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Srividya N, Kim H, Simone R, Lange BM. Chemical diversity in angiosperms - monoterpene synthases control complex reactions that provide the precursors for ecologically and commercially important monoterpenoids. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:28-55. [PMID: 38565299 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Monoterpene synthases (MTSs) catalyze the first committed step in the biosynthesis of monoterpenoids, a class of specialized metabolites with particularly high chemical diversity in angiosperms. In addition to accomplishing a rate enhancement, these enzymes manage the formation and turnover of highly reactive carbocation intermediates formed from a prenyl diphosphate substrate. At each step along the reaction path, a cationic intermediate can be subject to cyclization, migration of a proton, hydride, or alkyl group, or quenching to terminate the sequence. However, enzymatic control of ligand folding, stabilization of specific intermediates, and defined quenching chemistry can maintain the specificity for forming a signature product. This review article will discuss our current understanding of how angiosperm MTSs control the reaction environment. Such knowledge allows inferences about the origin and regulation of chemical diversity, which is pertinent for appreciating the role of monoterpenoids in plant ecology but also for aiding commercial efforts that harness the accumulation of these specialized metabolites for the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanan Srividya
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M. J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7411, USA
| | - Hoshin Kim
- Physical and Computational Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Raugei Simone
- Physical and Computational Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Bernd Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M. J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7411, USA
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Pérez-Pérez J, Minguillón S, Kabbas-Piñango E, Payá C, Campos L, Rodríguez-Concepción M, Espinosa-Ruiz A, Rodrigo I, Bellés JM, López-Gresa MP, Lisón P. Metabolic crosstalk between hydroxylated monoterpenes and salicylic acid in tomato defense response against bacteria. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:2323-2338. [PMID: 38478585 PMCID: PMC11213251 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxylated monoterpenes (HMTPs) are differentially emitted by tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants resisting bacterial infection. We have studied the defensive role of these volatiles in the tomato response to bacteria, whose main entrance is through stomatal apertures. Treatments with some HMTPs resulted in stomatal closure and pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1) induction. Particularly, α-terpineol induced stomatal closure in a salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid-independent manner and conferred resistance to bacteria. Interestingly, transgenic tomato plants overexpressing or silencing the monoterpene synthase MTS1, which displayed alterations in the emission of HMTPs, exhibited changes in the stomatal aperture but not in plant resistance. Measures of both 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclopyrophosphate (MEcPP) and SA levels revealed competition for MEcPP by the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway and SA biosynthesis activation, thus explaining the absence of resistance in transgenic plants. These results were confirmed by chemical inhibition of the MEP pathway, which alters MEcPP levels. Treatments with benzothiadiazole (BTH), a SA functional analog, conferred enhanced resistance to transgenic tomato plants overexpressing MTS1. Additionally, these MTS1 overexpressors induced PR1 gene expression and stomatal closure in neighboring plants. Our results confirm the role of HMTPs in both intra- and interplant immune signaling and reveal a metabolic crosstalk between the MEP and SA pathways in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Pérez-Pérez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - Samuel Minguillón
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - Elías Kabbas-Piñango
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - Celia Payá
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Campos
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Concepción
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Espinosa-Ruiz
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ismael Rodrigo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - José María Bellés
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Pilar López-Gresa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - Purificación Lisón
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
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Kerwin RE, Hart JE, Fiesel PD, Lou YR, Fan P, Jones AD, Last RL. Tomato root specialized metabolites evolved through gene duplication and regulatory divergence within a biosynthetic gene cluster. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn3991. [PMID: 38657073 PMCID: PMC11094762 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn3991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Tremendous plant metabolic diversity arises from phylogenetically restricted specialized metabolic pathways. Specialized metabolites are synthesized in dedicated cells or tissues, with pathway genes sometimes colocalizing in biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). However, the mechanisms by which spatial expression patterns arise and the role of BGCs in pathway evolution remain underappreciated. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms driving acylsugar evolution in the Solanaceae. Previously thought to be restricted to glandular trichomes, acylsugars were recently found in cultivated tomato roots. We demonstrated that acylsugars in cultivated tomato roots and trichomes have different sugar cores, identified root-enriched paralogs of trichome acylsugar pathway genes, and characterized a key paralog required for root acylsugar biosynthesis, SlASAT1-LIKE (SlASAT1-L), which is nested within a previously reported trichome acylsugar BGC. Last, we provided evidence that ASAT1-L arose through duplication of its paralog, ASAT1, and was trichome-expressed before acquiring root-specific expression in the Solanum genus. Our results illuminate the genomic context and molecular mechanisms underpinning metabolic diversity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Kerwin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jaynee E. Hart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Paul D. Fiesel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Yann-Ru Lou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Pengxiang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - A. Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Robert L. Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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González-Garrido JA, Gómez-García JA, Hernández-Abreu OI, Olivares-Corichi IM, Pereyra-Vergara F, García-Sánchez JR. Anticancer Activity of Sargassum fluitans Extracts in Different Cancer Cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:745-754. [PMID: 38385488 DOI: 10.2174/0118715206282983240215050314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The arrival of large quantities of Sargassum in the Mexican Caribbean Sea has generated major environmental, health and economic problems. Although Sargassum has been used in the generation of some commercial products, few studies have described its possible applications as a source of compounds with anticancer activity. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the antiproliferative effects of different Sargassum extracts on various cancer cell lines. Furthermore, LC/QTOF-MS was used to identify the compounds related to the antiproliferative effect. METHODS First, determination of the seaweed was performed, and dichloromethane, chloroform and methanol extracts were obtained. The extracts were evaluated for their antiproliferative effects by MTT in breast (MDAMB- 231 and MCF-7), prostate (DU-145), lung (A549) and cervical (SiHa) cancer cell lines. Finally, LC/QTOFMS identified the compounds related to the antiproliferative effect. RESULTS The authentication showed Sargassum fluitans as the predominant species. The extracts of dichloromethane and chloroform showed an antiproliferative effect. Interestingly, the fractionation of the chloroform extract showed two fractions (FC1 and FC2) with antiproliferative activity in MDA-MB-231, SiHa and A549 cancer cell lines. On the other hand, three fractions of dichloromethane extract (FD1, FD4 and FD5) also showed antiproliferative effects in the MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, SiHa and DU-145 cancer cell lines. Furthermore, LC/QTOF-MS revealed the presence of eight major compounds in FC2. Three compounds with evidence of anticancer activity were identified (D-linalool-3-glucoside, (3R,4S,6E,10Z)-3,4,7,11-tetramethyl-6,10-tridecadienal and alpha-tocotrienol). CONCLUSION These findings showed that Sargassum fluitans extracts are a possible source of therapeutic agents against cancer and could act as scaffolds for new drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Arnold González-Garrido
- Centro de Investigación de Ciencia y Tecnología Aplicada de Tabasco (CICTAT), División Académica de Ciencias Básicas. Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología molecular, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carretera Cunduacán-Jalpa KM. 1 Colonia la Esmeralda, Tabasco, C.P. 86690, México
| | - Javier Alejandro Gómez-García
- Centro de Investigación de Ciencia y Tecnología Aplicada de Tabasco (CICTAT), División Académica de Ciencias Básicas. Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología molecular, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carretera Cunduacán-Jalpa KM. 1 Colonia la Esmeralda, Tabasco, C.P. 86690, México
| | - Oswaldo Ignacio Hernández-Abreu
- Centro de Investigación de Ciencia y Tecnología Aplicada de Tabasco (CICTAT), División Académica de Ciencias Básicas. Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología molecular, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carretera Cunduacán-Jalpa KM. 1 Colonia la Esmeralda, Tabasco, C.P. 86690, México
| | - Ivonne María Olivares-Corichi
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular y Estrés Oxidativo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, C.P. 11340, CDMX, México
| | - Fernando Pereyra-Vergara
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular y Estrés Oxidativo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, C.P. 11340, CDMX, México
| | - José Rubén García-Sánchez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular y Estrés Oxidativo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, C.P. 11340, CDMX, México
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Xu G, Zheng Q, Wei P, Zhang J, Liu P, Zhang H, Zhai N, Li X, Xu X, Chen Q, Cao P, Zhao J, Zhou H. Metabolic engineering of a 1,8-cineole synthase enhances aphid repellence and increases trichome density in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:3342-3353. [PMID: 37132116 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) is a harmful agricultural pest that causes severe crop damage by directly feeding or indirectly vectoring viruses. 1,8-cineole synthase (CINS) is a multiproduct enzyme that synthesizes monoterpenes, with 1,8-cineole dominating the volatile organic compound profile. However, the relationship between aphid preference and CINS remains elusive. RESULTS Here, we present evidence that SoCINS, a protein from garden sage (Salvia officinalis), enhanced aphid repellence and increased trichome density in transgenic tobacco. Our results demonstrated that overexpression of SoCINS (SoCINS-OE) led to the emission of 1,8-cineole at a level of up to 181.5 ng per g fresh leaf. Subcellular localization assay showed that SoCINS localized to chloroplasts. A Y-tube olfactometer assay and free-choice assays revealed that SoCINS-OE plants had a repellent effect on aphids, without incurring developmental or fecundity-related penalties. Intriguingly, the SoCINS-OE plants displayed an altered trichome morphology, showing increases in trichome density and in the relative proportion of glandular trichomes, as well as enlarged glandular cells. We also found that SoCINS-OE plants had significantly higher jasmonic acid (JA) levels than wild-type plants. Furthermore, application of 1,8-cineole elicited increased JA content and trichome density. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that SoCINS-OE plants have a repellent effect on aphids, and suggest an apparent link between 1,8-cineole, JA and trichome density. This study presents a viable and sustainable approach for aphid management by engineering the expression of 1,8-cineole synthase gene in plants, and underscores the potential usefulness of monoterpene synthase for pest control. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyun Xu
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qingxia Zheng
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Pan Wei
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Pingping Liu
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Niu Zhai
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- Tobacco Research Center, Technology Center, China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co., Ltd., Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Xiangli Xu
- Tobacco Research Center, Technology Center, China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co., Ltd., Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Qiansi Chen
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Peijian Cao
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhao
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Huina Zhou
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
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Wang Q, Wang X, Huang L, Cheng Y, Ren L, Yang H, Zhou C, Wang X, He J. Promoter characterization of a citrus linalool synthase gene mediating interspecific variation in resistance to a bacterial pathogen. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:405. [PMID: 37620808 PMCID: PMC10463377 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04413-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Terpenoids play essential roles in plant defense against biotic stresses. In Citrus species, the monoterpene linalool mediates resistance against citrus canker disease caused by the gram-negative bacteria Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc). Previous work had associated linalool contents with resistance; here we characterize transcriptional responses of linalool synthase genes. RESULTS Leaf linalool contents are highly variable among different Citrus species. "Dongfang" tangerine (Citrus reticulata), a species with high linalool levels was more resistant to Xcc than "Shatian" pummelo (C. grandis) which accumulates only small amounts of linalool. The coding sequences of the major leaf-expressed linalool synthase gene (STS4) are highly conserved, while transcript levels differ between the two Citrus species. To understand this apparent differential transcription, we isolated the promoters of STS4 from the two species, fused them to a GUS reporter and expressed them in Arabidopsis. This reporter system revealed that the two promoters have different constitutive activities, mainly in trichomes. Interestingly, both linalool contents and STS4 transcript levels are insensitive to Xcc infestation in citrus plants, but in these transgenic Arabidopsis plants, the promoters are activated by challenge of a bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, as well as wounding and external jasmonic acid treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals variation in linalool and resistance to Xcc in citrus plants, which may be mediated by different promoter activities of a terpene synthase gene in different Citrus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiying Wang
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Linhua Huang
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Yujiao Cheng
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Li Ren
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Huayu Yang
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Changyong Zhou
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China.
| | - Jun He
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China.
