1
|
Wang Y, Qiao X, Wang J, Wang H, Lei L. Peer Appearance Teasing and Restrained Eating Among Chinese Adolescent Girls: A Mediation Model of Fear of Negative Appearance Evaluation and Body Surveillance. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2024; 55:1127-1134. [PMID: 36495362 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-022-01478-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Restrained eating is becoming widespread recently. The present study aimed to examine whether peer appearance teasing was positively associated with restrained eating among Chinese adolescent girls and whether this association was mediated by fear of negative appearance evaluation (FNAE) and body surveillance. A sample of 720 Chinese adolescent girls completed questionnaires on peer appearance teasing, FNAE, body surveillance, and restrained eating. Peer appearance teasing was significantly and positively related to girls' restrained eating. FNAE mediated the relationship between peer appearance teasing and restrained eating. Furthermore, the association between peer appearance teasing and restrained eating was sequentially mediated by FNAE and body surveillance. The findings of this study provide new insights into the development of restrained eating among adolescent girls, and highlight peer appearance teasing and body surveillance as potential targets for intervention programs regarding body image concerns and eating disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Wang
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, 100124, Beijing, China
- Beijing Social Governance Research Center, Beijing University of Technology, 100124, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuqing Qiao
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, 250014, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, 100872, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, 100872, Beijing, China
| | - Li Lei
- School of Education, Renmin University of China, No. 59 Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, 100872, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen Y, Wang S, Barnhart WR, Song J, Cui S, Ji F, He J. Translation and validation of a Chinese version of the Appearance Schemas Inventory-Revised in Chinese adults. Body Image 2024; 48:101671. [PMID: 38160472 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The current study translated the Appearance Schemas Inventory-Revised (ASI-R) into Chinese (Mandarin) and examined its psychometric properties in Chinese adult women and men. Sample 1 included 400 women and 400 men to examine the factor structure of the ASI-R with exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Sample 2 involved 300 women and 300 men, and the EFA-derived factor structures in Sample 1 of the ASI-R were examined with exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), bifactor ESEM (B-ESEM), and bifactor ESEM with correlated uniqueness for negatively worded items (B-ESEM-CU) for both women and men. Results of the EFA identified a 4-factor model in women and a 2-factor model in men. The B-ESEM-CU consistently showed the best model fit. In the B-ESEM-CU, the general factor was well-defined, but the specific factors were not, supporting the use of the global factor to conceptualize the ASI-R for Chinese women and men. Evidence of adequate internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity of the global factor of the ASI-R was suggested in both women and men. Findings suggest the ASI-R is a useful instrument to measure body image investment in Chinese women and men, specifically using the B-ESEM-CU to understand the dimensionality of the ASI-R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Chen
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Siyu Wang
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wesley R Barnhart
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Jianwen Song
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; School of Education, Baylor University Graduate School, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Shuqi Cui
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Ji
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jinbo He
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lyu Z, Wang Y, Chen C, Zheng P. Selfie behavior and cosmetic surgery consideration in adolescents: the mediating roles of physical appearance comparisons and facial appearance concern. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2023; 28:2273-2285. [PMID: 36404598 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2022.2148699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Selfie activity may contribute to the acceptance of cosmetic surgery in adolescents, although few empirical studies exist. Based on social comparison theory, this study examined the association between selfie behavior and cosmetic surgery consideration among Chinese adolescents and further tested the possible mediating roles of social comparison and facial appearance concern in this relationship. A sample of 537 adolescents (339 girls and 198 boys) were recruited voluntarily to complete questionnaires on selfie behavior, upward physical appearance comparison, facial appearance concern and cosmetic surgery consideration. Linear regression and mediation analyses were conducted. The results showed that selfie behavior predicted higher level of adolescents' cosmetic surgery consideration. Moreover, this relationship was sequentially mediated through upward physical appearance comparison and facial appearance concern. These findings expand the existent literature by suggesting that selfie behavior may trigger upward social comparison in adolescents, which in turn increase their acceptance of cosmetic surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyong Lyu
- School of Education Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, School of Nursing, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, US
| | - Changming Chen
- School of Education, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Panpan Zheng
