1
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Clark G, Tripathy MK, Roux SJ. Growth regulation by apyrases: Insights from altering their expression level in different organisms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1323-1335. [PMID: 37947023 PMCID: PMC10904326 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Apyrase (APY) enzymes are nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) diphosphohydrolases that can remove the terminal phosphate from NTPs and nucleoside diphosphates but not from nucleoside monophosphates. They have conserved structures and functions in yeast, plants, and animals. Among the most studied APYs in plants are those in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana; AtAPYs) and pea (Pisum sativum; PsAPYs), both of which have been shown to play major roles in regulating plant growth and development. Valuable insights on their functional roles have been gained by transgenically altering their transcript abundance, either by constitutively expressing or suppressing APY genes. This review focuses on recent studies that have provided insights on the mechanisms by which APY activity promotes growth in different organisms. Most of these studies have used transgenic lines that constitutively expressed APY in multiple different plants and in yeast. As APY enzymatic activity can also be changed post-translationally by chemical blockage, this review also briefly covers studies that used inhibitors to suppress APY activity in plants and fungi. It concludes by summarizing some of the main unanswered questions about how APYs regulate plant growth and proposes approaches to answering them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Clark
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 100 E 24th Street, TX 78712, USA
| | | | - Stanley J Roux
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 100 E 24th Street, TX 78712, USA
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2
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Dobrogojski J, Nguyen VH, Kowalska J, Borek S, Pietrowska-Borek M. The Plasma Membrane Purinoreceptor P2K1/DORN1 Is Essential in Stomatal Closure Evoked by Extracellular Diadenosine Tetraphosphate (Ap 4A) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16688. [PMID: 38069010 PMCID: PMC10706190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dinucleoside polyphosphates (NpnNs) are considered novel signalling molecules involved in the induction of plant defence mechanisms. However, NpnN signal recognition and transduction are still enigmatic. Therefore, the aim of our research was the identification of the NpnN receptor and signal transduction pathways evoked by these nucleotides. Earlier, we proved that purine and pyrimidine NpnNs differentially affect the phenylpropanoid pathway in Vitis vinifera suspension-cultured cells. Here, we report, for the first time, that both diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A) and dicytidine tetraphosphate (Cp4C)-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, we showed that plasma membrane purinoreceptor P2K1/DORN1 (does not respond to nucleotide 1) is essential for Ap4A-induced stomata movements but not for Cp4C. Wild-type Col-0 and the dorn1-3 A. thaliana knockout mutant were used. Examination of the leaf epidermis dorn1-3 mutant provided evidence that P2K1/DORN1 is a part of the signal transduction pathway in stomatal closure evoked by extracellular Ap4A but not by Cp4C. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in signal transduction caused by Ap4A and Cp4C, leading to stomatal closure. Ap4A induced and Cp4C suppressed the transcriptional response in wild-type plants. Moreover, in dorn1-3 leaves, the effect of Ap4A on gene expression was impaired. The interaction between P2K1/DORN1 and Ap4A leads to changes in the transcription of signalling hubs in signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jędrzej Dobrogojski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture and Bioengineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Van Hai Nguyen
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (V.H.N.); (J.K.)
| | - Joanna Kowalska
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (V.H.N.); (J.K.)
| | - Sławomir Borek
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Pietrowska-Borek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture and Bioengineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland;
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3
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Matthus E, Ning Y, Shafiq F, Davies JM. Phosphate-deprivation and damage signalling by extracellular ATP. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1098146. [PMID: 36714742 PMCID: PMC9879614 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1098146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate deprivation compromises plant productivity and modulates immunity. DAMP signalling by extracellular ATP (eATP) could be compromised under phosphate deprivation by the lowered production of cytosolic ATP and the need to salvage eATP as a nutritional phosphate source. Phosphate-starved roots of Arabidopsis can still sense eATP, indicating robustness in receptor function. However, the resultant cytosolic free Ca2+ signature is impaired, indicating modulation of downstream components. This perspective on DAMP signalling by extracellular ATP (eATP) addresses the salvage of eATP under phosphate deprivation and its promotion of immunity, how Ca2+ signals are generated and how the Ca2+ signalling pathway could be overcome to allow beneficial fungal root colonization to fulfill phosphate demands. Safe passage for an endophytic fungus allowing root colonization could be achieved by its down-regulation of the Ca2+ channels that act downstream of the eATP receptors and by also preventing ROS accumulation, thus further impairing DAMP signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Matthus
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Youzheng Ning
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fahad Shafiq
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Julia M. Davies
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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4
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Gong J, Yao L, Jiao C, Guo Z, Li S, Zuo Y, Shen Y. Ethyl Vinyl Ketone Activates K + Efflux to Regulate Stomatal Closure by MRP4-Dependent eATP Accumulation Working Upstream of H 2O 2 Burst in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169002. [PMID: 36012268 PMCID: PMC9409277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants regulate stomatal mobility to limit water loss and improve pathogen resistance. Ethyl vinyl ketone (evk) is referred to as a reactive electrophilic substance (RES). In this paper, we found that evk can mediate stomatal closure and that evk-induced stomatal closure by increasing guard cell K+ efflux. To investigate the role of eATP, and H2O2 in evk-regulated K+ efflux, we used Arabidopsis wild-type (WT), mutant lines of mrp4, mrp5, dorn1.3 and rbohd/f. Non-invasive micro-test technology (NMT) data showed that evk-induced K+ efflux was diminished in mrp4, rbohd/f, and dorn1.3 mutant, which means eATP and H2O2 work upstream of evk-induced K+ efflux. According to the eATP content assay, evk stimulated eATP production mainly by MRP4. In mrp4 and mrp5 mutant groups and the ABC transporter inhibitor glibenclamide (Gli)-pretreated group, evk-regulated stomatal closure and eATP buildup were diminished, especially in the mrp4 group. According to qRT-PCR and eATP concentration results, evk regulates both relative gene expressions of MRP4/5 and eATP concentration in rbohd/f and WT group. According to the confocal data, evk-induced H2O2 production was lower in mrp4, mrp5 mutants, which implied that eATP works upstream of H2O2. Moreover, NADPH-dependent H2O2 burst is regulated by DORN1. A yeast two-hybrid assay, firefly luciferase complementation imaging assay, bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay, and pulldown assay showed that the interaction between DORN1 and RBOHF can be realized, which means DORN1 may control H2O2 burst by regulating RBOHF through interaction. This study reveals that evk-induced stomatal closure requires MRP4-dependent eATP accumulation and subsequent H2O2 accumulation to regulate K+ efflux.