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Eckert S, Eilers EJ, Jakobs R, Anaia RA, Aragam KS, Bloss T, Popp M, Sasidharan R, Schnitzler JP, Stein F, Steppuhn A, Unsicker SB, van Dam NM, Yepes S, Ziaja D, Müller C. Inter-laboratory comparison of plant volatile analyses in the light of intra-specific chemodiversity. Metabolomics 2023; 19:62. [PMID: 37351733 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-02026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Assessing intraspecific variation in plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) involves pitfalls that may bias biological interpretation, particularly when several laboratories collaborate on joint projects. Comparative, inter-laboratory ring trials can inform on the reproducibility of such analyses. OBJECTIVES In a ring trial involving five laboratories, we investigated the reproducibility of VOC collections with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and analyses by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). As model plant we used Tanacetum vulgare, which shows a remarkable diversity in terpenoids, forming so-called chemotypes. We performed our ring-trial with two chemotypes to examine the sources of technical variation in plant VOC measurements during pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical steps. METHODS Monoclonal root cuttings were generated in one laboratory and distributed to five laboratories, in which plants were grown under laboratory-specific conditions. VOCs were collected on PDMS tubes from all plants before and after a jasmonic acid (JA) treatment. Thereafter, each laboratory (donors) sent a subset of tubes to four of the other laboratories (recipients), which performed TD-GC-MS with their own established procedures. RESULTS Chemotype-specific differences in VOC profiles were detected but with an overall high variation both across donor and recipient laboratories. JA-induced changes in VOC profiles were not reproducible. Laboratory-specific growth conditions led to phenotypic variation that affected the resulting VOC profiles. CONCLUSION Our ring trial shows that despite large efforts to standardise each VOC measurement step, the outcomes differed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Our results reveal sources of variation in plant VOC research and may help to avoid systematic errors in similar experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Eckert
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Elisabeth J Eilers
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ruth Jakobs
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Redouan Adam Anaia
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Tanja Bloss
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Moritz Popp
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Rohit Sasidharan
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Florian Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Anke Steppuhn
- Department of Molecular Botany, Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sybille B Unsicker
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Sol Yepes
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Dominik Ziaja
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
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Kutty NN, Mishra M. Dynamic distress calls: volatile info chemicals induce and regulate defense responses during herbivory. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1135000. [PMID: 37416879 PMCID: PMC10322200 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1135000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants are continuously threatened by a plethora of biotic stresses caused by microbes, pathogens, and pests, which often act as the major constraint in crop productivity. To overcome such attacks, plants have evolved with an array of constitutive and induced defense mechanisms- morphological, biochemical, and molecular. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a class of specialized metabolites that are naturally emitted by plants and play an important role in plant communication and signaling. During herbivory and mechanical damage, plants also emit an exclusive blend of volatiles often referred to as herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs). The composition of this unique aroma bouquet is dependent upon the plant species, developmental stage, environment, and herbivore species. HIPVs emitted from infested and non-infested plant parts can prime plant defense responses by various mechanisms such as redox, systemic and jasmonate signaling, activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, and transcription factors; mediate histone modifications; and can also modulate the interactions with natural enemies via direct and indirect mechanisms. These specific volatile cues mediate allelopathic interactions leading to altered transcription of defense-related genes, viz., proteinase inhibitors, amylase inhibitors in neighboring plants, and enhanced levels of defense-related secondary metabolites like terpenoids and phenolic compounds. These factors act as deterrents to feeding insects, attract parasitoids, and provoke behavioral changes in plants and their neighboring species. This review presents an overview of the plasticity identified in HIPVs and their role as regulators of plant defense in Solanaceous plants. The selective emission of green leaf volatiles (GLVs) including hexanal and its derivatives, terpenes, methyl salicylate, and methyl jasmonate (MeJa) inducing direct and indirect defense responses during an attack from phloem-sucking and leaf-chewing pests is discussed. Furthermore, we also focus on the recent developments in the field of metabolic engineering focused on modulation of the volatile bouquet to improve plant defenses.
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Han T, Shao Y, Gao R, Gao J, Jiang Y, Yang Y, Wang Y, Yang S, Gao X, Wang L, Li Y. Functional Characterization of a ( E)-β-Ocimene Synthase Gene Contributing to the Defense against Spodoptera litura. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087182. [PMID: 37108345 PMCID: PMC10139113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean is a worldwide crop that offers valuable proteins, fatty acids, and phytonutrients to humans but is always damaged by insect pests or pathogens. Plants have captured sophisticated defense mechanisms in resisting the attack of insects and pathogens. How to protect soybean in an environment- or human-friendly way or how to develop plant-based pest control is a hotpot. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles that are released by multiple plant species have been assessed in multi-systems against various insects, of which (E)-β-ocimene has been reported to show anti-insect function in a variety of plants, including soybean. However, the responsible gene in soybean is unknown, and its mechanism of synthesis and anti-insect properties lacks comprehensive assessment. In this study, (E)-β-ocimene was confirmed to be induced by Spodoptera litura treatment. A plastidic localized monoterpene synthase gene, designated as GmOCS, was identified to be responsible for the biosynthesis of (E)-β-ocimene through genome-wide gene family screening and in vitro and in vivo assays. Results from transgenic soybean and tobacco confirmed that (E)-β-ocimene catalyzed by GmOCS had pivotal roles in repelling a S. litura attack. This study advances the understanding of (E)-β-ocimene synthesis and its function in crops, as well as provides a good candidate for further anti-insect soybean improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Han
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yan Shao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Ruifang Gao
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jinshan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Siqi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yueqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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10
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Kaur S, Khanal N, Dearth R, Kariyat R. Morphological characterization of intraspecific variation for trichome traits in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). BOTANICAL STUDIES 2023; 64:7. [PMID: 36988701 PMCID: PMC10060485 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-023-00370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes, the hairlike protuberances in plants, have been well known to act as the first line of defense against herbivores, and abiotic stresses, along with other structural defenses such as spines, thorns, and waxes. We previously reported the tremendous variation in trichome traits among different wild and cultivated Solanum species and demonstrated that trichomes types and density are traditionally miscalculated and often misnamed. However, intraspecific variation in trichome traits is poorly understood, although this has implications for stress tolerance and resistance breeding programs in economically important crop species and can also mediate ecological interactions at multiple trophic levels in their wild congeners. In this study, using tomato as a model, we characterized the trichomes from 10 commonly grown varieties using a minimal sample prep desktop scanning electron microscopy, and followed up with estimating their dimensions across the varieties and trichome types. We hypothesized that although trichome number may vary, the varieties will have similar trichome types, based on current literature. Our results show that there is significant variation for trichome number as well as dimensions of trichome types among these varieties. Furthermore, when we separately analyzed the number and dimensions of commonly found glandular and non-glandular trichomes, the results were consistent with broad assessment of trichomes, showing consistent variation among varieties, suggesting that trichome studies should not be limited to basic classification into glandular and non-glandular, and should accommodate the sub-types and their dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satinderpal Kaur
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - Neetu Khanal
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - Robert Dearth
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - Rupesh Kariyat
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
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11
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Tran HTD, Nguyen HTT, Huynh TB, Nguyen HN, Nguyen LT, Tran NU, Pham BTM, Nguyen DH, Tran T, Nguyen TTH. Functional characterization of a bark-specific monoterpene synthase potentially involved in wounding- and methyl jasmonate-induced linalool emission in rubber (Hevea brasiliensis). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 282:153942. [PMID: 36805520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) is a latex-producing plant that often encounters mechanical wounding, as well as pathogen and pest attacks through wound sites during and after tapping. Terpenoids play an important role in the ecological interactions of many plant species, and their diversity is mainly generated by enzymes known as terpene synthases (TPS). In this study, one cDNA sequence encoding a putative terpene synthase, HbTPS20, was obtained from the bark tissues of H. brasiliensis. The encoded protein contains 610 amino acids with a putative N-terminal plastid transit peptide of approximately 70 residues. It belongs to the TPS-b subfamily. Further phylogenetic analysis showed that HbTPS20 formed a separate branch that diverged from the progenitor of all other potentially functional terpene synthases of the rubber TPS-b subfamily. The truncated HbTPS20 without the signal peptide coding sequence was successfully expressed in E. coli and in vitro enzymatic assays with geranyl diphosphate (GPP) or neryl diphosphate (NPP) as a substrate defined HbTPS20 as an active linalool synthase (HbLIS) with the ability to produce linalool as the principal product. RT-qPCR analysis showed that the highest transcript levels of HbTPS20 were found in barks, and this gene was expressed at 2.26- and 250-fold greater levels in the bark tissues of wounded and MeJA-treated plants, respectively, than in those of the control plants. This indicates that this gene may be involved in the induced stress responses of rubber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Thi Diem Tran
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam; Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Hong Thi Thuy Nguyen
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam; Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Tram Bich Huynh
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam; Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Hang Nguyet Nguyen
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam; Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Long Thanh Nguyen
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam; Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Nhi Uyen Tran
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam; Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Binh Thi My Pham
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam; Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Du Huy Nguyen
- Central Laboratory of Analysis, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam; Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Tran
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Rubber Research Institute of Vietnam, Binh Duong, 820000, Vietnam
| | - Thuong Thi Hong Nguyen
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam; Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam.
