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Gato S, García-Fernández V, Gil-Gómez A, Rojas Á, Montero-Vallejo R, Muñoz-Hernández R, Romero-Gómez M. Navigating the Link Between Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Cardiometabolic Syndrome. Eur Cardiol 2024; 19:e03. [PMID: 38807856 PMCID: PMC11131154 DOI: 10.15420/ecr.2023.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The global prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is nearly 25% and is increasing rapidly. The spectrum of liver damage in NAFLD ranges from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, characterised by the presence of lobular inflammation and hepatocyte ballooning degeneration, with or without fibrosis, which can further develop into cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Not only is NAFLD a progressive liver disease, but numerous pieces of evidence also point to extrahepatic consequences. Accumulating evidence suggests that patients with NAFLD are also at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD); in fact, CVDs are the most common cause of mortality in patients with NAFLD. Obesity, type 2 diabetes and higher levels of LDL are common risk factors in both NAFLD and CVD; however, how NAFLD affects the development and progression of CVD remains elusive. In this review, we comprehensively summarise current data on the key extrahepatic manifestations of NAFLD, emphasising the possible link between NAFLD and CVD, including the role of proprotein convertase substilisin/kenin type 9, extracellular vesicles, microbiota, and genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Gato
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de SevillaSeville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD)Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanessa García-Fernández
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de SevillaSeville, Spain
| | - Antonio Gil-Gómez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de SevillaSeville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD)Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Rojas
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de SevillaSeville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD)Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Montero-Vallejo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de SevillaSeville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD)Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Muñoz-Hernández
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de SevillaSeville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD)Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de SevillaSeville, Spain
| | - Manuel Romero-Gómez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de SevillaSeville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD)Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen del RocíoSeville, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de SevillaSeville, Spain
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Cai M, Zhao D, Han X, Han S, Zhang W, Zang Z, Gai C, Rong R, Gao T. The role of perivascular adipose tissue-secreted adipocytokines in cardiovascular disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1271051. [PMID: 37822930 PMCID: PMC10562567 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1271051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue and the vessel wall are connected through intricate bidirectional paracrine and vascular secretory signaling pathways. The secretion of inflammatory factors and oxidative products by the vessel wall in the diseased segment has the ability to influence the phenotype of perivascular adipocytes. Additionally, the secretion of adipokines by perivascular adipose tissue exacerbates the inflammatory response in the diseased vessel wall. Therefore, quantitative and qualitative studies of perivascular adipose tissue are of great value in the context of vascular inflammation and may provide a reference for the assessment of cardiovascular ischemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichao Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shuang Han
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zhennan Zang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chenchen Gai
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Rong Rong
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Tian Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Gan J, Duan Z, Tang L, Liu Z, Tian H, Wu M, Bi Y, Pan X, Wang W, Gao X, Wang N, Lin Z, Yang H. Fibroblast growth factor 21 resistance is associated with body shape in patients with type 2 diabetes complicating hypertension. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1168047. [PMID: 37424900 PMCID: PMC10325616 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1168047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Obesity, especially abdominal obesity, increases the prevalence of metabolic and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been identified as a critical regulator playing a therapeutic role in diabetes and its complications. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between serum FGF21 levels and body shape parameters in patients with hypertension (HP) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods Serum FGF21 levels were determined in 1,003 subjects, including 745 patients with T2DM, and 258 individuals were selected as a healthy control in this cross-sectional study. Results Serum FGF21 levels were significantly higher in T2DM patients with HP than those without [534.9 (322.6-722.2) vs. 220.65 (142.8-347.55) pg/ml, p < 0.001], and levels in both of these two groups were significantly increased compared with that of healthy control [123.92 (67.23-219.32) pg/ml, all p < 0.001]. These differences were also observed in body shape parameters, including weight, waistline, body mass index (BMI), body shape index (ABSI), and the percentage of abdominal obesity. Serum FGF21 levels in T2DM patients were positively correlated with body shape parameters, including weight, waistline, neck circumference, BMI, ABSI, percent of abdominal obesity, and triglyceride, while negatively with estimated glomerular filtration rate (all p < 0.01). The significance remained stable when adjusted for age and T2DM duration. In addition, both serum FGF21 concentrations and waistline were independently associated with HP in T2DM patients after the adjustment for risk factors (all p < 0.05). ROC analysis for FGF21 levels of 745 patients with T2DM identified 411.33 pg/ml as an optimal cut-off point to predict HP, with a sensitivity and specificity of 66.0% and 84.9%, respectively. Conclusions FGF21 resistance occurs in patients of HP in T2DM, and positively correlates with body shape parameters (especially waistline and BMI). High levels of FGF21 may be a compensatory reaction to offset HP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gan
