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Bhatt A, Sahu N, Dada AC, Kumar Prajapati S, Arora P. Assessing sustainability of microalgae-based wastewater treatment: Environmental considerations and impacts on human health. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120435. [PMID: 38402790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
An integrated life cycle assessment (LCA) and quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) were conducted to assess microalgae-mediated wastewater disinfection (M-WWD). M-WWD was achieved by replacing ultraviolet disinfection with a microalgal open raceway pond in an existing sewage treatment plant (STP) in India. Regarding impacts on human health, both M-WWD and STP yielded comparable life cycle impacts, around 0.01 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per person per year. However, QMRA impacts for M-WWD (0.053 DALYs per person per year) were slightly lower than that for STP while considering exposure to E. coli O157:H7 and adenovirus. Additionally, a comparative LCA resolved the dilemma about the appropriate utilization of microalgal biomass. Among biodiesel, biocrude, and biogas production, the lowest impacts of 0.015 DALYs per person per year were obtained for biocrude for 1 m3 water treated by M-WWD. Electricity consumption in microalgae cultivation was a major environmental hotspot. Overall, M-WWD, followed by production of microalgal biocrude, emerged as a sustainable alternative from environmental and public health perspectives. These findings set the foundation for pilot-scale M-WWD system development, testing, and economic evaluation. Such comprehensive investigations, encompassing LCA, QMRA, and resource recovery scenarios, offer crucial insights for stakeholders and decision-makers in wastewater treatment and environmental management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Bhatt
- Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Nitin Sahu
- Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Sanjeev Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pratham Arora
- Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.
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2
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Atoui A, Cordevant C, Chesnot T, Gassilloud B. SARS-CoV-2 in the environment: Contamination routes, detection methods, persistence and removal in wastewater treatment plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163453. [PMID: 37059142 PMCID: PMC10091716 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study reviewed the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and the evaluation of virus infectivity in feces and environmental matrices. The detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in feces and wastewater samples, reported in several studies, has generated interest and concern regarding the possible fecal-oral route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. To date, the presence of viable SARS-CoV-2 in feces of COVID-19 infected people is not clearly confirmed although its isolation from feces of six different patients. Further, there is no documented evidence on the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater, sludge and environmental water samples, although the viral genome has been detected in these matrices. Decay data revealed that SARS-CoV-2 RNA persisted longer than infectious particle in all aquatic environment, indicating that genome quantification of SARS-CoV-2 does not imply the presence of infective viral particles. In addition, this review also outlined the fate of SARS-CoV-2 RNA during the different steps in the wastewater treatment plant and focusing on the virus elimination along the sludge treatment line. Studies showed complete removal of SARS-CoV-2 during the tertiary treatment. Moreover, thermophilic sludge treatments present high efficiency in SARS-CoV-2 inactivation. Further studies are required to provide more evidence with respect to the inactivation behavior of infectious SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental matrices and to examine factors affecting SARS-CoV-2 persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Atoui
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Microbiology Unit, 40, rue Lionnois, 54 000 Nancy, France.
