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Li N, Pu K, Ding D, Yang Y, Niu T, Li J, Xie J. Foliar Spraying of Glycine Betaine Alleviated Growth Inhibition, Photoinhibition, and Oxidative Stress in Pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) Seedlings under Low Temperatures Combined with Low Light. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2563. [PMID: 37447123 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Low temperature combined with low light (LL stress) is a typical environmental stress that limits peppers' productivity, yield, and quality in northwestern China. Glycine betaine (GB), an osmoregulatory substance, has increasingly valuable effects on plant stress resistance. In this study, pepper seedlings were treated with different concentrations of GB under LL stress, and 20 mM of GB was the best treatment. To further explore the mechanism of GB in response to LL stress, four treatments, including CK (normal temperature and light, 28/18 °C, 300 μmol m-2 s-1), CB (normal temperature and light + 20 mM GB), LL (10/5 °C, 100 μmol m-2 s-1), and LB (10/5 °C, 100 μmol m-2 s-1 + 20 mM GB), were investigated in terms of pepper growth, biomass accumulation, photosynthetic capacity, expression levels of encoded proteins Capsb, cell membrane permeability, antioxidant enzyme gene expression and activity, and subcellular localization. The results showed that the pre-spraying of GB under LL stress significantly alleviated the growth inhibition of pepper seedlings; increased plant height by 4.64%; increased root activity by 63.53%; and decreased photoinhibition by increasing the chlorophyll content; upregulating the expression levels of encoded proteins Capsb A, Capsb B, Capsb C, Capsb D, Capsb S, Capsb P1, and Capsb P2 by 30.29%, 36.69%, 18.81%, 30.05%, 9.01%, 6.21%, and 16.45%, respectively; enhancing the fluorescence intensity (OJIP curves), the photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm, Fv'/Fm'), qP, and NPQ; improving the light energy distribution of PSΠ (Y(II), Y(NPQ), and Y(NO)); and increasing the photochemical reaction fraction and reduced heat dissipation, thereby increasing plant height by 4.64% and shoot bioaccumulation by 13.55%. The pre-spraying of GB under LL stress also upregulated the gene expression of CaSOD, CaPOD, and CaCAT; increased the activity of the ROS-scavenging ability in the pepper leaves; and coordinately increased the SOD activity in the mitochondria, the POD activity in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cytosol, and the CAT activity in the cytosol, which improved the LL resistance of the pepper plants by reducing excess H2O2, O2-, MDA, and soluble protein levels in the leaf cells, leading to reduced biological membrane damage. Overall, pre-spraying with GB effectively alleviated the negative effects of LL stress in pepper seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenghui Li
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Kaiguo Pu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Dongxia Ding
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yan Yang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Tianhang Niu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jianming Xie
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China
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Yu J, Yuan Y, Zhang W, Song T, Hou X, Kong L, Cui G. Overexpression of an NF-YC2 gene confers alkali tolerance to transgenic alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:960160. [PMID: 35991397 PMCID: PMC9389336 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.960160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline stress severely limits plant growth and yield worldwide. NF-YC transcription factors (TFs) respond to abiotic stress by activating gene expression. However, the biological function of NF-YC TFs in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is not clear. In our study, an NF-YC2 gene was identified and transgenic plants were obtained by constructing overexpression vector and cotyledon node transformation system in alfalfa. The open reading frame of MsNF-YC2 is 879 bp with 32.4 kDa molecular mass. MsNF-YC2 showed tissue expression specificity and was induced by a variety of abiotic stresses including drought, salt, and alkali stress in alfalfa. Under alkali stress treatment, transgenic plants exhibited higher levels of antioxidant enzyme activities and proline (Pro), correlating with a lower levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion (O2 -) compared with wild-type (WT) plants. Transcriptomic results showed that overexpression of MsNF-YC2 regulated the expression of phytohormone signal transduction and photosynthesis-related genes under normal and alkaline stress treatments. These results suggest that the MsNF-YC2 gene plays crucial role enhance alkali adaptation abilities in alfalfa.
