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Requena-Ramírez MD, Rodríguez-Suárez C, Hornero-Méndez D, Atienza SG. Lutein esterification increases carotenoid retention in durum wheat grain. A step further in breeding and improving the commercial and nutritional quality during grain storage. Food Chem 2024; 435:137660. [PMID: 37832338 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid esterification is a common mechanism for carotenoid sequestration, accumulation and storage in plants. Carotenoids are responsible for the bright yellow colour of pasta. Therefore, carotenoid retention during storage is of great importance in the durum wheat food chain. In this work, we investigated the role of carotenoid esterification on carotenoid retention in durum wheat using two consecutive storage experiments. Firstly, we compared two landraces and two durum wheat varieties as a preliminary work. We then compared individuals derived from the BGE047535×'Athoris' cross contrasting for esterification ability. Our results show that carotenoid esterification leads to a higher carotenoid retention during storage in durum wheat. Thus, the use of the carotenoid esterification would be useful as an extra strategy to ongoing efforts to improve carotenoid retention in the durum wheat food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dámaso Hornero-Méndez
- Department of Food Phytochemistry, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Edificio 46, Ctra de Utrera, Km 1, E-41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Sergio G Atienza
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, CSIC, Alameda del Obispo, s/n, E-14004 Córdoba, Spain.
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2
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Rodríguez-Suárez C, Requena-Ramírez MD, Hornero-Méndez D, Atienza SG. Towards carotenoid biofortification in wheat: identification of XAT-7A1, a multicopy tandem gene responsible for carotenoid esterification in durum wheat. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:412. [PMID: 37674126 PMCID: PMC10481513 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Yellow pigment content, mainly due to the accumulation of carotenoids, is a quality trait in durum wheat grain as it confers the bright yellow color to pasta preferred by consumers. Also, carotenoids are essential nutrients exerting important biological functions in human health. Consequently, biofortification strategies have been developed in many crops to increase carotenoid content. In this context, carotenoid esterification is emerging as a new breeding target for wheat biofortification, as carotenoid esters have been found to promote both carotenoid accumulation and stability. Until recently, no carotenoid esters have been identified in significant proportions in durum wheat grains, and interspecific breeding programs have been started to transfer esterification ability from common wheat and Hordeum chilense.In this work, XAT-7A1 is identified as the gene responsible for carotenoid esterification in durum wheat. Sequencing, copy number variation and mapping results show that XAT-7A1 is organized as tandem or proximal GDSL esterase/lipase copies in chromosome 7A. Three XAT-7A1 haplotypes are described: Type 1 copies, associated with high levels of carotenoid esters (diesters and monoesters) production and high expression in grain development; Type 2 copies, present in landraces with low levels of carotenoid esters (monoesters) or no esters; and Type 3 copies, without the signal peptide, resulting in zero-ester phenotypes.The identification of XAT-7A1 is a necessary step to make the carotenoid esterification ability available for durum and bread wheat breeding, which should be focused on the Type 1 XAT-7A1 haplotype, which may be assessed as a single gene since XAT-7A1 copies are inherited together.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rodríguez-Suárez
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Avda, Menéndez Pidal s/n, E-14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M D Requena-Ramírez
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Avda, Menéndez Pidal s/n, E-14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - D Hornero-Méndez
- Department of Food Phytochemistry, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC. Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Edificio 46. Ctra. de Utrera, Km 1, E-41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - S G Atienza
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Avda, Menéndez Pidal s/n, E-14004, Córdoba, Spain.