- School of Education Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sun Q. Self-objectification and career aspirations among young Chinese women: the roles of self-esteem and career decision-making self-efficacy. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1193008. [PMID: 37457087 PMCID: PMC10347407 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1193008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explored the relationship between self-objectification and career aspirations among young women from the perspective of objectification theory. A sample of 439 Chinese undergraduate women completed questionnaires on self-objectification, self-esteem, career decision-making self-efficacy, and career aspirations. The results revealed that self-objectification was negatively correlated with self-esteem, career decision-making self-efficacy, and career aspirations. Self-esteem and career decision-making self-efficacy, both independently and serially, mediated the association between self-objectification and career aspirations. These results provide a better understanding of the negative consequences of self-objectification for career aspirations.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lazarescu G, Maïano C, Vintilă M, Goian C, Swami V. Psychometric properties of a Romanian translation of the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale (ACSS): An examination using bifactor exploratory structural equation modelling. Body Image 2023; 45:273-283. [PMID: 37001224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale (ACSS; Henderson-King & Henderson-King, 2005) is a widely used measure for the assessment of attitudes toward cosmetic surgery. Here, we examined the psychometrics of a novel Romanian translation of the ACSS. A total of 1275 Romanian adults (889 women, 386 men) completed the ACSS alongside additional, related measures. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with a first split-half subsample supported extraction of the original 3-factor model consisting of Intrapersonal, Social, and Consider dimensions. In a second split-half subsample, we found that a 3-factor bifactor exploratory structural equation model (B-ESEM) had superior fit compared to all alternative models that were tested. This B-ESEM representation had well-defined G-factor with adequate composite reliability, and its S-factors were also generally well-defined. Across subsamples, the optimal model showed strong or partial strong invariance across gender, with women having significantly higher latent means on the Consider factor relative to men. Evidence of convergent validity was also generally good in women, especially for the G-factor of the ACSS, but was attenuated in men. Overall, these findings indicate that the Romanian version of the ACSS has adequate psychometric properties. We also encourage scholars to consider B-ESEM representations of the ACSS in other national settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giănină Lazarescu
- Department of Psychology, West University of Timișoara, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Christophe Maïano
- Cyberpsychology Laboratory and Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Saint-Jérôme, Canada
| | - Mona Vintilă
- Department of Psychology, West University of Timișoara, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Cosmin Goian
- Department of Social Work, West University of Timișoara, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang Y, Qiao X, Yang J, Geng J, Fu L. "I wanna look like the person in that picture": Linking selfies on social media to cosmetic surgery consideration based on the tripartite influence model. Scand J Psychol 2023; 64:252-261. [PMID: 36321668 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Based on the tripartite influence model, the present study linked investment in others' selfies on social media to facial dissatisfaction and cosmetic surgery consideration. We also tested the mediating role of appearance comparisons and general attractiveness internalization in these relationships. Additionally, potential gender differences in the proposed model were examined. A sample of 884 Chinese adolescents (mean age = 16.80 ± 0.92, ranging from 14 to 19 years old) completed self-reported measures of investment in others' selfies, appearance comparisons, general attractiveness internalization, facial dissatisfaction, and cosmetic surgery consideration. Results showed that investment in others' selfies was positively associated with facial dissatisfaction and cosmetic surgery consideration. Path analysis further revealed that investment in others' selfies was associated with appearance comparisons and general attractiveness internalization, which in turn were associated with facial dissatisfaction, and then facial dissatisfaction was related to cosmetic surgery consideration. Additionally, there were indirect associations between investment in others' selfies and cosmetic surgery consideration via general attractiveness internalization and facial dissatisfaction respectively, but not via appearance comparisons. No gender difference was found in the proposed model. Findings of the present study provide preliminary support for the tripartite influence model in the context of investment in others' selfies on social media and cosmetic surgery consideration and enrich the literature on body image and cosmetic surgery in the Chinese context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Wang
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Social Governance Research Center, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuqing Qiao
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Journalism and Communication, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyu Geng
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Fu
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chua SN, Craddock N, Rodtanaporn W, Or F, Austin SB. Social media, traditional media, and other body image influences and disordered eating and cosmetic procedures in Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and Hong Kong. Body Image 2023; 45:265-272. [PMID: 37011471 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the association between perceived sociocultural influences and the 3-month prevalence of disordered weight-control behaviors and lifetime prevalence of cosmetic procedures in four Asian countries, and if these associations were modified by gender. We conducted a cross-sectional online survey in September 2020 among adults ages 18-91 years (N = 5294) in Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Hong Kong. The 3-month prevalence of disordered weight control behaviors ranged from 25.2 % (Singapore) to 42.3 % (Malaysia), while the lifetime prevalence of cosmetic procedures ranged from 8.7 % (Singapore) to 21.3 % (Thailand). Participants who perceived their body image to be influenced by sociocultural factors were more likely to engage in disordered weight control behaviors (RRs ranged from 2.05 to 2.12) and have cosmetic procedures (RRs ranged from 2.91 to 3.89) compared to participants who perceived no sociocultural influence. Men who were influenced by traditional or social media were more likely to engage in disordered weight control behaviors and have cosmetic procedures than similarly influenced women. The high 3-month prevalence of disordered weight control behaviors and lifetime prevalence of cosmetic procedures in Asia is concerning. More research is needed to develop effective preventive interventions in Asia for men and women to promote a healthy body image.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sook Ning Chua
