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Gupta K, Datta A. An activity-based fluorescent sensor with a penta-coordinate N-donor binding site detects Cu ions in living systems. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:8282-8285. [PMID: 37318277 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02201c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An activity-based sensor afforded a 63 times fluorescence-enhancement with Cu2+/Cu+ ions and could image Cu2+/Cu+ in living cells and in a multicellular organism. The sensor functioned only in the presence of ambient dioxygen and glutathione, and the characterization of intermediates and products hinted toward a sensing mechanism involving a CuII hydroperoxo species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunika Gupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1 Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai-400005, India.
| | - Ankona Datta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1 Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai-400005, India.
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2
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Crmarić D, Bura-Nakić E. Interaction between Cu and Thiols of Biological and Environmental Importance: Case Study Using Combined Spectrophotometric/Bathocuproine Sulfonate Disodium Salt Hydrate (BCS) Assay. Molecules 2023; 28:5065. [PMID: 37446731 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the biological and ecological importance of Cu-thiol interactions and the discrepancies in previous research, this study focuses on Cu interactions with biologically and ecologically relevant thiols: glutathione (GSH), L-cysteine (L-cys), 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA), and thioacetic acid (TAA) in aqueous solution. The addition of Cu(II) to a thiol-containing solution led to a rapid reduction of Cu(II) and the formation of a Cu(I)-thiol complex. The mechanism of Cu(II) reduction and Cu(I) complex formation as well as the kinetics of Cu(I) oxidation strongly depend on the structural properties of the individual thiols investigated. The reducing power of the investigated thiols can be summarized as follows: L-cys ≅ GSH > MPA > TAA. The reaction order, with respect to Cu(I) oxidation, also changes over the time of the reaction course. The deviation of the reaction kinetics from the first order with respect to Cu(I) in the later stages of the reaction course can be attributed to a Fenton-like reaction occurring under low thiol concentration conditions. At high Cu:thiol ratios, in the case of GSH, L-cys, and MPA, the early stage of the reaction course is characterized by high Cu(I) stability, most likely as a result of Cu(I) complexation by the thiols present in excess in the reaction mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Crmarić
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Elvira Bura-Nakić
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
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3
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Wang X, Wang WX. Cell-Type-Dependent Dissolution of CuO Nanoparticles and Efflux of Cu Ions following Cellular Internalization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12404-12415. [PMID: 35946305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CuO nanoparticles (NPs) show promising applications in biosensors, waste treatment, and energy materials, but the growing manufacture of CuO NPs also leads to the concerns for their potential environmental and health risks. However, the cellular fates of CuO NPs such as Cu ion dissolution, transformation, and efflux remain largely speculative. In the present study, we for the first time combined the gold-core labeling and Cu ion bioimaging technologies to reveal the intracellular fates of CuO NPs in different cells following cellular internalization of NPs. We demonstrated that the dissolution rate of CuO NPs depended on the cell type. Following CuO dissolution, limited transformation of Cu(II) to Cu(I) occurred within the cellular microenvironment. Instead, Cu(II) was rapidly eliminated from the cells, and such rapid efflux in different cells was highly dependent on the GSH-mediated pathway and lysosome exocytosis. The labile Cu(I) level in the two cancerous cell lines was immediately regulated upon Cu exposure, which explained their tolerance to Au@CuO NPs. Overall, our study demonstrated a very rapid turnover of Cu in the cells following CuO internalization, which subsequently determined the cellular toxicity of CuO. The results will have important implications for assessing the health risk of CuO NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrui Wang
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 519000, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 519000, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
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4
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Bonet-Aleta J, Encinas-Gimenez M, Urriolabeitia E, Martin-Duque P, Hueso JL, Santamaria J. Unveiling the interplay between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic mechanisms in copper-iron nanoparticles working under chemically relevant tumour conditions. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8307-8320. [PMID: 35919722 PMCID: PMC9297535 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01379g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work sheds light on a generally overlooked issue in the emerging field of bio-orthogonal catalysis within tumour microenvironments (TMEs): the interplay between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic processes. In most cases, previous works dealing with nanoparticle-based catalysis in the TME focus on the effects obtained (e.g. tumour cell death) and attribute the results to heterogeneous processes alone. The specific mechanisms are rarely substantiated and, furthermore, the possibility of a significant contribution of homogeneous processes by leached species - and the complexes that they may form with biomolecules - is neither contemplated nor pursued. Herein, we have designed a bimetallic catalyst nanoparticle containing Cu and Fe species and we have been able to describe the whole picture in a more complex scenario where both homogeneous and heterogeneous processes are coupled and fostered under TME relevant chemical conditions. We investigate the preferential leaching of Cu ions in the presence of a TME overexpressed biomolecule such as glutathione (GSH). We demonstrate that these homogeneous processes initiated by the released by Cu-GSH interactions are in fact responsible for the greater part of the cell death effects found (GSH, a scavenger of reactive oxygen species, is depleted and highly active superoxide anions are generated in the same catalytic cycle). The remaining solid CuFe nanoparticle becomes an active catalyst to supply oxygen from oxygen reduced species, such as superoxide anions (by-product from GSH oxidation) and hydrogen peroxide, another species that is enriched in the TME. This activity is essential to sustain the homogeneous catalytic cycle in the oxygen-deprived tumour microenvironment. The combined heterogeneous-homogeneous mechanisms revealed themselves as highly efficient in selectively killing cancer cells, due to their higher GSH levels compared to healthy cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Bonet-Aleta
- Institute of Nanoscience and Materials of Aragon (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza Campus Río Ebro, Edificio I+D, C/Poeta Mariano Esquillor, s/n 50018 Zaragoza Spain
- Networking Research Center in Biomaterials, Bioengineering and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III 28029 Madrid Spain
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Zaragoza Campus Rio Ebro, C/María de Luna, 3 50018 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Miguel Encinas-Gimenez
- Institute of Nanoscience and Materials of Aragon (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza Campus Río Ebro, Edificio I+D, C/Poeta Mariano Esquillor, s/n 50018 Zaragoza Spain
- Networking Research Center in Biomaterials, Bioengineering and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III 28029 Madrid Spain
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Zaragoza Campus Rio Ebro, C/María de Luna, 3 50018 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Esteban Urriolabeitia
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, ISQCH (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza) 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Pilar Martin-Duque
- Networking Research Center in Biomaterials, Bioengineering and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III 28029 Madrid Spain
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS) Avenida San Juan Bosco, 13 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) Aragón Avenida San Juan Bosco, 13 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Fundación Araid Av. de Ranillas 1-D 50018 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Jose L Hueso
- Institute of Nanoscience and Materials of Aragon (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza Campus Río Ebro, Edificio I+D, C/Poeta Mariano Esquillor, s/n 50018 Zaragoza Spain
- Networking Research Center in Biomaterials, Bioengineering and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III 28029 Madrid Spain
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Zaragoza Campus Rio Ebro, C/María de Luna, 3 50018 Zaragoza Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) Aragón Avenida San Juan Bosco, 13 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Jesus Santamaria
- Institute of Nanoscience and Materials of Aragon (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza Campus Río Ebro, Edificio I+D, C/Poeta Mariano Esquillor, s/n 50018 Zaragoza Spain
- Networking Research Center in Biomaterials, Bioengineering and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III 28029 Madrid Spain
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Zaragoza Campus Rio Ebro, C/María de Luna, 3 50018 Zaragoza Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) Aragón Avenida San Juan Bosco, 13 50009 Zaragoza Spain
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5
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Wang L, Yu L, Ge H, Bu Y, Sun M, Huang D, Wang S. A novel reversible dual-mode probe based on amorphous carbon nanodots for the detection of mercury ion and glutathione. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Ho T, Ahmadi S, Kerman K. Do glutathione and copper interact to modify Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis? Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 181:180-196. [PMID: 35092854 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder first described in 1906 that is currently estimated to impact ∼40 million people worldwide. Extensive research activities have led to a wealth of information on the pathogenesis, hallmarks, and risk factors of AD; however, therapeutic options remain extremely limited. The large number of pathogenic factors that have been reported to potentially contribute to AD include copper dyshomeostasis as well as increased oxidative stress, which is related to alterations to molecular antioxidants like glutathione (GSH). While the individual roles of GSH and copper in AD have been studied by many research groups, their interactions have received relatively little attention, although they appear to interact and affect each other's regulation. Existing knowledge on how GSH-copper interactions may affect AD is sparse and lacks focus. This review first highlights the most relevant individual roles that GSH and copper play in physiology and AD, and then collects and assesses research concerning their interactions, in an effort to provide a more accessible and understandable picture of the role of GSH, copper, and their interactions in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Ho
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Soha Ahmadi
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Kagan Kerman
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada.