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3
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Zhi J, Zeng J, Wang Y, Zhao H, Wang G, Guo J, Wang Y, Chen M, Yang G, He G, Chen X, Chang J, Li Y. A multi-omic resource of wheat seed tissues for nutrient deposition and improvement for human health. Sci Data 2023; 10:269. [PMID: 37164961 PMCID: PMC10172328 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02133-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
As a globally important staple crop, wheat seeds provide us with nutrients and proteins. The trend of healthy dietary has become popular recently, emphasizing the consumption of whole-grain wheat products and the dietary benefits. However, the dynamic changes in nutritional profiles of different wheat seed regions (i.e., the embryo, endosperm and outer layers) during developmental stages and the molecular regulation have not been well studied. Here, we provide this multi-omic resource of wheat seeds and describe the generation, technical assessment and preliminary analyses. This resource includes a time-series RNA-seq dataset of the embryo, endosperm and outer layers of wheat seeds and their corresponding metabolomic dataset, covering the middle and late stages of seed development. Our RNA-seq experiments profile the expression of 63,708 genes, while the metabolomic data includes the abundance of 984 metabolites. We believe that this was the first reported transcriptome and metabolome dataset of wheat seeds that helps understand the molecular regulation of the deposition of beneficial nutrients and hence improvements for nutritional and processing quality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhi
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jian Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, Guangdong, 512005, China
| | - Yaqiong Wang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Guoli Wang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, Guangdong, 512005, China
| | - Yuesheng Wang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Mingjie Chen
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Guangxiao Yang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Guangyuan He
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, Guangdong, 512005, China.
| | - Junli Chang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Yin Li
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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4
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Requena-Ramírez MD, Rodríguez-Suárez C, Flores F, Hornero-Méndez D, Atienza SG. Marker-Trait Associations for Total Carotenoid Content and Individual Carotenoids in Durum Wheat Identified by Genome-Wide Association Analysis. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11152065. [PMID: 35956543 PMCID: PMC9370666 DOI: 10.3390/plants11152065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Yellow pigment content is one of the main traits considered for grain quality in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.). The yellow color is mostly determined by carotenoid pigments, lutein being the most abundant in wheat endosperm, although zeaxanthin, α-carotene and β-carotene are present in minor quantities. Due to the importance of carotenoids in human health and grain quality, modifying the carotenoid content and profile has been a classic target. Landraces are then a potential source for the variability needed for wheat breeding. In this work, 158 accessions of the Spanish durum wheat collection were characterized for carotenoid content and profile and genotyped using the DArTSeq platform for association analysis. A total of 28 marker-trait associations were identified and their co-location with previously described QTLs and candidate genes was studied. The results obtained confirm the importance of the widely described QTL in 7B and validate the QTL regions recently identified by haplotype analysis for the semolina pigment. Additionally, copies of the Zds and Psy genes on chromosomes 7B and 5B, respectively, may have a putative role in determining zeaxanthin content. Finally, genes for the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) and isopentenyl diphosphate (IPPI) carotenoid precursor pathways were revealed as additional sources of untapped variation for carotenoid improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernando Flores
- Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, E.T.S.I. Campus El Carmen, Universidad de Huelva, Avda. Fuerzas Armadas, S/N, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Dámaso Hornero-Méndez
- Departamento de Fitoquímica de los Alimentos, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Edificio 46, Ctra de Utrera, Km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sergio G. Atienza
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (CSIC), Alameda del Obispo, S/N, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Correspondence:
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5