| | - Christophe Cordevant
- ANSES, Strategy and Programs Department, Research and Reference Division, Maisons-Alfort F-94 700, France
| | - Thierry Chesnot
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Microbiology Unit, 40, rue Lionnois, 54 000 Nancy, France
| | - Benoît Gassilloud
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Microbiology Unit, 40, rue Lionnois, 54 000 Nancy, France
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3
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Brian I, Manuzzi A, Dalla Rovere G, Giussani E, Palumbo E, Fusaro A, Bonfante F, Bortolami A, Quaranta EG, Monne I, Patarnello T, Bargelloni L, Terregino C, Holmes EC, Todesco G, Sorrentino F, Berton A, Badetti C, Carrer C, Ferrari G, Zincone C, Milan M, Panzarin V. Molecular Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in Different Sewage Plants in Venice and the Implications for Genetic Surveillance. ACS ES&T WATER 2022; 2:1953-1963. [PMID: 37552713 PMCID: PMC9115883 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.2c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology is now widely used as an indirect tool to monitor the spread of SARS-CoV-2. In this study, five different sample matrices representing diverse phases of the wastewater treatment process were collected during the second wave of SARS-CoV-2 from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) serving the Civil Hospital and Sacca Fisola island in Venice, Italy. Positive SARS-CoV-2 detections occurred at both WWTPs, and data on viral genome detection rate and quantification suggest that the pellet (i.e., the particulate resulting from the influent) is a sensitive matrix that permits reliable assessment of infection prevalence while reducing time to results. On the contrary, analysis of post-treatment matrices provides evidence of the decontamination efficacy of both WWTPs. Finally, direct sequencing of wastewater samples enabled us to identify B.1.177 and B.1.160 as the prevalent SARS-CoV-2 lineages circulating in Venice at the time of sampling. This study confirmed the suitability of wastewater testing for studying SARS-CoV-2 circulation and established a simplified workflow for the prompt detection and characterization of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Brian
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences,
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale
dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Alice Manuzzi
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food
Science, University of Padova, Viale
dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Dalla Rovere
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food
Science, University of Padova, Viale
dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Edoardo Giussani
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences,
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale
dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Palumbo
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences,
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale
dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Alice Fusaro
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences,
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale
dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences,
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale
dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessio Bortolami
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences,
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale
dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Erika Giorgia Quaranta
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences,
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale
dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Isabella Monne
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences,
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale
dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Tomaso Patarnello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food
Science, University of Padova, Viale
dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Bargelloni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food
Science, University of Padova, Viale
dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Calogero Terregino
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences,
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale
dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Edward C. Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Life
and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, University of
Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | | | - Francesco Sorrentino
- Provveditorato interregionale per il
Veneto, Trentino AA, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Ponte di Rialto, 19, Venezia,
30125, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Cinzia Zincone
- Provveditorato interregionale per il
Veneto, Trentino AA, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Ponte di Rialto, 19, Venezia,
30125, Italy
| | - Massimo Milan
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food
Science, University of Padova, Viale
dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Panzarin
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences,
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale
dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
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Li J, Liu J, Yu H, Zhao W, Xia X, You S, Zhang J, Tong H, Wei L. Sources, fates and treatment strategies of typical viruses in urban sewage collection/treatment systems: A review. DESALINATION 2022; 534:115798. [PMID: 35498908 PMCID: PMC9033450 DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2022.115798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) throughout the world has severely threatened the global economy and public health. Due to receiving severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a wide variety of sources (e.g., households, hospitals, slaughterhouses), urban sewage treatment systems are regarded as an important path for the transmission of waterborne viruses. This review presents a quantitative profile of the concentration distribution of typical viruses within wastewater collection systems and evaluates the influence of different characteristics of sewer systems on virus species and concentration. Then, the efficiencies and mechanisms of virus removal in the units of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are summarized and compared, among which the inactivation efficiencies of typical viruses by typical disinfection approaches under varied operational conditions are elucidated. Subsequently, the occurrence and removal of viruses in treated effluent reuse and desalination, as well as that in sewage sludge treatment, are discussed. Potential dissemination of viruses is emphasized by occurrence via aerosolization from toilets, the collection system and WWTP aeration, which might have a vital role in the transmission and spread of viruses. Finally, the frequency and concentration of viruses in reclaimed water, the probability of infection are also reviewed for discussing the potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Weixin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xinhui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shijie You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hailong Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Liangliang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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5