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5
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Goodman HL, Kroon JTM, Tomé DFA, Hamilton JMU, Alqarni AO, Chivasa S. Extracellular ATP targets Arabidopsis RIBONUCLEASE 1 to suppress mycotoxin stress-induced cell death. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1531-1542. [PMID: 35524456 PMCID: PMC9545236 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP is a purinergic signal with important functions in regulating plant growth and stress-adaptive responses, including programmed cell death. While signalling events proximate to receptor activation at the plasma membrane have been characterised, downstream protein targets and the mechanism of cell death activation/regulation are unknown. We designed a proteomic screen to identify ATP-responsive proteins in Arabidopsis cell cultures exposed to mycotoxin stress via fumonisin B1 (FB1) application. Arabidopsis RIBONUCLEASE 1 (RNS1) was identified by the screen, and transgenic plants overexpressing native RNS1 showed greater susceptibility to FB1, while a gene knockout rns1 mutant and antisense RNS1 transgenic plants were resistant to FB1-induced cell death. Native RNS1 complemented rns1 mutants and restored the cell death response to FB1, while a catalytically inactive version of the ribonuclease could not. The FB1 resistance of salicylic acid (SA)-depleted nahG-expressing plants was abolished by transformation with native RNS1, but not the catalytically dead version. The mechanism of FB1-induced cell death is activation of RNS1-dependent RNA cleavage, which is blocked by ATP via RNS1 suppression, or enhanced by SA through induction of RNS1 expression. Our study reveals RNS1 as a previously unknown convergence point of ATP and SA signalling in the regulation of stress-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ali O. Alqarni
- Department of BiosciencesDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Stephen Chivasa
- Department of BiosciencesDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
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6
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Matthus E, Wilkins KA, Mohammad-Sidik A, Ning Y, Davies JM. Spatial origin of the extracellular ATP-induced cytosolic calcium signature in Arabidopsis thaliana roots: wave formation and variation with phosphate nutrition. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:863-873. [PMID: 35395136 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP (eATP) increases cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+ ]cyt ) as a specific second messenger 'signature' through the plasma membrane DORN1/P2K1 receptor. Previous studies revealed a biphasic signature in Arabidopsis thaliana roots that is altered by inorganic phosphate (Pi) deprivation. The relationship between the two phases of the signature and possible wave formation have been tested as a function of Pi nutrition. The bioluminescent aequorin and intensiometric GCaMP3 reporters were used to resolve the spatial origin of the eATP [Ca2+ ]cyt signature in Arabidopsis root tips. Application of eATP only to the root apex allowed [Ca2+ ]cyt wave resolution without the confounding effects of eATP delivery by superfusion. The first apical millimetre of the root generates the first [Ca2+ ]cyt increase by eATP, regardless of nutritional status. The second increase occurs sub-apically in the root hair zone, has some autonomy and is significantly reduced in Pi-starved roots. A significant component of the Pi-replete signature does not require DORN1/P2K1, but Pi-starved roots appear to have an absolute requirement for that receptor. Application of eATP specifically to the root apex provides evidence for cell-to-cell propagation of a [Ca2+ ]cyt wave that diminishes sub-apically. The apex maintains a robust [Ca2+ ]cyt increase (even under Pi starvation) that is the basis of a propagative wave, with implications for the ability of the root's eATP signalling systems to signal systemically. Partial autonomy of the sub-apical region may be relevant to the perception of eATP from microbes. eATP-induced [Ca2+ ]cyt increase may not have always have an obligate requirement for DORN1/P2K1.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Matthus
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - K A Wilkins
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Mohammad-Sidik
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Y Ning
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J M Davies
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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7
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Sabharwal T, Lu Z, Slocum RD, Kang S, Wang H, Jiang HW, Veerappa R, Romanovicz D, Nam JC, Birk S, Clark G, Roux SJ. Constitutive expression of a pea apyrase, psNTP9, increases seed yield in field-grown soybean. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10870. [PMID: 35760854 PMCID: PMC9237067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14821-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To address the demand for food by a rapidly growing human population, agricultural scientists have carried out both plant breeding and genetic engineering research. Previously, we reported that the constitutive expression of a pea apyrase (Nucleoside triphosphate, diphosphohydrolase) gene, psNTP9, under the control of the CaMV35S promoter, resulted in soybean plants with an expanded root system architecture, enhanced drought resistance and increased seed yield when they are grown in greenhouses under controlled conditions. Here, we report that psNTP9-expressing soybean lines also show significantly enhanced seed yields when grown in multiple different field conditions at multiple field sites, including when the gene is introgressed into elite germplasm. The transgenic lines have higher leaf chlorophyll and soluble protein contents and decreased stomatal density and cuticle permeability, traits that increase water use efficiency and likely contribute to the increased seed yields of field-grown plants. These altered properties are explained, in part, by genome-wide gene expression changes induced by the transgene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Sabharwal
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | | | - Robert D Slocum
- Program in Biological Sciences, Goucher College, Towson, MD, 21204, USA
| | - Seongjoon Kang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Han-Wei Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Roopadarshini Veerappa
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Dwight Romanovicz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Ji Chul Nam
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Simon Birk
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Greg Clark
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Stanley J Roux
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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8
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Duong HN, Cho SH, Wang L, Pham AQ, Davies JM, Stacey G. Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel 6 is involved in extracellular ATP signaling and plant immunity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:1386-1396. [PMID: 34919778 PMCID: PMC9206762 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP (eATP) is known to act as a danger signal in both plants and animals. In plants, eATP is recognized by the plasma membrane (PM)-localized receptor P2K1 (LecRK-I.9). Among the first measurable responses to eATP addition is a rapid rise in cytoplasmic free calcium levels ([Ca2+ ]cyt ), which requires P2K1. However, the specific transporter/channel proteins that mediate this rise in [Ca2+ ]cyt are unknown. Through a forward genetic screen, we identified an Arabidopsis ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) mutant impaired in the [Ca2+ ]cyt response to eATP. Positional cloning revealed that the mutation resided in the cngc6 gene, which encodes cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel 6 (CNGC6). Mutation of the CNGC6 gene led to a notable decrease in the PM inward Ca2+ current in response to eATP. eATP-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and gene expression were also significantly lower in cngc6 mutant plants. In addition, cngc6 mutant plants were also more susceptible to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Taken together, our results indicate that CNGC6 plays a crucial role in mediating eATP-induced [Ca2+ ]cyt signaling, as well as plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha N. Duong
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Technology and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Sung-Hwan Cho
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Technology and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Limin Wang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - An Q. Pham
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Technology and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Julia M. Davies
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Technology and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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9
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Yang LN, Liu H, Wang YP, Seematti J, Grenville-Briggs LJ, Wang Z, Zhan J. Pathogen-Mediated Stomatal Opening: A Previously Overlooked Pathogenicity Strategy in the Oomycete Pathogen Phytophthora infestans. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:668797. [PMID: 34322141 PMCID: PMC8311186 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.668797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans, the most damaging oomycete pathogen of potato, is specialized to grow sporangiophore through opened stomata for secondary inoculum production. However, it is still unclear which metabolic pathways in potato are manipulated by P. infestans in the guard cell-pathogen interactions to open the stomata. Here microscopic observations and cell biology were used to investigate antagonistic interactions between guard cells and the oomycete pathogen. We observed that the antagonistic interactions started at the very beginning of infection. Stomatal movement is an important part of the immune response of potato to P. infestans infection and this occurs through guard cell death and stomatal closure. We observed that P. infestans appeared to manipulate metabolic processes in guard cells, such as triacylglycerol (TAG) breakdown, starch degradation, H2O2 scavenging, and NO catabolism, which are involved in stomatal movement, to evade these stomatal defense responses. The signal transduction pathway of P. infestans-induced stomatal opening likely starts from H2O2 and NO scavenging, along with TAG breakdown while the subsequent starch degradation reinforces the opening process by strengthening guard cell turgor and opening the stomata to their maximum aperture. These results suggest that stomata are a barrier stopping P. infestans from completing its life cycle, but this host defense system can be bypassed through the manipulation of diverse metabolic pathways that may be induced by P. infestans effector proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Yang
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ping Wang
- Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jenifer Seematti
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | | | - Zonghua Wang
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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Smith SJ, Goodman H, Kroon JTM, Brown AP, Simon WJ, Chivasa S. Isolation of Arabidopsis extracellular ATP binding proteins by affinity proteomics and identification of PHOSPHOLIPASE C-LIKE 1 as an extracellular protein essential for fumonisin B1 toxicity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:1387-1400. [PMID: 33735457 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
ATP is secreted to the extracellular matrix, where it activates plasma membrane receptors for controlling plant growth and stress-adaptive processes. DOES NOT RESPOND TO NUCLEOTIDES 1 (DORN1), was the first plant ATP receptor to be identified but key downstream proteins remain sought after. Here, we identified 120 proteins secreted by Arabidopsis cell cultures and screened them for putative stress-responsive proteins using ATP-affinity purification. We report three Arabidopsis proteins isolated by ATP-affinity: PEROXIDASE 52, SUBTILASE-LIKE SERINE PROTEASE 1.7 and PHOSPHOLIPASE C-LIKE 1. In wild-type Arabidopsis, the expression of genes encoding all three proteins responded to fumonisin B1, a cell death-activating mycotoxin. The expression of PEROXIDASE 52 and PHOSPHOLIPASE C-LIKE 1 was altered in fumonisin B1-resistant salicylic acid induction-deficient (sid2) mutants. Exposure to fumonisin B1 suppressed PHOSPHOLIPASE C-LIKE 1 expression in sid2 mutants, suggesting that the inactivation of this gene might provide mycotoxin tolerance. Accordingly, gene knockout mutants of PHOSPHOLIPASE C-LIKE 1 were resistant to fumonisin B1-induced death. The activation of PHOSPHOLIPASE C-LIKE 1 gene expression by exogenous ATP was not blocked in dorn1 loss-of-function mutants, indicating that DORN1 is not required. Furthermore, exogenous ATP rescued both the wild type and the dorn1 mutants from fumonisin-B1 toxicity, suggesting that different ATP receptor(s) are operational in this process. Our results point to the existence of additional plant ATP receptor(s) and provide crucial downstream targets for use in designing screens to identify these receptors. Finally, PHOSPHOLIPASE C-LIKE 1 serves as a convergence point for fumonisin B1 and extracellular ATP signalling, and functions in the Arabidopsis stress response to fumonisin B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Smith
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Heather Goodman
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Johan T M Kroon
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Adrian P Brown
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - William J Simon
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Stephen Chivasa
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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11
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Clark G, Brown KA, Tripathy MK, Roux SJ. Recent Advances Clarifying the Structure and Function of Plant Apyrases (Nucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolases). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063283. [PMID: 33807069 PMCID: PMC8004787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies implicating an important role for apyrase (NTPDase) enzymes in plant growth and development began appearing in the literature more than three decades ago. After early studies primarily in potato, Arabidopsis and legumes, especially important discoveries that advanced an understanding of the biochemistry, structure and function of these enzymes have been published in the last half-dozen years, revealing that they carry out key functions in diverse other plants. These recent discoveries about plant apyrases include, among others, novel findings on its crystal structures, its biochemistry, its roles in plant stress responses and its induction of major changes in gene expression when its expression is suppressed or enhanced. This review will describe and discuss these recent advances and the major questions about plant apyrases that remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Clark
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (G.C.); (K.A.B.)
| | - Katherine A. Brown
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (G.C.); (K.A.B.)
