Review. Gels 2023; 9:gels9050352. [PMID: 37232944 DOI: 10.3390/gels9050352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer, with all its variations, is the most common type of cancer worldwide. Chemotherapy by topical application is an attractive strategy because of the ease of application and non-invasiveness. At the same time, the delivery of antineoplastic agents through the skin is difficult because of their challenging physicochemical properties (solubility, ionization, molecular weight, melting point) and the barrier function of the stratum corneum. Various approaches have been applied in order to improve drug penetration, retention, and efficacy. This systematic review aims at identifying the most commonly used techniques for topical drug delivery by means of gel-based topical formulations in skin cancer treatment. The excipients used, the preparation approaches, and the methods characterizing gels are discussed in brief. The safety aspects are also highlighted. The combinatorial formulation of nanocarrier-loaded gels is also reviewed from the perspective of improving drug delivery characteristics. Some limitations and drawbacks in the identified strategies are also outlined and considered within the future scope of topical chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Slavkova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Borislav Tzankov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Teodora Popova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Christina Voycheva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
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12
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Maciel Tabosa MA, Vitry P, Zarmpi P, Bunge AL, Belsey NA, Tsikritsis D, Woodman TJ, White KAJ, Delgado-Charro MB, Guy RH. Quantification of Chemical Uptake into the Skin by Vibrational Spectroscopies and Stratum Corneum Sampling. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:2527-2535. [PMID: 37053523 PMCID: PMC10155209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Evaluation of the bioavailability of drugs intended to act within the skin following the application of complex topical products requires the application of multiple experimental tools, which must be quantitative, validated, and, ideally and ultimately, sufficiently minimally invasive to permit use in vivo. The objective here is to show that both infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopies can assess the uptake of a chemical into the stratum corneum (SC) that correlates directly with its quantification by the adhesive tape-stripping method. Experiments were performed ex vivo using excised porcine skin and measured chemical disposition in the SC as functions of application time and formulation composition. The quantity of chemicals in the SC removed on each tape-strip was determined from the individually measured IR and Raman signal intensities of a specific molecular vibration at a frequency where the skin is spectroscopically silent and by a subsequent conventional extraction and chromatographic analysis. Correlations between the spectroscopic results and the chemical quantification on the tape-strips were good, and the effects of longer application times and the use of different vehicles were clearly delineated by the different measurement techniques. Based on this initial investigation, it is now possible to explore the extent to which the spectroscopic approach (and Raman in particular) may be used to interrogate chemical disposition deeper in the skin and beyond the SC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pauline Vitry
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Panagiota Zarmpi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Annette L Bunge
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Natalie A Belsey
- Chemical and Biological Sciences Department, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K
| | - Dimitrios Tsikritsis
- Chemical and Biological Sciences Department, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Timothy J Woodman
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - K A Jane White
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | | | - Richard H Guy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
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13
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Kumar M, Sharma A, Mahmood S, Thakur A, Mirza MA, Bhatia A. Franz diffusion cell and its implication in skin permeation studies. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2023.2188923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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14
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Sensitive and effective electrochemical determination of butenafine in the presence of itraconazole using titanium nanoparticles-ionic liquid based nanocomposite sensor. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2023; 77:1929-1939. [PMID: 36531439 PMCID: PMC9734920 DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02593-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of the bioavailability of topically applied medications that act inside or under the skin is a challenging task. Herein, the current study describes a simple, quick, and low-cost electrochemical platform for determining butenafine hydrochloride (BTH) that is mainly prescribed as a treatment of dermatophytosis, applying titanium nanoparticles and an ionic liquid as outstanding mediators. In terms of low detection limits (61.63 nM) and extensive range of 2.21 × 10-7-13.46 × 10-5 M, the established electrochemical technique provided worthy analytical performance for butenafine hydrochloride sensing. The suggested sensor's practical applicability was effectively demonstrated in pharmaceutical preparations, actual stratum corneum samples, and simultaneous detection of butenafine hydrochloride and Itraconazole in pharmaceutical preparation for the first time. All of the experimental factors, like the pH and scan rate, have been investigated and optimized. Diffusion coefficients of butenafine hydrochloride at bare and modified sensors were calculated. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11696-022-02593-3.
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15
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Mills PC, Owens JG, Reinbold JB, McGowan M, Ellenbergner C, Woldeyohannes S, Satake N. A novel transdermal ketoprofen formulation for analgesia in cattle. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:530-542. [PMID: 36057922 PMCID: PMC9826033 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Ketoprofen is registered in many countries for injectable administration in cattle. Because it is soluble in a wide range of excipients, development of a novel transdermal (TD) ketoprofen formulation was pursued to provide a convenient and pain-free route of administration in cattle. One hundred and six excipient combinations were screened using in vitro techniques (Franz diffusion cells), with a 20%(w/v) ketoprofen formulation dissolved in a combination of 45%:45%(v/v) ethanol and isopropyl myristate (IPM) and 10%(v/v) eucalyptus oil achieving maximal penetration of ketoprofen through bovine skin. A bioavailability study was then conducted using a randomized cross-over design (n = 12), including IV, IM (both 3 mg/kg) and TD (10 mg/kg) ketoprofen formulations administered with a one-week washout period between administrations. The IV and IM formulation pharmacokinetic results were as expected. The CMAX , Tmax and AUC0-Last were significantly higher (arithmetic mean ± SD) after TD administration (20.0 ± 6.5 μg/ml, 115 ± 17 min and 3940 ± 1324 μg*min/ml, respectively), compared to IM (11.0 ± 4.0 μg/ml, 74 ± 43 min and 2376 ± 738 μg*min/ml, respectively), although there were no significant differences for T½β . However, dose corrected values CMAX and AUCinf were significantly higher for IM compared to TD. The arithmetic mean bioavailability (F) of the transdermal formulation was 50%. The plasma concentration of the TD formulation at a dose of 10 mg/kg was similar to the IM formulation at 3 mg/kg by 30 min post-dosing with an arithmetic mean ± SD of 7.97 ± 4.38 vs. 8.02 ± 3.55 μg/ml, respectively. The TD formulation was generally well tolerated by cattle, although some local irritation along the site of application was noted after 12 h of exposure during the bioavailability study. Results indicate that this novel TD formulation provides a substantial improvement in administration convenience, may improve animal welfare and end-user safety through needle-free administration, and achieves similar plasma pharmacokinetics to the IM product when administered at 10 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C. Mills
- School of Veterinary ScienceThe University of QueenslandGattonAustralia
| | | | | | - Michael McGowan
- School of Veterinary ScienceThe University of QueenslandGattonAustralia
| | | | | | - Nana Satake
- School of Veterinary ScienceThe University of QueenslandGattonAustralia
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16
