1
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Zhang X, Yang L, Wang F, Su Y. Carbon quantum dots for the diagnosis and treatment of ophthalmic diseases. Hum Cell 2024; 37:1336-1346. [PMID: 39093514 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-024-01111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs), an emerging nanomaterial, are gaining attention in ophthalmological applications due to their distinctive physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. For example, their inherent fluorescent capabilities offer a novel and promising alternative to conventional fluorescent dyes for ocular disease diagnostics. Furthermore, because of the excellent biocompatibility and minimal cytotoxicity, CQDs are well-suited for therapeutic applications. In addition, functionalized CQDs can effectively deliver drugs to the posterior part of the eyeball to inhibit neovascularization. This review details the use of CQDs in the management of ophthalmic diseases, including various retinal diseases, and ocular infections. While still in its initial phases within ophthalmology, the significant potential of CQDs for diagnosing and treating eye conditions is evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Harbin Purui Eye Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Ying Su
- Eye Hospital, The first affiliated hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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2
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Mousavi SM, Kalashgrani MY, Javanmardi N, Riazi M, Akmal MH, Rahmanian V, Gholami A, Chiang WH. Recent breakthroughs in graphene quantum dot-enhanced sonodynamic and photodynamic therapy. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:7041-7062. [PMID: 38946657 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00767k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Water-soluble graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have recently exhibited considerable potential for diverse biomedical applications owing to their exceptional optical and chemical properties. However, the pronounced heterogeneity in the composition, size, and morphology of GQDs poses challenges for a comprehensive understanding of the intricate correlation between their structural attributes and functional properties. This variability also introduces complexities in scaling the production processes and addressing safety considerations. Light and sound have firmly established their role in clinical applications as pivotal energy sources for minimally invasive therapeutic interventions. Given the limited penetration depth of light, photodynamic therapy (PDT) predominantly targets superficial conditions such as dermatological disorders, head and neck malignancies, ocular ailments, and early-stage esophageal cancer. Conversely, ultrasound-based sonodynamic therapy (SDT) capitalizes on its superior ability to propagate and focus ultrasound within biological tissues, enabling a diverse range of therapeutic applications, including the management of gliomas, breast cancer, hematological tumors, and modulation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Considering the advancements in theranostic and precision therapies, reevaluating these conventional energy sources and their associated sensitizers is imperative. This review introduces three prevalent treatment modalities that harness light and sound stimuli: PDT, SDT, and a synergistic approach that integrates PDT and SDT. This study delineated the therapeutic dynamics and contemporary designs of sensitizers tailored to these modalities. By exploring the historical context of the field and elucidating the latest design strategies, this review underscores the pivotal role of GQDs in propelling the evolution of PDT and SDT. This aspires to stimulate researchers to develop "multimodal" therapies integrating both light and sound stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
| | | | - Negar Javanmardi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Mohsen Riazi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Muhammad Hussnain Akmal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
| | - Vahid Rahmanian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Drummondville, Quebec, J2C 0R5, Canada.
- Centre national intégré du manufacturier intelligent (CNIMI), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Drummondville, QC, Canada
| | - Ahmad Gholami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Wei-Hung Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
- Sustainable Electrochemical Energy Development (SEED) Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 10607, Taiwan
- Advanced Manufacturing Research Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 10607, Taiwan
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3
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Ahmadi Kamalabadi M, Ostadebrahimi H, Koosha F, Fatemidokht A, Menbari Oskuie I, Amin F, Shiralizadeh Dezfuli A. Gd-GQDs as nanotheranostic platform for the treatment of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer. Med Oncol 2024; 41:205. [PMID: 39037549 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we developed new gadolinium-graphene quantum dot nanoparticles (Gd-GQDs) as a theranostic platform for magnetic resonance imaging and improved the efficiency of radiotherapy in HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer. Based on cell toxicity results, Gd-GQD NPs were nontoxic for both cancer and normal cell lines up to 25 µg/ml. These NPs enhance the cytotoxic effect of radiation only on cancer cells but not on normal cells. The flow cytometry analysis indicated that cell death mainly occurred in the late phase of apoptosis. The immunocytochemical analysis was used to evaluate apoptosis pathway proteins. The Bcl-2 and p53 protein levels did not differ statistically significantly between radiation alone group and those that received irradiation in combination with NPs. In contrast, the combination group exhibited a significant increase in Bax protein expression, suggesting that cells could undergo apoptosis independent of the p53 pathway. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging showed that Gd-GQD NPs, when used at low concentrations, enhanced T1-weighted signal intensity resulting from T1 shortening effects. At higher concentrations, the T2 shortening effect became predominant and was able to decrease the signal intensity. Gd-GQD appears to offer a novel approach for enhancing the effectiveness of radiation treatment and facilitating MR imaging for monitoring HPV-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Ahmadi Kamalabadi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hamid Ostadebrahimi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Koosha
- Department of Radiology Technology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Darband St, Ghods Sq., Tehran, 1971653313, Iran.
| | - Asieh Fatemidokht
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Iman Menbari Oskuie
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Amin
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli
- Ronash Technology Pars Company (AMINBIC), Tehran University Science and Technology Park, North Campus of Tehran University, Farshi Moghadam St., North Kargar St, Tehran, 1439813204, Iran.
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4
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Mandal S, Biswal JR, Kommula B, Bhattacharyya S. Solvent-Assisted Structural Modifications of Sulfur Dots Followed by Time-Dependent Emergence of a New Emissive State and Long-Lived Afterglow. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:36763-36773. [PMID: 38973076 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Sulfur dots are a new class of recently developed nonmetallic luminescent nanomaterials with various potential applications. Herein, we synthesized sulfur dots using a mild chemical etching method and then modified the structural features of the as-synthesized sulfur dots using a slow and defined solvent-assisted aggregation process. This increases the particle size and overall crystallinity along with the modifications of the surface functional groups, which eventually show a new emission band at longer wavelengths. Detailed photophysical and temperature-dependent luminescence studies confirmed that the new emissive state evolves due to interparticle interactions in the excited state. Furthermore, the occurrence of a new emissive state in a longer-wavelength region helped reduce the energy gap between the lowest excited singlet state and the lowest excited triplet state in modified sulfur dots, resulting in an aqueous stable room-temperature phosphorescence/afterglow emission through efficient intersystem crossing. This typical efficacious afterglow emission directly shows the potential applicability of structurally modified sulfur dots in encryption devices and can also be potentially effective in light emitting diodes (LED) and sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srayee Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur, Berhampur, Odisha 760010, India
| | - Jyoti Ranjan Biswal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur, Berhampur, Odisha 760010, India
| | - Bramhaiah Kommula
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur, Berhampur, Odisha 760010, India
| | - Santanu Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur, Berhampur, Odisha 760010, India
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5
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Ratnesh RK, Singh MK, Kumar V, Singh S, Chandra R, Singh M, Singh J. Mango Leaves ( Mangifera indica)-Derived Highly Florescent Green Graphene Quantum Dot Nanoprobes for Enhanced On-Off Dual Detection of Cholesterol and Fe 2+ Ions Based on Molecular Logic Operation. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:4417-4426. [PMID: 38875229 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
In the present study, we have engineered a molecular logic gate system employing both Fe2+ ions and cholesterol as bioanalytes for innovative detection strategies. We utilized a green-synthesis method employing the mango leaves extract to create fluorescent graphene quantum dots termed "mGQDs". Through techniques like HR-TEM, i.e., high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and XPS, i.e., X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the successful formation of mGQDs was confirmed. The photoluminescence (PL) characteristics of mGQDs were investigated for potential applications in metal ion detection, specifically Fe2+ traces in water, by using fluorescence techniques. Under 425 nm excitation, mGQDs exhibited emission bands at 495 and 677 nm in their PL spectrum. Fe2+-induced notable quenching of mGQDs' PL intensity decreased by 97% with 2.5 μM Fe2+ ions; however, adding 20 mM cholesterol resulted in a 92% recovery. Detection limits were established through a linear Stern-Volmer (S-V) plot at room temperature, yielding values of 4.07 μM for Fe2+ ions and 1.8 mM for cholesterol. Moreover, mGQDs demonstrated biocompatibility, aqueous solubility, and nontoxicity, facilitating the creation of a rapid nonenzymatic cholesterol detection method. Selectivity and detection studies underscored mGQDs' reliability in cholesterol level monitoring. Additionally, a molecular logic gate system employing Fe2+ metal ions and cholesterol as a bioanalyte was established for detection purposes. Overall, this research introduces an ecofriendly approach to craft mGQDs and highlights their effectiveness in detecting metal ions and cholesterol, suggesting their potential as versatile nanomaterials for diverse analytical and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratneshwar Kumar Ratnesh
- Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Meerut Institute of Engineering & Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 250005, India
| | - Mrityunjay Kumar Singh
- Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Meerut Institute of Engineering & Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 250005, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248002, India
| | - Snigdha Singh
- Drug Discovery and Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Maharaja Surajmal Brij University, Bharatpur, Rajasthan 321201, India
- Institute of Nano Medical Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Mandeep Singh
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal 575025, India
| | - Jay Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
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6