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | | | - Stanley J. Roux
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (G.C.); (K.A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-512-471-4238
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12
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Mohammad-Sidik A, Sun J, Shin R, Song Z, Ning Y, Matthus E, Wilkins KA, Davies JM. Annexin 1 Is a Component of eATP-Induced Cytosolic Calcium Elevation in Arabidopsis thaliana Roots. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020494. [PMID: 33419052 PMCID: PMC7825420 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP (eATP) has long been established in animals as an important signalling molecule but this is less understood in plants. The identification of Arabidopsis thaliana DORN1 (Does Not Respond to Nucleotides) as the first plant eATP receptor has shown that it is fundamental to the elevation of cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt) as a possible second messenger. eATP causes other downstream responses such as increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide, plus changes in gene expression. The plasma membrane Ca2+ influx channels involved in eATP-induced [Ca2+]cyt increase remain unknown at the genetic level. Arabidopsis thaliana Annexin 1 has been found to mediate ROS-activated Ca2+ influx in root epidermis, consistent with its operating as a transport pathway. In this study, the loss of function Annexin 1 mutant was found to have impaired [Ca2+]cyt elevation in roots in response to eATP or eADP. Additionally, this annexin was implicated in modulating eATP-induced intracellular ROS accumulation in roots as well as expression of eATP-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirah Mohammad-Sidik
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (A.M.-S.); (Y.N.); (E.M.); (K.A.W.)
| | - Jian Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China;
| | - Ryoung Shin
- RIKEN Centre for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan;
| | - Zhizhong Song
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264205, China;
| | - Youzheng Ning
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (A.M.-S.); (Y.N.); (E.M.); (K.A.W.)
| | - Elsa Matthus
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (A.M.-S.); (Y.N.); (E.M.); (K.A.W.)
| | - Katie A. Wilkins
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (A.M.-S.); (Y.N.); (E.M.); (K.A.W.)
| | - Julia M. Davies
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (A.M.-S.); (Y.N.); (E.M.); (K.A.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1223-333-939
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Ma M, Wendehenne D, Philippot L, Hänsch R, Flemetakis E, Hu B, Rennenberg H. Physiological significance of pedospheric nitric oxide for root growth, development and organismic interactions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2336-2354. [PMID: 32681574 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is essential for plant growth and development, as well as interactions with abiotic and biotic environments. Its importance for multiple functions in plants means that tight regulation of NO concentrations is required. This is of particular significance in roots, where NO signalling is involved in processes, such as root growth, lateral root formation, nutrient acquisition, heavy metal homeostasis, symbiotic nitrogen fixation and root-mycorrhizal fungi interactions. The NO signal can also be produced in high levels by microbial processes in the rhizosphere, further impacting root processes. To explore these interesting interactions, in the present review, we firstly summarize current knowledge of physiological processes of NO production and consumption in roots and, thereafter, of processes involved in NO homeostasis in root cells with particular emphasis on root growth, development, nutrient acquisition, environmental stresses and organismic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ma
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - David Wendehenne
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INRA, AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Philippot
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INRA, AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Robert Hänsch
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Institute for Plant Biology, Technische Universität, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Emmanouil Flemetakis
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Bin Hu
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Narula K, Elagamey E, Abdellatef MAE, Sinha A, Ghosh S, Chakraborty N, Chakraborty S. Chitosan-triggered immunity to Fusarium in chickpea is associated with changes in the plant extracellular matrix architecture, stomatal closure and remodeling of the plant metabolome and proteome. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:561-583. [PMID: 32170889 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen-/microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) initiate complex defense responses by reorganizing the biomolecular dynamics of the host cellular machinery. The extracellular matrix (ECM) acts as a physical scaffold that prevents recognition and entry of phytopathogens, while guard cells perceive and integrate signals metabolically. Although chitosan is a known MAMP implicated in plant defense, the precise mechanism of chitosan-triggered immunity (CTI) remains unknown. Here, we show how chitosan imparts immunity against fungal disease. Morpho-histological examination revealed stomatal closure accompanied by reductions in stomatal conductance and transpiration rate as early responses in chitosan-treated seedlings upon vascular fusariosis. Electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy showed ECM fortification leading to oligosaccharide signaling, as documented by increased galactose, pectin and associated secondary metabolites. Multiomics approach using quantitative ECM proteomics and metabolomics identified 325 chitosan-triggered immune-responsive proteins (CTIRPs), notably novel ECM structural proteins, LYM2 and receptor-like kinases, and 65 chitosan-triggered immune-responsive metabolites (CTIRMs), including sugars, sugar alcohols, fatty alcohols, organic and amino acids. Identified proteins and metabolites are linked to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, stomatal movement, root nodule development and root architecture coupled with oligosaccharide signaling that leads to Fusarium resistance. The cumulative data demonstrate that ROS, NO and eATP govern CTI, in addition to induction of PR proteins, CAZymes and PAL activities, besides accumulation of phenolic compounds downstream of CTI. The immune-related correlation network identified functional hubs in the CTI pathway. Altogether, these shifts led to the discovery of chitosan-responsive networks that cause significant ECM and guard cell remodeling, and translate ECM cues into cell fate decisions during fusariosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Narula
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Eman Elagamey
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), 9 Gamaa St, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Magdi A E Abdellatef
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), 9 Gamaa St, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Arunima Sinha
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sudip Ghosh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Niranjan Chakraborty
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Subhra Chakraborty
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
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15
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Hu CH, Wang PQ, Zhang PP, Nie XM, Li BB, Tai L, Liu WT, Li WQ, Chen KM. NADPH Oxidases: The Vital Performers and Center Hubs during Plant Growth and Signaling. Cells 2020; 9:E437. [PMID: 32069961 PMCID: PMC7072856 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOXs), mostly known as respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs), are the key producers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants. A lot of literature has addressed ROS signaling in plant development regulation and stress responses as well as on the enzyme's structure, evolution, function, regulation and associated mechanisms, manifesting the role of NOXs/RBOHs as the vital performers and center hubs during plant growth and signaling. This review focuses on recent advances of NOXs/RBOHs on cell growth, hormone interaction, calcium signaling, abiotic stress responses, and immunity. Several primary particles, including Ca2+, CDPKs, BIK1, ROPs/RACs, CERK, FER, ANX, SnRK and SIK1-mediated regulatory mechanisms, are fully summarized to illustrate the signaling behavior of NOXs/RBOHs and their sophisticated and dexterous crosstalks. Diverse expression and activation regulation models endow NOXs/RBOHs powerful and versatile functions in plants to maintain innate immune homeostasis and development integrity. NOXs/RBOHs and their related regulatory items are the ideal targets for crop improvement in both yield and quality during agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466000, Henan, China
| | - Peng-Qi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng-Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiu-Min Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bin-Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen-Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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16
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Matthus E, Sun J, Wang L, Bhat MG, Mohammad-Sidik AB, Wilkins KA, Leblanc-Fournier N, Legué V, Moulia B, Stacey G, Davies JM. DORN1/P2K1 and purino-calcium signalling in plants: making waves with extracellular ATP. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 124:1227-1242. [PMID: 31904093 PMCID: PMC6943698 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Extracellular ATP governs a range of plant functions, including cell viability, adaptation and cross-kingdom interactions. Key functions of extracellular ATP in leaves and roots may involve an increase in cytosolic free calcium as a second messenger ('calcium signature'). The main aim here was to determine to what extent leaf and root calcium responses require the DORN1/P2K1 extracellular ATP receptor in Arabidopsis thaliana. The second aim was to test whether extracellular ATP can generate a calcium wave in the root. METHODS Leaf and root responses to extracellular ATP were reviewed for their possible links to calcium signalling and DORN1/P2K1. Leaves and roots of wild type and dorn1 plants were tested for cytosolic calcium increase in response to ATP, using aequorin. The spatial abundance of DORN1/P2K1 in the root was estimated using green fluorescent protein. Wild type roots expressing GCaMP3 were used to determine the spatial variation of cytosolic calcium increase in response to extracellular ATP. KEY RESULTS Leaf and root ATP-induced calcium signatures differed markedly. The leaf signature was only partially dependent on DORN1/P2K1, while the root signature was fully dependent. The distribution of DORN1/P2K1 in the root supports a key role in the generation of the apical calcium signature. Root apical and sub-apical calcium signatures may operate independently of each other but an apical calcium increase can drive a sub-apical increase, consistent with a calcium wave. CONCLUSION DORN1 could underpin several calcium-related responses but it may not be the only receptor for extracellular ATP in Arabidopsis. The root has the capacity for a calcium wave, triggered by extracellular ATP at the apex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Matthus
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Integrative Plant Biology, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Limin Wang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Madhura G Bhat
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Katie A Wilkins
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Valérie Legué
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Moulia
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Julia M Davies