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Rodríguez-Suárez C, Requena-Ramírez MD, Hornero-Méndez D, Atienza SG. The breeder's tool-box for enhancing the content of esterified carotenoids in wheat: From extraction and profiling of carotenoids to marker-assisted selection of candidate genes. Methods Enzymol 2022; 671:99-125. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Ávila CM, Rodríguez-Suárez C, Atienza SG. Tritordeum: Creating a New Crop Species-The Successful Use of Plant Genetic Resources. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10051029. [PMID: 34065483 PMCID: PMC8161160 DOI: 10.3390/plants10051029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Hexaploid tritordeum is the amphiploid derived from the cross between the wild barley Hordeum chilense and durum wheat. This paper reviews the main advances and achievements in the last two decades that led to the successful development of tritordeum as a new crop. In particular, we summarize the progress in breeding for agronomic performance, including the potential of tritordeum as a genetic bridge for wheat breeding; the impact of molecular markers in genetic studies and breeding; and the progress in quality and development of innovative food products. The success of tritordeum as a crop shows the importance of the effective utilization of plant genetic resources for the development of new innovative products for agriculture and industry. Considering that wild plant genetic resources have made possible the development of this new crop, the huge potential of more accessible resources, such as landraces conserved in gene banks, goes beyond being sources of resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, the positive result of tritordeum also shows the importance of adequate commercialization strategies and demonstrative experiences aimed to integrate the whole food chain, from producers to end-point sellers, in order to develop new products for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M. Ávila
- Área Genómica y Biotecnología, IFAPA—Centro Alameda del Obispo, Apdo 3092, 14080 Córdoba, Spain;
| | | | - Sergio G. Atienza
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (CSIC), Alameda del Obispo, s/n, E-14004 Córdoba, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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7
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Requena-Ramírez MD, Atienza SG, Hornero-Méndez D, Rodríguez-Suárez C. Mediation of a GDSL Esterase/Lipase in Carotenoid Esterification in Tritordeum Suggests a Common Mechanism of Carotenoid Esterification in Triticeae Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:592515. [PMID: 33746990 PMCID: PMC7971304 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.592515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential in human diet, so that the development of programs toward carotenoid enhancement has been promoted in several crops. The cereal tritordeum, the amphiploid derived from the cross between Hordeum chilense Roem. et Schulz. and durum wheat has a remarkable carotenoid content in the endosperm. Besides, a high proportion of these carotenoids are esterified with fatty acids. The identification of the gene(s) responsible for xanthophyll esterification would be useful for breeding as esterified carotenoids show an increased ability to accumulate within plant cells and have a higher stability during post-harvest storage. In this work, we analyzed five genes identified as candidates for coding the xanthophyll acyltransferase (XAT) enzyme responsible for lutein esterification in H. chilense genome. All these genes were expressed during grain development in tritordeum, but only HORCH7HG021460 was highly upregulated. Sequence analysis of HORCH7HG021460 revealed a G-to-T transversion, causing a Glycine to Cysteine substitution in the protein of H290 (the only accession not producing quantifiable amounts of lutein esters, hereinafter referred as zero-ester) of H. chilense compared to the esterifying genotypes. An allele-specific marker was designed for the SNP detection in the H. chilense diversity panel. From the 93 accessions, only H290 showed the T allele and the zero-ester phenotype. Furthermore, HORCH7HG021460 is the orthologue of XAT-7D, which encodes a XAT enzyme responsible for carotenoid esterification in wheat. Thus, HORCH7HG021460 (XAT-7Hch) is a strong candidate for lutein esterification in H. chilense and tritordeum, suggesting a common mechanism of carotenoid esterification in Triticeae species. The transference of XAT-7Hch to wheat may be useful for the enhancement of lutein esters in biofortification programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio G. Atienza
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible ‐ Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Dámaso Hornero-Méndez
- Department of Food Phytochemistry, Instituto de la Grasa ‐ Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Suárez
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible ‐ Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Córdoba, Spain
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8
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Phytoene synthase 1 ( Psy-1) and lipoxygenase 1 ( Lpx-1) Genes Influence on Semolina Yellowness in Wheat Mediterranean Germplasm. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134669. [PMID: 32630023 PMCID: PMC7369853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytoene synthase 1 (Psy1) and lipoxygenase 1 (Lpx-1) are key genes involved in the synthesis and catalysis of carotenoid pigments in durum wheat, regulating the increase and decrease in these compounds, respectively, resulting in the distinct yellow color of semolina and pasta. Here, we reported new haplotype variants and/or allele combinations of these two genes significantly affecting yellow pigment content in grain and semolina through their effect on carotenoid pigments. To reach the purpose of this work, three complementary approaches were undertaken: the identification of QTLs associated to carotenoid content on a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, the characterization of a Mediterranean panel of accessions for Psy1 and Lpx-1 genes, and monitoring the expression of Psy1 and Lpx-1 genes during grain filling on two genotypes with contrasting yellow pigments. Our data suggest that Psy1 plays a major role during grain development, contributing to semolina yellowness, and Lpx-1 appears to be more predominant at post-harvest stages and during pasta making.