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Rasheed PA, Ankitha M, Pillai VK, Alwarappan S. Graphene quantum dots for biosensing and bioimaging. RSC Adv 2024; 14:16001-16023. [PMID: 38765479 PMCID: PMC11099990 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01431f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) are low dimensional carbon based materials with interesting physical, chemical and biological properties that enable their applications in numerous fields. GQDs possess unique electronic structures that impart special functional attributes such as tunable optical/electrical properties in addition to heteroatom-doping and more importantly a propensity for surface functionalization for applications in biosensing and bioimaging. Herein, we review the recent advancements in the top-down and bottom-up approaches for the synthesis of GQDs. Following this, we present a detailed review of the various surface properties of GQDs and their applications in bioimaging and biosensing. GQDs have been used for fluorescence imaging for visualizing tumours and monitoring the therapeutic responses in addition to magnetic resonance imaging applications. Similarly, the photoluminescence based biosensing applications of GQDs for the detection of hydrogen peroxide, micro RNA, DNA, horse radish peroxidase, heavy metal ions, negatively charged ions, cardiac troponin, etc. are discussed in this review. Finally, we conclude the review with a discussion on future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Abdul Rasheed
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad Palakkad Kerala 678 557 India
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad Palakkad Kerala 678 557 India
| | - Menon Ankitha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad Palakkad Kerala 678 557 India
| | - Vijayamohanan K Pillai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Rami Reddy Nagar Mangalam Tirupati AP 517507 India
| | - Subbiah Alwarappan
- Electrodics & Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute Karaikudi 630003 Tamilnadu India
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7
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Liu H, Hu Y, Liu Y, Hu R, Wu X, Li B. A review of recent advances in biomedical applications of smart cellulose-based hydrogels. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127149. [PMID: 37778583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
In biomedical engineering, smart materials act as media to communicate physiological signals inspired by environmentally responsive stimuli with outer indicators for timely scrutiny and precise therapy. Various physical and chemical processes are applied in the design of specific smart functions. Hydrogels are polymeric networks consisting of hydrophilic chains and chemical groups and they have contributed their unique features in biomedical application as one of the most used smart materials. Numerous raw materials can form hydrogels, in which cellulose and its derivatives have been extensively exploited in biomedicine due to their high hydrophilicity, availability, renewability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and multifunctional reactivity. This review collates cellulose-based hydrogels and their extensive applications in the biomedical domain, specifically benefiting from the "SMART" concept in their design, synthesis and device assembly. The first section discusses the physical and chemical crosslinking and electrospinning techniques used in the fabrication of smart cellulose-based hydrogels. The second section describes the performance of these hydrogels, and the final section is a comprehensive discussion of their biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Liu
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yingyu Liu
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China; Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Xiuping Wu
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China.
| | - Bing Li
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
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8
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Gatou MA, Vagena IA, Pippa N, Gazouli M, Pavlatou EA, Lagopati N. The Use of Crystalline Carbon-Based Nanomaterials (CBNs) in Various Biomedical Applications. CRYSTALS 2023; 13:1236. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst13081236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
This review study aims to present, in a condensed manner, the significance of the use of crystalline carbon-based nanomaterials in biomedical applications. Crystalline carbon-based nanomaterials, encompassing graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, and graphene quantum dots, have emerged as promising materials for the development of medical devices in various biomedical applications. These materials possess inorganic semiconducting attributes combined with organic π-π stacking features, allowing them to efficiently interact with biomolecules and present enhanced light responses. By harnessing these unique properties, carbon-based nanomaterials offer promising opportunities for future advancements in biomedicine. Recent studies have focused on the development of these nanomaterials for targeted drug delivery, cancer treatment, and biosensors. The conjugation and modification of carbon-based nanomaterials have led to significant advancements in a plethora of therapies and have addressed limitations in preclinical biomedical applications. Furthermore, the wide-ranging therapeutic advantages of carbon nanotubes have been thoroughly examined in the context of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Anna Gatou
- Laboratory of General Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna-Aglaia Vagena
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Natassa Pippa
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Gazouli
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, 26335 Patra, Greece
| | - Evangelia A. Pavlatou
- Laboratory of General Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Nefeli Lagopati
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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9
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Mousavi SM, Kalashgrani MY, Gholami A, Omidifar N, Binazadeh M, Chiang WH. Recent Advances in Quantum Dot-Based Lateral Flow Immunoassays for the Rapid, Point-of-Care Diagnosis of COVID-19. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:786. [PMID: 37622872 PMCID: PMC10452855 DOI: 10.3390/bios13080786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has spurred demand for efficient and rapid diagnostic tools that can be deployed at point of care to quickly identify infected individuals. Existing detection methods are time consuming and they lack sensitivity. Point-of-care testing (POCT) has emerged as a promising alternative due to its user-friendliness, rapidity, and high specificity and sensitivity. Such tests can be conveniently conducted at the patient's bedside. Immunodiagnostic methods that offer the rapid identification of positive cases are urgently required. Quantum dots (QDs), known for their multimodal properties, have shown potential in terms of combating or inhibiting the COVID-19 virus. When coupled with specific antibodies, QDs enable the highly sensitive detection of viral antigens in patient samples. Conventional lateral flow immunoassays (LFAs) have been widely used for diagnostic testing due to their simplicity, low cost, and portability. However, they often lack the sensitivity required to accurately detect low viral loads. Quantum dot (QD)-based lateral flow immunoassays have emerged as a promising alternative, offering significant advancements in sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, the lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) method, which fulfils POCT standards, has gained popularity in diagnosing COVID-19. This review focuses on recent advancements in QD-based LFIA for rapid POCT COVID-19 diagnosis. Strategies to enhance sensitivity using QDs are explored, and the underlying principles of LFIA are elucidated. The benefits of using the QD-based LFIA as a POCT method are highlighted, and its published performance in COVID-19 diagnostics is examined. Overall, the integration of quantum dots with LFIA holds immense promise in terms of revolutionizing COVID-19 detection, treatment, and prevention, offering a convenient and effective approach to combat the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 106335, Taiwan;
| | - Masoomeh Yari Kalashgrani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran; (M.Y.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Ahmad Gholami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran; (M.Y.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Navid Omidifar
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran;
| | - Mojtaba Binazadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71557-13876, Iran;
| | - Wei-Hung Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 106335, Taiwan;
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10
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Kang H, Kim DY, Cho J. Top-Down Fabrication of Luminescent Graphene Quantum Dots Using Self-Assembled Au Nanoparticles. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:5885-5892. [PMID: 36816670 PMCID: PMC9933239 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A new graphene quantum dot (GQD) fabrication method is presented, which employs a lithographic approach based on self-assembled Au nanoparticles formed by solid-state dewetting. The GQDs are formed by the patterned etching of a graphene layer enabled by Au nanoparticles, and their size is controllable through that of the Au nanoparticles. GQDs are fabricated with four different diameters: 12, 14, 16, and 27 nm. The geometrical features and lattice structures of the GQDs are determined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Hexagonal lattice fringes in the TEM image and G- and 2D-band Raman scattering evidence the graphitic characteristics of the GQDs. The oxygen content can be controlled by thermal reduction under a hydrogen atmosphere. In GQDs, the absorption peak wavelengths in the ultraviolet range tend to decrease as the size of the GQDs decreases. They also exhibit apparent photoluminescence (PL). The PL peak wavelength is approximately 600 nm and becomes shorter as the size of the GQDs decreases. The blue shift in the optical absorption and PL of the smaller GQDs is attributed to the quantum confinement effect. The proposed GQD fabrication method can provide a way to control the physical and chemical properties of GQDs via their size and oxygen content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoong Kang
- School
of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yeong Kim
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jaehee Cho
- School
of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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11
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Akin M, Bekmezci M, Bayat R, Coguplugil ZK, Sen F, Karimi F, Karimi-Maleh H. Mobile device integrated graphene oxide quantum dots based electrochemical biosensor design for detection of miR-141 as a pancreatic cancer biomarker. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Ahmad Najib M, Selvam K, Khalid MF, Ozsoz M, Aziah I. Quantum Dot-Based Lateral Flow Immunoassay as Point-of-Care Testing for Infectious Diseases: A Narrative Review of Its Principle and Performance. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12092158. [PMID: 36140559 PMCID: PMC9497919 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12092158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are the world’s greatest killers, accounting for millions of deaths worldwide annually, especially in low-income countries. As the risk of emerging infectious diseases is increasing, it is critical to rapidly diagnose infections in the early stages and prevent further transmission. However, current detection strategies are time-consuming and have exhibited low sensitivity. Numerous studies revealed the advantages of point-of-care testing, such as those which are rapid, user-friendly and have high sensitivity and specificity, and can be performed at a patient’s bedside. The Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFIA) is the most popular diagnostic assay that fulfills the POCT standards. However, conventional AuNPs-LFIAs are moderately sensitive, meaning that rapid detection remains a challenge. Here, we review quantum dot (QDs)-based LFIA for highly sensitive rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases. We briefly describe the principles of LFIA, strategies for applying QDs to enhance sensitivity, and the published performance of the QD-LFIA tested against several infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Ahmad Najib