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Tanveer M, Shabala S. Neurotransmitters in Signalling and Adaptation to Salinity Stress in Plants. NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN PLANT SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-54478-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Scheerer U, Trube N, Netzer F, Rennenberg H, Herschbach C. ATP as Phosphorus and Nitrogen Source for Nutrient Uptake by Fagus sylvatica and Populus x canescens Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:378. [PMID: 31019519 PMCID: PMC6458296 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study elucidated whether roots of temperate forest trees can take up organic phosphorus in the form of ATP. Detached non-mycorrhizal roots of beech (Fagus sylvatica) and gray poplar (Populus x canescens) were exposed under controlled conditions to 33P-ATP and/or 13C/15N labeled ATP in the presence and absence of the acid phosphatase inhibitor MoO4 2-. Accumulation of the respective label in the roots was used to calculate 33P, 13C and 15N uptake rates in ATP equivalents for comparison reason. The present data shown that a significant part of ATP was cleaved outside the roots before phosphate (Pi) was taken up. Furthermore, nucleotide uptake seems more reasonable after cleavage of at least one Pi unit as ADP, AMP and/or as the nucleoside adenosine. Similar results were obtained when still attached mycorrhizal roots of adult beech trees and their natural regeneration of two forest stands were exposed to ATP in the presence or absence of MoO4 2-. Cleavage of Pi from ATP by enzymes commonly present in the rhizosphere, such as extracellular acid phosphatases, ecto-apyrase and/or nucleotidases, prior ADP/AMP/adenosine uptake is highly probable but depended on the soil type and the pH of the soil solution. Although uptake of ATP/ADP/AMP cannot be excluded, uptake of the nucleoside adenosine without breakdown into its constituents ribose and adenine is highly evident. Based on the 33P, 13C, and 15N uptake rates calculated as equivalents of ATP the 'pro and contra' for the uptake of nucleotides and nucleosides is discussed. Short Summary Roots take up phosphorus from ATP as Pi after cleavage but might also take up ADP and/or AMP by yet unknown nucleotide transporter(s) because at least the nucleoside adenosine as N source is taken up without cleavage into its constituents ribose and adenine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Scheerer
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Niclas Trube
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Netzer
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Chair of Ecosystem Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herschbach
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Chair of Ecosystem Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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19
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Wang L, Stacey G, Leblanc-Fournier N, Legué V, Moulia B, Davies JM. Early Extracellular ATP Signaling in Arabidopsis Root Epidermis: A Multi-Conductance Process. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1064. [PMID: 31552068 PMCID: PMC6737080 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) is an important extracellular signaling agent, operating in growth regulation, stomatal conductance, and wound response. With the first receptor for extracellular ATP now identified in plants (P2K1/DORN1) and a plasma membrane NADPH oxidase revealed as its target, the search continues for the components of the signaling cascades they command. The Arabidopsis root elongation zone epidermal plasma membrane has recently been shown to contain cation transport pathways (channel conductances) that operate downstream of P2K1 and could contribute to extracellular ATP (eATP) signaling. Here, patch clamp electrophysiology has been used to delineate two further conductances from the root elongation zone epidermal plasma membrane that respond to eATP, including one that would permit chloride transport. This perspective addresses how these conductances compare to those previously characterized in roots and how they might operate together to enable early events in eATP signaling, including elevation of cytosolic-free calcium as a second messenger. The role of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) that could arise from eATP's activation of NADPH oxidases is considered in a qualitative model that also considers the regulation of plasma membrane potential by the concerted action of the various cation and anion conductances. The molecular identities of the channel conductances in eATP signaling remain enigmatic but may yet be found in the multigene families of glutamate receptor-like channels, cyclic nucleotide-gated channels, annexins, and aluminum-activated malate transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | | | - Valérie Legué
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Moulia
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julia M. Davies
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Julia M. Davies,
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20
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Clark G, Roux SJ. Role of Ca 2+ in Mediating Plant Responses to Extracellular ATP and ADP. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3590. [PMID: 30441766 PMCID: PMC6274673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the most recently discovered chemical regulators of plant growth and development are extracellular nucleotides, especially extracellular ATP (eATP) and extracellular ADP (eADP). Plant cells release ATP into their extracellular matrix under a variety of different circumstances, and this eATP can then function as an agonist that binds to a specific receptor and induces signaling changes, the earliest of which is an increase in the concentration of cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]cyt). This initial change is then amplified into downstream-signaling changes that include increased levels of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, which ultimately lead to major changes in the growth rate, defense responses, and leaf stomatal apertures of plants. This review presents and discusses the evidence that links receptor activation to increased [Ca2+]cyt and, ultimately, to growth and diverse adaptive changes in plant development. It also discusses the evidence that increased [Ca2+]cyt also enhances the activity of apyrase (nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase) enzymes that function in multiple subcellular locales to hydrolyze ATP and ADP, and thus limit or terminate the effects of these potent regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Clark
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Stanley J Roux
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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21
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Molecular Mechanism of Plant Recognition of Extracellular ATP. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1051:233-253. [PMID: 29064066 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), a ubiquitously dispersed biomolecule, is not only a major source of biochemical energy for living cells, but also acts as a critical signaling molecule through inter-cellular communication. Recent studies have clearly shown that extracellular ATP is involved in various physiological processes in plants, including root growth, stomata movement, pollen tube development, gravitropism, and abiotic/biotic stress responses. The first plant purinergic receptor for extracellular ATP, DORN1 (the founding member of the P2K family of purinergic receptors), was identified in Arabidopsis thaliana by a forward genetic screen. DORN1 consists of an extracellular lectin domain, transmembrane domain, and serine/threonine kinase, intracellular domain. The predicted structure of the DORN1 extracellular domain revealed putative key ATP binding residues but an apparent lack of sugar binding. In this chapter, we summarize recent studies on the molecular mechanism of plant recognition of extracellular ATP with specific reference to the role of DORN1.
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22
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Mott GA, Desveaux D, Guttman DS. A High-Sensitivity, Microtiter-Based Plate Assay for Plant Pattern-Triggered Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:499-504. [PMID: 29199888 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-17-0279-ta] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The first step in the plant immune response to pathogen challenge involves the perception of conserved epitopes, called microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), by cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Given the key roles that MAMPs and PRRs play in plant innate immunity, great effort has been expended to identify these molecules. Current methods for assaying these immune responses are often limited in their resolution and throughput, and consequently, there is a need for medium- to high-throughput methodologies. Here, we describe the development of a 96-well microtiter plate-based assay for plant pattern-triggered immunity that measures the activity of plant peroxidase (POX) enzymes produced in response to treatment with bacterial MAMPs. The system has been optimized to minimize both the amount of plant tissue and MAMPs required and displays up to three orders of magnitude greater sensitivity than the traditional luminol-based reactive oxygen species assay when measuring the plant response to treatment with the bacterial MAMP flg22, reaching detection limits in the picomolar range. This high sensitivity opens the possibility of evaluating the immune-eliciting effects of weaker elicitors. The throughput and material requirements of the assay make it ideal for screens involving quantitative measurement of the plant innate immune response to MAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Adam Mott
- 1 Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada; and
| | - Darrell Desveaux
- 1 Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada; and
- 2 Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto
| | - David S Guttman
- 1 Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada; and
- 2 Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto
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23
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Hou QZ, Sun K, Zhang H, Su X, Fan BQ, Feng HQ. The responses of photosystem II and intracellular ATP production of Arabidopsis leaves to salt stress are affected by extracellular ATP. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:331-339. [PMID: 29098479 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0990-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Hypertonic salt stress with different concentrations of NaCl increased the levels of extracellular ATP of Arabidopsis leaves. And, hypertonic salt stress decreased the levels of F v /F m (the maximal efficiency of photosystem II), Φ PSII (the photosystem II operating efficiency), qP (photochemical quenching), and intracellular ATP (iATP) production. The treatment with β,γ-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate (AMP-PCP), which can exclude extracellular ATP from its binding sites of extracellular ATP receptors, caused a further decrease in the levels of F v /F m , Φ PSII, qP, and iATP production of the salt-stressed Arabidopsis leaves, while the addition of exogenous ATP rescued the inhibitory effects of AMP-PCP on Φ PSII , qP, and iATP production under hypertonic salt stress. Under hypertonic salt stress, the values of F v /F m , Φ PSII , qP, and iATP production were lower in the dorn 1-3 mutant than in the wild-type plants. These results indicate that the responses of photosystem II and intracellular ATP production to salt stress could be affected by extracellular ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Zheng Hou
- Department of Biology Science, College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Anning East Road, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Kun Sun
- Department of Biology Science, College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Anning East Road, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Biology Science, College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Anning East Road, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Xue Su
- Department of Biology Science, College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Anning East Road, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Bao-Qiang Fan
- Department of Biology Science, College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Anning East Road, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Han-Qing Feng
- Department of Biology Science, College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Anning East Road, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China.