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Ufnalska I, Drew SC, Zhukov I, Szutkowski K, Wawrzyniak UE, Wróblewski W, Frączyk T, Bal W. Intermediate Cu(II)-Thiolate Species in the Reduction of Cu(II)GHK by Glutathione: A Handy Chelate for Biological Cu(II) Reduction. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:18048-18057. [PMID: 34781677 PMCID: PMC8653159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Gly-His-Lys (GHK)
is a tripeptide present in the human bloodstream
that exhibits a number of biological functions. Its activity is attributed
to the copper-complexed form, Cu(II)GHK. Little is known, however,
about the molecular aspects of the mechanism of its action. Here,
we examined the reaction of Cu(II)GHK with reduced glutathione (GSH),
which is the strongest reductant naturally occurring in human plasma.
Spectroscopic techniques (UV–vis, CD, EPR, and NMR) and cyclic
voltammetry helped unravel the reaction mechanism. The impact of temperature,
GSH concentration, oxygen access, and the presence of ternary ligands
on the reaction were explored. The transient GSH-Cu(II)GHK complex
was found to be an important reaction intermediate. The kinetic and
redox properties of this complex, including tuning of the reduction
rate by ternary ligands, suggest that it may provide a missing link
in copper trafficking as a precursor of Cu(I) ions, for example, for
their acquisition by the CTR1 cellular copper transporter. Gly-His-Lys (GHK) is a human bioactive
tripeptide thought
to be activated by Cu(II) binding, but little is known about the molecular
aspects of its action. UV−vis, circular dichroism (CD), EPR,
and NMR spectroscopies, and cyclic voltammetry were used to examine
the reduction of Cu(II)GHK with glutathione (GSH), the most abundant
biological thiol. A semistable GSH-Cu(II)GHK reaction intermediate
was discovered, with properties suitable for delivering Cu(I) to biological
transport proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Ufnalska
- Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw 00-664, Poland
| | - Simon C Drew
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Igor Zhukov
- Polish Academy of Sciences Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Pawińskiego 5a, Warsaw 02-106, Poland
| | - Kosma Szutkowski
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, Poznań 61-614, Poland
| | - Urszula E Wawrzyniak
- Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw 00-664, Poland
| | - Wojciech Wróblewski
- Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw 00-664, Poland
| | - Tomasz Frączyk
- Polish Academy of Sciences Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Pawińskiego 5a, Warsaw 02-106, Poland
| | - Wojciech Bal
- Polish Academy of Sciences Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Pawińskiego 5a, Warsaw 02-106, Poland
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Eteshola EOU, Haupt DA, Koos SI, Siemer LA, Morris DL. The role of metal ion binding in the antioxidant mechanisms of reduced and oxidized glutathione in metal-mediated oxidative DNA damage. Metallomics 2020; 12:79-91. [PMID: 31750486 DOI: 10.1039/c9mt00231f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidant activity of glutathione in its reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) forms against metal-mediated oxidative DNA damage was studied by monitoring production of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) from calf-thymus DNA. GSH and GSSG were combined with Fe(ii) and Cu(ii) before and after addition of DNA to investigate the role of metal coordination in the antioxidant mechanism. The antioxidant behavior of GSH and GSSG was also compared to the known radical scavenger DMSO. GSH and GSSG lower oxidative DNA damage for Fe(ii) and Cu(ii) reactions. GSH only exhibited appreciable antioxidant behavior when combined with Fe(ii) prior to adding DNA, and GSH and GSSG were slightly more effective against Cu(ii)-mediated damage when combined with Cu(ii) prior to adding DNA. Raman spectra of GSH in the presence of Cu(ii) indicate that Cu(ii) oxidizes GSH and raises the possibility that the antioxidant activity of GSH against Cu(ii) reactions may be attributed to its ability to form GSSG. No evidence of GSH oxidation in the presence of Fe(ii) was observed. The fluorescent probe dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) shows that the presence of GSH (for Cu(ii) reactions) and GSSG (for Fe(ii) and Cu(ii) reactions) lowers levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bulk solution. Overall, the results suggest that the mechanism of antioxidant activity for GSH and GSSG against Fe(ii) and Cu(ii)-mediated oxidative damage involves metal coordination, and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) studies of the Cu(ii)-GSSG system show an enthalpically favored complexation reaction with an apparent 1 : 1 stoichiometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias O U Eteshola