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Liang Z, Liu F, Wang W, Zhang P, Yuan Y, Yao H, Sun X, Wang F. A reasonable strategy for Caulerpa lentillifera J. Agardh (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) transportation based on the biochemical and photophysiological responses to dehydration stress. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Krzeszowiec W, Novokreshchenova M, Gabryś H. Chloroplasts in C3 grasses move in response to blue-light. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:1331-1343. [PMID: 32661816 PMCID: PMC7497455 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Brachypodium distachyon is a good model for studying chloropla st movements in the crop plants, wheat, rye and barley. The movements are activated only by blue light, similar to Arabidopsis. Chloroplast translocations are ubiquitous in photosynthetic organisms. On the one hand, they serve to optimize energy capture under limiting light, on the other hand, they minimize potential photodamage to the photosynthetic apparatus in excess light. In higher plants chloroplast movements are mediated by phototropins (phots), blue light receptors that also control other light acclimation responses. So far, Arabidopsis thaliana has been the main model for studying the mechanism of blue light signaling to chloroplast translocations in terrestrial plants. Here, we propose Brachypodium distachyon as a model in research into chloroplast movements in C3 cereals. Brachypodium chloroplasts respond to light in a similar way to those in Arabidopsis. The amino acid sequence of Brachypodium PHOT1 is 79.3% identical, and that of PHOT2 is 73.6% identical to the sequence of the corresponding phototropin in Arabidopsis. Both phototropin1 and 2 are expressed in Brachypodium, as shown using quantitative real-time PCR. Intriguingly, the light-expression pattern of BradiPHOT1 and BradiPHOT2 is the opposite of that for Arabidopsis phototropins, suggesting potential unique light signaling in C3 grasses. To investigate if Brachypodium is a good model for studying grass chloroplast movements we analyzed these movements in the leaves of three C3 crop grasses, namely wheat, rye and barley. Similarly to Brachypodium, chloroplasts only respond to blue light in all these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Krzeszowiec
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Novokreshchenova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Halina Gabryś
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Majumdar A, Kar RK. Chloroplast avoidance movement: a novel paradigm of ROS signalling. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 144:109-121. [PMID: 32222888 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00736-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The damaging effects of supra-optimal irradiance on plants, often turning to be lethal, may be circumvented by chloroplast avoidance movement which realigns chloroplasts to the anticlinal surfaces of cells (parallel to the incident light), essentially minimizing photon absorption. In angiosperms and many other groups of plants, chloroplast avoidance movement has been identified to be a strong blue light (BL)-dependent process being mediated by actin filaments wherein phototropins are identified as the photoreceptor involved. Studies through the last few decades have identified key molecular mechanisms involving Chloroplast Unusual Positioning 1 (CHUP1) protein and specific chloroplast-actin (cp-actin) filaments. However, the signal transduction pathway from strong BL absorption down to directional re-localization of chloroplasts by actin filaments is complex and ambiguous. Being the immediate cellular products of high irradiance absorption and having properties of remodelling actin as well as phototropin, reactive oxygen species (ROS) deemed to be more able and prompt than any other signalling agent in mediating chloroplast avoidance movement. Although ROS are presently being identified as fundamental component for regulating different plant processes ranging from growth, development and immunity, its role in avoidance movement have hardly been explored in depth. However, few recent reports have demonstrated the direct stimulatory involvement of ROS, especially H2O2, in chloroplast avoidance movement with Ca2+ playing a pivotal role. With this perspective, the present review discusses the mechanisms of ROS-mediated chloroplast avoidance movement involving ROS-Ca2+-actin communication system and NADPH oxidase (NOX)-plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase positive feed-forward loop. A possible working model is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkajo Majumdar
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India
- Department of Botany, City College, 102/1 Raja Rammohan Sarani, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700009, India
| | - Rup Kumar Kar
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India.
