1
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Schulz JA, Hartz AMS, Bauer B. ABCB1 and ABCG2 Regulation at the Blood-Brain Barrier: Potential New Targets to Improve Brain Drug Delivery. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:815-853. [PMID: 36973040 PMCID: PMC10441638 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The drug efflux transporters ABCB1 and ABCG2 at the blood-brain barrier limit the delivery of drugs into the brain. Strategies to overcome ABCB1/ABCG2 have been largely unsuccessful, which poses a tremendous clinical problem to successfully treat central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Understanding basic transporter biology, including intracellular regulation mechanisms that control these transporters, is critical to solving this clinical problem.In this comprehensive review, we summarize current knowledge on signaling pathways that regulate ABCB1/ABCG2 at the blood-brain barrier. In Section I, we give a historical overview on blood-brain barrier research and introduce the role that ABCB1 and ABCG2 play in this context. In Section II, we summarize the most important strategies that have been tested to overcome the ABCB1/ABCG2 efflux system at the blood-brain barrier. In Section III, the main component of this review, we provide detailed information on the signaling pathways that have been identified to control ABCB1/ABCG2 at the blood-brain barrier and their potential clinical relevance. This is followed by Section IV, where we explain the clinical implications of ABCB1/ABCG2 regulation in the context of CNS disease. Lastly, in Section V, we conclude by highlighting examples of how transporter regulation could be targeted for therapeutic purposes in the clinic. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The ABCB1/ABCG2 drug efflux system at the blood-brain barrier poses a significant problem to successful drug delivery to the brain. The article reviews signaling pathways that regulate blood-brain barrier ABCB1/ABCG2 and could potentially be targeted for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Schulz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (J.A.S., B.B.), Sanders-Brown Center on Aging and Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine (A.M.S.H.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Anika M S Hartz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (J.A.S., B.B.), Sanders-Brown Center on Aging and Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine (A.M.S.H.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Björn Bauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (J.A.S., B.B.), Sanders-Brown Center on Aging and Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine (A.M.S.H.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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2
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Mejdrová I, Dušek J, Škach K, Stefela A, Skoda J, Chalupský K, Dohnalová K, Pavkova I, Kronenberger T, Rashidian A, Smutná L, Duchoslav V, Smutny T, Pávek P, Nencka R. Discovery of Novel Human Constitutive Androstane Receptor Agonists with the Imidazo[1,2- a]pyridine Structure. J Med Chem 2023; 66:2422-2456. [PMID: 36756805 PMCID: PMC10017030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3) plays significant roles in many hepatic functions, such as fatty acid oxidation, biotransformation, liver regeneration, as well as clearance of steroid hormones, cholesterol, and bilirubin. CAR has been proposed as a hypothetical target receptor for metabolic or liver disease therapy. Currently known prototype high-affinity human CAR agonists such as CITCO (6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole-5-carbaldehyde-O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime) have limited selectivity, activating the pregnane X receptor (PXR) receptor, a related receptor of the NR1I subfamily. We have discovered several derivatives of 3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine that directly activate human CAR in nanomolar concentrations. While compound 39 regulates CAR target genes in humanized CAR mice as well as human hepatocytes, it does not activate other nuclear receptors and is nontoxic in cellular and genotoxic assays as well as in rodent toxicity studies. Our findings concerning potent human CAR agonists with in vivo activity reinforce the role of CAR as a possible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Mejdrová
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Dušek
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kryštof Škach
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alžbeta Stefela
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Skoda
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Chalupský
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Czech
Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular
Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Dohnalová
- Czech
Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular
Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- 1st
Medical Faculty, Charles University, Katerinska 32, 112 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivona Pavkova
- Faculty
of Military Health Sciences, University
of Defense, Trebeska
1575, 500 01 Hradec
Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Thales Kronenberger
- Department
of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital
of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Eberhard Karls Universität, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Azam Rashidian
- Department
of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital
of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lucie Smutná
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Duchoslav
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Smutny
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pávek
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Nencka
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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3
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Men S, Wang H. Phenobarbital in Nuclear Receptor Activation: An Update. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:210-218. [PMID: 36351837 PMCID: PMC9900862 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenobarbital (PB) is a commonly prescribed anti-epileptic drug that can also benefit newborns from hyperbilirubinemia. Being the first drug demonstrating hepatic induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP), PB has since been broadly used as a model compound to study xenobiotic-induced drug metabolism and clearance. Mechanistically, PB-mediated CYP induction is linked to a number of nuclear receptors, such as the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), and estrogen receptor α, with CAR being the predominant regulator. Unlike prototypical agonistic ligands, PB-mediated activation of CAR does not involve direct binding with the receptor. Instead, dephosphorylation of threonine 38 in the DNA-binding domain of CAR was delineated as a key signaling event underlying PB-mediated indirect activation of CAR. Further studies revealed that such phosphorylation sites appear to be highly conserved among most human nuclear receptors. Interestingly, while PB is a pan-CAR activator in both animals and humans, PB activates human but not mouse PXR. The species-specific role of PB in gene regulation is a key determinant of its implication in xenobiotic metabolism, drug-drug interactions, energy homeostasis, and cell proliferation. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in our understanding of PB-provoked transactivation of nuclear receptors with a focus on CAR and PXR. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Extensive studies using PB as a research tool have significantly advanced our understanding of the molecular basis underlying nuclear receptor-mediated drug metabolism, drug-drug interactions, energy homeostasis, and cell proliferation. In particular, CAR has been established as a cell signaling-regulated nuclear receptor in addition to ligand-dependent functionality. This mini-review highlights the mechanisms by which PB transactivates CAR and PXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiqian Men
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (S.M., H.W.)
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (S.M., H.W.)