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12
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Martínez-Servat S, Pinyol-Escala L, Daura-Pich O, Almazán M, Hernández I, López-García B, Fernández C. Characterization of Lysobacter enzymogenes B25, a potential biological control agent of plant-parasitic nematodes, and its mode of action. AIMS Microbiol 2023; 9:151-176. [PMID: 36891531 PMCID: PMC9988411 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2023010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is certainly difficult to estimate productivity losses due to the action of phytopathogenic nematodes but it might be about 12 % of world agricultural production. Although there are numerous tools to reduce the effect of these nematodes, there is growing concern about their environmental impact. Lysobacter enzymogenes B25 is an effective biological control agent against plant-parasitic nematodes, showing control over root-knot nematodes (RKN) such as Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne javanica. In this paper, the efficacy of B25 to control RKN infestation in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Durinta) is described. The bacterium was applied 4 times at an average of concentration around 108 CFU/mL showing an efficacy of 50-95 % depending on the population and the pressure of the pathogen. Furthermore, the control activity of B25 was comparable to that of the reference chemical used. L. enzymogenes B25 is hereby characterized, and its mode of action studied, focusing on different mechanisms that include motility, the production of lytic enzymes and secondary metabolites and the induction of plant defenses. The presence of M. incognita increased the twitching motility of B25. In addition, cell-free supernatants obtained after growing B25, in both poor and rich media, showed efficacy in inhibiting RKN egg hatching in vitro. This nematicidal activity was sensitive to high temperatures, suggesting that it is mainly due to extracellular lytic enzymes. The secondary metabolites heat-stable antifungal factor and alteramide A/B were identified in the culture filtrate and their contribution to the nematicidal activity of B25 is discussed. This study points out L. enzymogenes B25 as a promising biocontrol microorganism against nematode infestation of plants and a good candidate to develop a sustainable nematicidal product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marta Almazán
- Futureco Bioscience, S.A, Olèrdola, Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Li X, Wang Q, Li H, Wang X, Zhang R, Yang X, Jiang Q, Shi Q. Revealing the Mechanisms for Linalool Antifungal Activity against Fusarium oxysporum and Its Efficient Control of Fusarium Wilt in Tomato Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010458. [PMID: 36613902 PMCID: PMC9820380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (Forl) is a destructive soil-borne phytopathogenic fungus that causes Fusarium crown and root rot (FCRR) of tomato, leading to considerable field yield losses. In this study, we explored the antifungal capability of linalool, a natural plant volatile organic component, against Forl and its role in controlling FCRR symptoms in tomatoes. Our results showed that Forl mycelial growth was inhibited by the linalool treatment and that the linalool treatment damaged cell membrane integrity, enhanced reactive oxygen species levels, depleted glutathione, and reduced the activities of many antioxidant enzymes in Forl. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses demonstrated that linalool also downregulated metabolic biosynthetic pathways at the transcript and protein levels, including redox, transporter activity, and carbohydrate metabolism in Forl. Moreover, linalool significantly decreased the expression of many Forl pathogenic genes, such as cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) and G proteins, which is likely how a Forl infection was prevented. Importantly, exogenously applied linalool activated the salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) defensive pathways to improve disease resistance and relieved the negative effects of Forl on plant growth. Taken together, we report that linalool is an effective fungicide against Forl and will be a promising green chemical agent for controlling FCRR.
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Kianersi F, Amin Azarm D, Fatemi F, Pour-Aboughadareh A, Poczai P. Methyl Jasmonate Induces Genes Involved in Linalool Accumulation and Increases the Content of Phenolics in Two Iranian Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Ecotypes. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101717. [PMID: 36292602 PMCID: PMC9602312 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The medicinal herb coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), with a high linalool (LIN) content, is widely recognized for its therapeutic benefits. As a novel report, the goals of this study were to determine how methyl jasmonate (MeJA) affects total phenolic content (TPC), LIN content, flavonoid content (TFC), and changes in gene expression involved in the linalool biosynthesis pathway (CsγTRPS and CsLINS). Our findings showed that, in comparison to the control samples, MeJA treatment substantially enhanced the TPC, LIN, and TFC content in both ecotypes. Additionally, for both Iranian coriander ecotypes, treatment-induced increases in CsγTRPS and CsLINS expression were connected to LIN accumulation in all treatments. A 24 h treatment with 150 µM MeJA substantially increased the LIN content in the Mashhad and Zanjan ecotypes, which was between 1.48 and 1.69 times greater than that in untreated plants, according to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Our findings demonstrated that MeJA significantly affects the accumulation of LIN, TPC, and TFC in Iranian C. sativum treated with MeJA, which is likely the consequence of gene activation from the monoterpene biosynthesis pathway. Our discoveries have improved the understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind LIN synthesis in coriander plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Kianersi
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Correspondence: (F.K.); (P.P.)
| | - Davood Amin Azarm
- Department of Horticulture Crop Research, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Isfahan P.O. Box 81785-199, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Fatemi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan P.O. Box 6517838695, Iran
| | - Alireza Pour-Aboughadareh
- Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj P.O. Box 3158854119, Iran
| | - Peter Poczai
- Botany Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 7, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: (F.K.); (P.P.)
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15
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Dong Y, Li J, Zhang W, Bai H, Li H, Shi L. Exogenous application of methyl jasmonate affects the emissions of volatile compounds in lavender (Lavandula angustifolia). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 185:25-34. [PMID: 35649290 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), is an orthodox elicitor of secondary metabolites, including terpenoids. Lavandula angustifolia is an important aromatic plant generating, yet few studies have been performed to evaluate the function of MeJA on the biosynthesis of terpenoids in lavender. Five treatments (with concentrations of 0, 0.4, 4, 8, and 16 mM) were set, and the physiological indicators of each group were determined after 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. The results illustrate that (1) MeJA could affect the diurnal rhythm of the emission of volatiles and MeJA acted in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner; (2) 8 mM MeJA treatment increased the total content of the volatiles, and the contents of monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids were up-regulated 0.46- and 0.74- fold than the control at 24 h and 12 h, respectively; (3) after MeJA treatment, all the genes expression analyzed changed to varying degrees, of which 3-carene synthase (La3CARS) gene changed most significantly (7.66- to 38.02- fold than the control); (4) MeJA application was associated with a rise in glandular trichome density. The positive effects of MeJA indicate that the exogenous application of MeJA could be a beneficial mean for studies on the biosynthesis of terpenoids in lavender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jingrui Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hongtong Bai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Lei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
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Deletre E, Matu FK, Murungi LK, Mohamed S. Repellency Potential of Tomato Herbivore-Induced Volatiles Against the Greenhouse Whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:565-572. [PMID: 35244166 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurode vaporariorum, is among the key pests of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in sub-Saharan Africa with Tuta absoluta, spider mite, thrips, and fruitworms. To understand the interaction between the pest and the plant's herbivory-induced plant volatile (HIPVs), we investigated the repellency of four tomato cultivars (Kilele F1, Assila F1, Red Beauty F1, and Nemonneta F1) upon infestation by Trialeurode vaporariorum. We analyzed the behavioral response of T. vaporariorum to infested and uninfested tomato plants of these cultivars using olfactory bioassays followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses of emitted volatiles. Trialeurode vaporariorum was attracted to uninfested plants of all four tomato cultivars. However, two cultivars Kilele F1 and Red Beauty F1 were no longer attractive to the whitefly when they were already infested by the pest. GC-MS analyses identified 25 compounds, 18 monoterpenes, 3 sesquiterpenes, 2 xylenes, 1 aldehyde, and 1 carboxylic compound in the 4 uninfested and infested cultivars. Based on the insects' behavioral response, 1,8-cineole, p-cymene, and limonene did not attract T. vaporariorum at varying concentrations when combined with Red Beauty F1, the most attractive tomato cultivar. This repellence behavioral response can be used as a basis for improvement of other vegetable crops for the management of arthropod pests as for odor masking technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Deletre
- CIRAD-UPR HORTSYS, University of Montpellier, TA B-103/C-Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex, France
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Francis Kiamba Matu
- CIRAD-UPR HORTSYS, University of Montpellier, TA B-103/C-Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex, France
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Samira Mohamed
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
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de Oliveira Pinto I, Sarmento MI, Martins AO, Rocha JPL, Pinto G, Araújo WL, Soares AM, Sarmento RA. Cell death and changes in primary metabolism: the onset of defence in Eucalyptus in the war against Leptocybe invasa. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:1721-1728. [PMID: 34997819 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Here, we investigated changes in primary metabolism and cell death around oviposition sites in two hybrid clones of Eucalyptus with different degrees of resistance to Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), as well as tolerance to water deficiency. RESULTS We showed that apices of the resistant clone with oviposition had a higher content of amino acids, organic acids and the compound putrescine compared with those of the susceptible clone with oviposition. By contrast, apices of the resistant clone with oviposition had lower sugar and pyruvate organic acid content than those of the susceptible clone with oviposition. Small areas of necrosis were induced around the oviposition sites in the stem apices of Eucalyptus 24 h after infestation. The resistant clone developed larger necrotic areas that showed progressive increases 24-72 h after infestation compared with the susceptible clone, in which cell death was significantly lower and no changes were observed in necrotic area over time. Thus, the programmed death of cells around the egg, modulated by several amino acids, is likely the first defence response of Eucalyptus against L. invasa. CONCLUSION Our results serve as the basis for the early identification of key metabolites produced in plants in defence against galling insects. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael de Oliveira Pinto
- Federal Institute of Tocantins, Colinas do Tocantins Campus, Colinas do Tocantins, Brazil
- Federal University of Tocantins, Gurupi Campus, Gurupi, Brazil
| | - Maíra Ignacio Sarmento
- Federal University of Tocantins, Gurupi Campus, Gurupi, Brazil
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Auxiliadora Oliveira Martins
- Department of Plant Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- Max Planck Partner Group at the Department of Plant Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | - Glória Pinto
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Department of Plant Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- Max Planck Partner Group at the Department of Plant Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Amadeu Mvm Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
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18
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Lee Díaz AS, Rizaludin MS, Zweers H, Raaijmakers JM, Garbeva P. Exploring the Volatiles Released from Roots of Wild and Domesticated Tomato Plants under Insect Attack. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051612. [PMID: 35268714 PMCID: PMC8911868 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plants produce volatile organic compounds that are important in communication and defense. While studies have largely focused on volatiles emitted from aboveground plant parts upon exposure to biotic or abiotic stresses, volatile emissions from roots upon aboveground stress are less studied. Here, we investigated if tomato plants under insect herbivore attack exhibited a different root volatilome than non-stressed plants, and whether this was influenced by the plant's genetic background. To this end, we analyzed one domesticated and one wild tomato species, i.e., Solanum lycopersicum cv Moneymaker and Solanum pimpinellifolium, respectively, exposed to leaf herbivory by the insect Spodoptera exigua. Root volatiles were trapped with two sorbent materials, HiSorb and PDMS, at 24 h after exposure to insect stress. Our results revealed that differences in root volatilome were species-, stress-, and material-dependent. Upon leaf herbivory, the domesticated and wild tomato species showed different root volatile profiles. The wild species presented the largest change in root volatile compounds with an overall reduction in monoterpene emission under stress. Similarly, the domesticated species presented a slight reduction in monoterpene emission and an increased production of fatty-acid-derived volatiles under stress. Volatile profiles differed between the two sorbent materials, and both were required to obtain a more comprehensive characterization of the root volatilome. Collectively, these results provide a strong basis to further unravel the impact of herbivory stress on systemic volatile emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Shein Lee Díaz
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (H.Z.); (J.M.R.); (P.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.L.D.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Muhammad Syamsu Rizaludin
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (H.Z.); (J.M.R.); (P.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.L.D.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Hans Zweers
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (H.Z.); (J.M.R.); (P.G.)
| | - Jos M. Raaijmakers
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (H.Z.); (J.M.R.); (P.G.)
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paolina Garbeva
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (H.Z.); (J.M.R.); (P.G.)