- Department of Cardiology, the 1st affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical Unversity, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zikun Duan
- School of Pharmaceutical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lu Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huiying Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Maolan Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanxue Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xingchao Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaotang Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ningrui Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhuofeng Lin
- Department of Cardiology, the 1st affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical Unversity, Wenzhou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Laboratory Animal Center of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, the 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ruian People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, China
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Zhao Z, Cui X, Liao Z. Mechanism of fibroblast growth factor 21 in cardiac remodeling. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1202730. [PMID: 37416922 PMCID: PMC10322220 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1202730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac remodeling is a basic pathological process that enables the progression of multiple cardiac diseases to heart failure. Fibroblast growth factor 21 is considered a regulator in maintaining energy homeostasis and shows a positive role in preventing damage caused by cardiac diseases. This review mainly summarizes the effects and related mechanisms of fibroblast growth factor 21 on pathological processes associated with cardiac remodeling, based on a variety of cells of myocardial tissue. The possibility of Fibroblast growth factor 21 as a promising treatment for the cardiac remodeling process will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Zhao
- Queen Mary College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xuemei Cui
- Fourth Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhangping Liao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Chen K, Huang W, Wang J, Xu H, Ruan L, Li Y, Wang Z, Wang X, Lin L, Li X. Increased serum fibroblast growth factor 21 levels are associated with adverse clinical outcomes after intracerebral hemorrhage. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1117057. [PMID: 37214383 PMCID: PMC10198380 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1117057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most prevalent cause of death. We sought to explore whether serum Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is of substantial benefit in predicting poor prognosis in ICH patient. Methods A prospective, multicenter cohort analysis of serum FGF21 levels in 418 ICH patients was carried out. At three months following ICH start, the primary endpoint was death or major disability, whereas the secondary endpoint was death. We investigated the association between serum FGF21 and clinical outcomes. We added FGF21 to the existing rating scale to assess whether it enhanced the prediction ability of the original model. Effectiveness was determined by calculating the C-statistic, net reclassification index (NRI), absolute integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) index. Results Among 418 enrolled patients, 217 (51.9%) of the all subjects had death or significant disability. Compared with patients in the lowest quartile group, those in the first quartile group had higher risk of the primary outcome (Odds ratio, 2.73 [95%CI,1.42-5.26, p < 0.05]) and second outcome (Hazard ratio, 4.28 [95%CI,1.61-11.42, p < 0.001]). The integration of FGF21 into many current ICH scales improved the discrimination and calibration quality for the integrated discrimination index's prediction of main and secondary findings (all p < 0.05). Conclusion Elevated serum FGF21 is associated with increased risks of adverse clinical outcomes at 3 months in ICH patients, suggesting FGF21 may be a valuable prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenting Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huiqin Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lixin Ruan
- The People’s Hospital of Pingyang, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yongang Li
- The First People’s Hospital of Wenling, Taizhou, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Liu S, Liu Y, Liu Z, Hu Y, Jiang M. A review of the signaling pathways of aerobic and anaerobic exercise on atherosclerosis. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:866-879. [PMID: 36890781 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS), a chronic inflammatory vascular disease with lipid metabolism abnormalities, is one of the major pathological bases of coronary heart disease. As people's lifestyles and diets change, the incidence of AS increases yearly. Physical activity and exercise training have recently been identified as effective strategies for lowering cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, the best exercise mode to ameliorate the risk factors related to AS is not clear. The effect of exercise on AS is affected by the type of exercise, intensity, and duration. In particular, aerobic and anaerobic exercise are the two most widely discussed types of exercise. During exercise, the cardiovascular system undergoes physiological changes via various signaling pathways. The review aims to summarize signaling pathways related to AS in two different exercise types and provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of AS in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibo Liu
- The QUEEN MARY School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuhe Liu
- Medical Collage of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Zhihan Liu
- The QUEEN MARY School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yansong Hu
- The QUEEN MARY School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Meixiu Jiang