- Relate Mental Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Nadia Craddock
- Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Wipada Rodtanaporn
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - Flora Or
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - S Bryn Austin
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States; Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang Y, Wang J, Geng J, Wang H, Lei L. Body talk on social networking sites and restrained eating among adolescents: A test of a multiple mediation model. Body Image 2023; 45:145-152. [PMID: 36924748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the link between body talk on social networking sites (SNS body talk) and restrained eating as well as the mediating roles of fear of negative appearance evaluation (FNAE) and body shame in this relationship. Furthermore, the moderating role of gender in the mediation model was also examined. A sample of 1481 Chinese middle and high school students (720 girls, mean age = 15.49 ± 1.84) completed self-reported measures of SNS body talk, FNAE, body shame, and restrained eating. Results showed that SNS body talk was positively associated with restrained eating. FNAE and body shame mediated the association between SNS body talk and restrained eating, separately and serially. Furthermore, gender difference emerged in the path from SNS body talk to body shame and the path from FNAE to body shame. Findings of the present study enrich the literature on social media and body image and eating behaviors, and have important implications for reducing negative body image and disordered eating among adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Wang
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; Beijing Social Governance Research Center, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Jingyu Geng
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Li Lei
- School of Education, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lyu Z, Zheng P, Kou D. Social Comparison and Female Adolescents' Selfie Behaviors: Body Surveillance as the Mediator and Self-Esteem as the Moderator. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231162006. [PMID: 36877931 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231162006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to examine whether body surveillance mediated the relation between social comparison and selfie behaviors, and whether this mediating process was moderated by self-esteem. A sample of 339 female adolescents were recruited to participate in the present study and completed self-report measures of selfie behaviors, upward and downward appearance comparisons with peers, self-objectification and self-esteem. Results indicated that body surveillance mediated the association between upward physical appearance comparison and selfie behaviors. In addition, self-esteem moderated the relation between body surveillance and selfie behaviors. These findings add to the extant literature by suggesting that selfies may be some new ways of body surveillance and physical appearance comparison, which have some theoretical and practical implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyong Lyu
- School of Educational Science, 38043Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Panpan Zheng
- School of Educational Science, 38043Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dongquan Kou
- School of Educational Science, 38043Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Validation of the Body Acceptance by Others Scale-2 (BAOS-2) and assessment of its associations with prospective changes in body image among young adults in China. Body Image 2022; 43:112-124. [PMID: 36113281 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The Body Acceptance by Others Scale-2 (BAOS-2) was developed to assess overall perceived body acceptance by others. In two studies, we evaluated its structure, reliability and validity among young adults in China. In Study 1, 435 women and 322 men completed newly translated simplified Chinese versions of the BAOS-2 and Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS), conceptually related body image questionnaires and demographic items. Exploratory factor analyses supported a 13-item unidimensional BAOS-2 structure across men and women. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent validity and discriminant validity were also supported. Study 2 (307 men, 396 women) replicated the original gender-invariant BAOS-2 structure in confirmatory factor analysis and bolstered evidence for convergent, discriminant and incremental validity. Predictive validity, examined via longitudinal analyses, indicated baseline BAOS-2 scores and/or concomitant changes in BAOS-2 scores over time were related to improvements on other positive and negative body image measures at a six-month follow-up. Supplementary analyses replicated the original unidimensional FAS factor structure and provided considerable support for its psychometrics across samples. In sum, this research supported psychometric properties of the BAOS-2 among young adults in China and underscored its potential utility in predicting changes in other body image experiences over time.
Collapse
|
11
|
Cui J, Fang Y. Mediating effects of self-concept clarity and self-objectification on the relationship between celebrity worship and the process of considering cosmetic surgery among Chinese undergraduates. BMC Psychol 2022; 10:259. [DOI: 10.1186/s40359-022-00975-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Several studies have examined the relationship between celebrity worship and cosmetic surgery; however, few have discussed the mediating role of self-concept. To fill this research gap, the present study aims to examine the mediating roles of self-concept clarity and self-objectification in the association between celebrity worship and cosmetic surgery.
Methods
A sample of 1,089 Chinese undergraduates (Mage = 20.32; SDage = 2.60) completed measures of celebrity worship, actively considering cosmetic surgery, self-concept clarity, and self-objectification. Mediating effect analysis was used to test the hypothesis.