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4
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Stern S, Liang D, Li L, Kurian R, Lynch C, Sakamuru S, Heyward S, Zhang J, Kareem KA, Chun YW, Huang R, Xia M, Hong CC, Xue F, Wang H. Targeting CAR and Nrf2 improves cyclophosphamide bioactivation while reducing doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in triple-negative breast cancer treatment. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e153868. [PMID: 35579950 PMCID: PMC9309041 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.153868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CPA) and doxorubicin (DOX) are key components of chemotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), although suboptimal outcomes are commonly associated with drug resistance and/or intolerable side effects. Through an approach combining high-throughput screening and chemical modification, we developed CN06 as a dual activator of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). CN06 enhances CAR-induced bioactivation of CPA (a prodrug) by provoking hepatic expression of CYP2B6, while repressing DOX-induced cytotoxicity in cardiomyocytes in vitro via stimulating Nrf2-antioxidant signaling. Utilizing a multicellular coculture model incorporating human primary hepatocytes, TNBC cells, and cardiomyocytes, we show that CN06 increased CPA/DOX-mediated TNBC cell death via CAR-dependent CYP2B6 induction and subsequent conversion of CPA to its active metabolite 4-hydroxy-CPA, while protecting against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity by selectively activating Nrf2-antioxidant signaling in cardiomyocytes but not in TNBC cells. Furthermore, CN06 preserves the viability and function of human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes by modulating antioxidant defenses, decreasing apoptosis, and enhancing the kinetics of contraction and relaxation. Collectively, our findings identify CAR and Nrf2 as potentially novel combined therapeutic targets whereby CN06 holds the potential to improve the efficacy/toxicity ratio of CPA/DOX-containing chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Stern
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dongdong Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Linhao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ritika Kurian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Caitlin Lynch
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science (NCATS), NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Srilatha Sakamuru
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science (NCATS), NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Scott Heyward
- Bioreclamation In Vitro Technologies, Halethorpe, Maryland, USA
| | - Junran Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center and College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kafayat Ajoke Kareem
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Young Wook Chun
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruili Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science (NCATS), NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science (NCATS), NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Charles C. Hong
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fengtian Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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5
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Honkakoski P. Searching for CAR modulators. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1002-1009. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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6
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Niu C, Smith B, Lai Y. Transporter Gene Regulation in Sandwich Cultured Human Hepatocytes Through the Activation of Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR) or Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR). Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:620197. [PMID: 33551819 PMCID: PMC7859440 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.620197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The induction potentials of ligand-activated nuclear receptors on metabolizing enzyme genes are routinely tested for new chemical entities. However, regulations of drug transporter genes by the nuclear receptor ligands are underappreciated, especially in differentiated human hepatocyte cultures. In this study, gene induction by the ligands of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) was characterized in sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH) from multiple donors. The cells were treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), omeprazole (OP), 6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime (CITCO) and phenobarbital (PB) for three days. RNA samples were analyzed by qRT-PCR method. As expected, CITCO, the direct activator, and PB, the indirect activator of CAR, induced CYP3A4 (31 and 40-fold), CYP2B6 (24 and 28-fold) and UGT1A1 (2.9 and 4.2-fold), respectively. Conversely, TCDD and OP, the activators of AhR, induced CYP1A1 (38 and 37-fold), and UGT1A1 (4.3 and 5.0-fold), respectively. In addition, OP but not TCDD induced CY3A4 by about 61-fold. Twenty-four hepatic drug transporter genes were characterized, and of those, SLC51B was induced the most by PB and OP by about 3.3 and 6.5 fold, respectively. Marginal inductions (about 2-fold) of SLC47A1 and SLCO4C1 genes by PB, and ABCG2 gene by TCDD were observed. In contrast, SLC10A1 gene was suppressed about 2-fold by TCDD and CITCO. While clinical relevance of SLC51B gene induction or SLC10A1 gene suppression warrants further investigation, the results verified that the assessment of transporter gene inductions are not required for new drug entities, when a drug does not remarkably induce metabolizing enzyme genes by CAR and AhR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congrong Niu
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, United States
| | - Bill Smith
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, United States
| | - Yurong Lai
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, United States
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7
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Diethelm-Varela B, Kumar A, Lynch C, Imler GH, Deschamps JR, Li Y, Xia M, MacKerell AD, Xue F. Stereoisomerization of human constitutive androstane receptor agonist CITCO. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Ligand-based pharmacophore filtering, atom based 3D-QSAR, virtual screening and ADME studies for the discovery of potential ck2 inhibitors. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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9
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Kato H. Computational prediction of cytochrome P450 inhibition and induction. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 35:30-44. [PMID: 31902468 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes play an important role in the phase I metabolism of many xenobiotics. Most drug-drug interactions (DDIs) associated with CYP are caused by either CYP inhibition or induction. The early detection of potential DDIs is highly desirable in the pharmaceutical industry because DDIs can cause serious adverse events, which can lead to poor patient health and drug development failures. Recently, many computational studies predicting CYP inhibition and induction have been reported. The current computational modeling approaches for CYP metabolism are classified as ligand- and structure-based; various techniques, such as quantitative structure-activity relationships, machine learning, docking, and molecular dynamic simulation, are involved in both the approaches. Recently, combining these two approaches have resulted in improvements in the prediction accuracy of DDIs. In this review, we present important, recent developments in the computational prediction of the inhibition of four clinically crucial CYP isoforms (CYP1A2, 2C9, 2D6, and 3A4) and three nuclear receptors (aryl hydrocarbon receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, and pregnane X receptor) involved in the induction of CYP1A2, 2B6, and 3A4, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harutoshi Kato
- DMPK Research Laboratories, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Aoba-ku, Yokohama-shi, 227-0033, Japan.