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Bechen LL, Johnson MG, Broadhead GT, Levin RA, Overson RP, Jogesh T, Fant JB, Raguso RA, Skogen KA, Wickett NJ. Differential gene expression associated with a floral scent polymorphism in the evening primrose Oenothera harringtonii (Onagraceae). BMC Genomics 2022; 23:124. [PMID: 35151274 PMCID: PMC8840323 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08370-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plant volatiles play an important role in both plant-pollinator and plant-herbivore interactions. Intraspecific polymorphisms in volatile production are ubiquitous, but studies that explore underlying differential gene expression are rare. Oenothera harringtonii populations are polymorphic in floral emission of the monoterpene (R)-(−)-linalool; some plants emit (R)-(−)-linalool (linalool+ plants) while others do not (linalool- plants). However, the genes associated with differential production of this floral volatile in Oenothera are unknown. We used RNA-Seq to broadly characterize differential gene expression involved in (R)-(−)-linalool biosynthesis. To identify genes that may be associated with the polymorphism for this trait, we used RNA-Seq to compare gene expression in six different Oenothera harringtonii tissues from each of three linalool+ and linalool- plants. Results Three clusters of differentially expressed genes were enriched for terpene synthase activity: two were characterized by tissue-specific upregulation and one by upregulation only in plants with flowers that produce (R)-(−)-linalool. A molecular phylogeny of all terpene synthases identified two putative (R)-(−)-linalool synthase transcripts in Oenothera harringtonii, a single allele of which is found exclusively in linalool+ plants. Conclusions By using a naturally occurring polymorphism and comparing different tissues, we were able to identify candidate genes putatively involved in the biosynthesis of (R)-(−)-linalool. Expression of these genes in linalool- plants, while low, suggests a regulatory polymorphism, rather than a population-specific loss-of-function allele. Additional terpene biosynthesis-related genes that are up-regulated in plants that emit (R)-(−)-linalool may be associated with herbivore defense, suggesting a potential economy of scale between plant reproduction and defense. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08370-6.
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Ntana F, Johnson SR, Hamberger B, Jensen B, Jørgensen HJL, Collinge DB. Regulation of Tomato Specialised Metabolism after Establishment of Symbiosis with the Endophytic Fungus Serendipita indica. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10010194. [PMID: 35056642 PMCID: PMC8778627 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Specialised metabolites produced during plant-fungal associations often define how symbiosis between the plant and the fungus proceeds. They also play a role in the establishment of additional interactions between the symbionts and other organisms present in the niche. However, specialised metabolism and its products are sometimes overlooked when studying plant-microbe interactions. This limits our understanding of the specific symbiotic associations and potentially future perspectives of their application in agriculture. In this study, we used the interaction between the root endophyte Serendipita indica and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants to explore how specialised metabolism of the host plant is regulated upon a mutualistic symbiotic association. To do so, tomato seedlings were inoculated with S. indica chlamydospores and subjected to RNAseq analysis. Gene expression of the main tomato specialised metabolism pathways was compared between roots and leaves of endophyte-colonised plants and tissues of endophyte-free plants. S. indica colonisation resulted in a strong transcriptional response in the leaves of colonised plants. Furthermore, the presence of the fungus in plant roots appears to induce expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of lignin-derived compounds, polyacetylenes, and specific terpenes in both roots and leaves, whereas pathways producing glycoalkaloids and flavonoids were expressed in lower or basal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fani Ntana
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark; (F.N.); (B.J.); (H.J.L.J.)
| | - Sean R. Johnson
- New England Biolabs, Inc., 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA;
| | - Björn Hamberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Birgit Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark; (F.N.); (B.J.); (H.J.L.J.)
| | - Hans J. L. Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark; (F.N.); (B.J.); (H.J.L.J.)
| | - David B. Collinge
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark; (F.N.); (B.J.); (H.J.L.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-35333356
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21
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Lazazzara V, Avesani S, Robatscher P, Oberhuber M, Pertot I, Schuhmacher R, Perazzolli M. Biogenic volatile organic compounds in the grapevine response to pathogens, beneficial microorganisms, resistance inducers, and abiotic factors. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:529-554. [PMID: 34409450 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in plants is triggered in response to external stimuli, and these compounds can migrate to distal tissues and neighbouring receivers. Although grapevine VOCs responsible for wine aroma and plant-insect communications are well characterized, functional properties of VOCs produced in response to phytopathogens, beneficial microorganisms, resistance inducers, and abiotic factors have been less studied. In this review, we focused on the emission patterns and potential biological functions of VOCs produced by grapevines in response to stimuli. Specific grapevine VOCs are emitted in response to the exogenous stimulus, suggesting their precise involvement in plant defence response. VOCs with inhibitory activities against pathogens and responsible for plant resistance induction are reported, and some of them can also be used as biomarkers of grapevine resistance. Likewise, VOCs produced in response to beneficial microorganisms and environmental factors are possible mediators of grapevine-microbe communications and abiotic stress tolerance. Although further functional studies may improve our knowledge, the existing literature suggests that VOCs have an underestimated potential application as pathogen inhibitors, resistance inducers against biotic or abiotic stresses, signalling molecules, membrane stabilizers, and modulators of reactive oxygen species. VOC patterns could also be used to screen for resistant traits or to monitor the plant physiological status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Lazazzara
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Sara Avesani
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Center for Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Laboratory for Flavours and Metabolites, Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer (Ora), Italy
| | - Peter Robatscher
- Laboratory for Flavours and Metabolites, Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer (Ora), Italy
| | - Michael Oberhuber
- Laboratory for Flavours and Metabolites, Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer (Ora), Italy
| | - Ilaria Pertot
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Center for Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Michele Perazzolli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Center for Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
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22
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Koner A, Das S, Karmakar A, Barik A. Attraction of the Biocontrol Agent, Galerucella placida Towards Volatile Blends of Two Polygonaceae Weeds, Rumex dentatus and Polygonum glabrum. J Chem Ecol 2022; 48:165-178. [PMID: 35015177 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01332-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Polygonaceae weed, Rumex dentatus L. grows in association with wheat, mustard and potato, while Polygonum glabrum Willd. grows in association with rice in India. Both larvae and adults of Galerucella placida Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) voraciously consume these weeds. Applications of synthetic herbicides to control weeds are harmful to the environment including beneficial organisms. We propose to find volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from both weeds causing attraction of the biocontrol agent, G. placida, in order to attempt to use the insect as a biological weed control. Behavioral responses of G. placida towards volatile blends characteristic of undamaged (UD), insect-damaged (ID), jasmonic acid-treated (JA) or mechanically-damaged (MD) plants were conducted by Y-tube olfactometer bioassays. Cuminaldehyde was predominant in VOCs of UD R. dentatus, ID P. glabrum, and both JA and MD R. dentatus and P. glabrum. Geraniol was predominant in VOCs of UD P. glabrum, while 1,3-diethylbenzene predominated in VOCs of ID R. dentatus. Females were more attracted towards volatile blends of ID plants compared to UD or JA plants. Females did not show attraction towards volatile blends of JA plants. We identified two bioactive synthetics blends, one comprised of seven compounds - 16.65 µg 1,3-diethylbenzene, 10.72 µg acetophenone, 6.52 µg 2,6-(E,Z)-nonadienal, 2.46 µg 1-nonanol, 4.19 µg decanal, 9.86 µg 4-ethylacetophenone and 3.34 µg 1-hexadecene dissolved in 25 µl CH2Cl2 and the other containing five compounds - 2.50 µg 2-octanol, 6.84 µg limonene, 0.64 µg dodecane, 6.63 µg 4-ethylacetophenone and 0.24 µg geranyl acetone dissolved in 25 µl CH2Cl2. These two blends of volatile compounds could be used to attract the biocontrol agent during early vegetative period of these two weeds, which could lead to eradication of weeds from crop fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Koner
- Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, 713 104, West Bengal, India
| | - Swati Das
- Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, 713 104, West Bengal, India
| | - Amarnath Karmakar
- Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, 713 104, West Bengal, India
| | - Anandamay Barik
- Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, 713 104, West Bengal, India.