Results
The results showed that celebrity worship, cosmetic surgery consideration, and self-objectification were positively correlated, whereas self-concept clarity was negatively correlated with all three variables. Mediation analysis revealed that celebrity worship predicted consideration of cosmetic surgery not only directly but also through three indirect paths through the mediating role of (1) self-concept clarity, (2) self-objectification, and (3) the chain mediating role of self-concept clarity and self-objectification.
Conclusions
These findings broaden our understanding of the psychological processes that underlie the association between celebrity worship and considering cosmetic surgery and afford practical guidance on reducing the risks associated with cosmetic surgery.
Collapse
|
12
|
Examination of an extended sociocultural model of lifestyle physical activity among men and women. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03475-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
13
|
Wu Y, Mulkens S, Alleva JM. Body image and acceptance of cosmetic surgery in China and the Netherlands: A qualitative study on cultural differences and similarities. Body Image 2022; 40:30-49. [PMID: 34801810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There is an established relationship between acceptance of cosmetic surgery and psychological factors, including body image. However, qualitative research among diverse cultural groups is needed to provide a more fine-grained understanding of the influences on women's attitudes towards cosmetic surgery. In this study, 20 Chinese and 20 Dutch women aged 18-50 years (MChinese = 34.20; MDutch = 34.70) participated in one-on-one semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. We identified three themes that captured the factors that women perceived to foster favorable attitudes towards cosmetic surgery: (a) sociocultural pressures (e.g., normalization of cosmetic surgery, appearance-focused peers); (b) intrapersonal characteristics (e.g., beauty-ideal internalization, social comparison); and (c) benefits of beauty (e.g., attracting men, socioeconomic benefits). Conversely, two themes captured the factors perceived to reduce favorable attitudes towards cosmetic surgery: (a) intrapersonal characteristics (e.g., unconditional body acceptance, self-confidence); and (b) external considerations (e.g., health risks, financial costs). Overall, Chinese and Dutch participants shared many similarities in their opinions about what might affect cosmetic surgery consideration. The most striking cross-cultural differences concerned perceived socioeconomic benefits of beauty (mainly Chinese women) and women's conceptualization of body appreciation. This study may enable a more comprehensive understanding about the factors influencing Chinese and Dutch women's attitudes towards cosmetic surgery, and the nuances in these relationships across these cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Sandra Mulkens
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica M Alleva
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu ZH, Cai H, Bai W, Liu S, Liu H, Chen X, Qi H, Cheung T, Jackson T, Liu R, Xiang YT. Gender Differences in Body Appreciation and Its Associations With Psychiatric Symptoms Among Chinese College Students: A Nationwide Survey. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:771398. [PMID: 35250658 PMCID: PMC8892204 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.771398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body appreciation (BA hereafter), which reflects approval, acceptance, and respect for one's body while also rejecting media-promoted appearance ideals as the only form of human beauty, is an important aspect of positive body image. Much of the BA literature has been conducted on samples from Western nations but less is known about BA or its correlates in Asian cultural contexts wherein concerns with body image are also common. Toward addressing this gap, we examined gender differences in BA and its associations with common psychiatric symptoms (i.e., depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and suicidality) within a national college student sample from China. METHOD This cross-sectional, nationwide study was conducted between December 27, 2020, and January 18, 2021, based on snowball sampling. Aside from measures of demographics and background factors, Chinese versions of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 (GAD-7), and a standard item on suicidal ideation and planning were administered to assess BA, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and suicidality, respectively. RESULTS In total, 2,058 college students (665 men, 1,393 women) in China were assessed. An analysis of covariance revealed that the men had a significantly higher average BA level than did women [F (1,2058) = 13.244, P < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.193]. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed BA was negatively associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and suicidality within the entire sample (depressive symptoms, β = -0.129, P < 0.001; anxiety symptoms, β = -0.101, P < 0.001; suicidality, OR = 0.788 P = 0.020) and among women (depressive symptoms, β = -0.172, P < 0.001; anxiety symptoms, β = -0.131, P < 0.001; suicidality, OR = 0.639 P = 0.001) but not men. CONCLUSION Chinese college women reported lower BA than their male peers did. Furthermore, among women but not men, elevations in BA corresponded with protective mental health experiences including lower levels of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and suicidality. Findings underscore the potential utility of including BA in mental health assessments of Chinese college students, especially women. Findings also provide foundations for continued research on interventions to increase BA among at-risk young women in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Han Liu
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Hong Cai
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Wei Bai
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Shou Liu
- Department of Public Health, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Huanzhong Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xu Chen
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders Beijing Anding Hospital, The Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, School of Mental Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Qi
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders Beijing Anding Hospital, The Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, School of Mental Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Teris Cheung
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Todd Jackson
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Rui Liu
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders Beijing Anding Hospital, The Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, School of Mental Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Tao Xiang