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Extracellular ATP elicits DORN1-mediated RBOHD phosphorylation to regulate stomatal aperture. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2265. [PMID: 29273780 PMCID: PMC5741621 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02340-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to acting as a cellular energy source, ATP can also act as a damage-associated molecular pattern in both animals and plants. Stomata are leaf pores that control gas exchange and, therefore, impact critical functions such as photosynthesis, drought tolerance, and also are the preferred entry point for pathogens. Here we show the addition of ATP leads to the rapid closure of leaf stomata and enhanced resistance to the bacterial pathogen Psuedomonas syringae. This response is mediated by ATP recognition by the receptor DORN1, followed by direct phosphorylation of the NADPH oxidase RBOHD, resulting in elevated production of reactive oxygen species and stomatal closure. Mutation of DORN1 phosphorylation sites on RBOHD eliminates the ability of ATP to induce stomatal closure. The data implicate purinergic signaling via DORN1 in the control of stomatal aperture with important implications for the control of plant photosynthesis, water homeostasis, pathogen resistance, and ultimately yield. Extracellular ATP acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern that triggers signaling responses to wounding and environmental stimuli in plants. Here Chen et al. show that ATP perception by DORN1 can trigger stomatal closure mediated via RBOHD phosphorylation and ROS production.
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Kumar Tripathy M, Weeraratne G, Clark G, Roux SJ. Apyrase inhibitors enhance the ability of diverse fungicides to inhibit the growth of different plant-pathogenic fungi. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:1012-1023. [PMID: 27392542 PMCID: PMC6638264 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A previous study has demonstrated that the treatment of Arabidopsis plants with chemical inhibitors of apyrase enzymes increases their sensitivity to herbicides. In this study, we found that the addition of the same or related apyrase inhibitors could potentiate the ability of different fungicides to inhibit the growth of five different pathogenic fungi in plate growth assays. The growth of all five fungi was partially inhibited by three commonly used fungicides: copper octanoate, myclobutanil and propiconazole. However, when these fungicides were individually tested in combination with any one of four different apyrase inhibitors (AI.1, AI.10, AI.13 or AI.15), their potency to inhibit the growth of five fungal pathogens was increased significantly relative to their application alone. The apyrase inhibitors were most effective in potentiating the ability of copper octanoate to inhibit fungal growth, and least effective in combination with propiconazole. Among the five pathogens assayed, that most sensitive to the fungicide-potentiating effects of the inhibitors was Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Overall, among the 60 treatment combinations tested (five pathogens, four apyrase inhibitors, three fungicides), the addition of apyrase inhibitors increased significantly the sensitivity of fungi to the fungicide treatments in 53 of the combinations. Consistent with their predicted mode of action, inhibitors AI.1, AI.10 and AI.13 each increased the level of propiconazole retained in one of the fungi, suggesting that they could partially block the ability of efflux transporters to remove propiconazole from these fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Kumar Tripathy
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTX78712USA
| | - Gayani Weeraratne
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTX78712USA
| | - Greg Clark
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTX78712USA
| | - Stanley J. Roux
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTX78712USA
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis modifies the effects of a nitric oxide donor (sodium nitroprusside;SNP) and a nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor (Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester;L-NAME) on lettuce plants under well watered and drought conditions. Symbiosis 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-017-0486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Saxena I, Srikanth S, Chen Z. Cross Talk between H2O2 and Interacting Signal Molecules under Plant Stress Response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:570. [PMID: 27200043 PMCID: PMC4848386 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that oxidative stress is an important cause of cellular damage. During stress conditions, plants have evolved regulatory mechanisms to adapt to various environmental stresses. One of the consequences of stress is an increase in the cellular concentration of reactive oxygen species, which is subsequently converted to H2O2. H2O2 is continuously produced as the byproduct of oxidative plant aerobic metabolism. Organelles with a high oxidizing metabolic activity or with an intense rate of electron flow, such as chloroplasts, mitochondria, or peroxisomes are major sources of H2O2 production. H2O2 acts as a versatile molecule because of its dual role in cells. Under normal conditions, H2O2 immerges as an important factor during many biological processes. It has been established that it acts as a secondary messenger in signal transduction networks. In this review, we discuss potential roles of H2O2 and other signaling molecules during various stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhong Chen
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological UniversitySingapore, Singapore
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Saxena I, Srikanth S, Chen Z. Cross Talk between H2O2 and Interacting Signal Molecules under Plant Stress Response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:570. [PMID: 27200043 DOI: 10.3389/ffpls.2016.00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that oxidative stress is an important cause of cellular damage. During stress conditions, plants have evolved regulatory mechanisms to adapt to various environmental stresses. One of the consequences of stress is an increase in the cellular concentration of reactive oxygen species, which is subsequently converted to H2O2. H2O2 is continuously produced as the byproduct of oxidative plant aerobic metabolism. Organelles with a high oxidizing metabolic activity or with an intense rate of electron flow, such as chloroplasts, mitochondria, or peroxisomes are major sources of H2O2 production. H2O2 acts as a versatile molecule because of its dual role in cells. Under normal conditions, H2O2 immerges as an important factor during many biological processes. It has been established that it acts as a secondary messenger in signal transduction networks. In this review, we discuss potential roles of H2O2 and other signaling molecules during various stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Saxena
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sandhya Srikanth
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhong Chen
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore
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Saxena I, Srikanth S, Chen Z. Cross Talk between H2O2 and Interacting Signal Molecules under Plant Stress Response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:570. [PMID: 27200043 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00570/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that oxidative stress is an important cause of cellular damage. During stress conditions, plants have evolved regulatory mechanisms to adapt to various environmental stresses. One of the consequences of stress is an increase in the cellular concentration of reactive oxygen species, which is subsequently converted to H2O2. H2O2 is continuously produced as the byproduct of oxidative plant aerobic metabolism. Organelles with a high oxidizing metabolic activity or with an intense rate of electron flow, such as chloroplasts, mitochondria, or peroxisomes are major sources of H2O2 production. H2O2 acts as a versatile molecule because of its dual role in cells. Under normal conditions, H2O2 immerges as an important factor during many biological processes. It has been established that it acts as a secondary messenger in signal transduction networks. In this review, we discuss potential roles of H2O2 and other signaling molecules during various stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Saxena
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sandhya Srikanth
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhong Chen
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore
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Yang X, Wang B, Farris B, Clark G, Roux SJ. Modulation of Root Skewing in Arabidopsis by Apyrases and Extracellular ATP. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:2197-206. [PMID: 26412783 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
When plant primary roots grow along a tilted surface that is impenetrable, they can undergo a slanted deviation from the direction of gravity called skewing. Skewing is induced by touch stimuli which the roots experience as they grow along the surface. Touch stimuli also induce the release of extracellular ATP (eATP) into the plant's extracellular matrix, and two apyrases (NTPDases) in Arabidopsis, APY1 and APY2, can help regulate the concentration of eATP. The primary roots of seedlings overexpressing APY1 show less skewing than wild-type plants. Plants suppressed in their expression of APY1 show more skewing than wild-type plants. Correspondingly, chemical inhibition of apyrase activity increased skewing in mutants and wild-type roots. Exogenous application of ATP or ATPγS also increased skewing in wild-type roots, which could be blocked by co-incubation with a purinergic receptor antagonist. These results suggest a model in which gradients of eATP set up by differential touch stimuli along roots help direct skewing in roots growing along an impenetrable surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Bochu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Ben Farris
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Greg Clark
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Stanley J Roux