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology/Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Shinde RG, Khan AA, Kunwar A, Tripathi VS, Barik A. Fluorescence “off” and “on” signalling of esculetin in the presence of copper and thiol: a possible implication in cellular thiol sensing. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:1197-1205. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00157j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescence intensity of esculetin was drastically reduced in the presence of a copper ion, which was regenerated in the presence of GSH. The copper–esculetin system was able to detect GSH in a cellular model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali G. Shinde
- Department of Chemistry
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune 411007
- India
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division
| | - Ayesha A. Khan
- Department of Chemistry
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune 411007
- India
| | - Amit Kunwar
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400085
- India
| | - V. S. Tripathi
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400085
- India
| | - Atanu Barik
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400085
- India
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Ngamchuea K, Batchelor-McAuley C, Compton RG. The Copper(II)-Catalyzed Oxidation of Glutathione. Chemistry 2016; 22:15937-15944. [PMID: 27649691 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics and mechanisms of the copper(II)-catalyzed GSH (glutathione) oxidation are examined in the light of its biological importance and in the use of blood and/or saliva samples for GSH monitoring. The rates of the free thiol consumption were measured spectrophotometrically by reaction with DTNB (5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)), showing that GSH is not auto-oxidized by oxygen in the absence of a catalyst. In the presence of Cu2+ , reactions with two timescales were observed. The first step (short timescale) involves the fast formation of a copper-glutathione complex by the cysteine thiol. The second step (longer timescale) is the overall oxidation of GSH to GSSG (glutathione disulfide) catalyzed by copper(II). When the initial concentrations of GSH are at least threefold in excess of Cu2+ , the rate law is deduced to be -d[thiol]/dt=k[copper-glutathione complex][O2 ]0.5 [H2 O2 ]-0.5 . The 0.5th reaction order with respect to O2 reveals a pre-equilibrium prior to the rate-determining step of the GSSG formation. In contrast to [Cu2+ ] and [O2 ], the rate of the reactions decreases with increasing concentrations of GSH. This inverse relationship is proposed to be a result of the competing formation of an inactive form of the copper-glutathione complex (binding to glutamic and/or glycine moieties).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonwad Ngamchuea
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Christopher Batchelor-McAuley
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Richard G Compton
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
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Lin CW, Lu KY, Wang SY, Sung HW, Mi FL. CD44-specific nanoparticles for redox-triggered reactive oxygen species production and doxorubicin release. Acta Biomater 2016; 35:280-92. [PMID: 26853764 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CD44-specific and redox-responsive nanoparticles were prepared by coating a bioreducible chitosan-based nanoparticles with hyaluronic acid for intracellular glutathione-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and doxorubicin (DOX) release. Chitosan (CS) was conjugated with a copper chelator, D-penicillamine (D-pen), to obtain a CS-SS-D-pen conjugate through the formation of a disulfide bond. D-pen release from the conjugate was triggered by intracellular glutathione (GSH) via reducing biologically reversible disulfide bonds. Self-assembled CS-SS-D-pen nanoparticles were prepared through ionotropic gelation with tripolyphosphate and subsequently coated with hyaluronic acid (HA). The HA-coated CS-SS-D-pen NPs were reduced by GSH to release free D-pen and trigger ROS production via a series of reactions involving Cu(II)-catalyzed D-pen oxidation and H2O2 generation. DOX was loaded into the HA-coated CS-SS-D-pen NPs by a method involving the complexation of DOX with Cu(II) ions. The Cu(II)-DOX complex-loaded NPs exhibited redox-responsive release properties which accelerated DOX release at a higher glutathione level (10mM). Confocal fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that the Cu(II)-DOX-loaded NPs effectively delivered DOX to human colon adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29) by active targeting via HA-CD44 interactions. Intracellular ROS generated from the HA-coated CS-SS-D-pen NPs sensitized cancer cells to DOX-induced cytotoxicity. In vitro cytotoxicity assays revealed that Cu(II)-DOX-loaded NPs sensitized cells to DOX-induced cytotoxicity in CD44-overexpressing HT-29 cells compared to CD44 low-expressing HCT-15 cells. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In this manuscript, we develop a CD44-targetable loaded with nanoparticles Cu(II)-DOX complex. The nanoparticles exhibited redox-responsive properties, which triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and accelerated DOX release. The Cu(II)-DOX-loaded nanoparticle sensitized cells to DOX-induced cytotoxicity in CD44-overexpressing HT-29 cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing the combination of CD44-targeting and redox-responsive property for triggering ROS production and subsequent drug release. We believe our findings would appeal to the readership of Acta Biomaterialia because the study bring new and interesting ideals in the development of specific and stimuli-responsive nanoparticles as drug carrier for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Ying Lu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Yu Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Wen Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Fwu-Long Mi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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12