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10
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Keminer O, Windshügel B, Essmann F, Lee SML, Schiergens TS, Schwab M, Burk O. Identification of novel agonists by high-throughput screening and molecular modelling of human constitutive androstane receptor isoform 3. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2247-2264. [PMID: 31312845 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02495-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prediction of drug interactions, based on the induction of drug disposition, calls for the identification of chemicals, which activate xenosensing nuclear receptors. Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is one of the major human xenosensors; however, the constitutive activity of its reference variant CAR1 in immortalized cell lines complicates the identification of agonists. The exclusively ligand-dependent isoform CAR3 represents an obvious alternative for screening of CAR agonists. As CAR3 is even more abundant in human liver than CAR1, identification of its agonists is also of pharmacological value in its own right. We here established a cellular high-throughput screening assay for CAR3 to identify ligands of this isoform and to analyse its suitability for identifying CAR ligands in general. Proof-of-concept screening of 2054 drug-like compounds at 10 µM resulted in the identification of novel CAR3 agonists. The CAR3 assay proved to detect the previously described CAR1 ligands in the screened libraries. However, we failed to detect CAR3-selective compounds, as the four novel agonists, which were selected for further investigations, all proved to activate CAR1 in different cellular and in vitro assays. In primary human hepatocytes, the compounds preferentially induced the expression of the prototypical CAR target gene CYP2B6. Failure to identify CAR3-selective compounds was investigated by molecular modelling, which showed that the isoform-specific insertion of five amino acids did not impact on the ligand binding pocket but only on heterodimerization with retinoid X receptor. In conclusion, we demonstrate here the usability of CAR3 for screening compound libraries for the presence of CAR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Keminer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schnackenburgallee 114, 22525, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Windshügel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schnackenburgallee 114, 22525, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Frank Essmann
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Auerbachstrasse 112, 70376, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Serene M L Lee
- Biobank of the Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias S Schiergens
- Biobank of the Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Auerbachstrasse 112, 70376, Stuttgart, Germany.,Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Burk
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Auerbachstrasse 112, 70376, Stuttgart, Germany. .,University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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11
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Mackowiak B, Li L, Lynch C, Ziman A, Heyward S, Xia M, Wang H. High-content analysis of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) translocation identifies mosapride citrate as a CAR agonist that represses gluconeogenesis. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 168:224-236. [PMID: 31306645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) plays an important role in hepatic drug metabolism and detoxification but has recently been projected as a potential drug target for metabolic disorders due to its repression of lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis. Thus, identification of physiologically-relevant CAR modulators has garnered significant interest. Here, we adapted the previously characterized human CAR (hCAR) nuclear translocation assay in human primary hepatocytes (HPH) to a high-content format and screened an FDA-approved drug library containing 978 compounds. Comparison of hCAR nuclear translocation results with the Tox21 hCAR luciferase reporter assay database in 643 shared compounds revealed significant overlap between these two assays, with approximately half of hCAR agonists also mediating nuclear translocation. Further validation of these compounds in HPH and/or using published data from literature demonstrated that hCAR translocation exhibits a higher correlation with the induction of hCAR target genes, such as CYP2B6, than the luciferase assay. In addition, some CAR antagonists which repress CYP2B6 mRNA expression in HPH, such as sorafenib, rimonabant, and CINPA1, were found to translocate hCAR to the nucleus of HPH. Notably, both the translocation assay and the luciferase assay identified mosapride citrate (MOS), a gastroprokinetic agent that is known to reduce fasting blood glucose levels in humans, as a novel hCAR activator. Further studies with MOS in HPH uncovered that MOS can repress the expression of gluconeogenic genes and decrease glucose output from hepatocytes, providing a previously unidentified liver-specific mechanism by which MOS modulates blood glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Mackowiak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Linhao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Caitlin Lynch
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Andrew Ziman
- Nikon Instruments Inc., 1300 Walt Whitman Road, Melville, NY 11747, United States
| | - Scott Heyward
- Bioreclamation In Vitro Technologies, 1450 S Rolling Rd, Halethorpe, MD 21227, United States
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
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12
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Liang D, Li L, Lynch C, Diethelm-Varela B, Xia M, Xue F, Wang H. DL5050, a Selective Agonist for the Human Constitutive Androstane Receptor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1039-1044. [PMID: 31312405 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is a xenobiotic sensor governing the transcription of genes involved in drug disposition, energy homeostasis, and cell proliferation. However, currently available human CAR (hCAR) agonists are nonselective, which commonly activate hCAR along with other nuclear receptors, especially the closely related human pregnane X receptor (hPXR). Using a well-known hCAR agonist CITCO as a template, we report our efforts in the discovery of a potent and highly selective hCAR agonist. Two of the new compounds of the series, 18 and 19 (DL5050), demonstrated excellent potency and selectivity for hCAR over hPXR. DL5050 preferentially induced the expression of CYP2B6 (target of hCAR) over CYP3A4 (target of hPXR) on both the mRNA and protein levels. The selective hCAR agonist DL5050 represents a valuable tool molecule to further define the biological functions of hCAR, and may also be used as a new lead in the discovery of hCAR agonists for various therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Linhao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Caitlin Lynch
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3375, United States
| | - Benjamin Diethelm-Varela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3375, United States
| | - Fengtian Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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13
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Liang D, Li L, Lynch C, Mackowiak B, Hedrich WD, Ai Y, Yin Y, Heyward S, Xia M, Wang H, Xue F. Human constitutive androstane receptor agonist DL5016: A novel sensitizer for cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapies. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 179:84-99. [PMID: 31247375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The DNA alkylating prodrug cyclophosphamide (CPA), alone or in combination with other agents, is one of the most commonly used anti-cancer agents. As a prodrug, CPA is activated by cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6), which is transcriptionally regulated by the human constitutive androstane receptor (hCAR). Therefore, hCAR agonists represent novel sensitizers for CPA-based therapies. Among known hCAR agonists, compound 6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo-[2,1-b]thiazole-5-carbaldehyde-O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime (CITCO) is the most potent and broadly utilized in biological studies. Through structural modification of CITCO, we have developed a novel compound DL5016 (32), which has an EC50 value of 0.66 μM and EMAX value of 4.9 when activating hCAR. DL5016 robustly induced the expression of hCAR target gene CYP2B6, at both the mRNA and protein levels, and caused translocation of hCAR from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in human primary hepatocytes. The effects of DL5016 were highlighted by dramatically enhancing the efficacy of CPA-based cytotoxicity to non-Hodgkin lymphoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Linhao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Caitlin Lynch
- 9800 Medical Center Drive, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
| | - Bryan Mackowiak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - William D Hedrich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Yong Ai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Yue Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Scott Heyward
- BioIVT, 1450 S Rolling Rd, Halethorpe, MD, 21227, United States
| | - Menghang Xia
- 9800 Medical Center Drive, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States.
| | - Fengtian Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States.