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9
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Ashokkumar K, Govindaraj M, Karthikeyan A, Shobhana VG, Warkentin TD. Genomics-Integrated Breeding for Carotenoids and Folates in Staple Cereal Grains to Reduce Malnutrition. Front Genet 2020; 11:414. [PMID: 32547594 PMCID: PMC7274173 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, two billion people suffer from micronutrient deficiencies. Cereal grains provide more than 50% of the daily requirement of calories in human diets, but they often fail to provide adequate essential minerals and vitamins. Cereal crop production in developing countries achieved remarkable yield gains through the efforts of the Green Revolution (117% in rice, 30% in wheat, 530% in maize, and 188% in pearl millet). However, modern varieties are often deficient in essential micronutrients compared to traditional varieties and land races. Breeding for nutritional quality in staple cereals is a challenging task; however, biofortification initiatives combined with genomic tools increase the feasibility. Current biofortification breeding activities include improving rice (for zinc), wheat (for zinc), maize (for provitamin A), and pearl millet (for iron and zinc). Biofortification is a sustainable approach to enrich staple cereals with provitamin A, carotenoids, and folates. Significant genetic variation has been found for provitamin A (96-850 μg and 12-1780 μg in 100 g in wheat and maize, respectively), carotenoids (558-6730 μg in maize), and folates in rice (11-51 μg) and wheat (32.3-89.1 μg) in 100 g. This indicates the prospects for biofortification breeding. Several QTLs associated with carotenoids and folates have been identified in major cereals, and the most promising of these are presented here. Breeding for essential nutrition should be a core objective of next-generation crop breeding. This review synthesizes the available literature on folates, provitamin A, and carotenoids in rice, wheat, maize, and pearl millet, including genetic variation, trait discovery, QTL identification, gene introgressions, and the strategy of genomics-assisted biofortification for these traits. Recent evidence shows that genomics-assisted breeding for grain nutrition in rice, wheat, maize, and pearl millet crops have good potential to aid in the alleviation of micronutrient malnutrition in many developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahalingam Govindaraj
- Crop Improvement program, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
| | - Adhimoolam Karthikeyan
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - V. G. Shobhana
- Crop Improvement program, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
| | - Thomas D. Warkentin
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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10
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Distribution of bioactive compounds in pearled fractions of tritordeum. Food Chem 2019; 301:125228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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11
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Mattera MG, Hornero-Méndez D, Atienza SG. Carotenoid content in tritordeum is not primarily associated with esterification during grain development. Food Chem 2019; 310:125847. [PMID: 31732244 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tritordeums show a significant proportion of lutein esters which increases carotenoid stability and retention throughout the food chain. Esterification is a common means of carotenoid sequestration. A putative association between lutein esters formation acting as a metabolic sink during early stages of grain development and the high carotenoid content of tritordeums is analyzed in this work. Compared to wheat, tritordeums accumulated significantly higher lutein contents from 20 days post anthesis (dpa) but lutein esters were not detected until 36 dpa. Thus esterification is not acting as a metabolific sink before 36 dpa. The presence of lutein esters at late stages of grain development may have a complementary role in carotenoid accumulation by reducing and/or counteracting their catabolism. The differences for lutein esterification among tritordeums suggest the existence of diversity for xanthophyll acyl transferases that could be exploited to increase lutein retention in this cereal and through the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Mattera
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, E-14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - D Hornero-Méndez
- Departament of Food Phytochemistry, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Edificio 46, Ctra. de Utrera, Km 1, E-41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - S G Atienza
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, E-14004 Córdoba, Spain.
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12
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Carotenoid composition and expression of biosynthetic genes in yellow and white foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv]. J Cereal Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Alvarez JB, Guzmán C. Interspecific and intergeneric hybridization as a source of variation for wheat grain quality improvement. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2018; 131:225-251. [PMID: 29285597 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-017-3042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The hybridization events with wild relatives and old varieties are an alternative source for enlarging the wheat quality variability. This review describes these process and their effects on the technological and nutritional quality. Wheat quality and its end-uses are mainly based on variation in three traits: grain hardness, gluten quality and starch. In recent times, the importance of nutritional quality and health-related aspects has increased the range of these traits with the inclusion of other grain components such as vitamins, fibre and micronutrients. One option to enlarge the genetic variability in wheat for all these components has been the use of wild relatives, together with underutilised or neglected wheat varieties or species. In the current review, we summarise the role of each grain component in relation to grain quality, their variation in modern wheat and the alternative sources in which wheat breeders have found novel variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan B Alvarez
- Departamento de Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y de Montes, Edificio Gregor Mendel, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, CeiA3, 14071, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Carlos Guzmán
- CIMMYT, Global Wheat Program, Km 45 Carretera México-Veracruz, El Batán, C.P. 56130, Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico
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14