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
A Look at Collaborative Service Provision: Case for Cosmetic Surgery Medical Tourism at Korea for Chinese Patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413329. [PMID: 34948934 PMCID: PMC8702153 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Consumers admiring the beauty standards of other countries are approaching cosmetic surgery medical tourism. This study examines the roles of hospitals and facilitating agents as the main entities of cosmetic surgery medical tourism. 334 Chinese patients who underwent cosmetic surgery in Korea were collected and structural equation modeling is used to analyze the data. The results show that a hospital’s service quality in terms of tangibles, assurance, and empathy affect customers’ attitudes toward medical tourism for cosmetic surgery, which in turn, influences satisfaction with medical tourism. More importantly, facilitating agents’ service quality moderates the effects of hospitals’ service quality dimensions on service satisfaction. Findings extend the existing literature on medical tourism by identifying the roles of hospitals and facilitating agents to enhance customers’ attitudes and satisfaction with respect to collaborative service provision. Moreover, this research provides the first empirical evidence for the facilitating agents’ role in determining satisfaction with medical tourism.
Collapse
|
16
|
Effects of body shame on poor health decisions: The mediating role of body responsiveness. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
17
|
|
18
|
Wang Y, Fardouly J, Vartanian LR, Wang X, Lei L. Body Talk on Social Networking Sites and Cosmetic Surgery Consideration Among Chinese Young Adults: A Serial Mediation Model Based on Objectification Theory. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/03616843211026273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
People’s interest in cosmetic surgery has increased in recent years. Drawing from objectification theory, in the present study, we examined the associations of body talk on social networking sites (SNS), body surveillance, and body shame with cosmetic surgery consideration. In particular, we examined the mediating roles of body surveillance and body shame in the relationship between SNS body talk and cosmetic surgery consideration. We also examined potential gender differences in the serial mediation model. Male and female college students in China ( N = 309) completed questionnaires regarding SNS body talk, body surveillance, body shame, and cosmetic surgery consideration. Results showed that SNS body talk, body surveillance, and body shame were positively associated with cosmetic surgery consideration. Body surveillance and body shame mediated the association between SNS body talk and cosmetic surgery consideration both separately and sequentially. Gender did not moderate any of the relations in the serial mediation model. Findings of this study provide new insight into the relationship between SNS use and cosmetic surgery and highlight facets of objectification as potential targets for prevention and intervention regarding appearance concerns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Wang
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jasmine Fardouly
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Xingchao Wang
- School of Educational Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Li Lei
- School of Education, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ouyang Y, Luo J, Teng J, Zhang T, Wang K, Li J. Research on the Influence of Media Internalized Pressure on College Students' Sports Participation-Chained Intermediary Analysis of Social Physique Anxiety and Weight Control Self-Efficacy. Front Psychol 2021; 12:654690. [PMID: 34054659 PMCID: PMC8149783 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.654690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Discuss the relationship among college students’ media internalized pressure, social physique anxiety, weight control self-efficacy, and sports participation in providing a reference for promoting college students to develop healthy and confident living habits. Methods: Take Southwest University in China as the object, select the subjects by stratified random sampling, and process the data with SPSS19.0 and AMOS21.0 statistical software. Results: (1) Media internalized pressure is positively correlated with social physique anxiety, weight control self-efficacy, and sports participation; social physique anxiety is significantly positively correlated with weight control self-efficacy and sports participation, and weight control self-efficacy is significantly positively correlated with sports participation; (2) media internalized pressure has a direct effect on sports participation (ES = 0.456), and social physique anxiety (ES = 0.136) and weight control self-efficacy (ES = 0.102) play significant mediating roles in the relationship between media internalized pressure and sports participation, respectively; the chained mediating force of social physique anxiety and weight control self-efficacy also reaches a significant level (ES = 0.027). Conclusion: Media internalized pressure can influence college students’ sports participation through the direct path as well as indirect paths such as social physique anxiety, the intermediary effect of weight control self-efficacy, and chained intermediary effect of social physique anxiety–weight control self-efficacy, and social physique anxiety is another key factor affecting college students’ sports participation except media internalized pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Ouyang
- Institute of Physical Education, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiong Luo
- Institute of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinsheng Teng
- Institute of Physical Education, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingran Zhang
- Institute of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Institute of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Physical Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang W, Zheng X, Yue X, Zhong N. The role of beauty as currency belief in acceptance of cosmetic surgery and career aspirations among Chinese young women. The Journal of Social Psychology 2021; 161:351-362. [PMID: 33158393 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2020.1842314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The current study tested the "beauty as currency" hypothesis in the framework of Objectification theory with a sample of Chinese young women. Four hundred and four college women completed a pencil-and-paper questionnaire. We hypothesized that beauty as currency would be associated with acceptance of cosmetic surgery and career aspirations through the serial meditation of self-objectification and body surveillance. The results indicated that self-objectification and body surveillance mediated the relation between women's belief in beauty as currency and acceptance of cosmetic surgery. Body surveillance mediated the relationship between beauty as currency and career aspirations. These findings provide further evidence for the "beauty as currency" hypothesis, suggesting the feminine beauty ideology may lead to women's higher acceptance of cosmetic surgery and lower career aspirations via the self-objectifying process. Our study provides some implications for understanding the effect of women's ideologies on gender system change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Wuhan University, Hubei Province, China.,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaobing Zheng