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Russo J, Fiegel J, Brogden NK. Effect of Salt Form on Gelation and Drug Delivery Properties of Diclofenac-Loaded Poloxamer Gels for Delivery to Impaired Skin. Pharm Res 2022; 39:2515-2527. [PMID: 36002613 PMCID: PMC9578569 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Treating chronic wounds is a significant clinical challenge, and a topical product would be ideal for pain management. Poloxamer 407, a thermosensitive polymer, would allow an analgesic drug to be topically applied to a wound as a liquid that transitions to a gel at physiologic temperature. Using diclofenac as a model analgesic drug, our goal was to determine effects of salt form on poloxamer gelation and drug delivery from poloxamer gels applied to excised skin with impaired barrier function. METHODS Gelation properties of 17% and 20% poloxamer gels loaded with 0.4 to 1.7% diclofenac sodium, potassium, epolamine, or diethylamine were evaluated rheologically. Drug release and delivery were quantified using cellulose membranes, porcine skin, and tape-stripped porcine skin. RESULTS Poloxamer gelation temperature increased with higher diclofenac concentration, regardless of salt form; the magnitude of increase varied in the following order: sodium>potassium>diethylamine>epolamine. Gelation temperature differences resulting from the various counterions generally matched previously observed trends of ion-specific effects on macromolecule solubility (the Hofmeister series). Despite changes in gelation behavior, we observed minimal corresponding effects on drug release or delivery. There were no significant differences in diclofenac released or delivered through intact porcine skin over 48 h. However, in studies with impaired (tape-stripped) skin, diclofenac delivery was slowest overall with the epolamine salt. CONCLUSION Varying the salt form of a model analgesic drug can impact gelation and drug delivery characteristics of poloxamer systems. Further study of the mechanisms of these changes will be important for continued development of topical poloxamer products for clinical wound care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Russo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- The University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, 180 S. Grand Ave, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jennifer Fiegel
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Nicole K Brogden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- The University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, 180 S. Grand Ave, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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17
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The Potential Role of Apigenin in Cancer Prevention and Treatment. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27186051. [PMID: 36144783 PMCID: PMC9505045 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. In spite of advances in the treatment of cancer, currently used treatment modules including chemotherapy, hormone therapy, radiation therapy and targeted therapy causes adverse effects and kills the normal cells. Therefore, the goal of more effective and less side effects-based cancer treatment approaches is still at the primary position of present research. Medicinal plants or their bioactive ingredients act as dynamic sources of drugs due to their having less side effects and also shows the role in reduction of resistance against cancer therapy. Apigenin is an edible plant-derived flavonoid that has received significant scientific consideration for its health-promoting potential through modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress and various other biological activities. Moreover, the anti-cancer potential of apigenin is confirmed through its ability to modulate various cell signalling pathways, including tumor suppressor genes, angiogenesis, apoptosis, cell cycle, inflammation, apoptosis, PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, MAPK/ERK and STAT3 pathways. The current review mainly emphases the potential role of apigenin in different types of cancer through the modulation of various cell signaling pathways. Further studies based on clinical trials are needed to explore the role of apigenin in cancer management and explain the possible potential mechanisms of action in this vista.
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18
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Transdermal Drug Delivery: Determining Permeation Parameters Using Tape Stripping and Numerical Modeling. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091880. [PMID: 36145628 PMCID: PMC9505649 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of transdermal drug delivery (TDD) systems is complex due to the multiple layers necessary for controlling the rate of drug release and the interaction with the patient’s skin. In this work, we study a particular aspect of a TDD system, that is, the parameters that describe the drug permeation through the skin layers. Studies of the diffusion of two compounds were carried out and supported by tape stripping and numerical modeling. The experimental studies are carried out for porcine skin in a Franz diffusion cell and tape stripping is used to quantify the concentration of drug in the stratum corneum. A multi-layered numerical model, based on Fickian diffusion, is used to determine the unknown parameters that define the skin’s permeability, such as the partition between layers and the mass transfer coefficients due to the surface barrier. A significant correlation was found between the numerical modeling and experimental results, indicating that the partition and mass transfer effects at the interlayer boundary are accurately represented in the numerical model. We find that numerical modeling is essential to fully describe the diffusion characteristics.
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19
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Imai H, Hashimoto S, Ninomiya R, Luo J, Wakuda H, Otani N, Inoue G, Amagishi H, Uemura N. Pharmacokinetics of lanoconazole in human skin after repeated topical application. J Dermatol 2022; 49:1118-1123. [PMID: 35811383 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Drug disposition after topical application to the skin has not been fully elucidated, especially after repeated application. We conducted a clinical trial to evaluate the pharmacokinetics in the stratum corneum of healthy adults after repeated application of lanoconazole cream as a model drug. We applied 25 mg of 1% lanoconazole cream onto the pre-specified areas on the participants' back once daily for 5 days. The stratum corneum was sampled twice on each study day using a standardized tape-stripping method, and the amount of lanoconazole contained in the samples was quantified using the tandem mass spectrometry method. The obtained data were used to evaluate lanoconazole pharmacokinetics in the stratum corneum. The amount of lanoconazole in the stratum corneum after once daily repeated administration reached a steady state on day 3, and it was eliminated from the stratum corneum with a half-life of approximately 11 h after discontinuing application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Imai
- Clinical Pharmacology Center, Oita University Hospital, Oita, Japan.,Department of Medical Ethics, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Satoru Hashimoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Ryo Ninomiya
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Jingna Luo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Wakuda
- Clinical Pharmacology Center, Oita University Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Otani
- Clinical Pharmacology Center, Oita University Hospital, Oita, Japan.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Genta Inoue
- Pharmaceutical Development Laboratory, Kyoto R&D Center, Maruho Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Amagishi
- Pharmaceutical Development Laboratory, Kyoto R&D Center, Maruho Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoto Uemura
- Clinical Pharmacology Center, Oita University Hospital, Oita, Japan.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
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20
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Raney SG, Ghosh P, Ramezanli T, Lehman PA, Franz TJ. Cutaneous Pharmacokinetic Approaches to Compare Bioavailability and/or Bioequivalence for Topical Drug Products. Dermatol Clin 2022; 40:319-332. [PMID: 35750415 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of bioequivalence (BE) involves comparing the test product to its reference product in a study whose fundamental scientific principles allow inferring of the clinical performance of the products. Several test methods have been discussed and developed to evaluate topical bioavailability (BA) and BE. Pharmacokinetics-based approaches characterize the rate and extent to which an active ingredient becomes available at or near its site of action in the skin. Such methodologies are considered to be among the most accurate, sensitive, and reproducible approaches for determining the BA or BE of a product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam G Raney
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Priyanka Ghosh
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Tannaz Ramezanli
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Paul A Lehman
- QPS Holdings, LLC, 3 Innovation Way, Suite 240, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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21