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Kasturi Selvam
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Fazli Khalid
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mehmet Ozsoz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Near East University, via Mersin 10, Nicosia 99138, Turkey
| | - Ismail Aziah
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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13
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Hu H, Li P, Qiu J, Zhao M, Kuang M, Zhang Z, Wang D. Optical Visualization of Red-GQDs’ Organelles Distribution and Localization in Living Cells. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:932807. [PMID: 35910373 PMCID: PMC9326348 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.932807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been a rapidly expanding interest in a new nanomaterial, graphene quantum dots (GQDs), owing to its profound potential in various advanced applications. At present, the study of GQDs mainly focuses on the new synthesis methods and surface modification. However, revealing the intracellular distribution of GQDs is currently not available, limiting in-depth understanding of its biological regulatory mechanism. To fill up this gap, the visualization study of red fluorescent graphene quantum dots (Red-GQDs) is helpful to clarify their subcellular distribution and metabolism in living cells system. Here, in this study, two-photon laser confocal microscopy was used to deeply analyze the uptake and subcellular distribution of Red-GQDs by HeLa cells at different concentrations and times through visual observation and discussed the effect of Red-GQDs on the metabolic of HeLa cells. The results indicated that Red-GQDs could be well-absorbed by HeLa cells and further revealed the differential distribution of Red-GQDs in different organelles (lysosomes and mitochondria) in a time-dependent manner. In addition, we confirmed that Red-GQDs significantly affect cell biological functions. Low concentrations of Red-GQDs are related to the autophagy pathway of cells, and high concentrations of Red-GQDs can induce ferroptosis in cells and promote the secretion of cellular exosomes. In the present study, the distribution and metabolic pathways of Red-GQDs in the subcellular structure of cells were characterized in detail through visual analysis, which can bring positive reference for the application of Red-GQDs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Hu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Peng Li
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Qiu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Meiji Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mingjie Kuang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Mingjie Kuang, ; Zhaoyan Zhang, ; Dachuan Wang,
| | - Zhaoyan Zhang
- The 1st Department of Geriatrics of the 960th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Mingjie Kuang, ; Zhaoyan Zhang, ; Dachuan Wang,
| | - Dachuan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Mingjie Kuang, ; Zhaoyan Zhang, ; Dachuan Wang,
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14
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Preparation and characterization of PLA microspheres as drug delivery system for controlled release of Cetirizine with carbon dots as drug carrier. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04331-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Manners N, Priya V, Mehata AK, Rawat M, Mohan S, Makeen HA, Albratty M, Albarrati A, Meraya AM, Muthu MS. Theranostic Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Cardiovascular and Related Diseases: Current Strategies and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040441. [PMID: 35455438 PMCID: PMC9029632 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular and related diseases (CVRDs) are among the most prevalent chronic diseases in the 21st century, with a high mortality rate. This review summarizes the various nanomedicines for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in CVRDs, including nanomedicine for angina pectoris, myocarditis, myocardial infarction, pericardial disorder, thrombosis, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, pulmonary arterial hypertension and stroke. Theranostic nanomedicines can prolong systemic circulation, escape from the host defense system, and deliver theranostic agents to the targeted site for imaging and therapy at a cellular and molecular level. Presently, discrete non-invasive and non-surgical theranostic methodologies are such an advancement modality capable of targeted diagnosis and therapy and have better efficacy with fewer side effects than conventional medicine. Additionally, we have presented the recent updates on nanomedicine in clinical trials, targeted nanomedicine and its translational challenges for CVRDs. Theranostic nanomedicine acts as a bridge towards CVRDs amelioration and its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Manners
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India; (N.M.); (V.P.); (A.K.M.)
| | - Vishnu Priya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India; (N.M.); (V.P.); (A.K.M.)
| | - Abhishesh Kumar Mehata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India; (N.M.); (V.P.); (A.K.M.)
| | - Manoj Rawat
- Novartis Healthcare Private Limited, Hyderabad 500078, India;
| | - Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Hafiz A. Makeen
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.M.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ali Albarrati
- Rehabilitation Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulkarim M. Meraya
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.M.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Madaswamy S. Muthu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India; (N.M.); (V.P.); (A.K.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-923-519-5928; Fax: +91-542-236-8428
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16
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Fateh ST, Kamalabadi MA, Aliakbarniya A, Jafarinejad-Farsangi S, Koohi M, Jafari E, Karam ZM, Keyhanfar F, Dezfuli AS. Hydrophobic@Amphiphilic Hybrid Nanostructure of Iron-oxide and Graphene Quantum Dot Surfactant as a Theranostic Platform. OPENNANO 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2022.100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Lee SY, Kwon M, Raja IS, Molkenova A, Han DW, Kim KS. Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Biomedical Imaging. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1351:125-148. [PMID: 35175615 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-4923-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Graphene is sp2-hybridized carbon structure-based two-dimensional (2D) sheet. Graphene-based nanomaterials possess several features such as unique mechanical, electronic, thermal, and optical properties, high specific surface area, versatile surface functionalization, and biocompatibility, which attracted researcher's interests in various fields including biomedicine. In this chapter, we particularly focused on the biomedical imaging applications of graphene-based nanomaterials like graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), graphene quantum dots (GQDs), graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs), and other derivatives, which utilize their outstanding optical properties. There are some biomedical imaging modalities using Graphene-based Nanomaterials, among which we will highlight fluorescence imaging, Raman imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, and photoacoustic imaging. We also discussed the brief perspectives and future application related to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yun Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Mina Kwon
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | | | - Anara Molkenova
- BIO-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Han
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Ki Su Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea.
- Institute of Advanced Organic Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea.
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18
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Ghaffarkhah A, Hosseini E, Kamkar M, Sehat AA, Dordanihaghighi S, Allahbakhsh A, van der Kuur C, Arjmand M. Synthesis, Applications, and Prospects of Graphene Quantum Dots: A Comprehensive Review. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2102683. [PMID: 34549513 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dot (GQD) is one of the youngest superstars of the carbon family. Since its emergence in 2008, GQD has attracted a great deal of attention due to its unique optoelectrical properties. Non-zero bandgap, the ability to accommodate functional groups and dopants, excellent dispersibility, highly tunable properties, and biocompatibility are among the most important characteristics of GQDs. To date, GQDs have displayed significant momentum in numerous fields such as energy devices, catalysis, sensing, photodynamic and photothermal therapy, drug delivery, and bioimaging. As this field is rapidly evolving, there is a strong need to identify the emerging challenges of GQDs in recent advances, mainly because some novel applications and numerous innovations on the ease of synthesis of GQDs are not systematically reviewed in earlier studies. This feature article provides a comparative and balanced discussion of recent advances in synthesis, properties, and applications of GQDs. Besides, current challenges and future prospects of these emerging carbon-based nanomaterials are also highlighted. The outlook provided in this review points out that the future of GQD research is boundless, particularly if upcoming studies focus on the ease of purification and eco-friendly synthesis along with improving the photoluminescence quantum yield and production yield of GQDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmadreza Ghaffarkhah
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Ehsan Hosseini
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Milad Kamkar
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Ali Akbari Sehat
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Sara Dordanihaghighi
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Ahmad Allahbakhsh
- Department of Materials and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Colin van der Kuur
- ZEN Graphene Solutions, 210-1205 Amber Dr., Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 6M4, Canada
| | - Mohammad Arjmand
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
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19
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Direct and Indirect Genotoxicity of Graphene Family Nanomaterials on DNA-A Review. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11112889. [PMID: 34835652 PMCID: PMC8625643 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Graphene family nanomaterials (GFNs), including graphene, graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and graphene quantum dots (GQDs), have manifold potential applications, leading to the possibility of their release into environments and the exposure to humans and other organisms. However, the genotoxicity of GFNs on DNA remains largely unknown. In this review, we highlight the interactions between DNA and GFNs and summarize the mechanisms of genotoxicity induced by GFNs. Generally, the genotoxicity can be sub-classified into direct genotoxicity and indirect genotoxicity. The direct genotoxicity (e.g., direct physical nucleus and DNA damage) and indirect genotoxicity mechanisms (e.g., physical destruction, oxidative stress, epigenetic toxicity, and DNA replication) of GFNs were summarized in the manuscript, respectively. Moreover, the influences factors, such as physicochemical properties, exposure dose, and time, on the genotoxicity of GFNs are also briefly discussed. Given the important role of genotoxicity in GFNs exposure risk assessment, future research should be conducted on the following: (1) developing reliable testing methods; (2) elucidating the response mechanisms associated with genotoxicity in depth; and (3) enriching the evaluation database regarding the type of GFNs, applied dosages, and exposure times.