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Wuhan University, Hubei Province, China.,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaodong Yue
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nian Zhong
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Wuhan University, Hubei Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Influence of objectification belief and consumerism culture on Chinese women’s views of cosmetic surgery. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01654-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
22
|
Body weight contingent self-worth predicts depression in adolescent girls: The roles of self-esteem instability and interpersonal sexual objectification. Body Image 2021; 36:74-83. [PMID: 33186823 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This 3-year longitudinal study examined the extent to which body weight contingent self-worth (CSW) predicted depressive symptoms in 439 adolescent girls and the roles of unstable self-esteem and interpersonal sexual objectification in this association. Half-longitudinal mediation showed that the indirect effect of body weight CSW on depression via instability of self-esteem was significant. Prior levels of body weight CSW predicted increases in unstable self-esteem, which predicted increments in depressive symptoms over time. However, earlier levels of depression did not significantly predict increases in self-esteem instability. Moderation analyses indicated that the indirect effect was conditional upon individuals' experience of interpersonal sexual objectification. The positive link between body weight CSW and unstable self-esteem was stronger in girls who experienced more interpersonal sexual objectification. The direct effect of body weight CSW on depression was also moderated by interpersonal sexual objectification. Taken together, basing self-worth on body weight appears to be a risk factor for depression through its association with unstable self-esteem in adolescent girls and sexually objectifying experiences serve to exacerbate the connection between body weight CSW and adverse outcomes.
Collapse
|
23
|
Lyu Z, Jiao Y, Zheng P, Zhong J. Why do selfies increase young women's willingness to consider cosmetic surgery in China? The mediating roles of body surveillance and body shame. J Health Psychol 2021; 27:1205-1217. [PMID: 33586460 DOI: 10.1177/1359105321990802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to examine a possible two mediator model with both body surveillance and body shame mediating the association of selfie behavior with cosmetic surgery consideration in young adult women. A sample of 588 young adult women participated in this study and completed questionnaires regarding selfie behavior, body surveillance, body shame, and cosmetic surgery consideration. Results indicated that selfie behavior was positively related to cosmetic surgery consideration. In addition, the mediation analysis by PROCESS revealed that body surveillance and body shame mediated the relation between selfie behavior and cosmetic surgery consideration. These findings add to the extant literature by suggesting that selfie behavior may be a new experience of self-objectification, which provide new insights into the relation between selfie activities and cosmetic surgery consideration in young women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyong Lyu
- Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Yanqiao Jiao
- Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | | | - Jun Zhong
- Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sun Q. Selfie Editing and Consideration of Cosmetic Surgery Among Young Chinese Women: The Role of Self-Objectification and Facial Dissatisfaction. SEX ROLES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-020-01191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
25
|
Wu Y, Alleva JM, Mulkens S. Factor Analysis and Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Translation of the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale. Body Image 2020; 33:244-256. [PMID: 32408167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a Chinese translation and validation of the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale (ACSS; Henderson-King & Henderson-King, 2005), a questionnaire for assessing attitudes towards cosmetic surgery. Chinese adults (335 women, 240 men; Mage = 33.65) completed the Chinese ACSS and - to investigate construct validity - measures of body appreciation, facial appearance concerns, sociocultural attitudes towards appearance (i.e., internalization of appearance ideals and appearance pressures), and demographics. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the Chinese ACSS comprised two factors, which were invariant across sex, mirroring results among other non-Western samples. The Chinese ACSS also demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alphas > .90) and convergent validity via its positive associations with facial appearance concerns and overall sociocultural attitudes toward appearance. Chinese ACSS scores were higher among women, and were positively correlated with age among men. Chinese ACSS scores were not associated with body appreciation or other demographic factors. The ACSS seems to be a valid instrument for use in Chinese adults, and could bring more insight into attitudes toward cosmetic surgery from a cross-cultural perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Jessica M Alleva
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra Mulkens
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jackson T, Cai L, Chen H. Asian versus Western appearance media influences and changes in body image concerns of young Chinese women: A 12-month prospective study. Body Image 2020; 33:214-221. [PMID: 32361154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Appearance-related media from the United States and other Western nations has been implicated in explanations of increased body images concerns among non-Western women. However, researchers have rarely examined the impact of endogenous appearance media versus Western appearance media on body image issues, particularly within longitudinal research designs. Therefore, in this 12-month prospective study, we assessed associations of experiences with appearance media imported from Western nations versus appearance media from China and other Asian nations on body image concerns and cosmetic surgery interest among young Chinese women. Participating women (N = 1836) completed self-report measures tapping specific sources of appearance dissatisfaction (fatness, facial features, stature), cosmetic surgery interest, and appearance media influences at baseline and a 12-month follow-up. The women reported significantly more pressure from and stronger preferences for appearance depictions in Asian than Western media. Elevations in appearance pressure and preferences from Asian media explained more unique variance in specific body image concerns at follow-up than did complementary Western media influences. Contrary to "Westernization" hypotheses, Asian appearance media influences are more salient for young Chinese women and should be prioritized as targets of interventions to reduce body image disturbances in this group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd Jackson