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Quantin P, Stricher M, Catoire S, Ficheux H, Egles C. Dermatokinetics: Advances and Experimental Models, Focus on Skin Metabolism. Curr Drug Metab 2022; 23:340-354. [PMID: 35585827 DOI: 10.2174/1389200223666220517114004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous dermal contact products, such as drugs or cosmetics, are applied on the skin, the first protective barrier to their entrance into the organism. These products contain various xenobiotic molecules that can penetrate the viable epidermis. Many studies have shown that keratinocyte metabolism could affect their behavior by biotransformation. While aiming for detoxification, toxic metabolites can be produced. These metabolites may react with biological macromolecules often leading to sensitization reactions. After passing through the epidermis, xenobiotics can reach the vascularized dermis and therefore be bioavailable and distributed into the entire organism. To highlight these mechanisms, dermatokinetics, based on the concept of pharmacokinetics, has been developed recently. It provides information on the action of xenobiotics that penetrate the organism through the dermal route. The purpose of this review is first to describe and synthesize the dermatokinetics mechanisms to consider when assessing the absorption of a xenobiotic through the skin. We focus on skin absorption and specifically on skin metabolism, the two main processes involved in dermatokinetics. In addition, experimental models and methods to assess dermatokinetics are described and discussed to select the most relevant method when evaluating, in a specific context, dermatokinetics parameters of a xenobiotic. We also discuss the limits of this approach as it is notably used for risk assessment in the industry where scenario studies generally focus only on one xenobiotic and do not consider interactions with the rest of the exposome. The hypothesis of adverse effects due to the combination of chemical substances in contact with individuals and not to a single molecule are being increasingly studied and embraced in the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Quantin
- UMR 7338 UTC-CNRS, BioMécanique et BioIngénierie, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, France
| | - Mathilde Stricher
- UMR 7338 UTC-CNRS, BioMécanique et BioIngénierie, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, France Biological Engineering
| | | | - Hervé Ficheux
- UMR 7338 UTC-CNRS, BioMécanique et BioIngénierie, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, France Biological Engineering
| | - Christophe Egles
- UMR 7338 UTC-CNRS, BioMécanique et BioIngénierie, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, France
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22
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Poljšak N, Kočevar Glavač N. Vegetable Butters and Oils as Therapeutically and Cosmetically Active Ingredients for Dermal Use: A Review of Clinical Studies. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:868461. [PMID: 35548366 PMCID: PMC9083541 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.868461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While the chemical composition of vegetable butters and oils has been studied in detail, there is limited knowledge about their mechanisms of action after application on the skin. To understand their dermal effects better, 27 clinical studies evaluating 17 vegetable oils (almond, argan, avocado, borage, coconut, evening primrose, kukui, marula, mustard, neem, olive, rapeseed, sacha inchi, safflower, shea butter, soybean and sunflower oils) were reviewed in this research. The reviewed studies focused on non-affected skin, infant skin, psoriasis, xerosis, UVB-induced erythema, atopic dermatitis, molluscum contagiosum, tungiasis, scars, striae and striae gravidarum. We conclude that in inflammation-affected skin, vegetable oils with a high content of oleic acid, together with the lack of or a low linoleic acid content, may cause additional structural damage of the stratum corneum, while oils high in linoleic acid and saturated fatty acids may express positive effects. Non-affected skin, in contrast, may not react negatively to oils high in oleic acid. However, the frequency and duration of an oil's use must be considered an important factor that may accelerate or enhance the negative effects on the skin's structural integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Poljšak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Kočevar Glavač
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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23
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Shukla S, Bunge AL, Hassan HE, Stinchcomb AL. Investigator Impact on Reproducibility of Drug Bioavailability in Stratum Corneum Sampling by Tape Stripping. Pharm Res 2022; 39:703-719. [PMID: 35411510 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03199-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Skin sampling by tape stripping measures the local bioavailability of topical drug products in the stratum corneum (SC). The goal of the current study was to evaluate the impact of different investigators in studies that utilize a tape stripping protocol designed to minimize investigator variability. METHODS Two open-label clinical studies compared two lidocaine patches and a diclofenac patch and solution in twelve healthy volunteers. The mass of drug was determined in SC samples collected on tape strips at three time points following product removal in duplicate by two investigators. Investigator results were compared with each other and with results for the diclofenac solution measured by another laboratory using a similar protocol. RESULTS For drug mass, the geometric mean ratio comparing two investigators is within the acceptable bioequivalence interval for most measurement times and drug products. Drug uptake into the SC from the diclofenac solution was not statistically different from that determined in another laboratory. The average flux from the SC over the clearance intervals for the four drug products correspond well with flux measurements from in vitro permeation tests. CONCLUSIONS Results from different investigators are reproducible within the limitations of measurement variability, which can be managed by increasing volunteer numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Annette L Bunge
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Hazem E Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Audra L Stinchcomb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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24
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Gowda BJ, Ahmed MG, Husain A. Transferosomal in situ gel administered through umbilical skin tissues for improved systemic bioavailability of drugs: A novel strategy to replace conventional transdermal route. Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Rudrapal M, Celik I, Khan J, Ansari MA, Alomary MN, Yadav R, Sharma T, Tallei TE, Pasala PK, Sahoo RK, Khairnar SJ, Bendale AR, Zothantluanga JH, Chetia D, Walode SG. Identification of bioactive molecules from Triphala (Ayurvedic herbal formulation) as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) through computational investigations. JOURNAL OF KING SAUD UNIVERSITY. SCIENCE 2022; 34:101826. [PMID: 35035181 PMCID: PMC8744360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jksus.2022.101826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease (SARS-CoV-2) induced coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is the present worldwide health emergency. The global scientific community faces a significant challenge in developing targeted therapies to combat the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Computational approaches have been critical for identifying potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors in the face of limited resources and in this time of crisis. Main protease (Mpro) is an intriguing drug target because it processes the polyproteins required for SARS-CoV-2 replication. The application of Ayurvedic knowledge from traditional Indian systems of medicine may be a promising strategy to develop potential inhibitor for different target proteins of SARS-CoV-2. With this endeavor, we docked bioactive molecules from Triphala, an Ayurvedic formulation, against Mpro followed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation (100 ns) to investigate their inhibitory potential against SARS-CoV-2. The top four best docked molecules (terflavin A, chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, and corilagin) were selected for MD simulation study and the results obtained were compared to native ligand X77. From docking and MD simulation studies, the selected molecules showed promising binding affinity with the formation of stable complexes at the active binding pocket of Mpro and exhibited negative binding energy during MM-PBSA calculations, indication their strong binding affinity with the target protein. The identified bioactive molecules were further analyzed for drug-likeness by Lipinski's filter, ADMET and toxicity studies. Computational (in silico) investigations identified terflavin A, chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, and corilagin from Triphala formulation as promising inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, suggesting experimental (in vitro/in vivo) studies to further explore their inhibitory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithun Rudrapal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rasiklal M. Dhariwal Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Pune 411019, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ismail Celik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Johra Khan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Azam Ansari