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Falamarzi K, Malekpour M, Tafti MF, Azarpira N, Behboodi M, Zarei M. The role of FGF21 and its analogs on liver associated diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:967375. [PMID: 36457562 PMCID: PMC9705724 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.967375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a member of fibroblast growth factor family, is a hormone-like growth factor that is synthesized mainly in the liver and adipose tissue. FGF21 regulates lipid and glucose metabolism and has substantial roles in decreasing lipogenesis and increasing hepatic insulin sensitivity which causing lipid profile improvement. FGF21 genetic variations also affect nutritional and addictive behaviors such as smoking and alcohol consumption and eating sweets. The role of FGF21 in metabolic associated diseases like diabetes mellitus had been confirmed previously. Recently, several studies have demonstrated a correlation between FGF21 and liver diseases. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent type of chronic liver disease worldwide. NAFLD has a wide range from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis with or without fibrosis and cirrhosis. Elevated serum levels of FGF21 associated with NAFLD and its pathogenesis. Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), another condition that cause liver injury, significantly increased FGF21 levels as a protective factor; FGF21 can reverse the progression of AFLD and can be a potential therapeutic agent for it. Also, NAFLD and AFLD are the most important risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) which is the fourth deadliest cancer in the world. Several studies showed that lack of FGF21 induced oncogenic condition and worsened HCC. In this review article, we intend to discuss different aspects of FGF21 in NAFLD, AFLD and HCC; including the role of FGF21 in pathophysiology of these conditions, the effects of FGF21 mutations, the possible use of the FGF21 as a biomarker in different stages of these diseases, as well as the usage of FGF21 and its analog molecules in the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Falamarzi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Malekpour
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mobin Fallah Tafti
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Behboodi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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Korkmaz D, Konya P, Demirtürk N. Investigation of the Characteristics of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Cases Reported in Afyonkarahisar Province. TURKIYE PARAZITOLOJII DERGISI 2022; 46:224-227. [PMID: 36094125 DOI: 10.4274/tpd.galenos.2022.14633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF); fever, widespread pain in the body, deterioration in liver function tests; it is a tick-borne viral infectious disease that can cause bleeding and death in the skin, mucous membranes, and sometimes internal organs. In this study, we retrospectively evaluated the clinical, laboratory, and epidemiological characteristics of CCHF cases diagnosed in Afyonkarahisar. METHODS Demographic and clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, treatments, and prognoses of patients diagnosed with CCHF in Afyonkarahisar were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS In Afyonkarahisar, it was determined that 35 case reports were made between 2002 and November 2019, the date when the CCHF was first seen in Turkey. A history of tick attachment was detected in 31 subjects. Tick arrest cases were most common in June (12 cases; 34.3%) and July (9 cases; 2.9%). There was a history of living in rural areas in twenty-seven (77.1%) patients, close contact with animals in 12 patients, and a history of contact with animal blood in 4 patients. All the 35 cases that followed resulted in healing and no mortality was observed. CONCLUSION CCHF is an endemic disease that still maintains its importance in our country. The most important factor in the control with the disease is to prevent virus contact to prevent transmission. People living in endemic areas should be informed about the precautions to be taken against tick bites, and awareness should be raised by providing education about the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Korkmaz
- Afyonkarahisar Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Sağlık Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi, Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye
| | - Petek Konya
- Afyonkarahisar Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Sağlık Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi, Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye
| | - Neşe Demirtürk
- Afyonkarahisar Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Sağlık Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi, Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye
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Integrated Analysis of Gene Expression and Methylation Data to Identify Potential Biomarkers Related to Atherosclerosis Onset. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5493051. [PMID: 35915606 PMCID: PMC9338736 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5493051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a kind of chronic inflammatory cardiovascular disease. Epigenetic regulation plays a crucial role in atherosclerosis. Our study was aimed at finding potential biomarkers associated with the occurrence of atherosclerosis. Two datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) analysis was performed on methylation data using CpGassoc package. The differential expression analysis was conducted on mRNA data using limma package. The GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) functional enrichment was done in clusterProfiler package. Finally, the logistic regression model was constructed using generalized linear model (glm) function. Between atherosclerotic vs. nonatherosclerotic samples, totally 4980 cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) sites (annotated to 2860 genes) and 132 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to atherosclerosis were identified. The annotated 2860 genes and 132 DEGs were significantly enriched in 9 and 4 KEGG pathways and 289 and 132 GO terms, respectively. After cross-analysis, 6 crucial CpG sites were screened to build the model, including cg01187920, cg03422911, cg08018825, cg10967350, cg14473924, and cg25313204. The diagnostic model could reliably separate the atherosclerosis samples from nonatherosclerotic samples. In conclusion, the 6 CpG sites are probably potential diagnostic biomarkers for atherosclerosis, including cg01187920, cg03422911, cg08018825, cg10967350, cg14473924, and cg25313204.