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14
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Kearney SE, Zahoránszky-Kőhalmi G, Brimacombe KR, Henderson MJ, Lynch C, Zhao T, Wan K, Itkin Z, Dillon C, Shen M, Cheff D, Lee T, Bougie D, Cheng K, Coussens N, Dorjsuren D, Eastman R, Huang R, Iannotti M, Karavadhi S, Klumpp-Thomas C, Roth J, Sakamuru S, Sun W, Titus S, Yasgar A, Zhang YQ, Zhao J, Andrade R, Brown MK, Burns N, Cha JK, Mevers E, Clardy J, Clement J, Crooks P, Cuny G, Ganor J, Moreno J, Morrill L, Picazo E, Susick R, Garg N, Goess B, Grossman R, Hughes C, Johnston J, Joullie M, Kinghorn AD, Kingston D, Krische M, Kwon O, Maimone T, Majumdar S, Maloney K, Mohamed E, Murphy B, Nagorny P, Olson D, Overman L, Brown L, Snyder J, Porco J, Rivas F, Ross S, Sarpong R, Sharma I, Shaw J, Xu Z, Shen B, Shi W, Stephenson C, Verano A, Tan D, Tang Y, Taylor R, Thomson R, Vosburg D, Wu J, Wuest W, Zakarian A, Zhang Y, Ren T, Zuo Z, Inglese J, Michael S, Simeonov A, Zheng W, Shinn P, Jadhav A, Boxer M, Hall MD, Xia M, Guha R, Rohde JM. Canvass: A Crowd-Sourced, Natural-Product Screening Library for Exploring Biological Space. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:1727-1741. [PMID: 30648156 PMCID: PMC6311695 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Natural products and their derivatives continue to be wellsprings of nascent therapeutic potential. However, many laboratories have limited resources for biological evaluation, leaving their previously isolated or synthesized compounds largely or completely untested. To address this issue, the Canvass library of natural products was assembled, in collaboration with academic and industry researchers, for quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) across a diverse set of cell-based and biochemical assays. Characterization of the library in terms of physicochemical properties, structural diversity, and similarity to compounds in publicly available libraries indicates that the Canvass library contains many structural elements in common with approved drugs. The assay data generated were analyzed using a variety of quality control metrics, and the resultant assay profiles were explored using statistical methods, such as clustering and compound promiscuity analyses. Individual compounds were then sorted by structural class and activity profiles. Differential behavior based on these classifications, as well as noteworthy activities, are outlined herein. One such highlight is the activity of (-)-2(S)-cathafoline, which was found to stabilize calcium levels in the endoplasmic reticulum. The workflow described here illustrates a pilot effort to broadly survey the biological potential of natural products by utilizing the power of automation and high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E. Kearney
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Gergely Zahoránszky-Kőhalmi
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Kyle R. Brimacombe
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Mark J. Henderson
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Caitlin Lynch
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Tongan Zhao
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Kanny
K. Wan
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Zina Itkin
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Christopher Dillon
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Min Shen
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Dorian
M. Cheff
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Tobie
D. Lee
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Danielle Bougie
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Ken Cheng
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Nathan
P. Coussens
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Dorjbal Dorjsuren
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Richard
T. Eastman
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Ruili Huang
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Michael
J. Iannotti
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Surendra Karavadhi
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Carleen Klumpp-Thomas
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Jacob
S. Roth
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Srilatha Sakamuru
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Wei Sun
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Steven
A. Titus
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Adam Yasgar
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Ya-Qin Zhang
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Rodrigo
B. Andrade
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - M. Kevin Brown
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Noah
Z. Burns
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jin K. Cha
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Emily
E. Mevers
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jon Clardy
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jason
A. Clement
- Natural
Products Discovery Institute, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Peter
A. Crooks
- University
of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street 522, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - Gregory
D. Cuny
- Department
of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, 4849 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United
States
| | - Jake Ganor
- Diamond
Age Corp., 344 East Louisiana
Street, McKinney, Texas 75069, United States
| | - Jesus Moreno
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Lucas
A. Morrill
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Elias Picazo
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Robert
B. Susick
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Neil
K. Garg
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Brian
C. Goess
- Department
of Chemistry, Furman University, 3300 Poinsett Highway, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Robert
B. Grossman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Chambers
C. Hughes
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, UCSD, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jeffrey
N. Johnston
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Madeleine
M. Joullie
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - A. Douglas Kinghorn
- College
of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - David
G.I. Kingston
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, 900 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Michael
J. Krische
- Chemistry
Department, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street STOP A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Thomas
J. Maimone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, 826 Latimer Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Susruta Majumdar
- Department
of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Center for
Clinical Pharmacology, St Louis College
of Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, 2 Pharmacy Place, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Katherine
N. Maloney
- Department
of Chemistry, Point Loma Nazarene University, 3900 Lomaland Drive, San Diego, California 92106, United States
| | - Enas Mohamed
- University
of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, United States
| | - Brian
T. Murphy
- College
of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 South Ashland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Pavel Nagorny
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - David
E. Olson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
- School of
Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, 2700 Stockton Boulevard, Suite 2102, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
- Center for
Neuroscience, University of California,
Davis, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, California 95618, United States
| | - Larry
E. Overman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Lauren
E. Brown
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - John
K. Snyder
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - John
A. Porco
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Fatima Rivas
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St.
Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Samir
A. Ross
- University
of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, 841-A Latimer Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Indrajeet Sharma
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Institute of Natural Products and
Research Technologies, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Jared
T. Shaw
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Zhengren Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, Florida Campus, The Scripps
Research Institute, 130
Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Ben Shen
- Department
of Chemistry, Florida Campus, The Scripps
Research Institute, 130
Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Wei Shi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Corey
R.J. Stephenson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Alyssa
L. Verano
- Pharmacology
Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Derek
S. Tan
- Pharmacology
Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Chemical
Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute and Tri-Institutional Research
Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Yi Tang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Richard
E. Taylor
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Warren Family Research Center
for Drug Discovery and Development, University
of Notre Dame, 305 McCourtney
Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Regan
J. Thomson
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - David
A. Vosburg
- Department
of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Jimmy Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - William
M. Wuest
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Emory Antibiotic
Resistance Center, Emory University School
of Medicine, 201 Dowman
Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Santa
Barbara
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- School of
Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Tianjing Ren
- School of
Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Zhong Zuo
- School of
Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - James Inglese
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Sam Michael
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Wei Zheng
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Paul Shinn
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Ajit Jadhav
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Matthew
B. Boxer
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Matthew D. Hall
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
- Phone: 301-480-9928. Fax: 301-217-5736.