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20
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Magne TM, de Oliveira Vieira T, Alencar LMR, Junior FFM, Gemini-Piperni S, Carneiro SV, Fechine LMUD, Freire RM, Golokhvast K, Metrangolo P, Fechine PBA, Santos-Oliveira R. Graphene and its derivatives: understanding the main chemical and medicinal chemistry roles for biomedical applications. JOURNAL OF NANOSTRUCTURE IN CHEMISTRY 2021; 12:693-727. [PMID: 34512930 PMCID: PMC8419677 DOI: 10.1007/s40097-021-00444-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, there has been a growing potential use of graphene and its derivatives in several biomedical areas, such as drug delivery systems, biosensors, and imaging systems, especially for having excellent optical, electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties. Therefore, nanomaterials in the graphene family have shown promising results in several areas of science. The different physicochemical properties of graphene and its derivatives guide its biocompatibility and toxicity. Hence, further studies to explain the interactions of these nanomaterials with biological systems are fundamental. This review has shown the applicability of the graphene family in several biomedical modalities, with particular attention for cancer therapy and diagnosis, as a potent theranostic. This ability is derivative from the considerable number of forms that the graphene family can assume. The graphene-based materials biodistribution profile, clearance, toxicity, and cytotoxicity, interacting with biological systems, are discussed here, focusing on its synthesis methodology, physicochemical properties, and production quality. Despite the growing increase in the bioavailability and toxicity studies of graphene and its derivatives, there is still much to be unveiled to develop safe and effective formulations. Graphic abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Tais Monteiro Magne
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rio de Janeiro, 21941906 Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Magalhães Rebelo Alencar
- Biophysics and Nanosystems Laboratory, Department of Physics, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis, Maranhão 65080805 Brazil
| | - Francisco Franciné Maia Junior
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mathematics and Statistics, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Mossoró, RN 59625-900 Brazil
| | - Sara Gemini-Piperni
- Laboratory of Advanced Science, Universidade Unigranrio, Duque de Caxias, RJ 25071-202 Brazil
| | - Samuel V. Carneiro
- Group of Chemistry of Advanced Materials (GQMat)-Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physic-Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará-Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará 60451-970 Brazil
| | - Lillian M. U. D. Fechine
- Group of Chemistry of Advanced Materials (GQMat)-Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physic-Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará-Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará 60451-970 Brazil
| | - Rafael M. Freire
- Institute of Applied Chemical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, 8910060 Santiago, Chile
| | - Kirill Golokhvast
- Education and Scientific Center of Nanotechnology, School of Engineering, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pierangelo Metrangolo
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and Bio-Nanomaterials, Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta” Politecnico Di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Pierre B. A. Fechine
- Group of Chemistry of Advanced Materials (GQMat)-Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physic-Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará-Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará 60451-970 Brazil
| | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rio de Janeiro, 21941906 Brazil
- Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmacy and Synthesis of Radiopharmaceuticals, Zona Oeste State University, Av Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 200, Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro, 2100000 Brazil
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21
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Chung S, Zhang M. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Carbon Dot - Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Fluorescence Imaging and Therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:711534. [PMID: 34295883 PMCID: PMC8290417 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.711534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy is commonly used to image specific parts of a biological system, and is applicable for early diagnosis of cancer. Current fluorescent probes, such as organic dyes and quantum dots, suffer from poor solubility and high toxicity, respectively, demonstrating a need for a colloidal stable and non-toxic fluorescent probe. Here we present an iron oxide and carbon dot (CD) based nanoparticle (CNPCP) that displays optical properties similar to those of conventional fluorescent probe and also exhibits good biocompatibility. Fluorescent CDs were synthesized from glucosamine onto chitosan - polyethylene glycol (PEG) graft copolymer using microwave irradiation. These NPs were monodispersed in aqueous environments and displayed excitation-dependent fluorescence; they demonstrated good size stability and fluorescence intensity in biological media. In vitro evaluation of CNP as fluorescent probes in cancer cell lines showed that these NPs caused little toxicity, and allowed fast and quantitative imaging. Model therapeutic doxorubicin (DOX) was conjugated onto the NPs (CNPCP-DOX) to demonstrate the multifunctionality of the NPs, and in vitro studies showed that CNPCP-DOX was able to kill cancer cells in a dose dependent manner. These results indicate the potential of using CNPCPs as fluorescent probes capable of delivering chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miqin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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22
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Li Z, Ni J, Liu L, Gu L, Wu Z, Li T, Ivanovich KI, Zhao W, Sun T, Wang T. Imaging-Guided Chemo-Photothermal Polydopamine Carbon Dots for EpCAM-Targeted Delivery toward Liver Tumor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:29340-29348. [PMID: 34137582 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a versatile nanoparticle with imaging-guided chemo-photothermal synergistic therapy and EpCAM-targeted delivery of liver tumor cells. EpCAM antibody (anti-EpCAM) and Pt(IV) were grafted onto the polydopamine carbon dots (PDA-CDs) by the amidation reaction. The EpCAM antibody of particles enables the targeted interaction with liver progenitor cells due to their overexpressed EpCAM protein. The tetravalent platinum prodrug [Pt(IV)] induces apoptosis with minimum toxic side effects through the interaction between cisplatin and tumor cell DNA. The nanoparticles displayed stable photothermal property and considerable anti-tumor therapeutic effect in vivo. Coupling with cellular imaging due to their fluorescence property, anti-EpCAM@PDA-CDs@Pt(IV) offers a convenient and effective platform for imaging-guided chemo-photothermal synergistic therapy toward liver cancers in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jiatong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Liping Liu
- Harbin First Specialist Hospital, 217 Hongwei Road, Harbin 150056, China
| | - Liyuan Gu
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhiguang Wu
- Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Tianlong Li
- Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | | | - Wancheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Tiedong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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Villalva MD, Agarwal V, Ulanova M, Sachdev PS, Braidy N. Quantum dots as a theranostic approach in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:1595-1611. [PMID: 34180261 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Quantum dots (QDs) are nanoparticles that have an emerging application as theranostic agents in several neurodegenerative diseases. The advantage of QDs as nanomedicine is due to their unique optical properties that provide high sensitivity, stability and selectivity at a nanoscale range. Objective: To offer renewed insight into current QD research and elucidate its promising application in Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis and therapy. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar databases that included the following search terms: 'quantum dots', 'blood-brain barrier', 'cytotoxicity', 'toxicity' and 'Alzheimer's disease'; PRISMA guidelines were adhered to. Results: Thirty-four publications were selected to evaluate the ability of QDs to cross the blood-brain barrier, potential toxicity and current AD diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Conclusion: QD's unique optical properties and versatility to conjugate to various biomolecules, while maintaining a nanoscale size, render them a promising theranostic tool in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Villalva
- Centre for Healthy Brain Aging, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
| | - Vipul Agarwal
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marina Ulanova
- Centre for Healthy Brain Aging, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Aging, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia.,Neuropsychiatric Institute, Euroa Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Aging, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
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24
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Chung S, Revia RA, Zhang M. Graphene Quantum Dots and Their Applications in Bioimaging, Biosensing, and Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e1904362. [PMID: 31833101 PMCID: PMC7289657 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are carbon-based, nanoscale particles that exhibit excellent chemical, physical, and biological properties that allow them to excel in a wide range of applications in nanomedicine. The unique electronic structure of GQDs confers functional attributes onto these nanomaterials such as strong and tunable photoluminescence for use in fluorescence bioimaging and biosensing, a high loading capacity of aromatic compounds for small-molecule drug delivery, and the ability to absorb incident radiation for use in the cancer-killing techniques of photothermal and photodynamic therapy. Recent advances in the development of GQDs as novel, multifunctional biomaterials are presented with a focus on their physicochemical, electronic, magnetic, and biological properties, along with a discussion of technical progress in the synthesis of GQDs. Progress toward the application of GQDs in bioimaging, biosensing, and therapy is reviewed, along with a discussion of the current limitations and future directions of this exciting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokhwan Chung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Richard A Revia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Miqin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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25
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Kir Ş, Dehri İ, Önal Y, Esen R. Graphene quantum dots prepared from dried lemon leaves and microcrystalline mosaic structure. LUMINESCENCE 2021; 36:1365-1376. [PMID: 33891362 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There are the smallest structural units (carbon and/or quantum dots) in the structure of living plants. This carbon and/or quantum dots are stem cells of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şifa Kir