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Research Progress of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 in Fibrotic Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5042762. [PMID: 35677107 PMCID: PMC9168133 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5042762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common pathological outcome of chronic injuries, characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components in organs, as seen in most chronic inflammatory diseases. At present, there is an increasing tendency of the morbidity and mortality of diseases caused by fibrosis, but the treatment measures for fibrosis are still limited. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) belongs to the FGF19 subfamily, which also has the name endocrine FGFs because of their endocrine manner. In recent years, it has been found that plasma FGF21 level is significantly correlated with fibrosis progression. Furthermore, there is evidence that FGF21 has a pronounced antifibrotic effect in a variety of fibrotic diseases. This review summarizes the biological effects of FGF21 and discusses what is currently known about this factor and fibrosis disease, highlighting emerging insights that warrant further research.
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Physiological and pathophysiological role of endocrine fibroblast growth factors. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/ahem-2022-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The endocrine subfamily of fibroblast growth factors (FGF) includes three factors: FGF19, FGF21, FGF23. They act on distal tissues through FGF receptors (FGFRs). The FGFR activation requires two cofactors: α- and β-Klotho, which are structurally related single-pass transmembrane proteins. The endocrine FGFs regulate various metabolic processes involved in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism as well as bile acid circulation, vitamin D modulation, and phosphate homeostasis. The FGF-FGFR dysregulation is widely implicated in the pathogenesis of various disorders. Significant alterations in plasma FGF concentration are associated with the most prevalent chronic diseases, including dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diseases of the biliary tract, chronic kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease, osteomalacia, various malignancies, and depression. Therefore, the endocrine FGFs may serve as disease predictors or biomarkers, as well as potential therapeutic targets. Currently, numerous analogues and inhibitors of endocrine FGFs are under development for treatment of various disorders, and recently, a human monoclonal antibody against FGF23 has been approved for treatment of X-linked hypophosphatemia. The aim of this review is to summarize the current data on physiological and pathophysiological actions of the endocrine FGF subfamily and recent research concerning the therapeutic potential of the endocrine FGF pathways.
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Liu L, Shi Z, Ji X, Zhang W, Luan J, Zahr T, Qiang L. Adipokines, adiposity, and atherosclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:272. [PMID: 35503385 PMCID: PMC11073100 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04286-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Characterized by a surplus of whole-body adiposity, obesity is strongly associated with the prognosis of atherosclerosis, a hallmark of coronary artery disease (CAD) and the major contributor to cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. Adipose tissue serves a primary role as a lipid-storage organ, secreting cytokines known as adipokines that affect whole-body metabolism, inflammation, and endocrine functions. Emerging evidence suggests that adipokines can play important roles in atherosclerosis development, progression, as well as regression. Here, we review the versatile functions of various adipokines in atherosclerosis and divide these respective functions into three major groups: protective, deteriorative, and undefined. The protective adipokines represented here are adiponectin, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), C1q tumor necrosis factor-related protein 9 (CTRP9), and progranulin, while the deteriorative adipokines listed include leptin, chemerin, resistin, Interleukin- 6 (IL-6), and more, with additional adipokines that have unclear roles denoted as undefined adipokines. Comprehensively categorizing adipokines in the context of atherosclerosis can help elucidate the various pathways involved and potentially pave novel therapeutic approaches to treat CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhua Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zunhan Shi
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Ji
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinwen Luan
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tarik Zahr
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Li Qiang
- Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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13
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Serum Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Level Is Associated with Aortic Stiffness in Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis. Int J Hypertens 2022; 2022:7098458. [PMID: 35186330 PMCID: PMC8856816 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7098458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) is a hormone that regulates glucose and lipid metabolism. High serum FGF-21 levels are associated with carotid atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the relationship between serum FGF-21 levels and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (HD). Methods. Blood samples and baseline characteristics were collected from 130 HD patients. Serum FGF-21 concentrations were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Aortic stiffness was defined as a carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) of more than 10 m/s. Results. Of the 130 HD patients, aortic stiffness was diagnosed in 54 (41.5%). Serum FGF-21 levels were significantly higher in those with aortic stiffness than those without
. The FGF-21 level was independently associated with aortic stiffness (odds ratio (OR): 1.008; 95% CI: 1.003–1.012;
) after adjusting for diabetes mellitus, age, hypertension, C-reactive protein, and body weight in multivariable logistic regression analysis. Multivariable forward stepwise linear regression analysis also confirmed that the logarithmically transformed FGF-21 level (β = 3.245, 95% CI: 1.593–4.987,
) was an independent predictor of cfPWV values. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve predicting aortic stiffness by the serum FGF-21 level was 0.693 (95% CI: 0.606–0.771,
). Conclusions. Serum FGF-21 level positively correlates with cfPWV and is also an independent predictor of aortic stiffness in maintenance HD patients.