- Department of Epidemic Disease Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabaia
| | - Mohammad N Alomary
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- National Centre for Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rohitash Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh 249203, India
| | - Tripti Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Trina Ekawati Tallei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
- The University Center of Excellence for Biotechnology and Conservation of Wallacea, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, North Sulawesi 95115, Indonesia
| | | | - Ranjan Kumar Sahoo
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | | | - Atul R Bendale
- Sandip Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nashik 422213, India
| | - James H Zothantluanga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004, Assam, India
| | - Dipak Chetia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004, Assam, India
| | - Sanjay G Walode
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rasiklal M. Dhariwal Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Pune 411019, Maharashtra, India
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Arpaia P, Crauso F, Frosolone M, Mariconda M, Minucci S, Moccaldi N. A personalized FEM model for reproducible measurement of anti-inflammatory drugs in transdermal administration to knee. Sci Rep 2022; 12:673. [PMID: 35027630 PMCID: PMC8758660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04718-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A personalized model of the human knee for enhancing the inter-individual reproducibility of a measurement method for monitoring Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) after transdermal delivery is proposed. The model is based on the solution of Maxwell Equations in the electric-quasi-stationary limit via Finite Element Analysis. The dimensions of the custom geometry are estimated on the basis of knee circumference at the patella, body mass index, and sex of each individual. An optimization algorithm allows to find out the electrical parameters of each subject by experimental impedance spectroscopy data. Muscular tissues were characterized anisotropically, by extracting Cole-Cole equation parameters from experimental data acquired with twofold excitation, both transversal and parallel to tissue fibers. A sensitivity and optimization analysis aiming at reducing computational burden in model customization achieved a worst-case reconstruction error lower than 5%. The personalized knee model and the optimization algorithm were validated in vivo by an experimental campaign on thirty volunteers, 67% healthy and 33% affected by knee osteoarthritis (Kellgren-Lawrence grade ranging in [1,4]), with an average error of 3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Arpaia
- Laboratory of Augmented Reality for Health Monitoring (ARHeMLab), Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Interdepartmental Center for Research in Health Management and Innovation in Health (CIRMIS), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Crauso
- Laboratory of Augmented Reality for Health Monitoring (ARHeMLab), Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mirco Frosolone
- Laboratory of Augmented Reality for Health Monitoring (ARHeMLab), Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Mariconda
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Simone Minucci
- Laboratory of Augmented Reality for Health Monitoring (ARHeMLab), Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy. .,Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Nicola Moccaldi
- Laboratory of Augmented Reality for Health Monitoring (ARHeMLab), Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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27
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Tabosa MAM, Cordery SF, Jane White KA, Bunge AL, Guy RH, Delgado-Charro MB. Skin pharmacokinetics of diclofenac and co-delivered functional excipients. Int J Pharm 2022; 614:121469. [PMID: 35031414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An important question in the development of a dermatological drug product is whether a target concentration has been achieved in, for example, the viable epidermis following topical administration. When attempting to address this challenge, it is essential to consider the role of excipients in the formulation that may influence drug partitioning and diffusion in the different layers of the skin. The objective, therefore, was to correlate, in human subjects, the skin pharmacokinetics of diclofenac (specifically, its uptake into and clearance from the stratum corneum (SC)) from an approved drug product (Voltaren® medicated plaster) with the in vivo co-uptake of two key excipients, namely propylene glycol and butylene glycol. SC sampling was used to assess diclofenac input into the skin during patch application, and its subsequent clearance post-removal of the delivery system. In parallel the uptake of the two glycol excipients was also measured. Drug and excipient amounts in the SC increased with time of application up to 6 h and, for diclofenac, no further increase was observed when the administration was prolonged to 12 h. When the plaster was removed after 6 h of wear, diclofenac cleared relatively slowly from the SC suggesting that drug binding with a slow off-rate had occurred. The results indicate that the optimisation of drug delivery from a topical formulation must take into account the disposition of key excipients and their impact on dermato-pharmacokinetics in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alice Maciel Tabosa
- University of Bath, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Sarah F Cordery
- University of Bath, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - K A Jane White
- University of Bath, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Annette L Bunge
- Colorado School of Mines, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Richard H Guy
- University of Bath, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - M Begoña Delgado-Charro
- University of Bath, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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28
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Hollingshead BD, Khan N, Schuler M, Radi Z. Development challenges for carcinogenicity risk assessments of topical drugs. J Toxicol Sci 2022; 47:1-11. [PMID: 34987136 DOI: 10.2131/jts.47.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The nonclinical safety package to support development and approval of drugs intended to be administered by topical application generally follows International Council for Harmonisation multidisciplinary 3 (ICH M3) and topic specific safety (ICH S) guidances. However, some aspects of topical drug development may require case-by-case determination of nonclinical safety strategies. The necessity to conduct a dermal rodent carcinogenicity study is one such example that is not considered an obligate component of a nonclinical safety data package for drug approval. While absence of systemic exposure, as stated in ICH M3, is a primary reason to forego a dermal carcinogenicity assessment, there may also be other factors for consideration in determining the need for a life-time carcinogencity study by dermal route to aid in the overall human cancer risk assessment. We therefore reviewed nonclinical carcinogencity data packages from drugs approved by the FDA or PMDA over a ~25 year time period to evaluate outcomes of oral versus topical carcinogencity studies and to understand their utility for informing the overall human risk assessment. We also discuss various other properties of topical small molecules that could impact the decisions to conduct a dermal life-time rodent carcinogenicity study. Collectively, the need to conduct 2-year dermal carcinogenicity studies in rodents should be determined case-by-case and consider scientific factors such existing systemic toxicity and carcinogenicity study data, anticipated drug exposures in skin, skin evaluation from the chronic minipig toxicity study, and genetic toxicity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett D Hollingshead
- Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, 1 Portland Street Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nasir Khan
- Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Maik Schuler
- Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Zaher Radi
- Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, 1 Portland Street Cambridge, MA, USA
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29
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Saveleva M, Lengert E, Verkhovskii RA, Abalymov A, Pavlov AM, Ermakov A, Prikhozhdenko E, Shtykov SN, Svenskaya YI. CaCO 3-based carriers with prolonged release property for antifungal drug delivery to hair follicles. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:3323-3345. [DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00539e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Superficial fungal infections are of serious concern worldwide due to their morbidity and increasing distribution across the globe in this era of growing antimicrobial resistance. Delivery of antifungals to target...