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Mellado-Ortega E, Hornero-Méndez D. Effect of long-term storage on the free and esterified carotenoids in durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum conv. durum ) and tritordeum (× Tritordeum Ascherson et Graebner) grains. Food Res Int 2017; 99:877-890. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Mattera MG, Hornero-Méndez D, Atienza SG. Lutein ester profile in wheat and tritordeum can be modulated by temperature: Evidences for regioselectivity and fatty acid preferential of enzymes encoded by genes on chromosomes 7D and 7H ch. Food Chem 2016; 219:199-206. [PMID: 27765217 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The increase of lutein retention through the food chain is desirable for wheat breeding. Lutein esters are more stable than free lutein during post-harvest storage and two loci on chromosomes 7D and 7Hch are important for esterification. We investigated the effect of temperature during grain filling on carotenoid accumulation and lutein ester profile including fatty acid selectivity (palmitic vs. linoleic) and regioselectivity (esterification at positions 3 vs. 3'). Three different temperature regimes were assayed (controlled, semi-controlled and non-controlled). Lutein esters were more stable than free carotenoids in vivo and the enzymes encoded by chromosomes 7Hch and 7D are complementary. Indeed, they show differential preferences for the fatty acid (palmitic and linoleic, respectively) and regioselectivity (3 and 3', respectively). Besides, H. chilense has additional genes for esterification. Finally, the increase of temperature favoured the accumulation of lutein esters with linoleic acid and the synthesis of regioisomers at position 3'.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Mattera
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (CSIC), E-14004 Córdoba, Spain; Department of Genetics, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, E-14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - D Hornero-Méndez
- Department of Food Phytochemistry, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Edificio 46, Ctra. de Utrera, km 1, E-41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - S G Atienza
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (CSIC), E-14004 Córdoba, Spain.
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16
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Atanasova-Penichon V, Barreau C, Richard-Forget F. Antioxidant Secondary Metabolites in Cereals: Potential Involvement in Resistance to Fusarium and Mycotoxin Accumulation. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:566. [PMID: 27148243 PMCID: PMC4840282 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gibberella and Fusarium Ear Rot and Fusarium Head Blight are major diseases affecting European cereals. These diseases are mainly caused by fungi of the Fusarium genus, primarily Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides. These Fusarium species pose a serious threat to food safety because of their ability to produce a wide range of mycotoxins, including type B trichothecenes and fumonisins. Many factors such as environmental, agronomic or genetic ones may contribute to high levels of accumulation of mycotoxins in the grain and there is an urgent need to implement efficient and sustainable management strategies to reduce mycotoxin contamination. Actually, fungicides are not fully efficient to control the mycotoxin risk. In addition, because of harmful effects on human health and environment, their use should be seriously restricted in the near future. To durably solve the problem of mycotoxin accumulation, the breeding of tolerant genotypes is one of the most promising strategies for cereals. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms of plant resistance to both Fusarium and mycotoxin contamination will shed light on plant-pathogen interactions and provide relevant information for improving breeding programs. Resistance to Fusarium depends on the plant ability in preventing initial infection and containing the development of the toxigenic fungi while resistance to mycotoxin contamination is also related to the capacity of plant tissues in reducing mycotoxin accumulation. This capacity can result from two mechanisms: metabolic transformation of the toxin into less toxic compounds and inhibition of toxin biosynthesis. This last mechanism involves host metabolites able to interfere with mycotoxin biosynthesis. This review aims at gathering the latest scientific advances that support the contribution of grain antioxidant secondary metabolites to the mechanisms of plant resistance to Fusarium and mycotoxin accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Barreau
- MycSA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Villenave d'Ornon, France
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17
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Transcripts levels of Phytoene synthase 1 ( Psy-1 ) are associated to semolina yellowness variation in durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum ). J Cereal Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Federico ML, Schmidt MA. Modern Breeding and Biotechnological Approaches to Enhance Carotenoid Accumulation in Seeds. Subcell Biochem 2016; 79:345-58. [PMID: 27485229 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-39126-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for carotenoids, which are fundamental components of the human diet, for example as precursors of vitamin A. Carotenoids are also potent antioxidants and their health benefits are becoming increasingly evident. Protective effects against prostate cancer and age-related macular degeneration have been proposed for lycopene and lutein/zeaxanthin, respectively. Additionally, β-carotene, astaxanthin and canthaxanthin are high-value carotenoids used by the food industry as feed supplements and colorants. The production and consumption of these carotenoids from natural sources, especially from seeds, constitutes an important step towards fortifying the diet of malnourished people in developing nations. Therefore, attempts to metabolically manipulate β-carotene production in plants have received global attention, especially after the generation of Golden Rice (Oryza sativa). The endosperms of Golden Rice seeds synthesize and accumulate large quantities of β-carotene (provitamin A), yielding a characteristic yellow color in the polished grains. Classical breeding efforts have also focused in the development of cultivars with elevated seed carotenoid content, with maize and other cereals leading the way. In this communication we will summarize transgenic efforts and modern breeding strategies to fortify various crop seeds with nutraceutical carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Federico
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, Agriaquaculture Nutritional Genomic Center (CGNA), Temuco, Chile
| | - M A Schmidt
- Bio5 Institute and Plant Sciences Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85718, USA.