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Feng H, Guan D, Bai J, Sun K, Jia L. Extracellular ATP: a potential regulator of plant cell death. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:633-9. [PMID: 25395168 PMCID: PMC6638322 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) has been regarded as an intracellular energy currency molecule for many years. In recent decades, it has been determined that ATP is released into the extracellular milieu by animal, plant and microbial cells. In animal cells, this extracellular ATP (eATP) functions as a signalling compound to mediate many cellular processes through its interaction with membrane-associated receptor proteins. It has also been reported that eATP is a signalling molecule required for the regulation of plant growth, development and responses to environmental stimuli. Recently, the first plant receptor for eATP was identified in Arabidopsis thaliana. Interestingly, some studies have shown that eATP is of particular importance in the control of plant cell death. In this review article, we summarize and discuss the theoretical and experimental advances that have been made with regard to the roles and mechanisms of eATP in plant cell death. We also make an attempt to address some speculative aspects to help develop and expand future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Feng
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Dongdong Guan
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Jingyue Bai
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Kun Sun
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Lingyun Jia
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
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Sanz L, Albertos P, Mateos I, Sánchez-Vicente I, Lechón T, Fernández-Marcos M, Lorenzo O. Nitric oxide (NO) and phytohormones crosstalk during early plant development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2857-68. [PMID: 25954048 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
During the past two decades, nitric oxide (NO) has evolved from a mere gaseous free radical to become a new messenger in plant biology with an important role in a plethora of physiological processes. This molecule is involved in the regulation of plant growth and development, pathogen defence and abiotic stress responses, and in most cases this is achieved through its interaction with phytohormones. Understanding the role of plant growth regulators is essential to elucidate how plants activate the appropriate set of responses to a particular developmental stage or a particular stress. The first task to achieve this goal is the identification of molecular targets, especially those involved in the regulation of the crosstalk. The nature of NO targets in these growth and development processes and stress responses remains poorly described. Currently, the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of NO in these processes and their interaction with other plant hormones are beginning to unravel. In this review, we made a compilation of the described interactions between NO and phytohormones during early plant developmental processes (i.e. seed dormancy and germination, hypocotyl elongation and root development).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Sanz
- Dpto. de Microbiología y Genética, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pablo Albertos
- Dpto. de Microbiología y Genética, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Isabel Mateos
- Dpto. de Microbiología y Genética, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Sánchez-Vicente
- Dpto. de Microbiología y Genética, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Tamara Lechón
- Dpto. de Microbiología y Genética, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Fernández-Marcos
- Dpto. de Microbiología y Genética, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Oscar Lorenzo
- Dpto. de Microbiología y Genética, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
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Massalski C, Bloch J, Zebisch M, Steinebrunner I. The biochemical properties of the Arabidopsis ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase AtAPY1 contradict a direct role in purinergic signaling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115832. [PMID: 25822168 PMCID: PMC4379058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis E-NTPDase (ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase) AtAPY1 was previously shown to be involved in growth and development, pollen germination and stress responses. It was proposed to perform these functions through regulation of extracellular ATP signals. However, a GFP-tagged version was localized exclusively in the Golgi and did not hydrolyze ATP. In this study, AtAPY1 without the bulky GFP-tag was biochemically characterized with regard to its suggested role in purinergic signaling. Both the full-length protein and a soluble form without the transmembrane domain near the N-terminus were produced in HEK293 cells. Of the twelve nucleotide substrates tested, only three--GDP, IDP and UDP--were hydrolyzed, confirming that ATP was not a substrate of AtAPY1. In addition, the effects of pH, divalent metal ions, known E-NTPDase inhibitors and calmodulin on AtAPY1 activity were analyzed. AtAPY1-GFP extracted from transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings was included in the analyses. All three AtAPY1 versions exhibited very similar biochemical properties. Activity was detectable in a broad pH range, and Ca(2+), Mg(2+) and Mn(2+) were the three most efficient cofactors. Of the inhibitors tested, vanadate was the most potent one. Surprisingly, sulfonamide-based inhibitors shown to inhibit other E-NTPDases and presumed to inhibit AtAPY1 as well were not effective. Calmodulin stimulated the activity of the GFP-tagless membranous and soluble AtAPY1 forms about five-fold, but did not alter their substrate specificities. The apparent Km values obtained with AtAPY1-GFP indicate that AtAPY1 is primarily a GDPase. A putative three-dimensional structural model of the ecto-domain is presented, explaining the potent inhibitory potential of vanadate and predicting the binding mode of GDP. The found substrate specificity classifies AtAPY1 as a nucleoside diphosphatase typical of N-terminally anchored Golgi E-NTPDases and negates a direct function in purinergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Massalski
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jeannine Bloch
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Zebisch
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Wang L, Ma X, Che Y, Hou L, Liu X, Zhang W. Extracellular ATP mediates H 2 S-regulated stomatal movements and guard cell K + current in a H 2 O 2 -dependent manner in Arabidopsis. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-014-0659-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Extracellular ATP, a danger signal, is recognized by DORN1 in Arabidopsis. Biochem J 2014; 463:429-37. [PMID: 25301072 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
ATP, the universal energy currency of all organisms, is released into the extracellular matrix and serves as a signal among cells, where it is referred to as an extracellular ATP. Although a signalling role for extracellular ATP has been well studied in mammals over the last 40 years, investigations of such a role in plants are at an early stage. Recently, the first plant receptor for extracellular ATP, DOes not Respond to Nucleotides (DORN1), was identified in Arabidopsis thaliana by mutant screening. DORN1 encodes a legume-type lectin receptor kinase that is structurally distinct from the mammalian extracellular ATP receptors. In the present review, we highlight the genetic and biochemical evidence for the role of DORN1 in extracellular ATP signalling, placing this within the wider context of extracellular ATP signalling during plant stress responses.
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Cao Y, Tanaka K, Nguyen CT, Stacey G. Extracellular ATP is a central signaling molecule in plant stress responses. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 20:82-7. [PMID: 24865948 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Because of their sessile nature, plants have developed a number of sophisticated signaling systems to adapt to environmental changes. Previous research has shown that extracellular ATP is an important signaling molecule used by plants and functions in a variety of processes, including growth, development, and stress responses. Recently, DORN1 was identified as the first plant purinoceptor, essential for the plant response to ATP. The identification of the receptor is a milestone for our overall understanding of various physiological events regulated by extracellular ATP. In this review, we will discuss the possible roles of DORN1 providing future direction for research into the role of extracellular ATP in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangrong Cao
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kiwamu Tanaka
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Cuong T Nguyen
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Clark GB, Morgan RO, Fernandez MP, Salmi ML, Roux SJ. Breakthroughs spotlighting roles for extracellular nucleotides and apyrases in stress responses and growth and development. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 225:107-116. [PMID: 25017166 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Animal and plant cells release nucleotides into their extracellular matrix when touched, wounded, and when their plasma membranes are stretched during delivery of secretory vesicles and growth. These released nucleotides then function as signaling agents that induce rapid increases in the concentration of cytosolic calcium, nitric oxide and superoxide. These, in turn, are transduced into downstream physiological changes. These changes in plants include changes in the growth of diverse tissues, in gravitropism, and in the opening and closing of stomates. The concentration of extracellular nucleotides is controlled by various phosphatases, prominent among which are apyrases EC 3.6.1.5 (nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases, NTPDases). This review provides phylogenetic and pHMM analyses of plant apyrases as well as analysis of predicted post-translational modifications for Arabidopsis apyrases. This review also summarizes and discusses recent advances in research on the roles of apyrases and extracellular nucleotides in controlling plant growth and development. These include new findings that document how apyrases and extracellular nucleotides control auxin transport, modulate stomatal aperture, and mediate biotic and abiotic stress responses, and on how apyrase suppression leads to growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg B Clark
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78713, USA
| | - Reginald O Morgan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, E-33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Maria-Pilar Fernandez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, E-33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Mari L Salmi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78713, USA
| | - Stanley J Roux
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78713, USA.