- Faculty of Science & Letters, Department of Chemistry, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - İlyas Dehri
- Faculty of Science & Letters, Department of Chemistry, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Yunus Önal
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Esen
- Faculty of Science & Letters, Department of Physics, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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26
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Vahedi N, Tabandeh F, Mahmoudifard M. Hyaluronic acid-graphene quantum dot nanocomposite: Potential target drug delivery and cancer cell imaging. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:1068-1079. [PMID: 33932249 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the use of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems has received much more attention. In this regard, here, graphene quantum dots (GQD) were used as drug carriers as well as imaging agents for cancer cells. In order to optimize the dose of the drug and reduce its side effects for healthy cells, hyaluronic acid was decorated on the surface of GQD to target cancer cells. The morphology and size of the synthesized nanoparticles alone and conjugated with hyaluronic acid were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM); TEM images revealed a particles size of ∼5.67 and ∼8.69 nm, respectively. In the presence of 1-ethyl-3-[3(dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride/N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS), hyaluronic acid was bounded to dopamine hydrochloride and was prepared to react with GQD. After synthesis of graphene quantum dot-hyaluronic acid nanocomposite, curcumin (CUR) as a drug model was loaded on the synthesized nanocarriers, and its loading percentage was measured. The results showed that 98.02% of the drug was loaded on the nanocarriers. Also, the conjugation of each agent on the nanocarrier was approved by photoluminescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV-visible absorption techniques, and the results showed that the reactions were performed correctly. The effect of GQD, graphene quantum dot-hyaluronic acid, CUR, graphene quantum dot-hyaluronic acid-CUR on the viability of HeLa and L929 cells was evaluated by the MTT test. The results showed that the synthesized nanocarrier is completely biocompatible, and the drug nanocarriers reduce HeLa cell viability significantly due to the mediation of hyaluronic acid-CD44 for drug cell uptake. Simultaneously with drug delivery, the other goal of these nanocarriers is to image cancer cells by emitting fluorescent light. Fluorescent microscopy showed that these nanocarriers were adsorbed on HeLa cells, unlike L929 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Vahedi
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Tabandeh
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Matin Mahmoudifard
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
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Ayilliath SK, Nair SR, Lakshmi GC, Kunnatheery S. Functionalised Graphene Quantum Dots for Cholesterol Detection in Human Blood Serum. J Fluoresc 2021; 31:847-852. [PMID: 33761068 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-021-02712-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The varied applications of nanotechnology have paved way for several breakthroughs in the realm of biomedical technology. In this challenging era when illness multiplies, timely and accurate disease diagnosis is very important. Thus, well founded novel approaches matter very much in areas like disease diagnosis and monitoring. Nanomedicine has tremendous implications in the given context. An elevated cholesterol concentration in blood is risky and is associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). CVD remains the No. 1 global cause of death and hence there is an urge to understand cholesterol level and take preventive measures. Highly fluorescent graphene quantum dots (GQs) are well known for their biocompatibility, non toxicity and aqueous solubility. Here in we report an easy and sensitive non enzymatic based cholesterol detection using digitonin conjugated graphene quantum dots (GDG). Selectivity studies and the cholesterol detection in human blood serum suggests the probe to be reliable and selective for blood cholesterol monitoring. Digitonin conjugated fluorescent graphene quantumdots, an efficient probe for cholesterol sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti Krishna Ayilliath
- Laboratory for Polymer Analysis, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695012, India.
| | | | - Gopu Chandrasekharan Lakshmi
- Laboratory for Polymer Analysis, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695012, India
| | - Sreenivasan Kunnatheery
- Laboratory for Polymer Analysis, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695012, India
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Zhang Y, Zhang G, Wang G, Wu L, Monteiro-Riviere NA, Li Y. The synergistic strategies for the immuno-oncotherapy with photothermal nanoagents. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 13:e1717. [PMID: 33825343 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immuno-oncotherapy has shown great promise for the cure of late-stage and metastatic cancer. Great efforts have tried to improve the overall response rate (ORR) and to reduce the immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Antigen presentation, T cell activation and killing are interlocking and distinct steps to initiate effective anti-tumor immune responses. Aiming to overcome the tumor immune evasion whose mechanisms include limited release of neoantigen, suppressed infiltration of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T cells, and the expression of immune checkpoints (ICPs), combinational therapeutic strategies have shown great potential by activating the anti-tumor immune responses together with deactivating immunosuppressive conditions simultaneously. In this direction, photothermal therapy (PTT) has attracted attention due to the efficient ablation of tumor cells, of which the released immunogenic tumor debris can activate host immune responses. The combination of immunoadjuvants and/or ICP inhibitors can boost the anti-tumor immune responses, realizing PTT-synergized immuno-oncotherapy. In this regard, numerous multifunctional nanomaterials have been designed with integration of photothermal and immuno-oncotherapeutic agents into one package via well-designed surface modification and functionalization. This review summarizes the recent studies on the synergistic strategies for the immuno-oncotherapy based on photothermal nanoagents and the mechanisms that trigger the systemic anti-tumor immune responses and PTT-synergized immuno-oncotherapy. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guofang Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guocheng Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lidong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nancy A Monteiro-Riviere
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Laboratory of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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Lin H, Song Z, Bianco A. How macrophages respond to two-dimensional materials: a critical overview focusing on toxicity. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2021; 56:333-356. [PMID: 33760696 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2021.1885262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With wider use of graphene-based materials and other two-dimensional (2 D) materials in various fields, including electronics, composites, biomedicine, etc., 2 D materials can trigger undesired effects at cellular, tissue and organ level. Macrophages can be found in many organs. They are one of the most important cells in the immune system and they are relevant in the study of nanomaterials as they phagocytose them. Nanomaterials have multi-faceted effects on phagocytic immune cells like macrophages, showing signs of inflammation in the form of pro-inflammatory cytokine or reactive oxidation species production, or upregulation of activation markers due to the presence of these foreign bodies. This review is catered to researchers interested in the potential impact and toxicity of 2 D materials, particularly in macrophages, focusing on few-layer graphene, graphene oxide, graphene quantum dots, as well as other promising 2 D materials containing molybdenum, manganese, boron, phosphorus and tungsten. We describe applications relevant to the growing area of 2 D materials research, and the possible risks of ions and molecules used in the production of these promising 2 D materials, or those produced by the degradation and dissolution of 2 D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Lin
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR 3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Zhengmei Song
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR 3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alberto Bianco
- CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR 3572, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, Strasbourg, France
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Ghanbari N, Salehi Z, Khodadadi A, Shokrgozar M, Saboury A, Farzaneh F. Tryptophan-functionalized graphene quantum dots with enhanced curcumin loading capacity and pH-sensitive release. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ghanbari N, Salehi Z, Khodadadi AA, Shokrgozar MA, Saboury AA. Glucosamine-conjugated graphene quantum dots as versatile and pH-sensitive nanocarriers for enhanced delivery of curcumin targeting to breast cancer. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 121:111809. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Rai A, Noor S, Ahmad SI, Alajmi MF, Hussain A, Abbas H, Hasan GM. Recent Advances and Implication of Bioengineered Nanomaterials in Cancer Theranostics. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:91. [PMID: 33494239 PMCID: PMC7909769 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most common causes of death and affects millions of lives every year. In addition to non-infectious carcinogens, infectious agents contribute significantly to increased incidence of several cancers. Several therapeutic techniques have been used for the treatment of such cancers. Recently, nanotechnology has emerged to advance the diagnosis, imaging, and therapeutics of various cancer types. Nanomaterials have multiple advantages over other materials due to their small size and high surface area, which allow retention and controlled drug release to improve the anti-cancer property. Most cancer therapies have been known to damage healthy cells due to poor specificity, which can be avoided by using nanosized particles. Nanomaterials can be combined with various types of biomaterials to make it less toxic and improve its biocompatibility. Based on these properties, several nanomaterials have been developed which possess excellent anti-cancer efficacy potential and improved diagnosis. This review presents the latest update on novel nanomaterials used to improve the diagnostic and therapeutic of pathogen-associated and non-pathogenic cancers. We further highlighted mechanistic insights into their mode of action, improved features, and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Rai
- Department of Nanoscience, Central University of Gujarat, Sector 29, Gandhinagar 382030, India;
| | - Saba Noor
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India;
| | - Syed Ishraque Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110002, India;
| | - Mohamed F. Alajmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.F.A.); (A.H.)