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Foladori P, Cutrupi F, Cadonna M, Manara S. Coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 in sewerage and their removal: Step by step in wastewater treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 207:112204. [PMID: 34656637 PMCID: PMC8516124 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The fate of Coronaviruses (CoVs) and in particular SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has not been completely understood yet, but an adequate knowledge on the removal performances in WWTPs could help to prevent waterborne transmission of the virus that is still under debate. CoVs and SARS-CoV-2 are discharged from faeces into the sewer network and reach WWTPs within a few hours. This review presents the fate of SARS-CoV-2 and other CoVs in the primary, secondary and tertiary treatments of WWTPs as well as in sludge treatments. The viral loads decrease progressively along with the treatments from 20 to 3.0E+06 GU/L (Genomic Units/L) in the influent wastewater to concentrations below 2.50E+05 GU/L after secondary biological treatments and finally to negative concentrations (below detection limit) in disinfected effluents. Reduction of CoVs is due to (i) natural decay under unfavourable conditions (solids, microorganisms, temperature) for relatively long hydraulic retention times and (ii) processes of sedimentation, filtration, predation, adsorption, disinfection. In primary and secondary settling, due to the hydrophobic properties, a partial accumulation of CoVs may occur in the separated sludge. In secondary treatment (i.e. activated sludge) CoVs and SARS-CoV-2 loads can be reduced only by about one logarithm (∼90%). To enhance this removal, tertiary treatment with ultrafiltration (Membrane Bioreactors) and chemical disinfection or UV light is needed. CoVs and SARS-CoV-2 in the sludge (1.2E+04-4.6E+08 GU/L) can be inactivated significantly in the thermophilic digestion (55 °C), while mesophilic temperatures (33-37 °C) are not efficient. Additional studies are required to investigate the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in WWTPs, especially in view of increasing interest in wastewater reclamation and reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Foladori
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering (DICAM) - University of Trento, via Mesiano, n. 77, 38123, Trento, Italy.
| | - Francesca Cutrupi
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering (DICAM) - University of Trento, via Mesiano, n. 77, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Maria Cadonna
- ADEP - Agenzia per la Depurazione, Autonomous Province of Trento, via Gilli, n. 3, 38121, Trento, Italy
| | - Serena Manara
- Department of Cellular Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO) - University of Trento, via Sommarive, n. 9, 38123, Trento, Italy
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6
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Oliveira GLD, Sueitt APE, Dos Santos PR, Leite LDS, Daniel LA. Removal of protozoan (oo)cysts and bacteria during microalgae harvesting: Outcomes from a lab-scale experiment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131767. [PMID: 34399254 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of microalgae harvesting on the removal of Giardia spp. cysts, Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp. and Clostridium spp. was assessed in lab-scale experiments (Jartest and Flotatest) using effluent from a flat panel photobioreactor used for Chlorella sorokiniana cultivation. Three harvesting methods were evaluated: (1) flocculation induced by pH modulation followed by sedimentation (pH-SED), (2) flocculation induced by pH modulation followed by dissolved air flotation (pH-DAF), and (3) coagulation using an organic coagulant (Tanfloc SG) followed by dissolved air flotation (Coag-DAF). The results indicated that the three harvesting methods were efficient in removing protozoan (oo)cysts and bacteria, achieving percentages of removal higher than 97% for all the analyzed pathogens. Among the three methods, pH-SED showed the best removal performance: 99.60% (2.5 log) for Giardia spp. cysts, 100% (>6.3 log) for total coliforms, 100% (>4.6 log) for Escherichia coli, 100% (>5.8 log) for Enterococcus spp. and 99.96% (3.6 log) for Clostridium spp. Clostridium spp. seemed to be more tolerant to the harvesting methods than the other groups of bacteria analyzed in the study, and its presence was positively correlated to the presence of Giardia spp. cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Laila de Oliveira
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, 13566-590, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Erbetta Sueitt
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, 13566-590, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila Ribeiro Dos Santos
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, 13566-590, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luan de Souza Leite
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, 13566-590, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Daniel