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30
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Runnsjö A, Liljedahl S, Sagna D, Ekblad M, Alenfall J. A novel microparticle based formulation for topical delivery of FOL-005, a small peptide. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:1309-1317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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31
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Chagas SCC, Pimenta CDAP, Kishishita J, Barbosa ICF, Bedor DCG, Aquino KADS, Santana DPD, Leal LB. Mupirocin ointments: In vitro x In vivo bioequivalence evaluation. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e19426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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32
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Dermal Delivery of Lipid Nanoparticles: Effects on Skin and Assessment of Absorption and Safety. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1357:83-114. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-88071-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Rapalli VK, Mahmood A, Waghule T, Gorantla S, Kumar Dubey S, Alexander A, Singhvi G. Revisiting techniques to evaluate drug permeation through skin. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1829-1842. [PMID: 34826250 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.2010702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Investigating the transportation of a drug molecule through various layers of skin and determining the amount of drug retention in skin layers is of prime importance in transdermal and topical drug delivery. The information regarding drug permeation and retention in skin layers aids in optimizing a formulation and provides insight into the therapeutic efficacy of a formulation. AREAS COVERED This perspective covers various methods that have been explored to estimate drug/therapeutics in skin layers using in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo conditions. In vitro methods such as diffusion techniques, ex vivo methods such as isolated perfused skin models and in vivo techniques including dermato-pharmacokinetics employing tape stripping, and microdialysis are discussed. Application of all techniques at various stages of formulation development where various local and systemic effects need to be considered. EXPERT OPINION The void in the existing methodologies necessitates improvement in the field of dermatologic research. Standardization of protocols, experimental setups, regulatory guidelines, and further research provides information to select an alternative for human skin to perform skin permeation experiments to increase the reliability of data generated through the available techniques. There is a need to utilize multiple techniques for appropriate dermato-pharmacokinetics evaluation and formulation's efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamshi Krishna Rapalli
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India
| | - Arisha Mahmood
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India
| | - Tejashree Waghule
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India
| | - Srividya Gorantla
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Dubey
- Medical Research, R&D Healthcare Division, Emami Ltd, Kolkata, India
| | - Amit Alexander
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India
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34
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El-Mashtoly SF, Gerwert K. Diagnostics and Therapy Assessment Using Label-Free Raman Imaging. Anal Chem 2021; 94:120-142. [PMID: 34852454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samir F El-Mashtoly
- Center for Protein Diagnostics, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.,Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Klaus Gerwert
- Center for Protein Diagnostics, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.,Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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35
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Pensado A, McGrogan A, White KAJ, Bunge AL, Guy RH, Delgado-Charro MB. Assessment of dermal bioavailability: predicting the input function for topical glucocorticoids using stratum corneum sampling. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 12:851-861. [PMID: 34599470 PMCID: PMC8888398 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Predicting the dermal bioavailability of topically delivered drugs is challenging. In this work, minimally invasive stratum corneum (SC) sampling was used to quantify the delivery of betamethasone valerate (BMV) into the viable skin. Betnovate® cream (0.1% w/w BMV) was applied at three doses (2, 5, and 10 mg cm−2) to the ventral forearms of 12 healthy volunteers. The mass of drug in the SC was measured using a validated tape-stripping method (a) after a 4-h “uptake” period, and (b) following a 6-h “clearance” period subsequent to cream removal. Concomitantly, the skin blanching responses to the same doses were assessed with a chromameter over 22 h post-application. BMV uptake into the SC was significantly higher for the 5 mg cm−2 dose compared to those of 2 and 10 mg cm−2. In all cases, ~30% of the drug in the SC at the end of the uptake period was cleared in the subsequent 6 h. From the SC sampling data, the average drug flux into the viable epidermis and its first-order elimination rate constant from the SC were estimated as 4 ng cm−2 h−1 and 0.07 h−1, respectively. In contrast, skin blanching results were highly variable and insensitive to the dose of cream applied. The SC sampling method was able to detect a 50% difference between two applied doses with 80% power; detection of a 20% difference would require a larger sample size. SC sampling enabled quantitative metrics describing corticosteroid delivery to the viable epidermis to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pensado
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,Present address: R&D Cluster Programs Section, Technology Development and Innovation Center, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Anita McGrogan
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - K A Jane White
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Annette L Bunge
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Richard H Guy
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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36
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Roberts MS, Cheruvu HS, Mangion SE, Alinaghi A, Benson HA, Mohammed Y, Holmes A, van der Hoek J, Pastore M, Grice JE. Topical drug delivery: History, percutaneous absorption, and product development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113929. [PMID: 34403750 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Topical products, widely used to manage skin conditions, have evolved from simple potions to sophisticated delivery systems. Their development has been facilitated by advances in percutaneous absorption and product design based on an increasingly mechanistic understanding of drug-product-skin interactions, associated experiments, and a quality-by-design framework. Topical drug delivery involves drug transport from a product on the skin to a local target site and then clearance by diffusion, metabolism, and the dermal circulation to the rest of the body and deeper tissues. Insights have been provided by Quantitative Structure Permeability Relationships (QSPR), molecular dynamics simulations, and dermal Physiologically Based PharmacoKinetics (PBPK). Currently, generic product equivalents of reference-listed products dominate the topical delivery market. There is an increasing regulatory interest in understanding topical product delivery behavior under 'in use' conditions and predicting in vivo response for population variations in skin barrier function and response using in silico and in vitro findings.