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078, Macau; Key Laboratory of Cognition & Personality Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Ling Cai
- Key Laboratory of Cognition & Personality Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition & Personality Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cai L, Lam KH, Leong HH, Jackson T. Initial development and validation of the Online Appearance-Relevant Peer Conversations Scale. Body Image 2020; 33:115-128. [PMID: 32193168 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this research, we present three studies on the development and validation of the Online Appearance-Relevant Peer Conversations Scale (OARPCS), a 12-item measure of (1) physical appearance and (2) life stressors as foci of online peer communications. In Study 1, young Chinese adults (N = 800) completed OARPCS items and measures of body image, Internet use, and general distress. Exploratory factor analyses supported the hypothesized two factor structure and within gender correlation analyses provided construct validity support. Study 2 replicated the EFA-derived OARPCS factor structure and validity further within confirmatory factor analyses of young adults from Chongqing (N = 750) and Macau (N = 994). Study 3 assessed the predictive validity of OARPCS dimensions in relation to prospective changes in cosmetic surgery consideration, eating disturbances and perceived stress over one year (N = 796). Independent of baseline responses on outcomes, baseline physical appearance and life stressor subscale scores, respectively, explained modest, significant variance in women's body image concerns and men's reported stress. Together, results underscored appearance-relevant content in online peer interactions as influences on body image and emotional status and provided psychometric support for a brief self-report measure of these factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Cai
- Key Laboratory of Cognition & Personality Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ka Hou Lam
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078, Macau
| | - Hou Hin Leong
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078, Macau
| | - Todd Jackson
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078, Macau; Key Laboratory of Cognition & Personality Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yang J, Fardouly J, Wang Y, Shi W. Selfie-Viewing and Facial Dissatisfaction among Emerging Adults: A Moderated Mediation Model of Appearance Comparisons and Self-Objectification. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E672. [PMID: 31968671 PMCID: PMC7013747 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
With the visual turn in online communication, selfies have become common on social media. Although selfies as a way of self-representation provide people with more chances to express themselves, the adverse effects selfies could bring to users' body image need to be treated seriously. This study tested whether selfie-viewing behaviour on social media was related to facial dissatisfaction and whether appearance comparisons played a mediating role. Moreover, the self-objectification was examined as a moderator between selfie-viewing behaviour and facial dissatisfaction via appearance comparisons. Results showed that more selfie-viewing was associated with higher facial dissatisfaction, and this relationship was mediated by appearance comparisons. The study also found that self-objectification moderated the indirect relation between selfie-viewing and facial dissatisfaction via appearance comparisons. Gender differences were also found to affect the mediation model. Our research provides new insights into the interactions between social media use and perception of body image.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- School of Journalism and Communication, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Jasmine Fardouly
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia;
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Wen Shi
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Body Talk on Social Networking Sites, Body Surveillance, and Body Shame among Young Adults: The Roles of Self-Compassion and Gender. SEX ROLES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-019-01084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
30
|
Ching BHH, Xu JT. Understanding cosmetic surgery consideration in Chinese adolescent girls: Contributions of materialism and sexual objectification. Body Image 2019; 28:6-15. [PMID: 30447417 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Based on objectification theory and the consumer culture impact model, this study examined psychological predictors of cosmetic surgery consideration in 314 Chinese adolescent girls. Path analyses revealed several findings. First, both interpersonal sexual objectification and materialism contributed to internalized appearance ideals, which in turn related to body surveillance, body shame, and facial appearance concerns. Second, the association between materialism and internalized appearance ideals was independent of the association between materialism and interpersonal sexual objectification. Third, internalized appearance ideals were linked to cosmetic surgery consideration via body surveillance and facial appearance concerns. Fourth, while internalized appearance ideals were associated with body shame, body shame did not mediate its association with cosmetic surgery consideration. Fifth, instead of body shame, facial appearance concerns mediated that link between body surveillance and cosmetic surgery consideration as well as the link between internalized appearance ideals and cosmetic surgery consideration. This study provides support to the basic tenets of objectification theory and the consumer culture impact model as applied to Chinese adolescent girls' willingness to consider cosmetic surgery. It suggests that using a measure that is more sensitive to salient cultural concerns is important when attempting to understand body image issues in different cultural contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boby Ho-Hong Ching
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, China.