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, 13566-590, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Tyagi N, Gurian PL, Kumar A. Using QMRA to understand possible exposure risks of SARS-CoV-2 from the water environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:7240-7253. [PMID: 34467495 PMCID: PMC8408015 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the human risk of infection due to inadvertent ingestion of water during swimming in a river that receives SARS-CoV-2-containing effluent from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) approach was applied for risk estimation using dose-response models (DRM) of different surrogate coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV) and the virus responsible for most infectious respiratory illnesses (i.e., influenza A H5N1) due to the unavailability of DRM for SARS-CoV-2. The ratio of infectious concentration to genomic copies of SARS-CoV-2 is unknown and also unavailable for other coronaviruses. Therefore, literature-based information on enteric viruses was used for formulating the ratio used for QMRA, although it is acknowledged that identifying this information for SARS-CoV-2 is a priority, and in the absence of information specific to SARS-CoV-2, another coronavirus would be a preferable surrogate to the enteric viruses used here. The calculated concentration of ingested SARS-CoV-2 ranged between 4.6 × 10-7 and 80.5 genomic copies/dip (one swim = 32 mL). The risk of infection (> 9 × 10-12 to 5.8 × 10-1) was found to be > 1/10,000 annual risk of infection. Moreover, the study revealed that the risk estimation was largely dependent on the value of the molecular concentration of SARS-CoV-2 (gc/mL). Overall immediate attention is required for obtaining information on the (i) ratio of infectious virus to genomic copies, (ii) DRM for SARS-CoV-2, and (iii) virus reduction rate after treatment in the WWTPs. The QMRA structure used in present findings is helpful in analyzing and prioritizing upcoming health risks due to swimming performed in contaminated rivers during the COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Tyagi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016 India
| | - Patrick L. Gurian
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016 India
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Gao T, Xu P, Chen R, Wang XC, Dzakpasu M. Environmental risk assessment by using disability adjusted life year via constructing of a generalized linear model for morbidity estimation of waterborne pathogens. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 299:113566. [PMID: 34425498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Environmental burden of disease (EBD) quantitatively evaluates the health impacts of pathogens by using the disability-adjusted life year (DALY) method. The life loss due to morbidity is a general expression for the EBD outcome and, thus, morbidity analysis is indispensable. Considering the deficiency of previous morbidity analysis methods, the objective of this study was to construct a linear morbidity model by using a generalized linear model (GLM) as a template and introducing exposure dose, pathogen toxicity and human immunity as impact variables. Human experimental data were collected for model fitting, and the results indicated a good fit of the majority of the pathogen data. Consequently, two practical cases of water reuse in Xi'an Siyuan University (Case 1) and Lake Cui, Kunming (Case 2) were selected for model validation. Results for case 1 indicated the major EBD to be attributed to rotaviruses (5.57 × 10-7 DALYs, 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.46 × 10-7-1.72 × 10-4 DALYs) and sprinkling irrigation (5.12 × 10-7 DALYs, 95% CI: 1.95 × 10-7-1.47 × 101 DALYs). Conversely, that for case 2 is mainly attributed to noroviruses (1.42 × 10-7 DALYs, 95% CI: 7.51 × 10-11-2.67 × 10-4 DALYs) and road flushing (1.62 × 10-7 DALYs, 95% CI: 1.16 × 10-7-2.67 × 10-4 DALYs). However, comparison with the suggested threshold of 10-6 DALYs indicated the EBDs for both cases are acceptable and, thus, water reuse is confirmed to be safe. The methodology for morbidity modelling proposed in this research can effectively compensate for missing data in DALY calculation and, thereby, help to optimize the process for EBD evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Gao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, No.19 South Jinhua Road, Xi'an, 710048, PR China; International S&T Cooperation Centre for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China.
| | - Pengcheng Xu
- International S&T Cooperation Centre for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Rong Chen
- International S&T Cooperation Centre for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- International S&T Cooperation Centre for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Mawuli Dzakpasu
- International S&T Cooperation Centre for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
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Hata A, Shirasaka Y, Ihara M, Yamashita N, Tanaka H. Spatial and temporal distributions of enteric viruses and indicators in a lake receiving municipal wastewater treatment plant discharge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 780:146607. [PMID: 33773350 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although lake water can be used as a source of drinking water and recreational activities, there is a dearth of research on the occurrence and fate of enteric viruses. Over a period of 14 months at six points in 2014-2015, we conducted monthly monitoring of the virological water quality of a Japanese lake. The lake receives effluent from three surrounding wastewater treatment plants and retains water for about two weeks. These features allowed us to investigate the occurrence and fate of viruses in the lake environment. Human enteric viruses such as noroviruses and their indicators (pepper mild mottle virus and F-specific RNA bacteriophage [FRNAPH] genogroups) were quantified by PCR-based assays. Additionally, FRNAPH genogroups were quantified by infectivity-based assays to estimate the degree of virus inactivation. Pepper mild mottle virus, genogroup II (GII) norovirus, and GI-FRNAPH were identified in relatively high frequencies (positive in >40% out of 64 samples), with concentrations ranging from 1.3 × 101 to 2.9 × 104 copies/L. Human enteric viruses and some indicators were not detected and less prevalent, respectively, after April 2015. Principal component analysis revealed that the virological water quality changed gradually over time, but its differences between the sampling points were not apparent. FRNAPH genogroups were inactivated during the warm season (averaged water temperature of >20 °C) compared to the cool season (averaged water temperature of <20 °C), which may have been due to the more severe environmental stresses such as sunlight and water temperature. This suggests that the infection risk associated with the use of the lake water may have been overestimated by the gene quantification assay during the warm season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Hata
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan.