E-mail:
| | - Menghang Xia
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Rajarshi Guha
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Jason M. Rohde
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
- Phone: 301-319-9272. Fax: 301-319-9449. E-mail:
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15
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Carazo A, Dusek J, Holas O, Skoda J, Hyrsova L, Smutny T, Soukup T, Dosedel M, Pávek P. Teriflunomide Is an Indirect Human Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR) Activator Interacting With Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:993. [PMID: 30364229 PMCID: PMC6193428 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is a nuclear receptor involved mainly in xenobiotic and endobiotic metabolism regulation. CAR is activated directly by its ligands via the ligand binding domain (LBD) or indirectly by inhibition of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling. We found that leflunomide (LEF) and its main metabolite teriflunomide (TER), both used for autoimmune diseases treatment, induce the prototype CAR target gene CYP2B6 in primary human hepatocytes. As TER was discovered to be an EGF receptor antagonist, we sought to determine if TER is an indirect activator of CAR. In primary human hepatocytes and in differentiated HepaRG cells, we found that LEF and TER up-regulate CAR target genes CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 mRNAs and enzymatic activities. TER stimulated CAR+A mutant translocation into the nucleus but neither LEF nor TER activated the CAR LBD, CAR3 variant or pregnane X receptor (PXR) in gene reporter assays. Interestingly, TER significantly up-regulated CAR mRNA expression, a result which could be a consequence of both EGF receptor and ELK-1 transcription factor inhibition by TER or by TER-mediated activation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), an upstream hormonal regulator of CAR. We can conclude that TER is a novel indirect CAR activator which through EGF inhibition and GR activation controls both detoxification and some intermediary metabolism genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Carazo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jan Dusek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ondrej Holas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Josef Skoda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lucie Hyrsova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomas Smutny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomas Soukup
- Division of Rheumatology, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Dosedel
- Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petr Pávek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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16
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Kato H, Yamaotsu N, Iwazaki N, Okamura S, Kume T, Hirono S. Precise prediction of activators for the human constitutive androstane receptor using structure-based three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship methods. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017; 32:179-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Režen T, Hafner M, Kortagere S, Ekins S, Hodnik V, Rozman D. Rosuvastatin and Atorvastatin Are Ligands of the Human Constitutive Androstane Receptor/Retinoid X Receptor α Complex. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:974-976. [PMID: 28536098 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.075523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are well known lipid lowering agents that inhibit the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase. They also activate drug metabolism but their exact receptor-mediated action has not been proven so far. We tested whether atorvastatin and rosuvastatin are direct ligands of human constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). We measured binding activities of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin to the human constitutive androstane receptor/retinoid X receptor α ligand-binding domain (CAR/RXRα-LBD) heterodimer with surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Additionally, three-dimensional models of CAR/RXRα-LBD were constructed by ligand-based and structure-based in silico modeling. Experiments and computational modeling show that atorvastatin and rosuvastatin bind to the human CAR/RXRα-LBD heterodimer, suggesting both can modulate the activity of CAR through direct interaction with the LBD of this receptor. We confirm that atorvastatin and rosuvastatin are direct ligands of CAR. The clinical consequences of CAR activation by statins are in their potential drug-drug interactions, and changes in glucose and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeja Režen
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine (T.R., M.H., D.R.), and Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty (V.H.), University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.K.); Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Fuquay Varina, North Carolina (S.E.)
| | - Mateja Hafner
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine (T.R., M.H., D.R.), and Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty (V.H.), University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.K.); Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Fuquay Varina, North Carolina (S.E.)
| | - Sandhya Kortagere
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine (T.R., M.H., D.R.), and Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty (V.H.), University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.K.); Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Fuquay Varina, North Carolina (S.E.)
| | - Sean Ekins
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine (T.R., M.H., D.R.), and Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty (V.H.), University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.K.); Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Fuquay Varina, North Carolina (S.E.)
| | - Vesna Hodnik
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine (T.R., M.H., D.R.), and Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty (V.H.), University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.K.); Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Fuquay Varina, North Carolina (S.E.)
| | - Damjana Rozman
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine (T.R., M.H., D.R.), and Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty (V.H.), University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.K.); Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Fuquay Varina, North Carolina (S.E.)
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18
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Lee K, You H, Choi J, No KT. Development of pharmacophore-based classification model for activators of constitutive androstane receptor. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2016; 32:172-178. [PMID: 28366619 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is predominantly expressed in the liver and is important for regulating drug metabolism and transport. Despite its biological importance, there have been few attempts to develop in silico models to predict the activity of CAR modulated by chemical compounds. The number of in silico studies of CAR may be limited because of CAR's constitutive activity under normal conditions, which makes it difficult to elucidate the key structural features of the interaction between CAR and its ligands. In this study, to address these limitations, we introduced 3D pharmacophore-based descriptors with an integrated ligand and structure-based pharmacophore features, which represent the receptor-ligand interaction. Machine learning methods (support vector machine and artificial neural network) were applied to develop an in silico model with the descriptors containing significant information regarding the ligand binding positions. The best classification model built with a solvent accessibility volume-based filter and the support vector machine showed good predictabilities of 87%, and 85.4% for the training set and validation set, respectively. This demonstrates that our model can be used to accurately predict CAR activators and offers structural information regarding ligand/protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungro Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Hwan You
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Jiwon Choi
- Bioinformatics & Molecular Design Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Kyoung Tai No
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea; Bioinformatics & Molecular Design Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea.