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23
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Huff RM, Pitts RJ. Functional conservation of Anopheline linalool receptors through 100 million years of evolution. Chem Senses 2022; 47:bjac032. [PMID: 36458901 PMCID: PMC9717389 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects rely on olfactory receptors to detect and respond to diverse environmental chemical cues. Detection of semiochemicals by these receptors modulates insect behavior and has a direct impact on species fitness. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are released by animals and plants and can provide contextual cues that a blood meal host or nectar source is present. One such VOC is linalool, an enantiomeric monoterpene, that is emitted from plants and bacteria species. This compound exists in nature as one of two possible stereoisomers, (R)-(-)-linalool or (S)-(+)-linalool. In this study, we use a heterologous expression system to demonstrate differential responsiveness of a pair of Anopheline odorant receptors (Ors) to enantiomers of linalool. The mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles stephensi encode single copies of Or29 and Or53, which are expressed in the labella of An. gambiae. (S)-(+)-linalool activates Or29 orthologs with a higher potency than (R)-(-)-linalool, while the converse is observed for Or53 orthologs. The conservation of these receptors across a broad range of Anopheline species suggests they may function in the discrimination of linalool stereoisomers, thereby influencing the chemical ecology of mosquitoes. One potential application of this knowledge would be in the design of novel attractants or repellents to be used in integrated pest management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Huff
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
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24
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Wang Z, Li Y, Zhang H, Yan X, Cui H. Methyl jasmonate treatment, aphid resistance assay, and transcriptomic analysis revealed different herbivore defensive roles between tobacco glandular and non-glandular trichomes. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:195-208. [PMID: 34647139 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02801-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Methyl jasmonate treatment and aphid resistance assays reveal different roles in herbivore defensive responses between tobacco glandular and non-glandular trichomes. These roles correlate with trichome gene expression patterns. In plants, trichomes greatly contribute to biotic stress resistance. To better understand the different defensive functions between glandular and non-glandular trichomes, we used Nicotiana tabacum as a model. This species bears three types of trichomes: long and short stalk glandular trichomes (LGT and SGT, respectively), and non-glandular trichomes (NGT). Tobacco accession T.I.1068 (lacking NGT) and T.I.1112 (lacking LGT) were used for the experiment. After methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment, LGT formation was promoted not only in T.I.1068, but also in T.I.1112, whereas NGT remained absent in T.I.1068, and was slightly reduced in T.I.1112. Diterpenoids, which play important roles in herbivore resistance, accumulated abundantly in T.I.1068 and were elevated by MeJA; however, they were not found in T.I.1112 but became detectable after MeJA treatment. The aphid resistance of T.I.1068 was higher than that of T.I.1112, and both were enhanced by MeJA, which was closely correlated with LGT density. Trichomes detached from T.I.1068 and T.I.1112 were used for RNA-Seq analysis, the results showed that pentose phosphate, photosynthesis, and diterpenoid biosynthesis genes were much more expressed in T.I.1068 than in T.I.1112, which was consistent with the vigorous diterpenoid biosynthesis in T.I.1068. In T.I.1112, citrate cycle, propanoate, and glyoxylate metabolism processes were enriched, and some defensive protein genes were expressed at higher levels than those in T.I.1068.These results suggested that LGT plays a predominant role in aphid resistance, whereas NGT could strengthen herbivore resistance by accumulating defensive proteins, and the roles of LGT and NGT are associated with their gene expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Wang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yanhua Li
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yan
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Hong Cui
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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25
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Ashaari NS, Ab Rahim MH, Sabri S, Lai KS, Song AAL, Abdul Rahim R, Ong Abdullah J. Kinetic studies and homology modeling of a dual-substrate linalool/nerolidol synthase from Plectranthus amboinicus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17094. [PMID: 34429465 PMCID: PMC8385045 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96524-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Linalool and nerolidol are terpene alcohols that occur naturally in many aromatic plants and are commonly used in food and cosmetic industries as flavors and fragrances. In plants, linalool and nerolidol are biosynthesized as a result of respective linalool synthase and nerolidol synthase, or a single linalool/nerolidol synthase. In our previous work, we have isolated a linalool/nerolidol synthase (designated as PamTps1) from a local herbal plant, Plectranthus amboinicus, and successfully demonstrated the production of linalool and nerolidol in an Escherichia coli system. In this work, the biochemical properties of PamTps1 were analyzed, and its 3D homology model with the docking positions of its substrates, geranyl pyrophosphate (C10) and farnesyl pyrophosphate (C15) in the active site were constructed. PamTps1 exhibited the highest enzymatic activity at an optimal pH and temperature of 6.5 and 30 °C, respectively, and in the presence of 20 mM magnesium as a cofactor. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) and catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) values of 16.72 ± 1.32 µM and 9.57 × 10-3 µM-1 s-1, respectively, showed that PamTps1 had a higher binding affinity and specificity for GPP instead of FPP as expected for a monoterpene synthase. The PamTps1 exhibits feature of a class I terpene synthase fold that made up of α-helices architecture with N-terminal domain and catalytic C-terminal domain. Nine aromatic residues (W268, Y272, Y299, F371, Y378, Y379, F447, Y517 and Y523) outlined the hydrophobic walls of the active site cavity, whilst residues from the RRx8W motif, RxR motif, H-α1 and J-K loops formed the active site lid that shielded the highly reactive carbocationic intermediates from the solvents. The dual substrates use by PamTps1 was hypothesized to be possible due to the architecture and residues lining the catalytic site that can accommodate larger substrate (FPP) as demonstrated by the protein modelling and docking analysis. This model serves as a first glimpse into the structural insights of the PamTps1 catalytic active site as a multi-substrate linalool/nerolidol synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Suhanawati Ashaari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hairul Ab Rahim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Suriana Sabri
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kok Song Lai
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women's College, Higher Colleges of Technology, 41012, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Adelene Ai-Lian Song
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Raha Abdul Rahim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Janna Ong Abdullah
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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26
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Ye L, Yang P, Zeng Y, Li C, Jian N, Wang R, Huang S, Yang R, Wei L, Zhao H, Zheng Q, Gao H, Liu J. Rhizobium symbiosis modulates the accumulation of arsenic in Medicago truncatula via nitrogen and NRT3.1-like genes regulated by ABA and linalool. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 415:125611. [PMID: 33725554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) contamination is a worldwide problem and threatens human health. Here, we found that Rhizobium symbiosis can improve the tolerance to arsenate [As(V)], and a wild type R. meliloti Rm5038 symbiosis can significantly decrease the accumulation of As in Medicago truncatula shoots. The As content in plants could be decreased by nitrogen and the mutation of nitrate transporter NRT3.1. The expression of M. truncatula NRT3.1-like gene NRT3.1L1 could reverse the As(V)-tolerance phenotype of the Arabidopsis nrt3.1 mutant. Rm5038 symbiosis significantly increased the level of nitrogen in the shoot and reduced the expression of NRT3.1Ls in plants afflicted by As(V). The genetic analyses of aba2-1, pyr1/pyl1/2/4/5/8, and abi1-2/abi2-2/hab1-1/pp2ca-1 mutants revealed that abscisic acid (ABA) signaling regulates the tolerance of plants to As(V). ABA and linalool could promote the expression of NRT3.1Ls, however, their root biosynthesis was inhibited by ammonium, the first form of nitrogen fixed by Rhizobium symbiosis. Moreover, ABA and linalool may also control As and nitrate accumulation in Rhizobium symbionts via signaling pathways other than ammonia and NRT3.1Ls. Thus, Rhizobium symbiosis modulates the accumulation of As in plants via nitrogen and NRT3.1Ls regulated by ABA and linalool, which provides novel approaches to reduce As accumulation in legume crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liaoliao Ye
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Peizhi Yang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinwei Zeng
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Li
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Ni Jian
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihua Wang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyuan Huang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongchen Yang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Wei
- College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingsong Zheng
- College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huiling Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinlong Liu
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China.
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D'Esposito D, Manzo D, Ricciardi A, Garonna AP, De Natale A, Frusciante L, Pennacchio F, Ercolano MR. Tomato transcriptomic response to Tuta absoluta infestation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:358. [PMID: 34348650 PMCID: PMC8336066 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The South America pinworm, Tuta absoluta, is a destructive pest of tomato that causes important losses worldwide. Breeding of resistant/tolerant tomato cultivars could be an effective strategy for T. absoluta management but, despite the economic importance of tomato, very limited information is available about its response to this treat. To elucidate the defense mechanisms to herbivore feeding a comparative analysis was performed between a tolerant and susceptible cultivated tomato at both morphological and transcriptome level to highlight constitutive leaf barriers, molecular and biochemical mechanisms to counter the effect of T. absoluta attack. RESULTS The tolerant genotype showed an enhanced constitutive barrier possibly as result of the higher density of trichomes and increased inducible reactions upon mild infestation thanks to the activation/repression of key transcription factors regulating genes involved in cuticle formation and cell wall strength as well as of antinutritive enzymes, and genes involved in the production of chemical toxins and bioactive secondary metabolites. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings suggest that tomato resilience to the South America pinworm is achieved by a combined strategy between constitutive and induced defense system. A well-orchestrated modulation of plant transcription regulation could ensure a trade-off between defense needs and fitness costs. Our finding can be further exploited for developing T. absoluta tolerant cultivars, acting as important component of integrated pest management strategy for more sustainable production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela D'Esposito
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, Portici, 80055, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniele Manzo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, Portici, 80055, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ricciardi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, Portici, 80055, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Pietro Garonna
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, Portici, 80055, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonino De Natale
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Monte Sant' Angelo, Via Cinthia 26, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Frusciante
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, Portici, 80055, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Pennacchio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, Portici, 80055, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Raffaella Ercolano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, Portici, 80055, Naples, Italy.
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28
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Yang C, Marillonnet S, Tissier A. The scarecrow-like transcription factor SlSCL3 regulates volatile terpene biosynthesis and glandular trichome size in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1102-1118. [PMID: 34143914 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) type VI glandular trichomes that occur on the surface of leaves, stems, young fruits and flowers produce and store a blend of volatile monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. These compounds play important roles in the interaction with pathogens and herbivorous insects. Although the function of terpene synthases in the biosynthesis of volatile terpenes in tomato has been comprehensively investigated, the deciphering of their transcriptional regulation is only just emerging. We selected transcription factors that are over-expressed in trichomes based on existing transcriptome data and silenced them individually by virus-induced gene silencing. Of these, SlSCL3, a scarecrow-like (SCL) subfamily transcription factor, led to a significant decrease in volatile terpene content and expression of the corresponding terpene synthase genes when its transcription level was downregulated. Overexpression of SlSCL3 dramatically increased both the volatile terpene content and glandular trichome size, whereas its homozygous mutants showed reduced terpene biosynthesis. However, its heterozygous mutants also showed a significantly elevated volatile terpene content and enlarged glandular trichomes, similar to the overexpression plants. SlSCL3 modulates the expression of terpene biosynthetic pathway genes by transcriptional activation, but neither direct protein-DNA binding nor interaction with known regulators was observed. Moreover, transcript levels of the endogenous copy of SlSCL3 were decreased in the overexpression plants but increased in the heterozygous and homozygous mutants, suggesting feedback repression of its own promoter. Taken together, our results provide new insights into the role of SlSCL3 in the complex regulation of volatile terpene biosynthesis and glandular trichome development in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Yang
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266100, China
| | - Sylvestre Marillonnet
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Alain Tissier
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
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Zhang W, Jiang Y, Chen S, Chen F, Chen F. Concentration-dependent emission of floral scent terpenoids from diverse cultivars of Chrysanthemum morifolium and their wild relatives. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 309:110959. [PMID: 34134850 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Floral scent is an important trait that has a significant influence on the reproduction of many flowering plants and the market value of several ornamental crops. The family of Asteraceae is well known for its unique floral structure (capitulum) that consists of many florets. Although the constituents of either floral essential oils or emitted floral volatiles have been reported in many species of Asteraceae, little information is available on the mechanisms that determine floral volatile emission. In the present study, a total of 44 species/varieties of Chrysanthemum were analyzed to determine the relationship between the internal accumulation of floral terpenoids and their release as volatiles. By performing both headspace collection and organic extraction, it has been found that the emission rates of floral terpenoids are largely correlated to their internal concentrations. Particularly, the flowers of cultivated C. morifolium, when compared to their wild relatives, were found to exhibit lower emission rates that contain lowered concentrations of floral terpenoids. The differences were largely determined by six monoterpenes and five sesquiterpenes that were revealed by principal component analysis. Besides, the relationship between concentrations and emission rates of floral terpenoids as well as the sizes of capitulum was studied in detail. Separated into three different parts, disc florets were found to have a larger contribution to floral volatile emission than ray florets, whereas the phyllaries and receptacles are the main parts of volatiles accumulation. Finally, the potential biosynthetic pathway of the floral terpenoids produced in capitula of Chrysanthemum was proposed. In summary, our findings on the diversity and variations of floral terpenoids in Chrysanthemum reveal correlations between their production and emission. These findings can be useful to develop different plant breeding methods to create novel aromatic cultivars of Chrysanthemum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanbo Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yifan Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Sumei Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
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30
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Yang Z, Xie C, Huang Y, An W, Liu S, Huang S, Zheng X. Metabolism and transcriptome profiling provides insight into the genes and transcription factors involved in monoterpene biosynthesis of borneol chemotype of Cinnamomum camphora induced by mechanical damage. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11465. [PMID: 34249483 PMCID: PMC8255067 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The borneol chemotype of Cinnamomum camphora (BCC), a monoterpene-rich woody plant species, is the sole source prescribed by the Chinese Pharmacopoeia for the production of natural D-borneol, a major monoterpene in BCC used for millennia as a topical analgesic in China. Nevertheless, the possible gene-regulatory roles of transcription factors (TFs) in BCC’s monoterpenoid biosynthesis remained unknown. Here, a joint analysis of the transcriptome and terpenoid metabolome of BCC induced by mechanical damage (MD) was used to comprehensively explore the interaction between TFs and terpene synthase (TPS) unigenes that might participate in monoterpene biosynthesis in BCC. Results Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis detected 14 monoterpenes and seven sesquiterpenes. All but two monoterpenes underwent a significantly increased accumulation after the MD treatment. RNA sequencing data revealed that 10 TPS, 82 MYB, 70 AP2/ERF, 38 BHLH, 31 WRKY, and 29 bZIP unigenes responded to the MD treatment. A correlation analysis revealed that three monoterpene synthase genes (CcTPS1, CcTPS3, CcTPS4) highly correlated with multiple monoterpenes, namely D-borneol, camphor, and bornyl acetate, which could be responsible for monoterpenoid biosynthesis in BCC. Furthermore, five WRKY, 15 MYB, 10 ERF/AP2, five bZIP, and two BHLH genes had strong, positive correlations with CcTPS1 or CcTPS4, judging by their high coefficient values (R2 > 0.8). The bioinformatics results were verified by quantitative real-time PCR. Conclusion This study provides insight into the genes involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of monoterpene in BCC and thus provides a pool of candidate genes for future mechanistic analyses of how monoterpenes accumulate in BCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerui Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunzhu Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuying Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenli An
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Song Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiasheng Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Ederli L, Salerno G, Quaglia M. In the tripartite combination Botrytis cinerea-Arabidopsis-Eurydema oleracea, the fungal pathogen alters the plant-insect interaction via jasmonic acid signalling activation and inducible plant-emitted volatiles. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:523-533. [PMID: 33738682 PMCID: PMC8106584 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01273-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In ecosystems, plants are continuously challenged by combined stress conditions more than by a single biotic or abiotic factor. Consequently, in recent years studies on plant relationships with multiple stresses have aroused increasing interest. Here, the impact of inoculation with fungal pathogens with different lifestyles on Arabidopsis plants response to the following infestation with the invasive crop pest Eurydema oleracea was investigated. In particular, as fungal pathogens the necrotroph Botrytis cinerea and the biotroph Golovinomyces orontii were used. Plants exposed to B. cinerea, but not to G. orontii, showed reduced herbivore feeding damage. This difference was associated to different hormonal pathways triggered by the pathogens: G. orontii only induced the salicylate-mediated pathway, while B. cinerea stimulated also the jasmonate-dependent signalling, which persisted for a long time providing a long-term defence to further herbivore attack. In particular, the lower susceptibility of B. cinerea-infected Arabidopsis plants to E. oleracea was related to the stimulation of the JA-induced pathway on the production of plant volatile compounds, since treatment with VOCs emitted by B. cinerea inoculated plants inhibited both insect plant choice and feeding damage. These results indicate that necrotrophic plant pathogenic fungi modulate host volatile emission, thus affecting plant response to subsequent insect, thereby increasing the knowledge on tripartite plant-microbe-insect interactions in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Ederli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, Perugia, 06121, Italy
| | - Gianandrea Salerno
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, Perugia, 06121, Italy.