| | - Yuya Shirasaka
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Masaru Ihara
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamashita
- Course of Rural Engineering, Department of Science and Technology for Biological Resources and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agriculture Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
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10
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Thakur AK, Sathyamurthy R, Velraj R, Lynch I, Saidur R, Pandey AK, Sharshir SW, Kabeel AE, Hwang JY, GaneshKumar P. Secondary transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through wastewater: Concerns and tactics for treatment to effectively control the pandemic. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 290:112668. [PMID: 33895445 PMCID: PMC8055200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has spread globally and has severely impacted public health and the economy. Hand hygiene, social distancing, and the usage of personal protective equipment are considered the most vital tools in controlling the primary transmission of the virus. Converging evidence indicated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and its persistence over several days, which may create secondary transmission of the virus via waterborne and wastewater pathways. Although, researchers have started focusing on this mode of virus transmission, limited knowledge and societal unawareness of the transmission through wastewater may lead to significant increases in the number of positive cases. To emphasize the severe issue of virus transmission through wastewater and create societal awareness, we present a state of the art critical review on transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and the potential remedial strategies to effectively control the viral spread and safeguard society. For low-income countries with high population densities, it is suggested to identify the virus in large scale municipal wastewater plants before following up with one-to-one testing for effective control of the secondary transmission. Ultrafiltration is an effective method for wastewater treatment and usually more than 4 logs of virus removal are achieved while safeguarding good protein permeability. Decentralized wastewater treatment facilities using solar-assisted disinfestation methods are most economical and can be effectively used in hospitals, isolation wards, and medical centers for reducing the risk of transmission from high local concentration sites, especially in tropical countries with abundant solar energy. Disinfection with chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, benzalkonium chloride, and peracetic acid have shown potential in terms of virucidal properties. Biological wastewater treatment using micro-algae will be highly effective in removal of virus and can be incorporated into membrane bio-reaction to achieve excellent virus removal rate. Though promising results have been shown by initial research for inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater using physical, chemical and biological based treatment methods, there is a pressing need for extensive investigation of COVID-19 specific disinfectants with appropriate concentrations, their environmental implications, and regular monitoring of transmission. Effective wastewater treatment methods with high virus removal capacity and low treatment costs should be selected to control the virus spread and safeguard society from this deadly virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Kumar Thakur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Arasur, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641407, India.
| | - Ravishankar Sathyamurthy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Arasur, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641407, India.
| | - R Velraj
- Institute for Energy Studies, Anna University, Chennai-600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - I Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - R Saidur
- Research Centre for Nano-Materials and Energy Technology (RCNMET), School of Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - A K Pandey
- Research Centre for Nano-Materials and Energy Technology (RCNMET), School of Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Swellam W Sharshir
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Abd Elnaby Kabeel
- Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Egypt; Faculty of Engineering, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Jang-Yeon Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - P GaneshKumar
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 712-749, Republic of Korea
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11
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Removal of Pathogens in Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems: A Review of Design Considerations and Influencing Factors. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13091190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Conventional onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTSs) could potentially contribute to the transmission of infectious diseases caused by waterborne pathogenic microorganisms and become an important human health concern, especially in the areas where OWTSs are used as the major wastewater treatment units. Although previous studies suggested the OWTSs could reduce chemical pollutants as well as effectively reducing microbial contaminants from onsite wastewater, the microbiological quality of effluents and the factors potentially affecting the removal are still understudied. Therefore, the design and optimization of pathogen removal performance necessitate a better mechanistic understanding of the hydrological, geochemical, and biological processes controlling the water quality in OWTSs. To fill the knowledge gaps, the sources of pathogens and common pathogenic indicators, along with their major removal mechanisms in OWTSs were discussed. This review evaluated the effectiveness of pathogen removal in state-of-art OWTSs and investigated the contributing factors for efficient pathogen removal (e.g., system configurations, filter materials, environmental and operational conditions), with the aim to guide the future design for optimized treatment performance.