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37
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Ito T, Iguchi R, Matsuoka F, Nishi Y, Ogihara T, Misawa K. Label-free skin penetration analysis using time-resolved, phase-modulated stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:6545-6557. [PMID: 34745755 PMCID: PMC8548008 DOI: 10.1364/boe.436142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Skin penetration analysis of topically applied drugs or active compounds is essential in biomedical applications. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is a promising label-free skin penetration analysis tool. However, conventional SRS microcopy suffers from limited signal contrast owing to strong background signals, which prevents its use in low-concentration drug imaging. Here, we present a skin penetration analysis method of topical agents using recently developed phase-modulated SRS (PM-SRS) microscopy. PM-SRS uses phase modulation and time-resolved signal detection to suppress both nonlinear background signals and Raman background signals from a tissue. A proof-of-concept experiment with a topically applied skin moisturizing agent (ectoine) in an in vitro skin tissue model revealed that PM-SRS with 1.7-ps probe delay yields a signal contrast 40 times higher than that of conventional amplitude-modulated SRS (AM-SRS). Skin penetration measurement of a topical therapeutic drug (loxoprofen sodium) showed that the mean drug concentration at the tissue surface layer after 240 min was 47.3 ± 4.8 mM. The proposed PM-SRS microscopy can be employed to monitor the spatial and temporal pharmacokinetics of small molecules in the millimolar concentration regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terumasa Ito
- Department of Applied Physics, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Risa Iguchi
- Matsumoto Trading Co., Ltd., 1-13-7 Nihonbashi-Muromachi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0022, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Matsuoka
- Department of Applied Physics, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yoji Nishi
- Matsumoto Trading Co., Ltd., 1-13-7 Nihonbashi-Muromachi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0022, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ogihara
- Matsumoto Trading Co., Ltd., 1-13-7 Nihonbashi-Muromachi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0022, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Misawa
- Department of Applied Physics, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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38
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Handler AM, Eirefelt S, Lambert M, Johansson F, Hollesen Schefe L, Østergaard Knudsen N, Bodenlenz M, Birngruber T, Sinner F, Huss Eriksson A, Pommergaard Pedersen G, Janfelt C, Troensegaard Nielsen K. Characterizing Cutaneous Drug Delivery Using Open-Flow Microperfusion and Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3063-3072. [PMID: 34247482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, cutaneous drug delivery is studied by skin accumulation or skin permeation, while alternative techniques may enable the interactions between the drug and the skin to be studied in more detail. Time-resolved skin profiling for pharmacokinetic monitoring of two Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitors, tofacitinib and LEO 37319A, was performed using dermal open-flow microperfusion (dOFM) for sampling of perfusate in an ex vivo and in vivo setup in pig skin. Additionally, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) was performed to investigate depth-resolved skin distributions at defined time points ex vivo in human skin. By dOFM, higher skin concentrations were observed for tofacitinib compared to LEO 37319A, which was supported by the lower molecular weight, higher solubility, lipophilicity, and degree of protein binding. Using MALDI-MSI, the two compounds were observed to show different skin distributions, which was interpreted to be caused by the difference in the ability of the two molecules to interact with the skin compartments. In conclusion, the techniques assessed time- and depth-resolved skin concentrations and were able to show differences in the pharmacokinetic profiles of two JAK inhibitors. Thus, evidence shows that the two techniques can be used as complementary methods to support decision making in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mette Handler
- LEO Pharma A/S, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Manfred Bodenlenz
- HEALTH-Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Birngruber
- HEALTH-Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Frank Sinner
- HEALTH-Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Christian Janfelt
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Tsakalozou E, Alam K, Babiskin A, Zhao L. Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Support Determination of Bioequivalence for Dermatological Drug Products: Scientific and Regulatory Considerations. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 111:1036-1049. [PMID: 34231211 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling and simulation provides mechanism-based predictions of the pharmacokinetics of an active ingredient following its administration in humans. Dermal PBPK models describe the skin permeation and disposition of the active ingredient following the application of a dermatological product on the skin of virtual healthy and diseased human subjects. These models take into account information on product quality attributes, physicochemical properties of the active ingredient and skin (patho)physiology, and their interplay with each other. Regulatory and product development decision makers can leverage these quantitative tools to identify factors impacting local and systemic exposure. In the realm of generic drug products, the number of US Food and Drug Administratioin (FDA) interactions that use dermal PBPK modeling to support alternative bioequivalence (BE) approaches is increasing. In this report, we share scientific considerations on the development, verification and validation (V&V), and application of PBPK models within the context of a virtual BE assessment for dermatological drug products. We discuss the challenges associated with model V&V for these drug products stemming from the fact that target-site active ingredient concentrations are typically not measurable. Additionally, there are no established relationships between local and systemic PK profiles, when the latter are quantifiable. To that end, we detail a multilevel model V&V approach involving validation for the model of the drug product of interest coupled with the overall assessment of the modeling platform in use while leveraging in vitro and in vivo data related to local and systemic bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Tsakalozou
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling (DQMM), Office of Research and Standards (ORS), Office of Generic Drugs (OGD), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Khondoker Alam
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling (DQMM), Office of Research and Standards (ORS), Office of Generic Drugs (OGD), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Babiskin
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling (DQMM), Office of Research and Standards (ORS), Office of Generic Drugs (OGD), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling (DQMM), Office of Research and Standards (ORS), Office of Generic Drugs (OGD), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Pennick G, Robinson-Miller A, Cush I. Topical NSAIDs for acute local pain relief: in vitro characterization of drug delivery profiles into and through human skin. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:908-918. [PMID: 34109888 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1935996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The efficacy of topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) relates not only to the individual NSAID used but also to differences in formulation design. The aim of this study was to investigate the fundamental differences in ibuprofen and diclofenac drug delivery vehicles, specifically gels and plasters, compared to a recently launched 200 mg ibuprofen medicated plaster and characterize the resulting dermatologic-pharmacokinetic profiles into and through ex vivo human skin layers. METHODS In vitro skin permeation testing over 24 h and sacrificial timepoint penetration experiments (at 1, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h) were conducted using an automated flow-through diffusion cell system. The amount of drug delivered to the epidermis, dermis, and receptor solution (representing deeper tissue) was determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Skin protein binding of ibuprofen and diclofenac was investigated by spiking skin homogenate with increasing concentrations of each drug and determining the fraction unbound. RESULTS Differences were observed in the amount of drug recovered at sacrificial timepoints and rate at which drug was delivered to the target site between plaster and gel formulations of ibuprofen and diclofenac and between plaster formulations of the same drug (ibuprofen). While the amount of drug quantified at sacrificial timepoints did not necessarily determine in vivo flux rates, differences in drug distribution within the skin layers indicated where drug reservoirs were formed. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the importance of intelligent formulation design in determining NSAID delivery through skin layers. Further work is required to quantify drug delivery into deeper tissues and the resultant local anti-inflammatory effects.
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Tijani AO, Thakur D, Mishra D, Frempong D, Chukwunyere UI, Puri A. Delivering therapeutic cannabinoids via skin: Current state and future perspectives. J Control Release 2021; 334:427-451. [PMID: 33964365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adequate evidence exists in the literature indicating a relatively positive shift with regards to the legal acceptance of cannabis and cannabis-derived products for medicinal purposes in some countries. Concomitantly, scientists are showing renewed interest in cannabis-related research work. Over the years, clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated the therapeutic significance of cannabinoids for diverse indications. Additionally, efforts are being made to develop cannabis-related products into acceptable prescription products. FDA authorization for the commercial use of four cannabinoid-derived products, available as oral dosage forms is a significant progress already. However, there are certain drawbacks associated with the conventional delivery forms of cannabinoids. These include low oral bioavailability due to hepatic degradation, gastric instability, poor water solubility, and the side effects experienced upon the use of high doses of psychotropic cannabinoids associated with heightened plasma concentrations of the drug. These are however, limitable with the aid of transcutaneous drug delivery. Emerging topical and transdermal strategies could be exploited for the successful development of highly effective delivery systems for cannabinoids. This review discusses the feasibility of delivering therapeutic cannabinoids via skin and provides a comprehensive account of the supporting research studies that have been reported in the literature till date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akeemat O Tijani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Divya Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India
| | - Dhruv Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA.