| | - Mara Quaglia
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, Perugia, 06121, Italy
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The Non-Pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum Fo47 Induces Distinct Responses in Two Closely Related Solanaceae Plants against the Pathogen Verticillium dahliae. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7050344. [PMID: 33925134 PMCID: PMC8146752 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum Fo47 is able to protect Capsicum annuum (pepper) but not in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) against the pathogen Verticillium dahliae. Transcriptomics of the plant during the interaction with Fo47 shows the induction of distinct set of genes in pepper and tomato. The number of differentially expressed (DE) genes in pepper (231 DE genes) is greater than the number of DE genes in tomato (39 DE genes) at 2 days after the treatment with Fo47. Ethylene related genes were present among the DE genes in both plants, and the up-regulation of ethylene biosynthetic genes was observed to be triggered during the interaction of both plants with Fo47. The treatment with MCP (1-Methylcyclopropene, an ethylene-competitive inhibitor) reduced the Fo47 protection in pepper against Verticillium dahliae. Intriguingly, Fo47 was able to protect the ethylene-insensitive tomato mutant Never-ripe (Nr) against Verticillium dahliae, but not the tomato wilt type cv Pearson. Overall, ethylene is shown to be an important player in the response to Fo47, but its role depends on the host species.
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Zhang X, Teixeira da Silva JA, Niu M, Zhang T, Liu H, Zheng F, Yuan Y, Li Y, Fang L, Zeng S, Ma G. Functional characterization of an Indian sandalwood (Santalum album L.) dual-localized bifunctional nerolidol/linalool synthase gene involved in stress response. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 183:112610. [PMID: 33383368 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils extracted from the heartwood of Indian sandalwood (Santalum album L.) contain linalool and nerolidol as minor components. However, nerolidol/linalool synthase (NES/LIS), which produce linalool and nerolidol, have yet to be characterized in sandalwood. Using a transcriptomic-based approach, a terpene synthase gene was screened from unigenes of transcriptome data derived from S. album seedlings exposed to low temperature (4 °C). The enzyme encoded by these complementary DNAs belongs to the TPS-b clade. Recombinant SaNES/LIS is a bifunctional enzyme that can catalyze the formation of (E)-nerolidol from farnesyl diphosphate and linalool from geranyl diphosphate, respectively. Whereas SaNES/LIS was primarily localized in chloroplastids, both as granular fluorescence and as diffuse fluorescence, it was also detected in the cytosol of a limited number of cells. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient gene expression in planta produced the same terpene products as those obtained in vitro. Real-time PCR analysis showed the highest expression of SaNES/LIS in fruits, with about a three-fold higher level than in leaves, followed by flowers, heartwood and roots. SaNES/LIS transcripts were differentially activated in different tissues in response to methyl jasmonate, cold, high temperature, strong illumination, and drought stress. Our results provide novel insight into the role of sandalwood terpenoids in response to various environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jaime A Teixeira da Silva
- Independent Researcher, P. O. Box 7, Miki Cho Post Office, Ikenobe 3011-2, Kagawa-Ken, 761-0799, Japan
| | - Meiyun Niu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanfang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songjun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohua Ma
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Hua B, Chang J, Wu M, Xu Z, Zhang F, Yang M, Xu H, Wang L, Chen X, Wu S. Mediation of JA signalling in glandular trichomes by the woolly/SlMYC1 regulatory module improves pest resistance in tomato. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:375-393. [PMID: 32888338 PMCID: PMC7868972 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Almost all plants form trichomes, which protect them against insect herbivores by forming a physical barrier and releasing chemical repellents. Glandular trichomes produce a variety of specialized defensive metabolites, including volatile terpenes. Previous studies have shown that the defence hormone jasmonic acid (JA) affects trichome development and induces terpene synthases (TPSs) but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we characterized a loss-of-function allele of the HD-ZIP IV transcription factor woolly (wo) and analysed its role in mediating JA signalling in tomato. We showed that knockout of wo led to extensive trichome defects, including structural and functional changes in type VI glandular trichomes, and a dramatic reduction in terpene levels. We further found that wo directly binds to TPS gene promoters to recruit SlMYC1, a JA signalling modulator, and that together these transcription factors promote terpene biosynthesis in tomato trichomes. The wo/SlMYC1 regulatory module is inhibited by SlJAZ2 through a competitive binding mechanism, resulting in a fine-tuned JA response in tomato trichomes. Enhanced expression of SlMYC1 substantially increased terpene levels and improved tomato resistance to spider mites. Interestingly, we also found that SlMYC1 plays an additional role in glandular cell division and expansion in type VI trichomes, independent of JA. Together, our results reveal a novel, JA-mediated regulatory mechanism that promotes insect resistance in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Hua
- College of HorticultureFAFU‐UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems BiologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Jiang Chang
- College of HorticultureFAFU‐UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems BiologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Minliang Wu
- College of HorticultureFAFU‐UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems BiologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Zhijing Xu
- College of HorticultureFAFU‐UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems BiologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Fanyu Zhang
- College of HorticultureFAFU‐UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems BiologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Meina Yang
- College of HorticultureFAFU‐UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems BiologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Huimin Xu
- College of HorticultureFAFU‐UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems BiologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Ling‐Jian Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyShanghaiChina
| | - Xiao‐Ya Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyShanghaiChina
| | - Shuang Wu
- College of HorticultureFAFU‐UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems BiologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
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Dehimeche N, Buatois B, Bertin N, Staudt M. Insights into the Intraspecific Variability of the above and Belowground Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds in Tomato. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26010237. [PMID: 33466378 PMCID: PMC7796079 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The in-vivo monitoring of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions is a potential non-invasive tool in plant protection, especially in greenhouse cultivation. We studied VOC production from above and belowground organs of the eight parents of the Multi-Parent Advanced Generation Intercross population (MAGIC) tomato population, which exhibits a high genetic variability, in order to obtain more insight into the variability of constitutive VOC emissions from tomato plants under stress-free conditions. Foliage emissions were composed of terpenes, the majority of which were also stored in the leaves. Foliage emissions were very low, partly light-dependent, and differed significantly among genotypes, both in quantity and quality. Soil with roots emitted VOCs at similar, though more variable, rates than foliage. Soil emissions were characterized by terpenes, oxygenated alkanes, and alkenes and phenolic compounds, only a few of which were found in root extracts at low concentrations. Correlation analyses revealed that several VOCs emitted from foliage or soil are jointly regulated and that above and belowground sources are partially interconnected. With respect to VOC monitoring in tomato crops, our results underline that genetic variability, light-dependent de-novo synthesis, and belowground sources are factors to be considered for successful use in crop monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafissa Dehimeche
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS-Université Montpellier-Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier–EPHE, Campus CNRS, CEDEX 5, F-34293 Montpellier, France; (N.D.); (B.B.)
| | - Bruno Buatois
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS-Université Montpellier-Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier–EPHE, Campus CNRS, CEDEX 5, F-34293 Montpellier, France; (N.D.); (B.B.)