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12
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Mohan SV, Hemalatha M, Kopperi H, Ranjith I, Kumar AK. SARS-CoV-2 in environmental perspective: Occurrence, persistence, surveillance, inactivation and challenges. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2021; 405:126893. [PMID: 32901196 PMCID: PMC7471803 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.126893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented global spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by SARS-CoV-2 is depicting the distressing pandemic consequence on human health, economy as well as ecosystem services. So far novel coronavirus (CoV) outbreaks were associated with SARS-CoV-2 (2019), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV, 2012), and SARS-CoV-1 (2003) events. CoV relates to the enveloped family of Betacoronavirus (βCoV) with positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA). Knowing well the persistence, transmission, and spread of SARS-CoV-2 through proximity, the faecal-oral route is now emerging as a major environmental concern to community transmission. The replication and persistence of CoV in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and shedding through stools is indicating a potential transmission route to the environment settings. Despite of the evidence, based on fewer reports on SARS-CoV-2 occurrence and persistence in wastewater/sewage/water, the transmission of the infective virus to the community is yet to be established. In this realm, this communication attempted to review the possible influx route of the enteric enveloped viral transmission in the environmental settings with reference to its occurrence, persistence, detection, and inactivation based on the published literature so far. The possibilities of airborne transmission through enteric virus-laden aerosols, environmental factors that may influence the viral transmission, and disinfection methods (conventional and emerging) as well as the inactivation mechanism with reference to the enveloped virus were reviewed. The need for wastewater epidemiology (WBE) studies for surveillance as well as for early warning signal was elaborated. This communication will provide a basis to understand the SARS-CoV-2 as well as other viruses in the context of the environmental engineering perspective to design effective strategies to counter the enteric virus transmission and also serves as a working paper for researchers, policy makers and regulators.
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Key Words
- (h+), Photoholes
- +ssRNA, Positive Sense Single-Stranded RNA
- A-WWTS, Algal-WWTS
- ACE2, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- AH, Absolute Humidity
- AOPs, Advanced Oxidation Processes
- ASP, Activate Sludge Process
- Aerosols
- BCoV, Bovine Enteric Coronavirus)
- BSL, Biosafety Level
- BVDV1, Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Type 1
- BVDV2, Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Type 2
- BoRv, Bovine Rotavirus Group A
- CCA, Carbon Covered Alumina
- CNT, Carbon Nanotubes
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease 2019
- CRFK, Crandell Reese feline kidney cell line (CRFK)
- CVE, Coxsackievirus B5
- ClO2, Chlorine dioxide
- Cl−, Chlorine
- Cys, Cysteine
- DBP, Disinfection by-products
- DBT, L2 and Delayed Brain Tumor Cell Cultures
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium
- DNA, deoxyribose nucleic acid
- Disinfection
- E gene, Envelope protein gene
- EV, Echovirus 11
- Enteric virus
- Enveloped virus
- FC, Free Chlorine
- FFP3, Filtering Face Piece
- FIPV, Feline infectious peritonitis virus
- GI, Gastrointestinal tract
- H2O2, Hydrogen Peroxide
- H3N2, InfluenzaA
- H6N2, Avian influenza virus
- HAV, Hepatitis A virus (HAV)
- HAdV, Human Adenovirus
- HCoV, Human CoV
- HEV, Hepatitis E virus
- HKU1, Human CoV1
- ICC-PCR, Integrated Cell Culture with PCR
- JCV, JCV polyomavirus
- MALDI-TOF MS, Mass Spectrometry
- MBR, Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)
- MERS-CoV, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
- MHV, Murine hepatitis virus
- MNV-1, Murine Norovirus
- MWCNTs, Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes
- Met, Methionine
- N gene, Nucleocapsid protein gene
- NCoV, Novel coronavirus
- NGS, Next generation sequencing
- NTP, Non-Thermal Plasma
- O2, Singlet Oxygen
- O3, Ozone
- ORF, Open Reading Frame
- PAA, Para Acetic Acid
- PCR, Polymerase Chain Reaction
- PEC, Photoelectrocatalytical
- PEG, Polyethylene Glycol
- PFU, Plaque Forming Unit
- PMMoV, Pepper Mild Mottle Virus
- PMR, Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors
- PPE, Personal Protective Equipment
- PTAF, Photocatalytic Titanium Apatite Filter
- PV-1, Polivirus-1