| | - Dorcas Frempong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
| | - Umeh I Chukwunyere
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
| | - Ashana Puri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
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Hollingshead BD, Tomlinson L, Finley J, Doshna C, Ritenour C, Barricklow J, Oppenheimer SR, O'Neil SP, Moore JL, Patterson NH, Nicholson SP, Norris JL, Caprioli RM, Beaumont K, King-Ahmad AJ, Vispute S, Cook JC, Radi Z, Schuler M. An orthogonal methods assessment of topical drug concentrations in skin and the impact for risk assessment in the viable epidermis. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 123:104934. [PMID: 33872740 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Systemic toxicity assessments for oral or parenteral drugs often utilize the concentration of drug in plasma to enable safety margin calculations for human risk assessment. For topical drugs, there is no standard method for measuring drug concentrations in the stratum basale of the viable epidermis. This is particularly important since the superficial part of the epidermis, the stratum corneum (SC), is nonviable and where most of a topically applied drug remains, never penetrating deeper into the skin. We investigated the relative concentrations of a prototype kinase inhibitor using punch biopsy, laser capture microdissection, and imaging mass spectrometry methods in the SC, stratum basale, and dermis of minipig skin following topical application as a cream formulation. The results highlight the value of laser capture microdissection and mass spectrometry imaging in quantifying the large difference in drug concentration across the skin and even within the epidermis, and supports use of these methods for threshold-based toxicity risk assessments in specific anatomic locations of the skin, like of the stratum basale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett D Hollingshead
- Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Lindsay Tomlinson
- Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jim Finley
- Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Colleen Doshna
- Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Casey Ritenour
- Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Jason Barricklow
- Pfizer Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | | | - Shawn P O'Neil
- Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jessica L Moore
- Frontier Diagnostics, 345 Hill Ave, Nashville, TN, 37210, USA
| | | | | | - Jeremy L Norris
- Frontier Diagnostics, 345 Hill Ave, Nashville, TN, 37210, USA
| | | | - Kevin Beaumont
- Pfizer Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Amanda J King-Ahmad
- Pfizer Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Saurabh Vispute
- Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Jon C Cook
- Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Zaher Radi
- Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Maik Schuler
- Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
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Chaturvedi S, Garg A. An insight of techniques for the assessment of permeation flux across the skin for optimization of topical and transdermal drug delivery systems. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Narula P, Saini K, Saini M, Singla D, Chauhan AS, Kakkar V. Assay and Dermatokinetics of Tetrahydrocurcumin Lipidic Nanostructures Using Reverse Phase-high Performance Liquid Chromatography. Pharm Nanotechnol 2021; 9:130-140. [PMID: 33511962 DOI: 10.2174/2211738509999210128203251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Envisaging the poor solubility (56 ngml1) and permeability of tetrahydrocurcumin (THCC), it was formulated into lipidic nanostructures to enhance its bioavailability upon topical application to promote the healing process for skin inflammatory disorders. Lack of literature on a suitable method for determining THCC per se and nanoformulations prompted us to develop an RP-HPLC method to detect the drug in its nanostructures and in pig ear skin post dermatokinetics. OBJECTIVE The present investigation aimed to develop a simple, precise and RP-HPLC method for the quantitative estimation of THCC in prepared lipidic nanostructures, its ointment, and in skin homogenate obtained post dermatokinetic study. METHODS THCC encapsulated nanostructures and ointment were formulated using a modified emulsification method and embedded into an ointment base to enhance its spreadability and improve patient compliance. A fast and sensitive reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed using a Hypersil BDS reverse phase C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) with mobile phase comprising tetrahydrofuran (THF) and 1 mgmL-1 citric acid (4:6), at a flow rate of 1.0 mLmin-1 with a run time of 20 min. RESULTS THCC nanostructures were successfully prepared using the spontaneous microemulsification method. THCC was detected at 282 nm and revealed two peaks which were attributed to the keto-enol tautomerism in the molecule with retention times of 6.23 min and 11.06 min, respectively. The assay of THCC in nanostructures and ointment was found to be 98.30 % and 99.98 %, with an entrapment efficiency 77.00±2.74 %. The dermatokinetic studies revealed sufficient release of THCC from its ointment up to 24 hr with a concentration of 1382 μgcm-2, for causing a therapeutic effect. CONCLUSION The method was found to be reproducible and robust, as shown by the low coefficient of variation and a constant analyte/IS ratio. It was successfully employed for the estimation of THCC assay in nanostructures and its ointment and dermatokinetic analysis in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Narula
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India
| | - Komal Saini
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India
| | - Megha Saini
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India
| | - Dinesh Singla
- Analytical Research and Development, Panacea Biotec Ltd, Lalru-140501, India
| | | | - Vandita Kakkar
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India
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Schuler M, Tomlinson L, Homiski M, Cheung J, Zhan Y, Coffing S, Engel M, Rubitski E, Seitis G, Hales K, Robertson A, Vispute S, Cook J, Radi Z, Hollingshead B. Experiments in the EpiDerm 3D Skin In Vitro Model and Minipigs In Vivo Indicate Comparatively Lower In Vivo Skin Sensitivity of Topically Applied Aneugenic Compounds. Toxicol Sci 2021; 180:103-121. [PMID: 33481035 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk management of in vitro aneugens for topically applied compounds is not clearly defined because there is no validated methodology to accurately measure compound concentration in proliferating stratum basale keratinocytes of the skin. Here, we experimentally tested several known aneugens in the EpiDerm reconstructed human skin in vitro micronucleus assay and compared the results to flow cytometric mechanistic biomarkers (phospho-H3; MPM2, DNA content). We then evaluated similar biomarkers (Ki-67, nuclear area) using immunohistochemistry in skin sections of minipigs following topical exposure the potent aneugens, colchicine, and hesperadin. Data from the EpiDerm model showed positive micronucleus responses for all aneugens tested following topical or direct media dosing with similar sensitivity when adjusted for applied dose. Quantitative benchmark dose-response analysis exhibited increases in the mitotic index biomarkers phospho-H3 and MPM2 for tubulin binders and polyploidy for aurora kinase inhibitors are at least as sensitive as the micronucleus endpoint. By comparison, the aneugens tested did not induce histopathological changes, increases in Ki-67 immunolabeling or nuclear area in skin sections from the in vivo minipig study at doses in significant excess of those eliciting a response in vitro. Results indicate the EpiDerm in vitro micronucleus assay is suitable for the hazard identification of aneugens. The lack of response in the minipig studies indicates that the barrier function of the minipig skin, which is comparable to human skin, protects from the effects of aneugens in vivo. These results provide a basis for conducting additional studies in the future to further refine this understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Schuler
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340 and Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Lindsay Tomlinson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340 and Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Michael Homiski
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340 and Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jennifer Cheung
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340 and Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Yutian Zhan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340 and Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Stephanie Coffing
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340 and Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Maria Engel
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340 and Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Elizabeth Rubitski
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340 and Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Gary Seitis