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19
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Alós E, Rodrigo MJ, Zacarias L. Manipulation of Carotenoid Content in Plants to Improve Human Health. Subcell Biochem 2016; 79:311-43. [PMID: 27485228 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-39126-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential components for human nutrition and health, mainly due to their antioxidant and pro-vitamin A activity. Foods with enhanced carotenoid content and composition are essential to ensure carotenoid feasibility in malnourished population of many countries around the world, which is critical to alleviate vitamin A deficiency and other health-related disorders. The pathway of carotenoid biosynthesis is currently well understood, key steps of the pathways in different plant species have been characterized and the corresponding genes identified, as well as other regulatory elements. This enables the manipulation and improvement of carotenoid content and composition in order to control the nutritional value of a number of agronomical important staple crops. Biotechnological and genetic engineering-based strategies to manipulate carotenoid metabolism have been successfully implemented in many crops, with Golden rice as the most relevant example of β-carotene improvement in one of the more widely consumed foods. Conventional breeding strategies have been also adopted in the bio-fortification of carotenoid in staple foods that are highly consumed in developing countries, including maize, cassava and sweet potatoes, to alleviate nutrition-related problems. The objective of the chapter is to summarize major breakthroughs and advances in the enhancement of carotenoid content and composition in agronomical and nutritional important crops, with special emphasis to their potential impact and benefits in human nutrition and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enriqueta Alós
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Jesús Rodrigo
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Zacarias
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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20
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Zeng J, Wang X, Miao Y, Wang C, Zang M, Chen X, Li M, Li X, Wang Q, Li K, Chang J, Wang Y, Yang G, He G. Metabolic Engineering of Wheat Provitamin A by Simultaneously Overexpressing CrtB and Silencing Carotenoid Hydroxylase (TaHYD). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9083-92. [PMID: 26424551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the provitamin A content in staple crops via carotenoid metabolic engineering is one way to address vitamin A deficiency. In this work a combination of methods was applied to specifically increase β-carotene content in wheat by metabolic engineering. Endosperm-specific silencing of the carotenoid hydroxylase gene (TaHYD) increased β-carotene content 10.5-fold to 1.76 μg g(-1) in wheat endosperm. Overexpression of CrtB introduced an additional flux into wheat, accompanied by a β-carotene increase of 14.6-fold to 2.45 μg g(-1). When the "push strategy" (overexpressing CrtB) and "block strategy" (silencing TaHYD) were combined in wheat metabolic engineering, significant levels of β-carotene accumulation were obtained, corresponding to an increase of up to 31-fold to 5.06 μg g(-1). This is the first example of successful metabolic engineering to specifically improve β-carotene content in wheat endosperm through a combination of methods and demonstrates the potential of genetic engineering for specific nutritional enhancement of wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zeng
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiatian Wang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yingjie Miao
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Mingli Zang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xi Chen
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Miao Li
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Kexiu Li
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Junli Chang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuesheng Wang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Guangxiao Yang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Guangyuan He
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
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21
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Rey MD, Calderón MC, Rodrigo MJ, Zacarías L, Alós E, Prieto P. Novel Bread Wheat Lines Enriched in Carotenoids Carrying Hordeum chilense Chromosome Arms in the ph1b Background. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134598. [PMID: 26241856 PMCID: PMC4524710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of crop wild relative species to improve major crops performance is well established. Hordeum chilense has a high potential as a genetic donor to increase the carotenoid content of wheat. Crosses between the 7HchH. chilense substitution lines in wheat and the wheat pairing homoeologous1b (ph1b) mutant allowed the development of wheat-H. chilense translocation lines for both 7Hchα and 7Hchβ chromosome arms in the wheat background. These translocation lines were characterized by in situ hybridization and using molecular markers. In addition, reverse phase chromatography (HPLC) analysis was carried out to evaluate the carotenoid content and both 7Hchα∙7AL and 7AS∙7Hchβ disomic translocation lines. The carotenoid content in 7Hchα∙7AL and 7AS∙7Hchβ disomic translocation lines was higher than the wheat-7Hch addition line and double amount of carotenoids than the wheat itself. A proteomic analysis confirmed that the presence of chromosome 7Hch introgressions in wheat scarcely altered the proteomic profile of the wheat flour. The Psy1 (Phytoene Synthase1) gene, which is the first committed step in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, was also cytogenetically mapped on the 7Hchα chromosome arm. These new wheat-H. chilense translocation lines can be used as a powerful tool in wheat breeding programs to enrich the diet in bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Dolores Rey