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Jin T, Sun Y, Zhao R, Shan Z, Gai J, Li Y. Overexpression of Peroxidase Gene GsPRX9 Confers Salt Tolerance in Soybean. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3745. [PMID: 31370221 PMCID: PMC6695911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxidases play prominent roles in antioxidant responses and stress tolerance in plants; however, their functions in soybean tolerance to salt stress remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of a peroxidase gene from the wild soybean (Glycine soja), GsPRX9, in soybean tolerance to salt stress. GsPRX9 gene expression was induced by salt treatment in the roots of both salt-tolerant and -sensitive soybean varieties, and its relative expression level in the roots of salt-tolerant soybean varieties showed a significantly higher increase than in salt-sensitive varieties after NaCl treatment, suggesting its possible role in soybean response to salt stress. GsPRX9-overexpressing yeast (strains of INVSc1 and G19) grew better than the control under salt and H2O2 stress, and GsPRX9-overexpressing soybean composite plants showed higher shoot fresh weight and leaf relative water content than control plants after NaCl treatment. Moreover, the GsPRX9-overexpressing soybean hairy roots had higher root fresh weight, primary root length, activities of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, and glutathione level, but lower H2O2 content than those in control roots under salt stress. These findings suggest that the overexpression of the GsPRX9 gene enhanced the salt tolerance and antioxidant response in soybean. This study would provide new insights into the role of peroxidase in plant tolerance to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybeans (General, Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yangyang Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybeans (General, Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ranran Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybeans (General, Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhong Shan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybeans (General, Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junyi Gai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybeans (General, Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybeans (General, Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters to assess utilization of excitation energy in photosystem II independently of changes in leaf absorption. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 197:111535. [PMID: 31319267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated (PAM) chlorophyll a fluorescence is widely used method for obtaining information on the functional state of photosystem II (PSII). Recently, it has been shown that some of long-established fluorescence parameters must be interpreted with caution, when the light-induced chloroplast movements occur. In our work we have analyzed the effect of chloroplast movements on these parameters. We have derived new parameters that are independent of the change in PSII absorption occurring during measurement. To verify whether there is a need for new parameters or the difference between the parameters commonly used and the newly derived ones is insignificant, we conducted an experiment with Arabidopsis thaliana wild type plants and its phot1 phot2 mutant defective in chloroplast movement. Plants were exposed to light of different qualities (450, 470, 550 or 660 nm) and quantities (100, 400 or 1200 μmol m-2 s-1) for up to 40 min. Since the blue light-induced chloroplast avoidance reaction is a photoprotective mechanism, we expected that phot1 phot2 mutant will compensate the lack of this mechanism by increasing non-photochemical quenching. However, using the light at both 450 and 470 nm, the calculation of commonly used parameter, ΦNPQ (quantum yield of regulated light-induced thermal energy dissipation in PSII) based on Hendrickson et al. [L. Hendrickson, R.T. Furbank, W.S. Chow, Photosynth. Res. 82 (2004) 73-81] showed the opposite. On the other hand, the results obtained using our newly proposed formulae to determine quantum yield of PSII thermal energy dissipation were in line with our assumption. Thus, the experimental data showed that some formulae of fluorescence parameters are dependent on the change in PSII absorption and need to be interpreted carefully. On the contrary, the formulae introduced by us can remove the effect of changes in PSII absorption that occur during measurement, without additional measurements, and give the real estimate of light-induced non-photochemical quenching.
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Semer J, Štroch M, Špunda V, Navrátil M. Partitioning of absorbed light energy within photosystem II in barley can be affected by chloroplast movement. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 186:98-106. [PMID: 30025290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants have developed many ways to protect reaction centres of photosystems against overexcitation. One of the mechanisms involves reduction of the leaf absorption cross-section by light-induced chloroplast avoidance reaction. Decrease in the probability of photon absorption by the pigments bound within photosystem II (PSII) complexes leads to the increase in quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII). On the other hand, the decrease of PSII excitation probability causes reduction of chlorophyll a fluorescence intensity which is manifested as the apparent increase of determined quantum yield of regulated light-induced non-photochemical quenching (ΦNPQ). Absorption of different light intensity by phototropins led to the different chloroplast distribution within barley leaves, estimated by measurement of the leaf transmittance. Due to a weak blue light used for transmittance measurements, leaves exposed to actinic light with wavelengths longer than 520 nm undergo chloroplast accumulation reaction, in contrast with leaves exposed to light with shorter wavelengths, that showed a different extent of chloroplast avoidance reaction. Based on the ΦNPQ action spectra measured simultaneously with the transmittance, the influence of different chloroplast distribution on ΦNPQ was assessed. The analysis of results showed that decrease in the leaf absorption cross-section due to increasing part of chloroplasts reaching profile position significantly affected the partitioning of excitation energy within PSII and such rearrangement also distorted measured ΦNPQ and cannot be neglected in its interpretation. When the majority of chloroplasts reached profile position, the photoprotective effect appeared to be the most prominent for strong blue light that has the highest absorption in the upper leaf layers in comparison with green or red ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Semer
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 30. dubna 22, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - M Štroch
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 30. dubna 22, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic; Global Change Research Institute, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - V Špunda
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 30. dubna 22, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic; Global Change Research Institute, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Navrátil
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 30. dubna 22, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic.