| | - Nadia Bertin
- INRAE, UR115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France;
| | - Michael Staudt
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS-Université Montpellier-Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier–EPHE, Campus CNRS, CEDEX 5, F-34293 Montpellier, France; (N.D.); (B.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-467613272
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Dreischhoff S, Das IS, Jakobi M, Kasper K, Polle A. Local Responses and Systemic Induced Resistance Mediated by Ectomycorrhizal Fungi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:590063. [PMID: 33381131 PMCID: PMC7767828 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.590063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) grow as saprotrophs in soil and interact with plants, forming mutualistic associations with roots of many economically and ecologically important forest tree genera. EMF ensheath the root tips and produce an extensive extramatrical mycelium for nutrient uptake from the soil. In contrast to other mycorrhizal fungal symbioses, EMF do not invade plant cells but form an interface for nutrient exchange adjacent to the cortex cells. The interaction of roots and EMF affects host stress resistance but uncovering the underlying molecular mechanisms is an emerging topic. Here, we focused on local and systemic effects of EMF modulating defenses against insects or pathogens in aboveground tissues in comparison with arbuscular mycorrhizal induced systemic resistance. Molecular studies indicate a role of chitin in defense activation by EMF in local tissues and an immune response that is induced by yet unknown signals in aboveground tissues. Volatile organic compounds may be involved in long-distance communication between below- and aboveground tissues, in addition to metabolite signals in the xylem or phloem. In leaves of EMF-colonized plants, jasmonate signaling is involved in transcriptional re-wiring, leading to metabolic shifts in the secondary and nitrogen-based defense metabolism but cross talk with salicylate-related signaling is likely. Ectomycorrhizal-induced plant immunity shares commonalities with systemic acquired resistance and induced systemic resistance. We highlight novel developments and provide a guide to future research directions in EMF-induced resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Andrea Polle
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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House MA, Swanton CJ, Lukens LN. The neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam enhances expression of stress-response genes in Zea mays in an environmentally specific pattern. Genome 2020; 64:567-579. [PMID: 33242262 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2020-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that thiamethoxam (TMX), a neonicotinoid insecticide, can affect plant responses to environmental stressors, such as neighboring weeds. The molecular mechanisms behind both stable and environmentally specific responses to TMX likely involve genes related to defense and stress responses. We investigated the effect of a TMX seed treatment on global gene expression in maize coleoptiles both under normal conditions and under low ratio red to far-red (R:FR) light stress induced by the presence of neighboring plants. The neighboring plant treatment upregulated genes involved in biotic and abiotic stress responses and affected specific photosynthesis and cell-growth related genes. Low R:FR light may enhance maize resistance to herbivores and pathogens. TMX appears to compromise resistance. The TMX treatment stably repressed many genes that encode proteins involved in biotic stress responses, as well as cell-growth genes. Notably, TMX effects on many genes' expression were conditional on the environment. In response to low R:FR, plants treated with TMX engage genes in the JA pathway, as well as other stress-related response pathways. Neighboring weeds may condition TMX-treated plants to become more stress tolerant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A House
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Clarence J Swanton
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lewis N Lukens
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Freitas TP, Taver IB, Spricigo PC, do Amaral LB, Purgatto E, Jacomino AP. Volatile Compounds and Physicochemical Quality of Four Jabuticabas ( Plinia sp.). Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194543. [PMID: 33023070 PMCID: PMC7582703 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The jabuticaba is a native Brazilian fruit that has aroused worldwide interest in terms of its nutritional composition and biological activity. However, research on the profile of volatile compounds (VOCs) emitted by these fruits is rare. This study presents the first identification of VOCs from four jabuticaba species. The aim of the study was to characterize the aromatic profile of the following species: ‘Sabará’ (Plinia jaboticaba), ‘Escarlate’ (Plinia phitrantha × Plinia cauliflora), ‘Otto Andersen’ (Plinia cauliflora), and ‘Esalq’ (Plinia phitrantha). The analysis was performed by headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). Multivariate analysis techniques applying the partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and heatmap were used to compare the results. Fruit quality parameters were determined in terms of fresh mass (g), skin color, soluble solids, and titratable acidity. A total of 117 VOCs was identified including terpenoids, esters, alcohols, aldehydes, alkanes, ketones, and carboxylic acids, with 36 VOCs common to all four species. Terpenes were the majority for all jabuticabas with smaller contributions from other volatile classes, especially β-cubebene, β-elemene, and D-limonene for the ‘Otto Andersen’ jabuticaba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Pádua Freitas
- Department of Crop Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil; (T.P.F.); (I.B.T.); (P.C.S.)
| | - Isabela Barroso Taver
- Department of Crop Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil; (T.P.F.); (I.B.T.); (P.C.S.)
| | - Poliana Cristina Spricigo
- Department of Crop Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil; (T.P.F.); (I.B.T.); (P.C.S.)
| | - Lucas Bueno do Amaral
- Department of Food Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (L.B.d.A.); (E.P.)
| | - Eduardo Purgatto
- Department of Food Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (L.B.d.A.); (E.P.)
| | - Angelo Pedro Jacomino
- Department of Crop Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil; (T.P.F.); (I.B.T.); (P.C.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-19-3447-6708
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Zhou Y, Deng R, Xu X, Yang Z. Enzyme Catalytic Efficiencies and Relative Gene Expression Levels of ( R)-Linalool Synthase and ( S)-Linalool Synthase Determine the Proportion of Linalool Enantiomers in Camellia sinensis var. sinensis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10109-10117. [PMID: 32829629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Linalool is abundant in tea leaves and contributes greatly to tea aroma. The two isomers of linalool, (R)-linalool and (S)-linalool, exist in tea leaves. Our study found that (R)-linalool was the minor isomer in nine of Camellia sinensis var. sinensis cultivars. The (R)-linalool synthase of tea plant CsRLIS was identified subsequently. It is a chloroplast-located protein and specifically catalyzes the formation of (R)-linalool in vitro and in vivo. CsRLIS was observed to be a stress-responsive gene and caused the accumulation of internal (R)-linalool during oolong tea manufacture, mechanical wounding, and insect attack. Further study demonstrated that the catalytic efficiency of CsRLIS was much lower than that of (S)-linalool synthase CsSLIS, which might explain the lower (R)-linalool proportion in C. sinensis var. sinensis cultivars. The relative expression levels of CsRLIS and CsSLIS may also affect the (R)-linalool proportions among C. sinensis var. sinensis cultivars. This information will help us understand differential distributions of chiral aroma compounds in tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Rufang Deng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xinlan Xu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Ziyin Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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Zhou F, Pichersky E. The complete functional characterisation of the terpene synthase family in tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1341-1360. [PMID: 31943222 PMCID: PMC7422722 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the updated reference tomato genome found 34 full-length TPS genes and 18 TPS pseudogenes. Biochemical analysis has now identified the catalytic activities of all enzymes encoded by the 34 TPS genes: one isoprene synthase, 10 exclusively or predominantly monoterpene synthases, 17 sesquiterpene synthases and six diterpene synthases. Among the monoterpene and sesquiterpene and diterpene synthases, some use trans-prenyl diphosphates, some use cis-prenyl diphosphates and some use both. The isoprene synthase is cytosolic; six monoterpene synthases are plastidic, and four are cytosolic; the sesquiterpene synthases are almost all cytosolic, with the exception of one found in the mitochondria; and three diterpene synthases are found in the plastids, one in the cytosol and two in the mitochondria. New trans-prenyltransferases (TPTs) were characterised; together with previously characterised TPTs and cis-prenyltransferases (CPTs), tomato plants can make all cis and trans C10 , C15 and C20 prenyl diphosphates. Every type of plant tissue examined expresses some TPS genes and some TPTs and CPTs. Phylogenetic comparison of the TPS genes from tomato and Arabidopsis shows expansions in each clade of the TPS gene family in each lineage (and inferred losses), accompanied by changes in subcellular localisations and substrate specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhou
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
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Papierowska E, Szatyłowicz J, Samborski S, Szewińska J, Różańska E. The Leaf Wettability of Various Potato Cultivars. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:plants9040504. [PMID: 32295290 PMCID: PMC7238215 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Leaf wettability has an impact on a plant's ability to retain water on its leaf surface, which in turn has many environmental consequences. In the case of the potato leaf (Solanum tuberosum L.), water on the leaf surface may contribute to the development of a fungal disease. If fungal disease is caused, this may reduce the size of potato harvests, which contribute significantly to meeting global food demand. The aim of this study was to assess the leaf wettability of five potato cultivars (i.e., Bryza, Lady Claire, Rudawa, Russet Burbank, Sweet Caroline) in the context of its direct and indirect impact on potato yield. Leaf wettability was assessed on the basis of contact angle measurements using a sessile drop method with an optical goniometer. For Bryza and Rudawa cultivars, which showed, respectively, the highest and the lowest contact angle values, light microscopy as well as scanning electron microscopy analyses were performed. The results of the contact angle measurements and microscopic image analyses of the potato leaf surfaces indicated that the level of wettability was closely related to the type of trichomes on the leaf and their density. Therefore, higher resistance of the Rudawa cultivar to biotic stress conditions could be the result of the presence of two glandular trichome types (VI and VII), which produce and secrete metabolites containing various sticky and/or toxic chemicals that may poison or repel herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Papierowska
- Water Centre, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, ul. Jana Ciszewskiego 6, 02-766 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Jan Szatyłowicz
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, ul. Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Stanisław Samborski
- Institute of Agriculture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, ul. Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Joanna Szewińska
- Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, ul. Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (J.S.); (E.R.)
| | - Elżbieta Różańska
- Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, ul. Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (J.S.); (E.R.)
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Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) terroir has large effect on a glycosylated green leaf volatile but not on other aroma glycosides. Food Chem 2020; 321:126644. [PMID: 32247886 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Genetics and environment both influence the content of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) aroma compounds. The effects of these two factors on aroma glycosides, which can change the aroma profile of beer over time, were examined in a preliminary study. Twenty-three hop cultivars were grown in the northwestern United States in two locations with distinct terroirs. UPLC-MS/MS analysis of hop cone extracts revealed that growing location had a large effect on hexyl glucoside levels but only a negligible effect on levels of linalyl, raspberry ketone, and 2-phenylethyl glucoside, which were mostly affected by genetic differences. The large terroir effect on hexyl glucoside, which releases a green leaf volatile with a grassy aroma when hydrolyzed, but not on the other aroma glucosides, which have more desirable aromas when hydrolyzed, could have an impact on beer aroma profiles.