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Vegetal, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado, Córdoba, Spain
| | - María-Carmen Calderón
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Vegetal, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado, Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Jesús Rodrigo
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Zacarías
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enriqueta Alós
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Vegetal, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Pilar Prieto
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Vegetal, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado, Córdoba, Spain
- * E-mail:
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22
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Ampomah-Dwamena C, Driedonks N, Lewis D, Shumskaya M, Chen X, Wurtzel ET, Espley RV, Allan AC. The Phytoene synthase gene family of apple (Malus x domestica) and its role in controlling fruit carotenoid content. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:185. [PMID: 26215656 PMCID: PMC4517366 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0573-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carotenoid compounds play essential roles in plants such as protecting the photosynthetic apparatus and in hormone signalling. Coloured carotenoids provide yellow, orange and red colour to plant tissues, as well as offering nutritional benefit to humans and animals. The enzyme phytoene synthase (PSY) catalyses the first committed step of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway and has been associated with control of pathway flux. We characterised four PSY genes found in the apple genome to further understand their involvement in fruit carotenoid accumulation. RESULTS The apple PSY gene family, containing six members, was predicted to have three functional members, PSY1, PSY2, and PSY4, based on translation of the predicted gene sequences and/or corresponding cDNAs. However, only PSY1 and PSY2 showed activity in a complementation assay. Protein localisation experiments revealed differential localization of the PSY proteins in chloroplasts; PSY1 and PSY2 localized to the thylakoid membranes, while PSY4 localized to plastoglobuli. Transcript levels in 'Granny Smith' and 'Royal Gala' apple cultivars showed PSY2 was most highly expressed in fruit and other vegetative tissues. We tested the transient activation of the apple PSY1 and PSY2 promoters and identified potential and differential regulation by AP2/ERF transcription factors, which suggested that the PSY genes are controlled by different transcriptional mechanisms. CONCLUSION The first committed carotenoid pathway step in apple is controlled by MdPSY1 and MdPSY2, while MdPSY4 play little or no role in this respect. This has implications for apple breeding programmes where carotenoid enhancement is a target and would allow co-segregation with phenotypes to be tested during the development of new cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Ampomah-Dwamena
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Nicky Driedonks
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
- Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Radboud University, Postbus 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
| | - David Lewis
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Maria Shumskaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, The City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Blvd. West, Bronx, New York, NY, 10468, USA.
| | - Xiuyin Chen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Eleanore T Wurtzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, The City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Blvd. West, Bronx, New York, NY, 10468, USA.
- The Graduate School and University Center-CUNY, 365 Fifth Ave, New York, NY, 10016-4309, USA.
| | - Richard V Espley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Andrew C Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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23
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Mellado-Ortega E, Hornero-Méndez D. Carotenoid profiling of Hordeum chilense grains: The parental proof for the origin of the high carotenoid content and esterification pattern of tritordeum. J Cereal Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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24
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Mellado-Ortega E, Atienza SG, Hornero-Méndez D. Carotenoid evolution during postharvest storage of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum conv. durum) and tritordeum (×Tritordeum Ascherson et Graebner) grains. J Cereal Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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