- PV-3, Poliovirus 3
- PVDF, Polyvinylidene Fluoride
- Qβ, bacteriophages
- RH, Relative Humidity
- RNA, Ribose nucleic acid
- RONS, Reactive Oxygen and/or Nitrogen Species
- RT-PCR, Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RVA, Rotaviruses A
- SARS-CoV-1, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 1
- SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
- SBR, Sequential Batch Reactor
- SODIS, Solar water disinfection
- STP, Sewage Treatment Plant
- Sewage
- T90, First order reaction time required for completion of 90%
- T99.9, First order reaction time required for completion of 99.9%
- TGEV, Porcine Coronavirus Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus
- TGEV, Transmissible Gastroenteritis
- Trp, Tryptophan
- Tyr, Tyrosine
- US-EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency
- UV, Ultraviolet
- WBE, Wastewater-Based Epidemiology
- WWT, Wastewater Treatment
- WWTPs, Wastewater Treatment Plants
- dPCR, Digital PCR
- ds, Double Stranded
- dsDNA, Double Stranded DNA
- log10, logarithm with base 10
- qRT-PCR, quantitative RT-PCR
- ss, Single Stranded
- ssDNA, Single Stranded DNA
- ssRNA, Single Stranded RNA
- αCoV, Alphacoronavirus
- βCoV, Betacoronavirus
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Affiliation(s)
- S Venkata Mohan
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering (DEEE), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT) Campus, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Manupati Hemalatha
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering (DEEE), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT) Campus, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Harishankar Kopperi
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering (DEEE), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - I Ranjith
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering (DEEE), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - A Kiran Kumar
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering (DEEE), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT) Dispensary, Hyderabad 500007, India
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Cheng F, Dai Z, Shen S, Wang S, Lu X. Characteristics of rural domestic wastewater with source separation. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 83:233-246. [PMID: 33460421 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rural domestic wastewater (RDW), one of the non-point pollution sources, has become a significant object related to sanitation improvement and water pollution control in Taihu Lake Basin, China. Current research on RDW characteristics and management with source separation is limited. In this study, a source-separated investigation into the characteristics of RDW was conducted, and the management suggestions were proposed. The results showed that the average RDW production coefficient was 94.1 ± 31.6 (range: 71.8-143.0) liters per capita (person) per day. Household-level wastewater generation peaked two or three times daily, and the synchronous fluctuation could cause hydraulic loading shocks to treatment facilities. The population equivalents of chemical oxygen demand, ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) in RDW were 78.7, 3.7, 4.12, and 0.8 g/(cap·d), respectively. Blackwater from water closet source accounted for 30.4% of the total wastewater amount, contributing 93.0%, 81.7%, and 67.3% to loads of NH4+-N, TN, and TP, respectively. Graywater from the other sources with low nutrient-related pollutant concentrations and loads, accounting for 69.6% of the total wastewater amount, was a considerable alternative water resource. The quantitative and qualitative characteristics indicated that GW and BW had the potential of being reused in relation to water and nutrients, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangkui Cheng
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China and ERC Taihu Lake Water Environment (Wuxi), Wuxi, 214135, China E-mail:
| | - Zheqin Dai
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China and ERC Taihu Lake Water Environment (Wuxi), Wuxi, 214135, China E-mail:
| | - Shuting Shen
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China and ERC Taihu Lake Water Environment (Wuxi), Wuxi, 214135, China E-mail:
| | - Siyu Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China and ERC Taihu Lake Water Environment (Wuxi), Wuxi, 214135, China E-mail:
| | - Xiwu Lu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China and ERC Taihu Lake Water Environment (Wuxi), Wuxi, 214135, China E-mail:
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14