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19
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Amacher DE. The regulation of human hepatic drug transporter expression by activation of xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:1463-1477. [PMID: 27548410 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2016.1223626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION If a drug is found to be an inducer of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes via activation of nuclear receptors such as pregnane X receptor (PXR) or constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), it is likely that drug transporters regulated through these same receptors will be induced as well. This review highlights what is currently known about the molecular mechanisms that regulate transporter expression and where the research is directed. Areas covered: This review is focused on publications that describe the role of activated hepatic nuclear receptors in the subsequent regulation of drug uptake and/or efflux transporters following exposure to xenobiotics. Expert opinion: Many of the published studies on the role of nuclear receptors in the regulation of drug transporters involve non-human test animals. But due to species response differences, these associations are not always applicable to humans. For this reason, some relevant human in vitro models have been developed, such as primary or cryopreserved human hepatocytes, human liver slices, or HepG2 or HuH7 cell lines transiently or stably transfected with PXR expression and reporter constructs as well as in vivo models such as PXR-humanized mice. These human-relevant test systems will continue to be developed and applied for the testing of investigational drugs.
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20
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Smutny T, Nova A, Drechslerová M, Carazo A, Hyrsova L, Hrušková ZR, Kuneš J, Pour M, Špulák M, Pavek P. 2-(3-Methoxyphenyl)quinazoline Derivatives: A New Class of Direct Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR) Agonists. J Med Chem 2016; 59:4601-10. [PMID: 27145071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is a key regulator of xenobiotic and endobiotic metabolism. Together with pregnane X (PXR) and aryl hydrocarbon (AHR) receptors, it is referred to as "xenobiotic receptor". The unique properties of human CAR, such as its high constitutive activity, both direct (ligand-binding domain-dependent) and indirect activation have hindered the discovery of direct selective human CAR ligands. Herein, we report a novel class of direct human CAR agonists in a group of 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)quinazoline derivatives. The compounds are even more potent activators of human CAR than is prototype 6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime (CITCO). The three most potent ligands are at the same time extremely potent activators of the other xenobiotic or hormonal receptors, namely PXR, AHR, and vitamin D receptor, which regulate major xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and efflux transporters. Thus, the novel CAR ligands can be also considered as constituting the first class of potent pan-xenobiotic receptor ligands that can serve as potential antidotes boosting overall metabolic elimination of xenobiotic or toxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Nova
- Institute of Molecular and Translation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University in Olomouc , Hnevotinska 5, CZ-779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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21
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Jaghoori MM, Bleijlevens B, Olabarriaga SD. 1001 Ways to run AutoDock Vina for virtual screening. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2016; 30:237-49. [PMID: 26897747 PMCID: PMC4801993 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-016-9900-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale computing technologies have enabled high-throughput virtual screening involving thousands to millions of drug candidates. It is not trivial, however, for biochemical scientists to evaluate the technical alternatives and their implications for running such large experiments. Besides experience with the molecular docking tool itself, the scientist needs to learn how to run it on high-performance computing (HPC) infrastructures, and understand the impact of the choices made. Here, we review such considerations for a specific tool, AutoDock Vina, and use experimental data to illustrate the following points: (1) an additional level of parallelization increases virtual screening throughput on a multi-core machine; (2) capturing of the random seed is not enough (though necessary) for reproducibility on heterogeneous distributed computing systems; (3) the overall time spent on the screening of a ligand library can be improved by analysis of factors affecting execution time per ligand, including number of active torsions, heavy atoms and exhaustiveness. We also illustrate differences among four common HPC infrastructures: grid, Hadoop, small cluster and multi-core (virtual machine on the cloud). Our analysis shows that these platforms are suitable for screening experiments of different sizes. These considerations can guide scientists when choosing the best computing platform and set-up for their future large virtual screening experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Jaghoori
- />Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Boris Bleijlevens
- />Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Silvia D. Olabarriaga
- />Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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22
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Mackowiak B, Wang H. Mechanisms of xenobiotic receptor activation: Direct vs. indirect. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1859:1130-1140. [PMID: 26877237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The so-called xenobiotic receptors (XRs) have functionally evolved into cellular sensors for both endogenous and exogenous stimuli by regulating the transcription of genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters, as well as those involving energy homeostasis, cell proliferation, and/or immune responses. Unlike prototypical steroid hormone receptors, XRs are activated through both direct ligand-binding and ligand-independent (indirect) mechanisms by a plethora of structurally unrelated chemicals. This review covers research literature that discusses direct vs. indirect activation of XRs. A particular focus is centered on the signaling control of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), the pregnane X receptor (PXR), and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). We expect that this review will shed light on both the common and distinct mechanisms associated with activation of these three XRs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Xenobiotic nuclear receptors: New Tricks for An Old Dog, edited by Dr. Wen Xie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Mackowiak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
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23
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Li D, Mackowiak B, Brayman TG, Mitchell M, Zhang L, Huang SM, Wang H. Genome-wide analysis of human constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) transcriptome in wild-type and CAR-knockout HepaRG cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 98:190-202. [PMID: 26275810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) modulates the transcription of numerous genes involving drug metabolism, energy homeostasis, and cell proliferation. Most functions of CAR however were defined from animal studies. Given the known species difference of CAR and the significant cross-talk between CAR and the pregnane X receptor (PXR), it is extremely difficult to decipher the exact role of human CAR (hCAR) in gene regulation, relying predominantly on pharmacological manipulations. Here, utilizing a newly generated hCAR-knockout (KO) HepaRG cell line, we carried out RNA-seq analysis of the global transcriptomes in wild-type (WT) and hCAR-KO HepaRG cells treated with CITCO, a selective hCAR agonist, phenobarbital (PB), a dual activator of hCAR and hPXR, or vehicle control. Real-time PCR assays in separate experiments were used to validate RNA-seq findings. Our results indicate that genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes are among the main clusters altered by both CITCO and PB. Specifically, CITCO significantly changed the expression of 135 genes in an hCAR-dependent manner, while PB altered the expression of 227 genes in WT cells of which 94 were simultaneously modulated in both cell lines reflecting dual effects of PB on hCAR/PXR. Notably, we found that many genes promoting cell proliferation and tumorigenesis were up-regulated in hCAR-KO cells, suggesting that hCAR may play an important role in cell growth that differs from mouse CAR. Together, our results reveal both novel and known targets of hCAR and support the role of hCAR in maintaining the homeostasis of metabolism and cell proliferation in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daochuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Bryan Mackowiak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Timothy G Brayman