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.F.A.); (A.H.)
| | - Hashim Abbas
- Department of Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals, NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK;
| | - Gulam Mustafa Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
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Kukkar D, Kukkar P, Kumar V, Hong J, Kim KH, Deep A. Recent advances in nanoscale materials for antibody-based cancer theranostics. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 173:112787. [PMID: 33190049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The quest for advanced management tools or options of various cancers has been on the rise to efficiently reduce their risks of mortality without the demerits of conventional treatments (e.g., undesirable side effects of the medications on non-target tissues, non-targeted distribution, slow clearance of the administered drugs, and the development of drug resistance over the duration of therapy). In this context, nanomaterials-antibody conjugates can offer numerous advantages in the development of cancer theranostics over conventional delivery systems (e.g., highly specific and enhanced biodistribution of the drug in targeted tissues, prolonged systemic circulation, low toxicity, and minimally invasive molecular imaging). This review comprehensively discusses and evaluates recent advances in the application of nanomaterial-antibody bioconjugates for cancer theranostics for the further advancement in the control of diverse cancerous diseases. Further, discussion is expanded to cover the various challenges and limitations associated with the design and development of nanomaterial-antibody conjugates applicable towards better management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kukkar
- Department of Nanotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, 140406, India
| | - Preeti Kukkar
- Department of Chemistry, Mata Gujri College, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, 140406, India
| | - Vanish Kumar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Jongki Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Republic of Korea.
| | - Akash Deep
- Central Scientific Instruments Organization (CSIR-CSIO), Sector 30 C, Chandigarh, 160030, India.
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Lo PY, Lee GY, Zheng JH, Huang JH, Cho EC, Lee KC. GFP Plasmid and Chemoreagent Conjugated with Graphene Quantum Dots as a Novel Gene Delivery Platform for Colon Cancer Inhibition In Vitro and In Vivo. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:5948-5956. [PMID: 35021823 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Scientists have studied intensively the gene delivery carriers for treating genetic diseases. However, there are challenges that impede the application of naked gene-based therapy at the clinical level, such as quick elimination of the circulation, lack of membrane penetrability, and poor endosome trapping. Herein, we develop graphene quantum dots (GQDs)-derivative nanocarriers and introduce polyethylenimine (PEI) to equip the system with enhanced biocompatibility and abundant functional groups for modification. In addition to carrying green fluorescent protein (GFP) as an example of gene delivery, this system covalently binds colon cancer cells targeted antibody and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to enhance cell membrane penetrability and cell uptake of nanocarriers. To achieve multistrategy cancer therapy, the anticancer drug doxorubicin (Dox) is noncovalently encapsulated to achieve pH-induced drug release at tumor sites and leaves space for further functional gene modification. This nanoparticle serves as a multifunctional gene delivery system, which facilitates improved cytotoxicity and longer-sustained inhibition capacity compared to free Dox treatments in colon cancer cells. Moreover, our GQD composites display compatible tumor suppression ability compared with the free Dox treatment group in xenograft mice experiment with significantly less toxicity. This GQD nanoplatform was demonstrated as a multifunctional gene delivery system that could contribute to treating other genetic diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ying Lo
- Department of Science Education, National Taipei University of Education, No.134, Section 2, Heping E. Road, Da'an District, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Yu Lee
- Department of Science Education, National Taipei University of Education, No.134, Section 2, Heping E. Road, Da'an District, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Huei Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hsien Huang
- Department of Green Material Technology, Green Technology Research Institute, CPC Corporation, Kaohsiung 81126, Taiwan
| | - Er-Chieh Cho
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei City 110, Taiwan.,Master Program in Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei City 110, Taiwan.,Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Chan Lee
- Department of Science Education, National Taipei University of Education, No.134, Section 2, Heping E. Road, Da'an District, Taipei City 106, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
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Kortel M, Mansuriya BD, Vargas Santana N, Altintas Z. Graphene Quantum Dots as Flourishing Nanomaterials for Bio-Imaging, Therapy Development, and Micro-Supercapacitors. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E866. [PMID: 32962061 PMCID: PMC7570118 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are considerably a new member of the carbon family and shine amongst other members, thanks to their superior electrochemical, optical, and structural properties as well as biocompatibility features that enable us to engage them in various bioengineering purposes. Especially, the quantum confinement and edge effects are giving GQDs their tremendous character, while their heteroatom doping attributes enable us to specifically and meritoriously tune their prospective characteristics for innumerable operations. Considering the substantial role offered by GQDs in the area of biomedicine and nanoscience, through this review paper, we primarily focus on their applications in bio-imaging, micro-supercapacitors, as well as in therapy development. The size-dependent aspects, functionalization, and particular utilization of the GQDs are discussed in detail with respect to their distinct nano-bio-technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zeynep Altintas
- Technical University of Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany; (M.K.); (B.D.M.); (N.V.S.)
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De D, Das CK, Mandal D, Mandal M, Pawar N, Chandra A, Gupta AN. Curcumin Complexed with Graphene Derivative for Breast Cancer Therapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:6284-6296. [PMID: 35021759 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Debajyoti De
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Chandan Kanta Das
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Debabrata Mandal
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Nisha Pawar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Amreesh Chandra
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Amar Nath Gupta
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
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Wu T, Liang X, Liu X, Li Y, Wang Y, Kong L, Tang M. Induction of ferroptosis in response to graphene quantum dots through mitochondrial oxidative stress in microglia. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:30. [PMID: 32652997 PMCID: PMC7353734 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00363-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) provide a bright prospect in the biomedical application because they contain low-toxic compounds and promise imaging of deep tissues and tiny vascular structures. However, the biosafety of this novel QDs has not been thoroughly evaluated, especially in the central nervous system (CNS). The microarray analysis provides a hint that nitrogen-doped GQDs (N-GQDs) exposure could cause ferroptosis in microglia, which is a novel form of cell death dependent on iron overload and lipid peroxidation. RESULTS The cytosolic iron overload, glutathione (GSH) depletion, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were observed in microglial BV2 cells treated with N-GQDs, which indicated that N-GQDs could damage the iron metabolism and redox balance in microglia. The pre-treatments of a specific ferroptosis inhibitor Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) and an iron chelater Deferoxamine mesylate (DFO) not only inhibited cell death, but also alleviated iron overload, LPO and alternations in ferroptosis biomarkers in microglia, which were caused by N-GQDs. When assessing the potential mechanisms of N-GQDs causing ferroptosis in microglia, we found that the iron content, ROS generation and LPO level in mitochondria of BV2 cells all enhanced after N-GQDs exposure. When the antioxidant ability of mitochondria was increased by the pre-treatment of a mitochondria targeted ROS scavenger MitoTEMPO, the ferroptotic biological changes were effectively reversed in BV2 cells treated with N-GQDs, which indicated that the N-GQDs-induced ferroptosis in microglia could be attributed to the mitochondrial oxidative stress. Additionally, amino functionalized GQDs (A-GQDs) elicited milder redox imbalance in mitochondria and resulted in less ferroptotic effects than N-GQDs in microglia, which suggested a slight protection of amino group functionalization in GQDs causing ferroptosis. CONCLUSION N-GQDs exposure caused ferroptosis in microglia via inducing mitochondrial oxidative stress, and the ferroptotic effects induced by A-GQDs were milder than N-GQDs when the exposure method is same. This study will not only provide new insights in the GQDs-induced cell damage performed in multiple types of cell death, but also in the influence of chemical modification on the toxicity of GQDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China.
| | - Xue Liang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Xi Liu
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yimeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yutong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Lu Kong
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China.