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Yu M, Lamattina L, Spoel SH, Loake GJ. Nitric oxide function in plant biology: a redox cue in deconvolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:1142-1156. [PMID: 24611485 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a gaseous, redox-active small molecule, is gradually becoming established as a central regulator of growth, development, immunity and environmental interactions in plants. A major route for the transfer of NO bioactivity is S-nitrosylation, the covalent attachment of an NO moiety to a protein cysteine thiol to form an S-nitrosothiol (SNO). This chemical transformation is rapidly emerging as a prototypic, redox-based post-translational modification integral to the life of plants. Here we review the myriad roles of NO and SNOs in plant biology and, where known, the molecular mechanisms underpining their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manda Yu
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Lorenzo Lamattina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), CC 12457600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Steven H Spoel
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Gary J Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, UK
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Lim MH, Wu J, Yao J, Gallardo IF, Dugger JW, Webb LJ, Huang J, Salmi ML, Song J, Clark G, Roux SJ. Apyrase suppression raises extracellular ATP levels and induces gene expression and cell wall changes characteristic of stress responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:2054-67. [PMID: 24550243 PMCID: PMC3982762 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.233429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells release ATP into their extracellular matrix as they grow, and extracellular ATP (eATP) can modulate the rate of cell growth in diverse tissues. Two closely related apyrases (APYs) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), APY1 and APY2, function, in part, to control the concentration of eATP. The expression of APY1/APY2 can be inhibited by RNA interference, and this suppression leads to an increase in the concentration of eATP in the extracellular medium and severely reduces growth. To clarify how the suppression of APY1 and APY2 is linked to growth inhibition, the gene expression changes that occur in seedlings when apyrase expression is suppressed were assayed by microarray and quantitative real-time-PCR analyses. The most significant gene expression changes induced by APY suppression were in genes involved in biotic stress responses, which include those genes regulating wall composition and extensibility. These expression changes predicted specific chemical changes in the walls of mutant seedlings, and two of these changes, wall lignification and decreased methyl ester bonds, were verified by direct analyses. Taken together, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that APY1, APY2, and eATP play important roles in the signaling steps that link biotic stresses to plant defense responses and growth changes.
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40
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Nucleotides and Nucleosides: Transport, Metabolism, and Signaling Function of Extracellular ATP. PROGRESS IN BOTANY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-38797-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Tanaka K, Choi J, Cao Y, Stacey G. Extracellular ATP acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) signal in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:446. [PMID: 25232361 PMCID: PMC4153020 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants have evolved effective mechanisms to protect themselves from environmental stresses. Damaged (i.e., wounded) plants recognize a variety of endogenous molecules as danger signals, referred to as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). ATP is among the molecules that are released by cell damage, and recent evidence suggests that ATP can serve as a DAMP. Although little studied in plants, extracellular ATP is well known for its signaling roles in animals, including acting as a DAMP during the inflammatory response and wound healing. If ATP acts outside the cell, then it is reasonable to expect that it is recognized by a plasma membrane-localized receptor. Recently, DORN1, a lectin receptor kinase, was shown to recognize extracellular ATP in Arabidopsis. DORN1 is the founding member of a new purinoceptor subfamily, P2K (P2 receptor kinase), which is plant-specific. P2K1 (DORN1) is required for ATP-induced cellular responses (e.g., cytosolic Ca(2+) elevation, MAPK phosphorylation, and gene expression). Genetic analysis of loss-of-function mutants and overexpression lines showed that P2K1 participates in the plant wound response, consistent with the role of ATP as a DAMP. In this review, we summarize past research on the roles and mechanisms of extracellular ATP signaling in plants, and discuss the direction of future research on extracellular ATP as a DAMP signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwamu Tanaka
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State UniversityPullman, WA, USA
- *Correspondence: Kiwamu Tanaka, Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. BOX 646430, Pullman, WA 99164, USA e-mail:
| | - Jeongmin Choi
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Yangrong Cao
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
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Tanaka K, Choi J, Cao Y, Stacey G. Extracellular ATP acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) signal in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014. [PMID: 25232361 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00446.ecollection] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants have evolved effective mechanisms to protect themselves from environmental stresses. Damaged (i.e., wounded) plants recognize a variety of endogenous molecules as danger signals, referred to as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). ATP is among the molecules that are released by cell damage, and recent evidence suggests that ATP can serve as a DAMP. Although little studied in plants, extracellular ATP is well known for its signaling roles in animals, including acting as a DAMP during the inflammatory response and wound healing. If ATP acts outside the cell, then it is reasonable to expect that it is recognized by a plasma membrane-localized receptor. Recently, DORN1, a lectin receptor kinase, was shown to recognize extracellular ATP in Arabidopsis. DORN1 is the founding member of a new purinoceptor subfamily, P2K (P2 receptor kinase), which is plant-specific. P2K1 (DORN1) is required for ATP-induced cellular responses (e.g., cytosolic Ca(2+) elevation, MAPK phosphorylation, and gene expression). Genetic analysis of loss-of-function mutants and overexpression lines showed that P2K1 participates in the plant wound response, consistent with the role of ATP as a DAMP. In this review, we summarize past research on the roles and mechanisms of extracellular ATP signaling in plants, and discuss the direction of future research on extracellular ATP as a DAMP signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwamu Tanaka
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Jeongmin Choi
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Yangrong Cao
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
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Clark G, Darwin C, Mehta V, Jackobs F, Perry T, Hougaard K, Roux S. Effects of chemical inhibitors and apyrase enzyme further document a role for apyrases and extracellular ATP in the opening and closing of stomates in Arabidopsis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e26093. [PMID: 23989340 PMCID: PMC4106450 DOI: 10.4161/psb.26093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis leaves there is a bi-phasic dose-response to applied nucleotides; i.e., lower concentrations induce stomatal opening, while higher concentrations induce closure. Two mammalian purinoceptor antagonists, PPADS and RB2, block both nucleotide-induced stomatal opening and closing. These antagonists also partially block ABA-induced stomatal closure and light-induced stomatal opening. There are two closely related Arabidopsis apyrases, AtAPY1 and AtAPY2, which are both expressed in guard cells. Here we report that low levels of apyrase chemical inhibitors can induce stomatal opening in the dark, while apyrase enzyme blocks ABA-induced stomatal closure. We also demonstrate that high concentrations of ATP induce stomatal closure in the light. Application of ATPγS and chemical apyrase inhibitors at concentrations that have no effect on stomatal closure can lower the threshold for ABA-induced closure. The closure induced by ATPγS was not observed in gpa1-3 loss-of-function mutants. These results further confirm the role of extracellular ATP in regulating stomatal apertures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Clark
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology; University of Texas; Austin, TX USA
| | - Cameron Darwin
- 1Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology; University of Texas; Austin, TX USA
| | - Viraj Mehta
- 1Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology; University of Texas; Austin, TX USA
| | - Faith Jackobs
- 1Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology; University of Texas; Austin, TX USA
| | - Tyler Perry
- 1Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology; University of Texas; Austin, TX USA
| | - Katia Hougaard
- 1Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology; University of Texas; Austin, TX USA
| | - Stan Roux
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology; University of Texas; Austin, TX USA
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Salmi ML, Clark G, Roux SJ. Current status and proposed roles for nitric oxide as a key mediator of the effects of extracellular nucleotides on plant growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:427. [PMID: 24298275 PMCID: PMC3829461 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent data indicate that nucleotides are released into the extracellular matrix during plant cell growth, and that these extracellular nucleotides induce signaling changes that can, in a dose-dependent manner, increase or decrease the cell growth. After activation of a presumed receptor, the earliest signaling change induced by extracellular nucleotides is an increase in the concentration of cytosolic Ca(2+), but rapidly following this change is an increase in the cellular level of nitric oxide (NO). In Arabidopsis, mutants deficient in nitrate reductase activity (nia1nia2) have drastically reduced nitric oxide production and cannot transduce the effects of applied nucleotides into growth changes. Both increased levels of extracellular nucleotides and increased NO production inhibit auxin transport and inhibit growth, and these effects are potentially due to disruption of the localization and/or function of auxin transport facilitators. However, because NO- and auxin-induced signaling pathways can intersect at multiple points, there may be diverse ways by which the induction of NO by extracellular ATP could modulate auxin signaling and thus influence growth. This review will discuss these optional mechanisms and suggest possible regulatory routes based on current experimental data and predictive computational analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stanley J. Roux
- *Correspondence: Stanley J. Roux, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A6700, 205 West 24th Street, BIO 16, Austin, TX 78712-0183, USA e-mail:
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Liu X, Wu J, Clark G, Lundy S, Lim M, Arnold D, Chan J, Tang W, Muday GK, Gardner G, Roux SJ. Role for apyrases in polar auxin transport in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:1985-95. [PMID: 23071251 PMCID: PMC3510125 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.202887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that extracellular nucleotides regulate plant growth. Exogenous ATP has been shown to block auxin transport and gravitropic growth in primary roots of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Cells limit the concentration of extracellular ATP in part through the activity of ectoapyrases (ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases), and two nearly identical Arabidopsis apyrases, APY1 and APY2, appear to share this function. These findings, plus the fact that suppression of APY1 and APY2 blocks growth in Arabidopsis, suggested that the expression of these apyrases could influence auxin transport. This report tests that hypothesis. The polar movement of [(3)H]indole-3-acetic acid in both hypocotyl sections and primary roots of Arabidopsis seedlings was measured. In both tissues, polar auxin transport was significantly reduced in apy2 null mutants when they were induced by estradiol to suppress the expression of APY1 by RNA interference. In the hypocotyl assays, the basal halves of APY-suppressed hypocotyls contained considerably lower free indole-3-acetic acid levels when compared with wild-type plants, and disrupted auxin transport in the APY-suppressed roots was reflected by their significant morphological abnormalities. When a green fluorescent protein fluorescence signal encoded by a DR5:green fluorescent protein construct was measured in primary roots whose apyrase expression was suppressed either genetically or chemically, the roots showed no signal asymmetry following gravistimulation, and both their growth and gravitropic curvature were inhibited. Chemicals that suppress apyrase activity also inhibit gravitropic curvature and, to a lesser extent, growth. Taken together, these results indicate that a critical step connecting apyrase suppression to growth suppression is the inhibition of polar auxin transport.