- Sigma Life Sciences, 2909 Laclede Ave, St. Louis, MO 63103, United States
| | - Michael Mitchell
- Sigma Life Sciences, 2909 Laclede Ave, St. Louis, MO 63103, United States
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20901, United States
| | - Shiew-Mei Huang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20901, United States
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
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24
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Zhou N, Xu Y, Liu X, Wang Y, Peng J, Luo X, Zheng M, Chen K, Jiang H. Combinatorial Pharmacophore-Based 3D-QSAR Analysis and Virtual Screening of FGFR1 Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:13407-26. [PMID: 26110383 PMCID: PMC4490501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160613407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGF/FGFR) signaling pathway plays crucial roles in cell proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, and survival. Aberration in FGFRs correlates with several malignancies and disorders. FGFRs have proved to be attractive targets for therapeutic intervention in cancer, and it is of high interest to find FGFR inhibitors with novel scaffolds. In this study, a combinatorial three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) model was developed based on previously reported FGFR1 inhibitors with diverse structural skeletons. This model was evaluated for its prediction performance on a diverse test set containing 232 FGFR inhibitors, and it yielded a SD value of 0.75 pIC50 units from measured inhibition affinities and a Pearson’s correlation coefficient R2 of 0.53. This result suggests that the combinatorial 3D-QSAR model could be used to search for new FGFR1 hit structures and predict their potential activity. To further evaluate the performance of the model, a decoy set validation was used to measure the efficiency of the model by calculating EF (enrichment factor). Based on the combinatorial pharmacophore model, a virtual screening against SPECS database was performed. Nineteen novel active compounds were successfully identified, which provide new chemical starting points for further structural optimization of FGFR1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Bilolgy, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Yuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yulan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jianlong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xiaomin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Kaixian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Bilolgy, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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25
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Lynch C, Zhao J, Huang R, Xiao J, Li L, Heyward S, Xia M, Wang H. Quantitative high-throughput identification of drugs as modulators of human constitutive androstane receptor. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10405. [PMID: 25993555 PMCID: PMC4438668 DOI: 10.1038/srep10405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3) plays a key role in governing the transcription of numerous hepatic genes that involve xenobiotic metabolism/clearance, energy homeostasis, and cell proliferation. Thus, identification of novel human CAR (hCAR) modulators may not only enhance early prediction of drug-drug interactions but also offer potentially novel therapeutics for diseases such as metabolic disorders and cancer. In this study, we have generated a double stable cell line expressing both hCAR and a CYP2B6-driven luciferase reporter for quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) of hCAR modulators. Approximately 2800 compounds from the NIH Chemical Genomics Center Pharmaceutical Collection were screened employing both the activation and deactivation modes of the qHTS. Activators (115) and deactivators (152) of hCAR were identified from the primary qHTS, among which 10 agonists and 10 antagonists were further validated in the physiologically relevant human primary hepatocytes for compound-mediated hCAR nuclear translocation and target gene expression. Collectively, our results reveal that hCAR modulators can be efficiently identified through this newly established qHTS assay. Profiling drug collections for hCAR activity would facilitate the prediction of metabolism-based drug-drug interactions, and may lead to the identification of potential novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Lynch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, 21201 Maryland
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892 Maryland
| | - Ruili Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892 Maryland
| | - Jingwei Xiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, 21201 Maryland
| | - Linhao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, 21201 Maryland
| | | | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892 Maryland
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, 21201 Maryland
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26
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Kobayashi K, Hashimoto M, Honkakoski P, Negishi M. Regulation of gene expression by CAR: an update. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1045-55. [PMID: 25975989 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1522-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is a well-known xenosensor that regulates hepatic drug metabolism and detoxification. CAR activation can be elicited by a large variety of xenobiotics, including phenobarbital (PB) which is not a directly binding CAR ligand. The mechanism of CAR activation is complex and involves translocation from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, followed by further activation steps in the nucleus. Recently, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been identified as a PB-responsive receptor, and PB activates CAR by inhibiting the EGFR signaling. In addition to regulation of drug metabolism, activation of CAR has multiple biological end points such as modulation of xenobiotic-elicited liver injury, and the role of CAR in endobiotic functions such as glucose metabolism and cholesterol homeostasis is increasingly recognized. Thus, investigations on the molecular mechanism of CAR activation are critical for the real understanding of CAR-mediated processes. Here, we summarize the current understanding of mechanisms by which CAR activators regulate gene expression through cellular signaling pathways and the roles of CAR on xenobiotic-elicited hepatocellular carcinoma, liver injury, glucose metabolism and cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan,
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27
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Carazo Fernández A, Smutny T, Hyrsová L, Berka K, Pavek P. Chrysin, baicalein and galangin are indirect activators of the human constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Toxicol Lett 2015; 233:68-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Banerjee M, Robbins D, Chen T. Targeting xenobiotic receptors PXR and CAR in human diseases. Drug Discov Today 2014; 20:618-28. [PMID: 25463033 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors such as the pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) are xenobiotic receptors regulating not only drug metabolism and disposition but also various human diseases such as cancer, diabetes, inflammatory disease, metabolic disease and liver diseases, suggesting that PXR and CAR are promising targets for drug discovery. Consequently, there is an urgent need to discover and develop small molecules that target these PXR- and/or CAR-mediated human-disease-related pathways for relevant therapeutic applications. This review proposes approaches to target PXR and CAR, either individually or simultaneously, in the context of various human diseases, taking into consideration the structural differences between PXR and CAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monimoy Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Delira Robbins
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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29