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Younis MR, He G, Lin J, Huang P. Recent Advances on Graphene Quantum Dots for Bioimaging Applications. Front Chem 2020; 8:424. [PMID: 32582629 PMCID: PMC7283876 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Being a zero-dimensional (0D) nanomaterial of the carbon family, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) showed promising biomedical applications owing to their ultra-small size, non-toxicity, biocompatibility, excellent photo stability, tunable fluorescence, and water solubility, etc., thus capturing a considerable attention in biomedical field. This review summarizes the recent advances made in the research field of GQDs and place special emphasis on their bioimaging applications. We briefly introduce the synthesis strategies of GQDs, including top-down and bottom-up strategies. The bioimaging applications of GQDs are also discussed in detail, including optical [fluorescence (FL)], two-photon FL, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and dual-modal imaging. In the end, the challenges and future prospects to advance the clinical bioimaging applications of GQDs have also been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jing Lin
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
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Rakhshaei R, Namazi H, Hamishehkar H, Rahimi M. Graphene quantum dot cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose nanocomposite hydrogel for pH-sensitive oral anticancer drug delivery with potential bioimaging properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 150:1121-1129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Basiri H, Abouei Mehrizi A, Ghaee A, Farokhi M, Chekini M, Kumacheva E. Carbon Dots Conjugated with Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor for Protein Tracking in Angiogenic Therapy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:2893-2900. [PMID: 32125865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the challenges of using growth factors for tissue regeneration is to monitor their biodistributions and delivery to injured tissues for minimally invasive detection. In the present study, tracking of human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was achieved by chemically linking it to photoluminescent carbon dots (CDs). Carbon dots were synthesized by the hydrothermal method and, subsequently, conjugated with VEGF using carbodiimide coupling. ELISA and western blot analysis revealed that VEGF-conjugated CDs preserve the binding affinity of VEGF to its antibodies. We also show that VEGF-conjugated CDs maintain the functionality of VEGF for tube formation and cell migration. The VEGF-conjugated CDs were also used for in vitro imaging of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The results of this work suggest that cell-penetrating VEGF-conjugated CDs can be used for growth factor protein tracking in therapeutic and tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Basiri
- Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, Department of Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1439957131, Iran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Ali Abouei Mehrizi
- Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, Department of Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1439957131, Iran
| | - Azadeh Ghaee
- Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, Department of Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1439957131, Iran
| | - Mehdi Farokhi
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | - Mahshid Chekini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 4 Taddle Creek Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
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Liang ZY, Deng YQ, Tao ZZ. A quantum dot-based lateral flow immunoassay for the rapid, quantitative, and sensitive detection of specific IgE for mite allergens in sera from patients with allergic rhinitis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:1785-1794. [PMID: 32052065 PMCID: PMC7048869 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02422-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) is increasing worldwide. However, the current systems used to measure levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in sera are associated with several disadvantages that limit their further application. Consequently, there is a need to develop novel highly sensitive strategies that can rapidly detect IgE in a quantitative manner. The development of such systems will significantly enhance our ability to diagnose, treat, and even prevent AR. Herein, we describe our experience of using quantum dot-based lateral flow immunoassay (QD-LFIA), combined with a portable fluorescence immunoassay chip detector (PFICD), to detect serum-specific IgE against Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der-p) and Dermatophagoides farinae (Der-f), two common mite allergens in China. Our data showed that our system could detect serum-specific levels of IgE against Der-p and Der-f as low as 0.093 IU/mL and 0.087 IU/mL, respectively. We also established a standard curve to determine serum-specific IgE concentrations that correlated well with the clinical BioIC microfluidics system. The sensitivity of our assay was 96.7% for Der-p and 95.5% for Der-f, while the specificity was 87.2% for Der-p and 85.3% for Der-f. Collectively, our results demonstrate that QD-LFIA is a reliable system that could be applied to detect serum-specific IgE in accordance with clinical demands. This QD-LFIA strategy can be applied at home, in hospitals, and in pharmacies, with reduced costs and time requirements when compared with existing techniques. In the future, this system could be developed to detect other types of allergens and in different types of samples (for example, whole blood). We describe our experiment using a quantum dot-based lateral flow immunoassay combined with a portable fluorescence immunoassay chip detector for both qualitative and quantitative detection of serum-specific IgE against two common mite allergens. This strategy can be applied at home, in hospitals, and in pharmacies, with reduced costs and time requirements. In the future, this system could be developed to detect other types of allergens and in different types of samples. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yan Liang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jie-Fang Road, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Yu-Qin Deng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jie-Fang Road, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Ze-Zhang Tao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jie-Fang Road, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China. .,Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jie-Fang Road, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
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42
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Li Z, Wang D, Xu M, Wang J, Hu X, Anwar S, Tedesco AC, Morais PC, Bi H. Fluorine-containing graphene quantum dots with a high singlet oxygen generation applied for photodynamic therapy. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:2598-2606. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02529d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Compared with graphene quantum dots (GQDs), fluorine-containing GQDs (F-GQDs) present higher 1O2 generation under light irradiation and thus cause obvious toxicity to HepG2 cells. F-GQDs can be used as a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing
- Anhui University
- Hefei 230601
- China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing
- Anhui University
- Hefei 230601
- China
| | - Mingsheng Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing
- Anhui University
- Hefei 230601
- China
| | - Jingmin Wang
- School of Life Sciences
- Anhui University
- Hefei 230601
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing
- Anhui University
- Hefei 230601
- China
| | - Sadat Anwar
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing
- Anhui University
- Hefei 230601
- China
| | - Antonio Claudio Tedesco
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing
- Anhui University
- Hefei 230601
- China
| | - Paulo Cesar Morais
- Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology
- Catholic University of Brasília
- Brasília
- Brazil
- Institute of Physics
| | - Hong Bi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing
- Anhui University
- Hefei 230601
- China
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43
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Lu H, Li W, Dong H, Wei M. Graphene Quantum Dots for Optical Bioimaging. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1902136. [PMID: 31304647 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have shown great potential in bioimaging applications due to their excellent biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, feasibility for surface functionalization, physiological stability, and tunable fluorescence properties. This Review first introduces the intriguing optical properties of GQDs that are suitable for biological imaging, and is followed by the GQDs' synthetic strategies. The emergent and latest development methods for tuning GQDs' optical properties are further described in detail. The recent advanced applications of GQDs in vitro, particularly in cell imaging, targeted imaging, and theranostic nanoplatform fabrication, are included. The applications of GQDs for in vivo bioimaging are also covered. Finally, the Review is concluded with the challenges and prospectives that face this nascent yet exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Lu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Dong
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Menglian Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, T6G, 2G2, Canada
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44
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Fan HY, Yu XH, Wang K, Yin YJ, Tang YJ, Tang YL, Liang XH. Graphene quantum dots (GQDs)-based nanomaterials for improving photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 182:111620. [PMID: 31470307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) as novel nanomaterials, have received significant interest in the field of biomedical applications. It is worth noting that a large amount of research is devoted to GQDs-based nanocomposites for cancer treatment, especially for photodynamic therapy (PDT), in that they can act not only as more favorable photosensitizers (PSs) but also nanoplatforms for delivering PSs. In this review, the biological behavior and physicochemical properties of GQDs for PDT are described in detail, and the application of GQDs-based nanocomposites in improved PDT and PDT-based combination therapies is analyzed, which may provide a new strategy for designing efficient PDT systems for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Yang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Sec. 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xiang-Hua Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Sec. 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Sec. 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yi-Jia Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Sec. 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Ya-Jie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China.
| | - Ya-Ling Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral Pathology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Sec. 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - Xin-Hua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, Sec. 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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45
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Liu G, Chen Y, Jia M, Sun Z, Ding B, Shao S, Jiang F, Fu Z, Ma P, Lin J. One-pot synthesis of SiO 2-coated Gd 2(WO 4) 3:Yb 3+/Ho 3+ nanoparticles for simultaneous multi-imaging, temperature sensing and tumor inhibition. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:10537-10546. [PMID: 31214676 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01841g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rare earth ion-doped fluoride upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), emerging as a novel class of probes and drug carriers, exhibit superior promise for bio-applications in diagnostics and treatment on account of their strong luminescence, fine biocompatibility, and high drug loading. However, the fine control and manipulation of particle size and the distribution of rare earth ion-doped oxides has remained an insurmountable challenge to date. In this work, we construct and synthesize silica-coated Gd2(WO4)3:Yb3+/Ho3+ nanoparticles by one-pot co-precipitation, with uniform distribution (∼130 nm) and enhanced yellow fluorescence. Particularly, the nanoparticles not only possess outstanding temperature sensing performance at biological temperatures in water by utilizing the fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) method, but also allow a further serviceable contrast effect in vitro and in vivo based on the prominent T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) signal of Gd3+. Compared with cisplatin and platinum(iv) (DSP), the Gd2(WO4)3@SiO2 nanoparticles functionalized with DSP (Gd2(WO4)3@SiO2-Pt-PEG) exert higher lethality against CT26 cells and significantly inhibit the growth of tumors at the same concentration of Pt. This effect occurs through the greater level of cell endocytosis. The lethality value of the latter is 10 times higher than the former after the same length of time according to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) results. In short, the monodisperse and strongly fluorescent Gd2(WO4)3@SiO2-Pt-PEG nanoparticles are endowed with dual-mode imaging, temperature sensing and anticancer functions, which provide a significant guide for synthesis and bio-application of lanthanide ion-doped oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Liu
- Coherent Light and Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China. and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.
| | - Yeqing Chen
- School of Applied Physics and Materials, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529020, China
| | - Mochen Jia
- Coherent Light and Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Zhen Sun
- Coherent Light and Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Binbin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.
| | - Shuai Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.
| | - Fan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.
| | - Zuoling Fu
- Coherent Light and Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Ping'an Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.
| | - Jun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China.
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46
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Dhas N, Parekh K, Pandey A, Kudarha R, Mutalik S, Mehta T. Two dimensional carbon based nanocomposites as multimodal therapeutic and diagnostic platform: A biomedical and toxicological perspective. J Control Release 2019; 308:130-161. [PMID: 31310783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Graphene based nanocomposites have revolutionized cancer treatment, diagnosis and imaging owing to its good compatibility, elegant flexibility, high surface area, low mass density along with excellent combined additive effect of graphene with other nanomaterials. This review inculcates the type of graphene based nanocomposites and their fabrication techniques to improve its properties as photothermal and theranostic platform. With decades' efforts, many significant breakthroughs in the method of synthesis and characterization in addition to various functionalization options of graphene based nanocomposite have paved a solid foundation for their potential applications in the cancer therapy. This work intends to provide a thorough, up-to-date holistic discussion on correlation of breakthroughs with their biomedical applications and illustrate how to utilize these breakthroughs to address long-standing challenges in the clinical translation of nanomedicines. This review also emphasizes on graphene based nanocomposites based toxicity concerns pertaining to delivery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namdev Dhas
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Khushali Parekh
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Abhijeet Pandey
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Ritu Kudarha
- The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390002, India
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Tejal Mehta
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India.