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Aliaga ME, López-Alarcón C, Bridi R, Speisky H. Redox-implications associated with the formation of complexes between copper ions and reduced or oxidized glutathione. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 154:78-88. [PMID: 26277412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Binding of copper by reduced glutathione (GSH) is generally seen as a mechanism to lower, if not abolish, the otherwise high electrophilicity and redox activity of its free ions. In recent years, however, this concept has been contradicted by new evidence revealing that, rather than stabilizing free copper ions, its binding to GSH leads to the formation of a Cu(I)-[GSH]2 complex capable of reducing molecular oxygen into superoxide. It is now understood that, under conditions leading to the removal of such radicals, the Cu(I)-[GSH]2 complex is readily oxidized into Cu(II)-GSSG. Interestingly, in the presence of a GSH excess, the latter complex is able to regenerate the superoxide-generating capacity of the complex it originated from, opening the possibility that a GSH-dependent interplay exists between the reduced and the oxidized glutathione forms of these copper-complexes. Furthermore, recent evidence obtained from experiments conducted in non-cellular systems and intact mitochondria indicates that the Cu(II)-GSSG complex is also able to function in a catalytic manner as an efficient superoxide dismutating- and catalase-like molecule. Here we review and discuss the most relevant chemical and biological evidence on the formation of the Cu(I)-[GSH]2 and Cu(II)-GSSG complexes and on the potential redox implications associated with their intracellular occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita E Aliaga
- Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6094411, Chile.
| | - Camilo López-Alarcón
- Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6094411, Chile
| | - Raquel Bridi
- Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6094411, Chile
| | - Hernán Speisky
- Nutrition and Food Technology Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Zhang W, Yin K, Li B, Chen L. A glutathione S-transferase from Proteus mirabilis involved in heavy metal resistance and its potential application in removal of Hg²⁺. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 261:646-652. [PMID: 23995561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a family of multifunctional proteins playing important roles in detoxification of harmful physiological and xenobiotic compounds in organisms. In our study, a gene encoding a GST from Proteus mirabilis strain V7, gstPm-4, was cloned and conditionally expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3). The purified GstPm-4 protein, with an estimated molecular mass of approximately 23kDa, was able to conjugate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and bind to the GSH-affinity matrix. Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR suggested that mRNA level of gstPm-4 was increased in the presence of CdCl2, CuCl2, HgCl2 and PbCl2, respectively. Correspondingly, overexpression of gstPm-4 in the genetically engineered bacterium Top10/pLacpGst exhibited higher heavy metal resistance compared to the control Top10/pLacP3. Another genetically engineered bacterium Top10/pBATGst, in which the DNA encoding GstPm-4 protein was fused with the DNA encoding Pfa1-based auto surface display system, was built. Top10/pBATGst could constitutively express the chimeric GstPm-4 and anchor it onto the cell surface subsequently. Almost 100% of the Hg(2+) within the range of 0.1-100 nM was adsorbed by Top10/pBATGst, and 80% of the bounded Hg(2+) could be desorbed from bacterial cells when pH was adjusted to 6.0. Thus, Top10/pBATGst can be potentially used for efficient treatment of Hg(2+)-contaminated aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
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Charrier JG, Anastasio C. Impacts of Antioxidants on Hydroxyl Radical Production from Individual and Mixed Transition Metals in a Surrogate Lung Fluid. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2011; 45:7555-7562. [PMID: 22125412 PMCID: PMC3223868 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation of ambient particulate matter causes morbidity and mortality in humans. One hypothesized mechanism of toxicity is the particle-induced formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) - including the highly damaging hydroxyl radical ((·)OH) - followed by inflammation and a variety of diseases. While past studies have found correlations between ROS formation and a variety of metals, there are no quantitative measurements of (·)OH formation from transition metals at concentrations relevant to 24-hour ambient particulate exposure. This research reports specific and quantitative measurements of (·)OH formation from 10 individual transition metals (and several mixtures) in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid (SLF) with four antioxidants: ascorbate, citrate, glutathione, and uric acid. We find that Fe and Cu can produce (·)OH under all antioxidant conditions as long as ascorbate is present and that mixtures of the two metals synergistically increase (·)OH production. Manganese and vanadium can also produce (·)OH under some conditions, but given that their ambient levels are typically very low, these metals are not likely to chemically produce significant levels of (·)OH in the lung fluid. Cobalt, chromium, nickel, zinc, lead, and cadmium do not produce (·)OH under any of our experimental conditions. The antioxidant composition of our SLF significantly affects (·)OH production from Fe and Cu: ascorbate is required for (·)OH formation, citrate increases (·)OH production from Fe, and both citrate and glutathione suppress (·)OH production from Cu. MINTEQ ligand speciation modeling indicates that citrate and glutathione affect (·)OH production by changing metal speciation, altering the reactivity of the metals. In the most realistic SLF (i.e., with all four antioxidants), Fe generates approximately six times more (·)OH than does the equivalent amount of Cu. Since levels of soluble Fe in PM are typically higher than those of Cu, our results suggest that Fe dominates the chemical generation of (·)OH from deposited particles in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G. Charrier
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, USA 95616
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, USA 95616
| | - Cort Anastasio
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, USA 95616
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, USA 95616
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Role of superoxide anions in the redox changes affecting the physiologically occurring cu(i)-glutathione complex. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2011; 2011:674149. [PMID: 21941464 PMCID: PMC3176429 DOI: 10.1155/2011/674149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiologically occurring copper-glutathione complex, [Cu(I)-[GSH]2], has the ability to react continually with oxygen, generating superoxide anions (O2∙−). We addressed here the effects that superoxide removal has on the redox state of Cu(I) and GSH present in such complex and assessed the formation of Cu(II)-GSSG as a final oxidation product. In addition, we investigated the potential of a source of O2∙−
external to the Cu(I)-[GSH]2 complex to prevent its oxidation. Removal of O2∙−
from a Cu(I)-[GSH]2-containing solution, whether spontaneous or Tempol-induced, led to time-dependent losses in GSH that were greater than those affecting the metal. The losses in GSH were not accompanied by increments in GSSG but were largely accounted for by the cumulative formation of Cu(II)-GSSG molecules. Notably, the redox changes in Cu(I) and GSH were totally prevented when Cu(I)-[GSH]2 was coincubated with hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase. Data suggest that the generation of O2∙−
by Cu(I)-[GSH]2 implies the obliged formation of an intermediate whose subsequent oxidation into Cu(II)-GSSG or back reduction into Cu(I)-[GSH]2 is favoured by either the removal or the addition of O2∙−, respectively.
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Superoxide-dependent reduction of free Fe(3+) and release of Fe(2+) from ferritin by the physiologically-occurring Cu(I)-glutathione complex. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 19:534-41. [PMID: 21115254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The intracellularly-occurring Cu(I)-glutathione complex (Cu(I)-[GSH](2)) has the ability to reduce molecular oxygen into superoxide radicals (O2·-). Based on such ability, we addressed the potential of this complex to generate the redox-active Fe(2+) species, during its interaction with free Fe(3+) and with ferritin-bound iron. Results show that: (i) the complex reduces free Fe(3+) through a reaction that totally depends on its O2·--generating capacity; (ii) during its interaction with ferritin, the complex reduces and subsequently releases iron through a largely (77%) SOD-inhibitable reaction; the remaining fraction is accounted for by a direct effect of GSH molecules contained within the complex. The O2·--dependent iron-releasing efficiency of the complex was half that of its iron-reducing efficiency; (iii) the ability of the complex to release ferritin-bound iron was increased, concentration-dependently, by the addition of GSH and totally prevented by SOD; (iv) in the presence of added H(2)O(2), the Fe(2+) ions generated through (i) or (ii) were able to catalyze the generation of hydroxyl radicals. Thus, the present study demonstrates the ability of the Cu(I)-[GSH](2) complex to generate the redox-active Fe(2+) species and suggest that by favouring the occurrence of superoxide-driven Fenton reactions, its pro-oxidant potential could be increased beyond its initial O2·--generating capacity.
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