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Lynch C, Pan Y, Li L, Heyward S, Moeller T, Swaan PW, Wang H. Activation of the constitutive androstane receptor inhibits gluconeogenesis without affecting lipogenesis or fatty acid synthesis in human hepatocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 279:33-42. [PMID: 24878338 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accumulating evidence suggests that activation of mouse constitutive androstane receptor (mCAR) alleviates type 2 diabetes and obesity by inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and fatty acid synthesis. However, the role of human (h) CAR in energy metabolism is largely unknown. The present study aims to investigate the effects of selective hCAR activators on hepatic energy metabolism in human primary hepatocytes (HPH). METHODS Ligand-based structure-activity models were used for virtual screening of the Specs database (www.specs.net) followed by biological validation in cell-based luciferase assays. The effects of two novel hCAR activators (UM104 and UM145) on hepatic energy metabolism were evaluated in HPH. RESULTS Real-time PCR and Western blotting analyses reveal that activation of hCAR by UM104 and UM145 significantly repressed the expression of glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, two pivotal gluconeogenic enzymes, while exerting negligible effects on the expression of genes associated with lipogenesis and fatty acid synthesis. Functional experiments show that UM104 and UM145 markedly inhibit hepatic synthesis of glucose but not triglycerides in HPH. In contrast, activation of mCAR by 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene, a selective mCAR activator, repressed the expression of genes associated with gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and fatty acid synthesis in mouse primary hepatocytes, which were consistent with previous observations in mouse model in vivo. CONCLUSION Our findings uncover an important species difference between hCAR and mCAR in hepatic energy metabolism, where hCAR selectively inhibits gluconeogenesis without suppressing fatty acid synthesis. IMPLICATIONS Such species selectivity should be considered when exploring CAR as a potential therapeutic target for metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Lynch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yongmei Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Linhao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Scott Heyward
- Bioreclamation In Vitro Technologies, Baltimore, MD 21227, USA
| | - Timothy Moeller
- Bioreclamation In Vitro Technologies, Baltimore, MD 21227, USA
| | - Peter W Swaan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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30
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Pan Y, Cheng T, Wang Y, Bryant SH. Pathway analysis for drug repositioning based on public database mining. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:407-18. [PMID: 24460210 PMCID: PMC3956470 DOI: 10.1021/ci4005354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Sixteen FDA-approved
drugs were investigated to elucidate their
mechanisms of action (MOAs) and clinical functions by pathway analysis
based on retrieved drug targets interacting with or affected by the
investigated drugs. Protein and gene targets and associated pathways
were obtained by data-mining of public databases including the MMDB,
PubChem BioAssay, GEO DataSets, and the BioSystems databases. Entrez
E-Utilities were applied, and in-house Ruby scripts were developed
for data retrieval and pathway analysis to identify and evaluate relevant
pathways common to the retrieved drug targets. Pathways pertinent
to clinical uses or MOAs were obtained for most drugs. Interestingly,
some drugs identified pathways responsible for other diseases than
their current therapeutic uses, and these pathways were verified retrospectively
by in vitro tests, in vivo tests, or clinical trials. The pathway
enrichment analysis based on drug target information from public databases
could provide a novel approach for elucidating drug MOAs and repositioning,
therefore benefiting the discovery of new therapeutic treatments for
diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Pan
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, United States
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31
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Pan Y, Wang Y, Bryant SH. Pharmacophore and 3D-QSAR characterization of 6-arylquinazolin-4-amines as Cdc2-like kinase 4 (Clk4) and dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (Dyrk1A) inhibitors. J Chem Inf Model 2013; 53:938-47. [PMID: 23496085 PMCID: PMC3633254 DOI: 10.1021/ci300625c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cdc2-like kinase 4 (Clk4) and dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (Dyrk1A) are protein kinases that are promising targets for treatment of diseases caused by abnormal gene splicing. 6-Arylquinazolin-4-amines have been recently identified as potent Clk4 and Dyrk1A inhibitors. In order to understand the structure-activity correlation of these analogs, we have applied ligand-based pharmacophore and 3D-QSAR modeling combined with structure-based homology modeling and docking. The high R(2) and Q(2) (0.88 and 0.79 for Clk4, 0.85 and 0.82 for Dyrk1A, respectively) based on validation with training and test set compounds suggested that the generated 3D-QSAR models are reliable in predicting novel ligand activities against Clk4 and Dyrk1A. The binding mode identified through docking ligands to the ATP binding domain of Clk4 was consistent with the structural properties and energy field contour maps characterized by pharmacophore and 3D-QSAR models and gave valuable insights into the structure-activity profile of 6-arylquinazolin-4-amine analogs. The obtained 3D-QSAR and pharmacophore models in combination with the binding mode between inhibitor and residues of Clk4 will be helpful for future lead compound identification and optimization to design potent and selective Clk4 and Dyrk1A inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Pan
- National Center for
Biotechnology Information, National
Library of Medicine, National Institution of Health, 8600 Rockville
Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, United States
| | - Yanli Wang
- National Center for
Biotechnology Information, National
Library of Medicine, National Institution of Health, 8600 Rockville
Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, United States
| | - Stephen H. Bryant
- National Center for
Biotechnology Information, National
Library of Medicine, National Institution of Health, 8600 Rockville
Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, United States
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Pan Y, Wang Y, Bryant SH. Pharmacophore and 3D-QSAR characterization of 6-arylquinazolin-4-amines as Cdc2-like kinase 4 (Clk4) and dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (Dyrk1A) inhibitors. J Chem Inf Model 2013. [PMID: 23496085 DOI: 10.1021/ci300635c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cdc2-like kinase 4 (Clk4) and dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (Dyrk1A) are protein kinases that are promising targets for treatment of diseases caused by abnormal gene splicing. 6-Arylquinazolin-4-amines have been recently identified as potent Clk4 and Dyrk1A inhibitors. In order to understand the structure-activity correlation of these analogs, we have applied ligand-based pharmacophore and 3D-QSAR modeling combined with structure-based homology modeling and docking. The high R(2) and Q(2) (0.88 and 0.79 for Clk4, 0.85 and 0.82 for Dyrk1A, respectively) based on validation with training and test set compounds suggested that the generated 3D-QSAR models are reliable in predicting novel ligand activities against Clk4 and Dyrk1A. The binding mode identified through docking ligands to the ATP binding domain of Clk4 was consistent with the structural properties and energy field contour maps characterized by pharmacophore and 3D-QSAR models and gave valuable insights into the structure-activity profile of 6-arylquinazolin-4-amine analogs. The obtained 3D-QSAR and pharmacophore models in combination with the binding mode between inhibitor and residues of Clk4 will be helpful for future lead compound identification and optimization to design potent and selective Clk4 and Dyrk1A inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Pan
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institution of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA
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An update on the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 28:79-93. [DOI: 10.1515/dmdi-2013-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Avoiding PXR and CAR Activation and CYP3A4 Enzyme Induction. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2013_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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