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47
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A literature review on multimodality molecular imaging nanoprobes for cancer detection. POLISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL PHYSICS AND ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/pjmpe-2019-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Molecular imaging techniques using nanoparticles have significant potential to be widely used for the detection of various types of cancers. Nowadays, there has been an increased focus on developing novel nanoprobes as molecular imaging contrast enhancement agents in nanobiomedicine. The purpose of this review article is to summarize the use of a variety of nanoprobes and their current achievements in accurate cancer imaging and effective treatment. Nanoprobes are rapidly becoming potential tools for cancer diagnosis by using novel molecular imaging modalities such as Ultrasound (US) imaging, Computerized Tomography (CT), Single Photon Emission Tomography (SPECT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Optical Imaging. These imaging modalities may facilitate earlier and more accurate diagnosis and staging the most of cancers.
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48
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Shahbazi-Gahrouei D, Moradi Khaniabadi P, Moradi Khaniabadi B, Shahbazi-Gahrouei S. Medical imaging modalities using nanoprobes for cancer diagnosis: A literature review on recent findings. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019; 24:38. [PMID: 31143239 PMCID: PMC6521609 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_437_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Medical imaging modalities are used for different types of cancer detection and diagnosis. Recently, there have been a lot of studies on developing novel nanoparticles as new medical imaging contrast agents for the early detection of cancer. The aim of this review article is to categorize the medical imaging modalities accompanying with using nanoparticles to improve potential imaging for cancer detection and hence valuable therapy in the future. Nowadays, nanoparticles are becoming potentially transformative tools for cancer detection for a wide range of imaging modalities, including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging, single photon emission CT, positron emission tomography, ultrasound, and optical imaging. The study results seen in the recent literature provided and discussed the diagnostic performance of imaging modalities for cancer detections and their future directions. With knowledge of the correlation between the application of nanoparticles and medical imaging modalities and with the development of targeted contrast agents or nanoprobes, they may provide better cancer diagnosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryoush Shahbazi-Gahrouei
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Bita Moradi Khaniabadi
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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49
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de Menezes FD, Dos Reis SRR, Pinto SR, Portilho FL, do Vale Chaves E Mello F, Helal-Neto E, da Silva de Barros AO, Alencar LMR, de Menezes AS, Dos Santos CC, Saraiva-Souza A, Perini JA, Machado DE, Felzenswalb I, Araujo-Lima CF, Sukhanova A, Nabiev I, Santos-Oliveira R. Graphene quantum dots unraveling: Green synthesis, characterization, radiolabeling with 99mTc, in vivo behavior and mutagenicity. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 102:405-414. [PMID: 31147011 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is one of the crystalline forms of carbon, along with diamond, graphite, carbon nanotubes, and fullerenes, and is considered as a revolutionary and innovating product. The use of a graphene-based nanolabels is one of the latest and most prominent application of graphene, especially in the field of diagnosis and, recently, in loco radiotherapy when coupled with radioisotopes. However, its biological behavior and mutagenicity in different cell or animal models, as well as the in vivo functional activities, are still unrevealed. In this study we have developed by a green route of synthesizing graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and characterized them. We have also developed a methodology for direct radiolabeling of GQDs with radioisotopes.Finally; we have evaluated in vivo biological behavior of GQDs using two different mice models and tested in vitro mutagenicity of GQDs. The results have shown that GQDs were formed with a size range of 160-280 nm, which was confirmed by DRX and Raman spectroscopy analysis, corroborating that the green synthesis is an alternative, environmentally friendly way to produce graphene. The radiolabeling test has shown that stable radiolabeled GQDs can be produced with a high yield (>90%). The in vivo test has demonstrated a ubiquitous behavior when administered to healthy animals, with a high uptake by liver (>26%) and small intestine (>25%). Otherwise, in an inflammation/VEGF hyperexpression animal model (endometriosis), a very peculiar behavior of GQDs was observed, with a high uptake by kidneys (over 85%). The mutagenicity test has demonstrated A:T to G:C substitutions suggesting that GQDs exhibits mutagenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Rhaissa Rezende Dos Reis
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rua Helio de Almeida 75, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-614 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Suyene Rocha Pinto
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rua Helio de Almeida 75, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-614 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Filipe Leal Portilho
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rua Helio de Almeida 75, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-614 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Francisco do Vale Chaves E Mello
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rua Helio de Almeida 75, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-614 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edward Helal-Neto
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rua Helio de Almeida 75, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-614 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline Oliveira da Silva de Barros
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rua Helio de Almeida 75, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-614 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Magalhães Rebêlo Alencar
- Federal University of Maranhão, Department of Physics, Avenida dos Portugueses 500, Vila Bacanga, CEP 65080-805 São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Alan Silva de Menezes
- Federal University of Maranhão, Department of Physics, Avenida dos Portugueses 500, Vila Bacanga, CEP 65080-805 São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Clenilton Costa Dos Santos
- Federal University of Maranhão, Department of Physics, Avenida dos Portugueses 500, Vila Bacanga, CEP 65080-805 São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Aldilene Saraiva-Souza
- Federal University of Piaui, Department of Physics, Bairro Ininga, CEP: 64.049-550 Teresina, Piaui, Brazil
| | - Jamila Alessandra Perini
- Research Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zona Oeste State University, Avenida Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga 1.203, CEP 23070-200 Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel Escorsim Machado
- Research Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zona Oeste State University, Avenida Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga 1.203, CEP 23070-200 Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Israel Felzenswalb
- Department of Biophysics and Biometry, Rio de Janeiro State University, Boulevard 28 de Setembro, 87 Fundos, 4 ° Andar, CEP 20551-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Fernando Araujo-Lima
- Department of Biophysics and Biometry, Rio de Janeiro State University, Boulevard 28 de Setembro, 87 Fundos, 4 ° Andar, CEP 20551-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alyona Sukhanova
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences (LRN-EA4682), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51, rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims, France; Laboratory of Nano-Bioengineering, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), KashirskoyeShosse 31, 115409 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Igor Nabiev
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences (LRN-EA4682), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51, rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims, France; Laboratory of Nano-Bioengineering, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), KashirskoyeShosse 31, 115409 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rua Helio de Almeida 75, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-614 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Zona Oeste State University, Laboratory of Radiopharmacy and Nanoradiopharmaceuticals, Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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50
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Wu C, Guan X, Xu J, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Tian Y, Li S, Qin X, Yang H, Liu Y. Highly efficient cascading synergy of cancer photo-immunotherapy enabled by engineered graphene quantum dots/photosensitizer/CpG oligonucleotides hybrid nanotheranostics. Biomaterials 2019; 205:106-119. [PMID: 30913486 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Currently, photoimmunotherapy based on a theranostic nanoplatform emerges as a promising modality in advanced cancer therapy. In this study, a new type of versatile nanoassemblies (denoted as PC@GCpD(Gd)) was rationally designed by integrating the polydopamine stabilized graphene quantum dots (GQD)-photosensitizer nanocomposites (denoted as GCpD), immunostimulatory polycationic polymer/CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) nanoparticles (denoted as PC) and Gd3+/Cy3 imaging probes for dual magnetic resonance/fluorescence imaging-guided photoimmunotherapy. PC@GCpD(Gd) effectively killed the tumor cells through the amplified photothermal and photodynamic effects mediated by GCpD, and contemporaneously delivered CpG ODN to the targeted endosomal Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) to continuously stimulate the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and the maturation of dendritic cells, thereby resulting in the activation and infiltration of T lymphocytes. As a result, PC@GCpD(Gd) achieved robust inhibition efficiency to almost completely suppress the EMT6 murine mammary cancer model under laser irradiation, implying the superior synergy of combined photoimmunotherapy. Moreover, the in vivo delivery and biodistribution of PC@GCpD(Gd) could be tracked using the high-quality bimodal magnetic resonance imaging/fluorescence imaging. This study highlighted the potent prospect of hybrid PC@GCpD(Gd) nanoassemblies for precise cancer photoimmunotherapy with a cascading effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Wu
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China; Center for Information in Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - Xiaotian Guan
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - Jiming Xu
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - Yingxue Zhang
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - Qiuyue Liu
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - Shun Li
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China; Center for Information in Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - Xiang Qin
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China; Center for Information in Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China; Center for Information in Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - Yiyao Liu
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China; Center for Information in Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China; Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, PR China.
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