| | - Jason Teng Xu
- Department of East Asian Languages and Cultural Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sun Q. Materialism, Self-Objectification, and Capitalization of Sexual Attractiveness Increase Young Chinese Women's Willingness to Consider Cosmetic Surgery. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2002. [PMID: 30405490 PMCID: PMC6206296 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research reveals significant positive associations between materialism and cosmetic surgery consideration, yet little is known about why this relationship exists. To address this question, the present study examined potential mediators of the links between materialism and cosmetic surgery consideration. A sample of 336 Chinese undergraduate women completed measures of materialism, self-objectification, capitalization of sexual attractiveness, and cosmetic surgery consideration. Correlational analysis showed that materialism, self-objectification, and capitalization of sexual attractiveness were significantly positively correlated with cosmetic surgery consideration. The results of path analyses revealed that higher materialism predicted more willingness to consider cosmetic surgery, both directly and indirectly via higher self-objectification and capitalization of sexual attractiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Sun
- College of Ideological and Political Education, Henan University of Economic and Law, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Trekels J, Ward LM, Eggermont S. I “like” the way you look: How appearance-focused and overall Facebook use contribute to adolescents' self-sexualization. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
33
|
Sun Q. Predictors of Stature Concerns among Young Chinese Women and Men. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1248. [PMID: 28775704 PMCID: PMC5517501 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stature concerns are a prominent source of body dissatisfaction for Chinese teenagers and young adults, yet little is known about the psychological factors that account for it. Therefore, this study examined social cultural model and objectification theory as explanations for stature concerns in a sample of undergraduate men and women from a university in Henan, China. Given height is a salient physical attribute for Chinese adolescents and young adults, we extended past studies on objectification theory by adding separate measures for stature surveillance. Participants (231 men, 473 women) completed a questionnaire assaying measures of sociocultural model features (appearance pressure from mass media and close interpersonal networks, appearance social comparisons), objectified body consciousness (body surveillance, body shame, stature surveillance), and stature concerns. In multiple regression models for each gender, appearance pressure from the mass media and stature surveillance were robust predictors of stature concerns for both genders, independent of reported height. Body surveillance predicted stature concerns for women but not men. These findings contribute to the broader field of multicultural body image research and may help to account for specific culturally salient appearance concerns within samples of young Chinese women and men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Sun
- College of Ideological and Political Education, Henan University of Economics and LawZhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Jackson T, Jiang C, Chen H. Associations between Chinese/Asian versus Western mass media influences and body image disturbances of young Chinese women. Body Image 2016; 17:175-83. [PMID: 27110965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated associations of experiences with mass media imported from Western nations such as the United States versus mass media from China and other Asian countries with eating and body image disturbances of young Chinese women. Participating women (N=456) completed self-report measures of disordered eating, specific sources of appearance dissatisfaction (fatness, facial features, stature), and Western versus Chinese/Asian mass media influences. The sample was significantly more likely to report perceived pressure from, comparisons with, and preferences for physical appearance depictions in Chinese/Asian mass media than Western media. Chinese/Asian media influences also combined for more unique variance in prediction models for all disturbances except stature concerns. While experiences with Western media were related to disturbances as well, the overall impact of Chinese/Asian media influences was more prominent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd Jackson
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Taipa 999078, China.
| | - Chengcheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| |
Collapse
|