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Wang M, Su L, Sun J, Cai L, Li X, Zhu X, Song L, Li J, Tong S, He Q, Cai M, Yang L, Chen Y, Wang L, Huang X. FGF21 attenuates pulmonary arterial hypertension via downregulation of miR-130, which targets PPARγ. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:1034-1049. [PMID: 34989130 PMCID: PMC8831951 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferation, migration and apoptotic resistance of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) are central to the progression of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Our previous study identified that fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) regulates signalling pathway molecules, such as peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), to play an important role in PAH treatment. However, the biological roles of miRNAs in these effects are not yet clear. In this study, using miRNA sequencing and real‐time PCR, we found that FGF21 treatment inhibited miR‐130 elevation in hypoxia‐induced PAH in vitro and in vivo. Dual luciferase reporter gene assays showed that miR‐130 directly negatively regulates PPARγ expression. Inhibition of miR‐130 expression suppressed abnormal proliferation, migration and apoptotic resistance in hypoxic PASMCs, and this effect was corrected upon PPARγ knockdown. Both the ameliorative effect of FGF21 on pulmonary vascular remodelling and the inhibitory effect on proliferation, migration and apoptotic resistance in PASMCs were observed following exogenous administration of miR‐130 agomir. In conclusion, this study revealed the protective effect and mechanism of FGF21 on PAH through regulation of the miR‐130/PPARγ axis, providing new ideas for the development of potential drugs for PAH based on FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meibin Wang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lihuang Su
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junwei Sun
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Luqiong Cai
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiuchun Li
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiayan Zhu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lanlan Song
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingyin Li
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuolan Tong
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qinlian He
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengsi Cai
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lehe Yang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanfan Chen
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liangxing Wang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoying Huang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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15
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Qiang W, Shen T, Noman M, Guo J, Jin Z, Lin D, Pan J, Lu H, Li X, Gong F. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Augments Autophagy and Reduces Apoptosis in Damaged Liver to Improve Tissue Regeneration in Zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:756743. [PMID: 34746149 PMCID: PMC8570170 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.756743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of a part of the diseased liver after surgical resection is mainly achieved by the proliferation of the remaining healthy liver cells. However, in case of extreme loss of liver cells or in the final stages of chronic liver disease, most liver cells are depleted or lose their ability to proliferate. Therefore, to foster liver regeneration, it is of great clinical and scientific significance to improve the survival and proliferation ability of residual hepatocytes. In this study, we conducted experiments on a zebrafish model of targeted ablation of liver cells to clarify the role of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). We found that FGF21 increased the regeneration area of the damaged liver and improved the survival rate of damaged liver cells by inhibiting cell apoptosis and reducing oxidative stress. Our results also showed that administration of FGF21 upregulated autophagy, and the beneficial effects of FGF21 were reversed by the well-known autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ), indicating that FGF21-activated autophagy played a central role in the treatment. We further showed that the enhancement of autophagy induced by FGF21 was due to the activation of the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway. Taken together, these data provide new evidence that FGF21 is an effective autophagy regulator that can significantly improve the survival of damaged livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Qiang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianzhu Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Noman
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinnan Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhongqian Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Danfeng Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiaxuan Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huiqiang Lu
- Center for Drug Screening and Research, College of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
- Center for Developmental Biology of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fanghua Gong
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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16
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Lu H, Jia C, Wu D, Jin H, Lin Z, Pan J, Li X, Wang W. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) alleviates senescence, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix degradation in osteoarthritis via the SIRT1-mTOR signaling pathway. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:865. [PMID: 34556628 PMCID: PMC8460788 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04157-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex condition that involves both apoptosis and senescence and currently cannot be cured. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), known for its role as a potent regulator of glucose and energy metabolism, protects from various diseases, possibly by mediating autophagy. In the present study, the role of FGF21 in the progression of OA was investigated in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. In vitro, the results revealed that FGF21 administration alleviated apoptosis, senescence, and extracellular matrix (ECM) catabolism of the chondrocytes induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) by mediating autophagy flux. Furthermore, CQ, an autophagy flux inhibitor, could reverse the protective effect of FGF21. It was observed that the FGF21-induced autophagy flux enhancement was mediated by the nuclear translocation of TFEB, which occurs due to the activation of the SIRT1-mTOR signaling pathway. The in vivo experiments demonstrated that FGF21 treatment could reduce OA in the DMM model. Taken together, these findings suggest that FGF21 protects chondrocytes from apoptosis, senescence, and ECM catabolism via autophagy flux upregulation and also reduces OA development in vivo, demonstrating its potential as a therapeutic agent in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
- Bone Research Institute, The Key Orthopaedic Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chao Jia
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
- Bone Research Institute, The Key Orthopaedic Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dengying Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
- Bone Research Institute, The Key Orthopaedic Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haidong Jin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
- Bone Research Institute, The Key Orthopaedic Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zeng Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
- Bone Research Institute, The Key Orthopaedic Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jun Pan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, Zhejiang Province, China.