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Kalaji HM, Schansker G, Brestic M, Bussotti F, Calatayud A, Ferroni L, Goltsev V, Guidi L, Jajoo A, Li P, Losciale P, Mishra VK, Misra AN, Nebauer SG, Pancaldi S, Penella C, Pollastrini M, Suresh K, Tambussi E, Yanniccari M, Zivcak M, Cetner MD, Samborska IA, Stirbet A, Olsovska K, Kunderlikova K, Shelonzek H, Rusinowski S, Bąba W. Frequently asked questions about chlorophyll fluorescence, the sequel. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2017; 132:13-66. [PMID: 27815801 PMCID: PMC5357263 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-016-0318-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Using chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence many aspects of the photosynthetic apparatus can be studied, both in vitro and, noninvasively, in vivo. Complementary techniques can help to interpret changes in the Chl a fluorescence kinetics. Kalaji et al. (Photosynth Res 122:121-158, 2014a) addressed several questions about instruments, methods and applications based on Chl a fluorescence. Here, additional Chl a fluorescence-related topics are discussed again in a question and answer format. Examples are the effect of connectivity on photochemical quenching, the correction of F V /F M values for PSI fluorescence, the energy partitioning concept, the interpretation of the complementary area, probing the donor side of PSII, the assignment of bands of 77 K fluorescence emission spectra to fluorescence emitters, the relationship between prompt and delayed fluorescence, potential problems when sampling tree canopies, the use of fluorescence parameters in QTL studies, the use of Chl a fluorescence in biosensor applications and the application of neural network approaches for the analysis of fluorescence measurements. The answers draw on knowledge from different Chl a fluorescence analysis domains, yielding in several cases new insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem M. Kalaji
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak Agricultural University, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Filippo Bussotti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | - Angeles Calatayud
- Departamento de Horticultura, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Ctra. Moncada-Náquera Km 4.5., 46113 Moncada, Valencia Spain
| | - Lorenzo Ferroni
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d’Este, 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Vasilij Goltsev
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Faculty of Biology, St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, 8 Dr.Tzankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Anjana Jajoo
- School of Life Sciences, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, M.P. 452 001 India
| | - Pengmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Pasquale Losciale
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria [Research Unit for Agriculture in Dry Environments], 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Vinod K. Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Doon (P.G.) College of Agriculture Science, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001 India
| | - Amarendra N. Misra
- Centre for Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Ranchi, 835205 India
| | - Sergio G. Nebauer
- Departamento de Producción vegetal, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera sn., 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Simonetta Pancaldi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d’Este, 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Consuelo Penella
- Departamento de Horticultura, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Ctra. Moncada-Náquera Km 4.5., 46113 Moncada, Valencia Spain
| | - Martina Pollastrini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | - Kancherla Suresh
- ICAR – Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research, Pedavegi, West Godavari Dt., Andhra Pradesh 534 450 India
| | - Eduardo Tambussi
- Institute of Plant Physiology, INFIVE (Universidad Nacional de La Plata — Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Diagonal 113 N°495, CC 327, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marcos Yanniccari
- Institute of Plant Physiology, INFIVE (Universidad Nacional de La Plata — Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Diagonal 113 N°495, CC 327, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marek Zivcak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak Agricultural University, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Magdalena D. Cetner
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela A. Samborska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Katarina Olsovska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Kristyna Kunderlikova
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Henry Shelonzek
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, ul. Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Szymon Rusinowski
- Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Kossutha 6, 40-844 Katowice, Poland
| | - Wojciech Bąba
- Department of Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków, Poland
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