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Schiller M, Massalski C, Kurth T, Steinebrunner I. The Arabidopsis apyrase AtAPY1 is localized in the Golgi instead of the extracellular space. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:123. [PMID: 22849572 PMCID: PMC3511161 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The two highly similar Arabidopsis apyrases AtAPY1 and AtAPY2 were previously shown to be involved in plant growth and development, evidently by regulating extracellular ATP signals. The subcellular localization of AtAPY1 was investigated to corroborate an extracellular function. RESULTS Transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing AtAPY1 fused to the SNAP-(O(6)-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase)-tag were used for indirect immunofluorescence and AtAPY1 was detected in punctate structures within the cell. The same signal pattern was found in seedlings stably overexpressing AtAPY1-GFP by indirect immunofluorescence and live imaging. In order to identify the nature of the AtAPY1-positive structures, AtAPY1-GFP expressing seedlings were treated with the endocytic marker stain FM4-64 (N-(3-triethylammoniumpropyl)-4-(p-diethylaminophenyl-hexatrienyl)-pyridinium dibromide) and crossed with a transgenic line expressing the trans-Golgi marker Rab E1d. Neither FM4-64 nor Rab E1d co-localized with AtAPY1. However, live imaging of transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing AtAPY1-GFP and either the fluorescent protein-tagged Golgi marker Membrin 12, Syntaxin of plants 32 or Golgi transport 1 protein homolog showed co-localization. The Golgi localization was confirmed by immunogold labeling of AtAPY1-GFP. There was no indication of extracellular AtAPY1 by indirect immunofluorescence using antibodies against SNAP and GFP, live imaging of AtAPY1-GFP and immunogold labeling of AtAPY1-GFP. Activity assays with AtAPY1-GFP revealed GDP, UDP and IDP as substrates, but neither ATP nor ADP. To determine if AtAPY1 is a soluble or membrane protein, microsomal membranes were isolated and treated with various solubilizing agents. Only SDS and urea (not alkaline or high salt conditions) were able to release the AtAPY1 protein from microsomal membranes. CONCLUSIONS AtAPY1 is an integral Golgi protein with the substrate specificity typical for Golgi apyrases. It is therefore not likely to regulate extracellular nucleotide signals as previously thought. We propose instead that AtAPY1 exerts its growth and developmental effects by possibly regulating glycosylation reactions in the Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlen Schiller
- Department of Biology, Section of Molecular Biotechnology, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 10, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Carolin Massalski
- Department of Biology, Section of Molecular Biotechnology, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 10, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Thomas Kurth
- DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Iris Steinebrunner
- Department of Biology, Section of Molecular Biotechnology, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 10, Dresden 01069, Germany
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Sun J, Zhang CL, Deng SR, Lu CF, Shen X, Zhou XY, Zheng XJ, Hu ZM, Chen SL. An ATP signalling pathway in plant cells: extracellular ATP triggers programmed cell death in Populus euphratica. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:893-916. [PMID: 22070751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We elucidated the extracellular ATP (eATP) signalling cascade active in programmed cell death (PCD) using cell cultures of Populus euphratica. Millimolar amounts of eATP induced a dose- and time-dependent reduction in viability, and the agonist-treated cells displayed hallmark features of PCD. eATP caused an elevation of cytosolic Ca(2+) levels, resulting in Ca(2+) uptake by the mitochondria and subsequent H(2) O(2) accumulation. P. euphratica exhibited an increased mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and cytochrome c was released without opening of the permeability transition pore over the period of ATP stimulation. Moreover, the eATP-induced increase of intracellular ATP, essential for the activation of caspase-like proteases and subsequent PCD, was found to be related to increased mitochondrial transmembrane potential. NO is implicated as a downstream component of the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration but plays a negligible role in eATP-stimulated cell death. We speculate that ATP binds purinoceptors in the plasma membrane, leading to the induction of downstream intermediate signals, as the proposed sequence of events in PCD signalling was terminated by the animal P2 receptor antagonist suramin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University (Box 162), Beijing 100083 College of Life Science, Xuzhou Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
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Sun J, Zhang C, Zhang X, Deng S, Zhao R, Shen X, Chen S. Extracellular ATP signaling and homeostasis in plant cells. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:566-569. [PMID: 22516815 PMCID: PMC3419021 DOI: 10.4161/psb.19857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP (eATP) is now recognized as an important signaling agent in plant growth and defense response to environmental stimuli. eATP has dual functions in plant cell signaling, which is largely dependent on its concentration in the extracellular matrix (ECM). A lethal level of eATP (extremely low or high) causes cell death, whereas a moderate level of eATP benefits plant growth and development. Ecto-apyrases (Nucleoside Triphosphate-Diphosphohydrolase) help control the eATP concentrations in the ECM, and thus contributing to the mediation of plant growth and defense response upon environmental stress. In this review, we summarize eATP signaling in plants and highlight the correlation between eATP homeostasis control and programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- College of Life Science; Jiangsu Normal University; Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing, China
| | - Chunlan Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing, China
| | - Shurong Deng
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing, China
| | - Xin Shen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing, China
| | - Shaoliang Chen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing, China
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Petrov VD, Van Breusegem F. Hydrogen peroxide-a central hub for information flow in plant cells. AOB PLANTS 2012; 2012:pls014. [PMID: 22708052 PMCID: PMC3366437 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/pls014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) was initially recognized as a toxic reactive oxygen species, able to cause damage to a variety of cellular structures. However, it became clear in the last decade that H(2)O(2) can also act as a potent signalling molecule, involved in a plethora of physiological functions. SCOPE In the present review, we offer a brief summary of H(2)O(2) signalling events and focus on the mechanisms of its perception and signal transduction, the factors that act downstream, as well as H(2)O(2) interference with other information transfer mechanisms. CONCLUSION The significant scientific effort in the last 10 years to determine the position of H(2)O(2) in signal transduction networks in plants demonstrated that it is essential for both the communication with external biotic and abiotic stimuli and the control of developmentally regulated processes. In addition, H(2)O(2) complements, synergizes or antagonizes many cellular regulatory circuits by active interaction with other signals and plant hormones during growth, development and stress responses. Therefore, further understanding of H(2)O(2) signal transduction is not only of fundamental, but also of practical importance, since this knowledge may contribute to improve agricultural practices and reduce stress-induced damage to crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veselin Dimitrov Petrov
- Department of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, University of Plovdiv, 24 Tsar Assen str., Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Corresponding author's e-mail address:
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Clark G, Roux SJ. Apyrases, extracellular ATP and the regulation of growth. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 14:700-6. [PMID: 21855397 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Although no definitive receptor for extracellular ATP (eATP) has been identified in plants, there is now stronger physiological evidence that the effects of eATP on plant growth are mediated by a receptor, or, as in animals, by multiple receptors. Recent papers clarify how extracellular nucleotides induce changes in [Ca(2+)](cyt), and the production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species. They document links between eATP signaling and the synthesis or transport of hormones, and they reveal that applied nucleotides can regulate the aperture of stomates, which release ATP when stimulated by light and hormones. Ectoapyrases (ecto-nucleoside triphosphate-diphosphohydrolase) help control both the diverse signaling changes and downstream growth changes induced by extracellular nucleotides by limiting their concentration in the extracellular matrix (ECM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Clark
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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