- Bone Research Institute, The Key Orthopaedic Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China.
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Xiucui Li
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang Province, China.
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, Zhejiang Province, China.
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang Province, China.
- Bone Research Institute, The Key Orthopaedic Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China.
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17
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Mitochondrial Lipid Homeostasis at the Crossroads of Liver and Heart Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136949. [PMID: 34203309 PMCID: PMC8268967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) is a rapidly increasing problem, affecting a huge population around the globe. However, CVDs (cardiovascular diseases) are the most common cause of mortality in NAFLD patients. Atherogenic dyslipidemia, characterized by plasma hypertriglyceridemia, increased small dense LDL (low-density lipoprotein) particles, and decreased HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) levels, is often observed in NAFLD patients. In this review, we summarize recent genetic evidence, proving the diverse nature of metabolic pathways involved in NAFLD pathogenesis. Analysis of available genetic data suggests that the altered operation of fatty-acid β-oxidation in liver mitochondria is the key process, connecting NAFLD-mediated dyslipidemia and elevated CVD risk. In addition, we discuss several NAFLD-associated genes with documented anti-atherosclerotic or cardioprotective effects, and current pharmaceutical strategies focused on both NAFLD treatment and reduction of CVD risk.
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18
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Urraza-Robledo AI, Giralt M, González-Galarza FF, Villarroya F, Miranda Pérez AA, Ruiz Flores P, Gutiérrez Pérez ME, Domingo P, López-Márquez FC. FGF21 serum levels are related to insulin resistance, metabolic changes and obesity in Mexican people living with HIV (PLWH). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252144. [PMID: 34019585 PMCID: PMC8139451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antiretroviral therapy has significantly improved prognosis in treatment against HIV infection, however, prolonged exposure is associated to cardiovascular diseases, lipodystrophy, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic alteration, as obesity which includes the accumulation of oxidative stress in adipose tissue. FGF21 is a peptide hormone that is known to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. FGF21 is expressed and secreted primarily in the liver and adipose tissue, promoting oxidation of glucose/fatty acids and insulin sensitivity. Alterations in FGF21 may be associated with the development of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that FGF21 protein levels are associated with metabolic abnormalities, placing special attention to the alterations in relation to the concurrence of overweight/obesity in people living with HIV (PLWH). Design Serum FGF21 was analyzed in 241 subjects, 160 PLWH and 81 unrelated HIV-uninfected subjects as a control group. Clinical records were consulted to obtain CD4+ cell counting and number of viral RNA copies. Serum FGF21 levels were tested for correlation with anthropometric and metabolic parameters; glucose, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, triglycerides, insulin and indexes of atherogenesis and insulin resistance (HOMA). Results The participants were classified into four groups: (i) PLWH with normal weight, (ii) PLWH with overweight/obesity, (iii) HIV-uninfected with normal weight, and (iv) HIV-uninfected with overweight/obesity. Insulin levels were higher in normal-weight PLWH than in the HIV-uninfected group but not statistically significant, however, for the overweight/obesity PLWH group, insulin levels were significantly higher in comparison with the other three groups (p<0.0001). For FGF21, serum levels were slightly higher in the overweight/obesity groups in both patients and controls. In HIV-infected subjects, FGF21 levels showed a strong positive correlation with triglycerides, insulin levels and insulin resistance with a p-value <0.0001. In the seronegative group, FGF21 was only correlated with weight and waist circumference, showing an important association of FGF21 levels with the degree of obesity of the individuals. Conclusion Insulin resistance and FGF21 elevations were observed in overweight-obese PLWH. FGF21 elevation could be viewed as a compensation mechanism as, in the control group, FGF21 correlations appeared to be confined to weight and waist circumference. This can be explained based on the action of FGF21 promoting the uptake of glucose in adipose tissue. In PLWH, FGF21 was low, possibly as a result of a change in adiposity leading to a metabolic disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arguiñe Ivonne Urraza-Robledo