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340 and Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Katherine Hales
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340 and Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Andrew Robertson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340 and Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Saurabh Vispute
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340 and Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jon Cook
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340 and Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Zaher Radi
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340 and Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Brett Hollingshead
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340 and Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Wu L, Zhou K, Zong W, Chen Y, Sheng C. Single dose pharmacokinetics of topical iodiconazole creams in healthy Chinese volunteers. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:427-433. [PMID: 33478324 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1876962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
1.In this study, the pharmacokinetics of new triazole antifungal iodiconzole creams at target sites after single-dose topical application was investigated.2.30 healthy Chinese volunteers were randomly divided into three groups after being stratified by sex, each group was given a single topical dose of 1%, 2%, 4% iodiconazole cream (0.4 g). Stratum corneum (SC) samples of treated sites were collected by tape-stripping method after the chosen contact times, and were extracted and analysed by a validated LC-MS method.3.After single-dose topical application of 1%, 2%, 4% iodiconazole creams, the Cmax of iodiconazole in SC was 1.2 ± 0.7, 2.2 ± 1.0, 2.4 ± 1.0 mg/g; Tmax was 3.3 ± 1.1, 2.9 ± 1.1, 3.8 ± 0.4 h; t1/2 was 6.6 ± 3.4 h, 7.2 ± 4.1 h, 5.9 ± 2.9 h; AUC0-t was 10.9 ± 3.0, 20.8 ± 10.4, 20.9 ± 7.9 mg·h/g; AUC0-∞ was 11.6 ± 2.9, 23.5 ± 14.4, 22.2 ± 8.9 mg·h/g, respectively. The results showed that Cmax, AUC0-t and AUC0-∞ did not increase proportionately with dose, which could also be due to the drug being saturated in the formulation at ∼2%.4.The results of this study could provide reference for the clinical medication and further study of the formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wu
- Institute of Dermatology and Hospital for Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Zhou
- Department of dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenkai Zong
- Institute of Dermatology and Hospital for Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Institute of Dermatology and Hospital for Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Al Mahrooqi JH, Khutoryanskiy VV, Williams AC. Thiolated and PEGylated silica nanoparticle delivery to hair follicles. Int J Pharm 2021; 593:120130. [PMID: 33264642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Targeting drug delivery to hair follicles is valuable to treat conditions such as alopecia's and acne, and this shunt route may also allow drug delivery to deeper skin layers and the systemic circulation by avoiding the intact stratum corneum. Here, we investigated the effects of nanoparticle surface chemistry on their delivery into hair follicles by synthesizing fluorescent thiolated silica nanoparticles and functionalizing with 750 Da and 5000 Da methoxypolyethylene glycol maleimide (PEG). The stability of the nanoparticles in skin homogenate was verified before tape stripping of porcine-dosed tissue showed the distribution of the free fluorescent dye and different nanoparticles in the skin. Analysis of microscopic images of the skin sections revealed penetration of nanoparticles functionalized with PEG into the appendages whereas thiolated nanoparticles stayed on the surface of the skin and were removed by tape stripping. Nanoparticles functionalized with PEG 5000 Da penetrated deeper into the hair follicles compared to counterparts functionalized with PEG 750 Da. PEGylation can thus enhance targeted delivery of nanoparticulates into hair follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adrian C Williams
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AD, UK.
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Russo J, Fiegel J, Brogden NK. Rheological and Drug Delivery Characteristics of Poloxamer-Based Diclofenac Sodium Formulations for Chronic Wound Site Analgesia. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12121214. [PMID: 33333773 PMCID: PMC7765230 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds are a significant and growing health problem, and clinical treatment is often a painful experience. A topical dosage form would be optimal to treat this pain. Poloxamer 407, a thermosensitive polymer that is a liquid at low temperatures but gels at higher temperatures, is well suited to administer topical analgesics to chronic wound sites. The goal of this study was to evaluate the gelation and drug delivery properties of poloxamer 407 gels containing diclofenac sodium for potential use in chronic wound analgesic delivery. The gelation properties of poloxamer formulations were evaluated rheologically. Drug delivery properties of poloxamers loaded with diclofenac sodium were evaluated using snakeskin dialysis membranes, intact porcine ear skin, and porcine ear skin impaired via tape stripping. A commercial gel product and a solution of diclofenac sodium in water were used as control formulations. Poloxamer concentration and gelation temperature varied inversely, and the addition of higher concentrations of diclofenac sodium correlated to significant increases in poloxamer gelation temperature. Poloxamer solutions were effective in limiting the permeation of diclofenac sodium through membranes with impaired barrier properties, and delivery of diclofenac sodium from poloxamer 407 did not vary significantly from delivery observed from the commercial gel product. The amount of drug delivered in 24 h did not change significantly with changes in poloxamer 407 concentration. The results of this study indicate that poloxamer 407 may be a useful formulation component for administration of an analgesic product to a chronic wound site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Russo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Jennifer Fiegel
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Nicole K. Brogden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Correspondence:
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Rapalli VK, Singhvi G. Dermato-pharmacokinetic: assessment tools for topically applied dosage forms. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 18:423-426. [PMID: 33232212 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1856071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, India
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50
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Samant PP, Niedzwiecki MM, Raviele N, Tran V, Mena-Lapaix J, Walker DI, Felner EI, Jones DP, Miller GW, Prausnitz MR. Sampling interstitial fluid from human skin using a microneedle patch. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eaaw0285. [PMID: 33239384 PMCID: PMC7871333 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue interstitial fluid (ISF) surrounds cells and is an underutilized source of biomarkers that complements conventional sources such as blood and urine. However, ISF has received limited attention due largely to lack of simple collection methods. Here, we developed a minimally invasive, microneedle-based method to sample ISF from human skin that was well tolerated by participants. Using a microneedle patch to create an array of micropores in skin coupled with mild suction, we sampled ISF from 21 human participants and identified clinically relevant and sometimes distinct biomarkers in ISF when compared to companion plasma samples based on mass spectrometry analysis. Many biomarkers used in research and current clinical practice were common to ISF and plasma. Because ISF does not clot, these biomarkers could be continuously monitored in ISF similar to current continuous glucose monitors but without requiring an indwelling subcutaneous sensor. Biomarkers distinct to ISF included molecules associated with systemic and dermatological physiology, as well as exogenous compounds from environmental exposures. We also determined that pharmacokinetics of caffeine in healthy adults and pharmacodynamics of glucose in children and young adults with diabetes were similar in ISF and plasma. Overall, these studies provide a minimally invasive method to sample dermal ISF using microneedles and demonstrate human ISF as a source of biomarkers that may enable research and translation for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradnya P Samant
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Megan M Niedzwiecki
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nicholas Raviele
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Vilinh Tran
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Juan Mena-Lapaix
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Douglas I Walker
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Eric I Felner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mark R Prausnitz
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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