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Liu C, He M, Wang Z, Xu J. Integrative Analysis of Terpenoid Profiles and Hormones from Fruits of Red-Flesh Citrus Mutants and Their Wild Types. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193456. [PMID: 31547628 PMCID: PMC6804237 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In citrus color mutants, the levels of carotenoid constituents and other secondary metabolites are different in their corresponding wild types. Terpenoids are closely related to coloration, bitterness, and flavor. In this study, terpenoid profiles and hormones in citrus fruits of two red-flesh mutants—Red Anliu orange and Red-flesh Guanxi pummelo—and their corresponding wild types were investigated using GC/MS, HPLC, and LC-MS/MS. Results showed that Red Anliu orange (high in carotenoids) and Anliu orange (low in carotenoids) accumulated low levels of limonoid aglycones but high levels of monoterpenoids; conversely, Red-flesh Guanxi pummelo (high in carotenoids) and Guanxi pummelo (deficient in carotenoids) accumulated high levels of limonoid aglycones but low levels of monoterpenoids. However, isopentenyl diphosphate was present at similar levels. A correlation analysis indicated that jasmonic and salicylic acids might play important roles in regulating terpenoid biosynthesis. Additionally, the similarities of carotenoid and volatile profiles between each mutant and its corresponding wild type were greater than those between the two mutants or the two wild types. The flux balance of terpenoid metabolism in citrus fruit tends toward stability among various citrus genera that have different terpenoid profiles. Bud mutations could influence metabolite profiles of citrus fruit to a limited extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuihua Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Min He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Zhuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Xu G, Cao J, Wang X, Chen Q, Jin W, Li Z, Tian F. Evolutionary Metabolomics Identifies Substantial Metabolic Divergence between Maize and Its Wild Ancestor, Teosinte. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:1990-2009. [PMID: 31227559 PMCID: PMC6751114 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays subsp mays) was domesticated from its wild ancestor, teosinte (Zea mays subsp parviglumis). Maize's distinct morphology and adaptation to diverse environments required coordinated changes in various metabolic pathways. However, how the metabolome was reshaped since domestication remains poorly understood. Here, we report a comprehensive assessment of divergence in the seedling metabolome between maize and teosinte. In total, 461 metabolites exhibited significant divergence due to selection. Interestingly, teosinte and tropical and temperate maize, representing major stages of maize evolution, targeted distinct sets of metabolites. Alkaloids, terpenoids, and lipids were specifically targeted in the divergence between teosinte and tropical maize, while benzoxazinoids were specifically targeted in the divergence between tropical and temperate maize. To identify genetic factors controlling metabolic divergence, we assayed the seedling metabolome of a large maize-by-teosinte cross population. We show that the recent metabolic divergence between tropical and temperate maize tended to have simpler genetic architecture than the divergence between teosinte and tropical maize. Through integrating transcriptome data, we identified candidate genes contributing to metabolic divergence, many of which were under selection at the nucleotide and transcript levels. Through overexpression or mutant analysis, we verified the roles of Flavanone 3-hydroxylase1, Purple aleurone1, and maize terpene synthase1 in the divergence of their related biosynthesis pathways. Our findings not only provide important insights into domestication-associated changes in the metabolism but also highlight the power of combining omics data for trait dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize (MOA), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingjing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize (MOA), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xufeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize (MOA), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiuyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize (MOA), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weiwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize (MOA), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize (MOA), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Feng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize (MOA), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Cappellari LDR, Santoro MV, Schmidt A, Gershenzon J, Banchio E. Induction of essential oil production in Mentha x piperita by plant growth promoting bacteria was correlated with an increase in jasmonate and salicylate levels and a higher density of glandular trichomes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 141:142-153. [PMID: 31163341 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) are agriculturally important soil bacteria that increase plant growth. We subjected peppermint to inoculation with three species of PGPB. After inoculation, the plants were sprayed with methyl jasmonate solution (MeJA) or SA (salicylic acid). Then, the plants were harvested and the plant growth parameters, trichome density, EO content and endogenous phytohormones were measured. Shoot fresh weight was reduced in plants inoculated and treated with MeJA whereas EO content varied depending on the MeJA concentration applied. Plants inoculated and treated with MeJA 2 mM showed the maximum increase in EO production, revealing a synergism between PGPB and MeJA. SA treatments also enhanced EO yield. The increased growth and EO production observed upon PGPB application were at least partly due to an increase in the JA and SA concentrations in the plant, as well as to an associated rise in the glandular trichome density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Del Rosario Cappellari
- Dpto. Biología Molecular, FCEFQyN, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Campus Universitario, 5800, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Maricel Valeria Santoro
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Erika Banchio
- Dpto. Biología Molecular, FCEFQyN, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Campus Universitario, 5800, Río Cuarto, Argentina.
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46
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He J, Fandino RA, Halitschke R, Luck K, Köllner TG, Murdock MH, Ray R, Gase K, Knaden M, Baldwin IT, Schuman MC. An unbiased approach elucidates variation in ( S)-(+)-linalool, a context-specific mediator of a tri-trophic interaction in wild tobacco. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:14651-14660. [PMID: 31262827 PMCID: PMC6642400 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818585116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) mediate many interactions, and the function of common VOCs is especially likely to depend on ecological context. We used a genetic mapping population of wild tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata, originating from a cross of 2 natural accessions from Arizona and Utah, separated by the Grand Canyon, to dissect genetic variation controlling VOCs. Herbivory-induced leaf terpenoid emissions varied substantially, while green leaf volatile emissions were similar. In a field experiment, only emissions of linalool, a common VOC, correlated significantly with predation of the herbivore Manduca sexta by native predators. Using quantitative trait locus mapping and genome mining, we identified an (S)-(+)-linalool synthase (NaLIS). Genome resequencing, gene cloning, and activity assays revealed that the presence/absence of a 766-bp sequence in NaLIS underlies the variation of linalool emissions in 26 natural accessions. We manipulated linalool emissions and composition by ectopically expressing linalool synthases for both enantiomers, (S)-(+)- and (R)-(-)-linalool, reported to oppositely affect M. sexta oviposition, in the Arizona and Utah accessions. We used these lines to test ovipositing moths in increasingly complex environments. The enantiomers had opposite effects on oviposition preference, but the magnitude of the effect depended strongly both on plant genetic background, and complexity of the bioassay environment. Our study reveals that the emission of linalool, a common VOC, differs by orders-of-magnitude among geographically interspersed conspecific plants due to allelic variation in a linalool synthase, and that the response of a specialist herbivore to linalool depends on enantiomer, plant genotype, and environmental complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Richard A Fandino
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Luck
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mark H Murdock
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
- College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84606
| | - Rishav Ray
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Klaus Gase
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Knaden
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany;
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Tian JP, Ma ZY, Zhao KG, Zhang J, Xiang L, Chen LQ. Transcriptomic and proteomic approaches to explore the differences in monoterpene and benzenoid biosynthesis between scented and unscented genotypes of wintersweet. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 166:478-493. [PMID: 30216458 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox L.) is an important ornamental plant in China with a pleasant floral scent. To explore the potential mechanisms underlying differences in the fragrances among genotypes of this plant, we analyzed floral volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from two different genotypes: SW001, which has little to no fragrance, and the scented genotype H29. The major VOCs in H29 were linalool, trans-β-ocimene, benzyl acetate, methyl salicylate, benzyl alcohol (BAlc) and methyl benzoate. The most important aroma-active compound in H29, linalool, was emitted at a low concentration in SW001, which had markedly higher levels of trans-β-ocimene than H29. Next, to investigate scent biosynthesis, we analyzed the transcriptome and proteome of fully open flowers of the two genotypes. A total of 14 443 differentially expressed unigenes and 196 differentially expressed proteins were identified. Further analyses indicated that 56 differentially expressed genes involved in the terpenoid and benzenoid biosynthesis pathways might play critical roles in regulating floral fragrance difference. Disequilibrium expression of four terpene synthase genes resulted in diverse emission of linalool and trans-β-ocimene in both genotypes. In addition, the expressions of two CpMYC2 transcription factors were both upregulated in H29, implying that they may regulate linalool production. Notably, 16 of 20 genes in the benzenoid biosynthesis pathway were downregulated, corresponding to the relatively low level of benzenoid production in SW001. The lack of benzyl acetate might indicate that SW001 may lack substrate BAlc or functional acetyl-CoA:benzylalcohol acetyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Pu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhi-Yao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kai-Ge Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lin Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Long-Qing Chen
- Southwest Research Center for Engineering Technology of Landscape Architecture (State Forestry Administration), Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
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48
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Airborne host-plant manipulation by whiteflies via an inducible blend of plant volatiles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:7387-7396. [PMID: 30910967 PMCID: PMC6462071 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818599116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is one of the world's most important invasive crop pests, possibly because it manipulates plant defense signaling. Upon infestation by whiteflies, plants mobilize salicylic acid (SA)-dependent defenses, which mainly target pathogens. In contrast, jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent defenses are gradually suppressed in whitefly-infested plants. The down-regulation of JA defenses make plants more susceptible to insects, including whiteflies. Here, we report that this host-plant manipulation extends to neighboring plants via airborne signals. Plants respond to insect attack with the release of a blend of inducible volatiles. Perception of these volatiles by neighboring plants usually primes them to prepare for an imminent attack. Here, however, we show that whitefly-induced tomato plant volatiles prime SA-dependent defenses and suppress JA-dependent defenses, thus rendering neighboring tomato plants more susceptible to whiteflies. Experiments with volatiles from caterpillar-damaged and pathogen-infected plants, as well as with synthetic volatiles, confirm that whiteflies modify the quality of neighboring plants for their offspring via whitefly-inducible plant volatiles.
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49
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Vattekkatte A, Garms S, Brandt W, Boland W. Enhanced structural diversity in terpenoid biosynthesis: enzymes, substrates and cofactors. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:348-362. [PMID: 29296983 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02040f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The enormous diversity of terpenes found in nature is generated by enzymes known as terpene synthases, or cyclases. Some are also known for their ability to convert a single substrate into multiple products. This review comprises monoterpene and sesquiterpene synthases that are multiproduct in nature along with the regulation factors that can alter the product specificity of multiproduct terpene synthases without genetic mutations. Variations in specific assay conditions with focus on shifts in product specificity based on change in metal cofactors, assay pH and substrate geometry are described. Alterations in these simple cellular conditions provide the organism with enhanced chemodiversity without investing into new enzymatic architecture. This versatility to modulate product diversity grants organisms, especially immobile ones like plants with access to an enhanced defensive repertoire by simply altering cofactors, pH level and substrate geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abith Vattekkatte
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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Abbas F, Ke Y, Yu R, Fan Y. Functional characterization and expression analysis of two terpene synthases involved in floral scent formation in Lilium 'Siberia'. PLANTA 2019; 249:71-93. [PMID: 30218384 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Floral scent formation in Lilium 'Siberia' is mainly due to monoterpene presence in the floral profile. LoTPS1 and LoTPS3 are responsible for the formation of (±)-linalool and β-ocimene in Lilium 'Siberia'. Lilium 'Siberia' is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to Liliaceae family, cultivated both as a cut flower and garden plant. The snowy white flower emits a pleasant aroma which is mainly caused by monoterpenes present in the floral volatile profile. Previously terpene synthase (TPS) genes have been isolated and characterized from various plant species but less have been identified from Liliaceae family. Here, two terpene synthase genes (LoTPS1 and LoTPS3), which are highly expressed in sepals and petals of Lilium 'Siberia' flower were functionally characterized recombinant LoTPS1 specifically catalyzes the formation of (Z)-β-ocimene and (±)-linalool as its main volatile compounds from geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP), whereas LoTPS3 is a promiscuous monoterpene synthase which utilizes both GPP and farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) as a substrate to generate (±)-linalool and cis-nerolidol, respectively. Transcript levels of both genes were prominent in flowering parts, especially in sepals and petals which are the main source of floral scent production. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that the compounds were emitted throughout the day, prominently during the daytime and lower levels at night following a strong circadian rhythm in their emission pattern. Regarding mechanical wounding, both genes showed considerable involvement in floral defense by inducing the emission of (Z)-β-ocimene and (±)-linalool, elevating the transcript accumulation of LoTPS1 and LoTPS3. Furthermore, the subcellular localization experiment revealed that LoTPS1 was localized in plastids, whilst LoTPS3 in mitochondria. Our findings on these two TPSs characterized from Lilium 'Siberia' provide new insights into molecular mechanisms of terpene biosynthesis in this species and also provide an opportunity for biotechnological modification of floral scent profile of Lilium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhat Abbas
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Yanguo Ke
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Rangcai Yu
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Yanping Fan
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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