- Center for Biomedical Research, Medicine School Autonomous University of Coahuila (IMSS), Torreón, Mexico
- High Specialty Medical Unit (UMAE) # 71, Mexican Social Security Institute, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marta Giralt
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Ruiz Flores
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Torreón, Mexico
| | | | - Peré Domingo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut de Recerca del Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Role of macrophage autophagy in atherosclerosis: modulation by bioactive compounds. Biochem J 2021; 478:1359-1375. [PMID: 33861844 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with lipid metabolism disorder. Autophagy is a catabolic process and contributes to maintaining cellular homeostasis. Substantial evidence suggests that defective autophagy is implicated in several diseases, including atherosclerosis, while increased autophagy mitigates atherosclerosis development. Thus, understanding the mechanisms of autophagy regulation and its association with atherosclerosis is vital to develop new therapies against atherosclerosis. Dietary bioactive compounds are non-nutrient natural compounds that include phenolics, flavonoids, and carotenoids. Importantly, these bioactive compounds possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties that may alleviate various chronic diseases. Recently, examining the effects of bioactive compounds on autophagy activity in atherogenesis has drawn considerable attention. The current review discusses the role of macrophage autophagy in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. We also summarize our current knowledge of the therapeutic potential of bioactive compounds on atherosclerosis and autophagy.
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20
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Effects of interleukin-1 antagonism and corticosteroids on fibroblast growth factor-21 in patients with metabolic syndrome. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7911. [PMID: 33846498 PMCID: PMC8041761 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87207-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) is elevated in patients with the metabolic syndrome. Although the exact underlying mechanisms remain ill-defined, chronic low-grade inflammation with increased Interleukin-(IL)-1β expression may be responsible. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of two different anti-inflammatory treatments (IL-1 antagonism or high-dose corticosteroids) on FGF21 in patients with the metabolic syndrome. This is a secondary analysis of two interventional studies in patients with obesity and features of the metabolic syndrome. Trial A was an interventional trial (n = 73) investigating short-term effects of the IL-1 antagonist anakinra and of dexamethasone. Trial B was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial (n = 67) investigating longer-term effects of IL-1 antagonism. In total, 140 patients were included in both trials. Median age was 55 years (IQR 44-66), 26% were female and median BMI was 37 kg/m2 (IQR 34-39). Almost half of the patients were diabetic (45%) and had increased c-reactive protein levels of 3.4 mg/L. FGF21 levels correlated with fasting glucose levels, HOMA-index, C-peptide levels, HbA1c and BMI. Short-term treatment with anakinra led to a reduction of FGF21 levels by - 200 pg/mL (95%CI - 334 to - 66; p = 0.004). No effect was detectable after longer-term treatment (between-group difference: - 8.8 pg/mL (95%CI - 130.9 to 113.3; p = 0.89). Acute treatment with dexamethasone was associated with reductions of FGF21 by -175 pg/mL (95%CI - 236 to - 113; p < 0.001). Anti-inflammatory treatment with both, IL-1 antagonism and corticosteroids reduced FGF21 levels at short-term in individuals with the metabolic syndrome.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers NCT02672592 and NCT00757276.
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21
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Wu X, Yan F, Wang L, Sun G, Liu J, Qu M, Wang Y, Li T. MicroRNA: Another Pharmacological Avenue for Colorectal Cancer? Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:812. [PMID: 32984321 PMCID: PMC7493075 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miR) are single-stranded RNA of 21-23 nucleotides in length that repress mRNA translation and induces mRNA degradation. miR acts as an endogenous factor of gene expression and plays a crucial part in cancer biology such as cell development, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Numerous research has indicated that dysregulation of miR associates with colorectal carcinogenesis. In this review article, we firstly introduce the background of miR and colorectal cancer, and the mechanisms of miR in colorectal cancer, such as the proliferation, apoptosis, and progression. Then, we summarize the theranostic value of miR in colorectal cancer. Eventually, we discuss the potential directions and perspectives of miR. This article serves as a guide for further studies and implicate miR as a potent theranostic target for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Wu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Fuguo Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Xinchang Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Xinchang, China
| | - Likun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Guangyuan Sun
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Jinyu Liu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Ming Qu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Yicheng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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22
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Xiaolong L, Dongmin G, Liu M, Zuo W, Huijun H, Qiufen T, XueMei H, Wensheng L, Yuping P, Jun L, Zhaolin Z. FGF21 induces autophagy-mediated cholesterol efflux to inhibit atherogenesis via RACK1 up-regulation. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:4992-5006. [PMID: 32227589 PMCID: PMC7205825 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) acts as an anti‐atherosclerotic agent. However, the specific mechanisms governing this regulatory activity are unclear. Autophagy is a highly conserved cell stress response which regulates atherosclerosis (AS) by reducing lipid droplet degradation in foam cells. We sought to assess whether FGF21 could inhibit AS by regulating cholesterol metabolism in foam cells via autophagy and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this study, ApoE−/− mice were fed a high‐fat diet (HFD) with or without FGF21 and FGF21 + 3‐Methyladenine (3MA) for 12 weeks. Our results showed that FGF21 inhibited AS in HFD‐fed ApoE−/− mice, which was reversed by 3MA treatment. Moreover, FGF21 increased plaque RACK1 and autophagy‐related protein (LC3 and beclin‐1) expression in ApoE−/− mice, thus preventing AS. However, these proteins were inhibited by LV‐RACK1 shRNA injection. Foam cell development is a crucial determinant of AS, and cholesterol efflux from foam cells represents an important defensive measure of AS. In this study, foam cells were treated with FGF21 for 24 hours after a pre‐treatment with 3MA, ATG5 siRNA or RACK1 siRNA. Our results indicated that FGF21‐induced autophagy promoted cholesterol efflux to reduce cholesterol accumulation in foam cells by up‐regulating RACK1 expression. Interestingly, immunoprecipitation results showed that RACK1 was able to activate AMPK and interact with ATG5. Taken together, our results indicated that FGF21 induces autophagy to promote cholesterol efflux and reduce cholesterol accumulation in foam cells through RACK1‐mediated AMPK activation and ATG5 interaction. These results provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms of FGF21 in the treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiaolong
- Department of Pathology, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou City, China
| | - Guo Dongmin
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang City, China
| | - Mihua Liu
- Department of infectious Disease, Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing City, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou City, China
| | - Wang Zuo
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang City, China
| | - Hu Huijun
- Department of Pathology, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou City, China
| | - Tan Qiufen
- Department of Pathology, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou City, China
| | - Hu XueMei
- Department of Pathology, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou City, China
| | - Lin Wensheng
- Department of Pathology, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou City, China
| | - Pan Yuping
- Department of Pathology, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou City, China
| | - Lin Jun
- Department of Pathology, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou City, China
| | - Zeng Zhaolin
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang City, China.,Department of Cardiology, Nanchuan People's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing City, China
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23
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Zhou K, Chen H, Lin J, Xu H, Wu H, Bao G, Li J, Deng X, Shui X, Gao W, Ding J, Xiao J, Xu H. FGF21 augments autophagy in random-pattern skin flaps via AMPK signaling pathways and improves tissue survival. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:872. [PMID: 31740658 PMCID: PMC6861244 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Random-pattern skin flap is commonly used for surgical tissue reconstruction due to its ease and lack of axial vascular limitation. However, ischemic necrosis is a common complication, especially in distal parts of skin flaps. Previous studies have shown that FGF21 can promote angiogenesis and protect against ischemic cardiovascular disease, but little is known about the effect of FGF21 on flap survival. In this study, using a rat model of random skin flaps, we found that the expression of FGF21 is significantly increased after establishment skin flaps, suggesting that FGF21 may exert a pivotal effect on flap survival. We conducted experiments to elucidate the role of FGF21 in this model. Our results showed that FGF21 directly increased the survival area of skin flaps, blood flow intensity, and mean blood vessel density through enhancing angiogenesis, inhibiting apoptosis, and reducing oxidative stress. Our studies also revealed that FGF21 administration leads to an upregulation of autophagy, and the beneficial effects of FGF21 were reversed by 3-methyladenine (3MA), which is a well-known inhibitor of autophagy, suggesting that autophagy plays a central role in FGF21’s therapeutic benefit on skin flap survival. In our mechanistic investigation, we found that FGF21-induced autophagy enhancement is mediated by the dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of TFEB; this effect was due to activation of AMPK-FoxO3a-SPK2-CARM1 and AMPK-mTOR signaling pathways. Together, our data provides novel evidence that FGF21 is a potent modulator of autophagy capable of significantly increasing random skin flap viability, and thus may serve as a promising therapy for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jinti Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Hongqiang Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Guodong Bao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Jiafeng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xiangyang Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xiaolong Shui
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Weiyang Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Jian Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Jian Xiao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
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