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Bhatt A, Arora P, Prajapati SK. Occurrence, fates and potential treatment approaches for removal of viruses from wastewater: A review with emphasis on SARS-CoV-2. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 8:104429. [PMID: 32895629 PMCID: PMC7467108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2020.104429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The world is combating the emergence of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by novel coronavirus; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Further, due to the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage and stool samples, its transmission through water routes cannot be neglected. Thus, the efficient treatment of wastewater is a matter of utmost importance. The conventional wastewater treatment processes demonstrate a wide variability in absolute removal of viruses from wastewater, thereby posing a severe threat to human health and environment. The fate of SARS-CoV-2 in the wastewater treatment plants and its removal during various treatment stages remains unexplored and demands immediate attention; particularly, where treated effluent is utilised as reclaimed water. Consequently, understanding the prevalence of pathogenic viruses in untreated/treated waters and their removal techniques has become the topical issue of the scientific community. The key objective of the present study is to provide an insight into the distribution of viruses in wastewater, as well as the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2, and its possible transmission by the faecal-oral route. The review also gives a detailed account of the major waterborne and non-waterborne viruses, and environmental factors governing the survival of viruses. Furthermore, a comprehensive description of the potential methods (physical, chemical, and biological) for removal of viruses from wastewater has been presented. The present study also intends to analyse the research trends in microalgae-mediated virus removal and, inactivation. The review also addresses the UN SDG 'Clean Water and Sanitation' as it is aimed at providing pathogenically safe water for recycling purposes.
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Key Words
- ASP, Activated Sludge Process
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease 2019
- DUV-LED, Deep Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diode
- E.coli, Escherichia coli
- EPS, Exopolysaccharide
- LRV, Log Reduction Value
- MBR, Membrane Bioreactor
- MERS-CoV, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
- MLSS, Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids
- Microalgaee
- PMR, Photocatalytic Membrane Reactor
- Phycoremediationn
- RH, Relative Humidity
- SARS-CoV, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
- SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
- SBBGR, Sequencing Batch Biofilter Granular Reactor
- SEM, Scanning Electron Microscopy
- SSF, Slow Sand Filtration
- UASB, Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
- UN SDG, United Nations Sustainable Development Goal
- UV, Ultraviolet
- WHO, World Health Organisation
- WWTP, Wastewater Treatment Plant
- Waterbornee
- dsDNA, Double stranded Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- dsRNA, Double stranded Ribonucleic acid
- ssRNA, Single stranded Ribonucleic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Bhatt
- Environment and Biofuel Research Lab (EBRL), Hydro and Renewable Energy Department, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Pratham Arora
- Hydro and Renewable Energy Department, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Prajapati
- Environment and Biofuel Research Lab (EBRL), Hydro and Renewable Energy Department, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
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15
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Zhang C, Xu P, Wang XC, Xu L. Bacterial viability and diversity in a landscape lake replenished with reclaimed water: a case study in Xi'an, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:32796-32808. [PMID: 32519106 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To understand the characteristics of bacterial viability and diversity in landscape waters replenished with reclaimed water, the typical landscape lake using reclaimed water was investigated in this study. Samples were collected from a reclaimed water inlet (P1), a reclaimed water distribution outlet (P2), and a landscape lake replenished by reclaimed water (P3). By means of measuring adenosine triphosphate (ATP), flow cytometry (FCM), and 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing, the bacterial viability and diversity in reclaimed water distribution system and landscape lake were illustrated. The bacterial ATP contents at P1, P2, and P3 were 3.55 ± 1.79 ng/L, 3.31 ± 1.43 ng/L, and 18.97 ± 6.39 μg/L, and the intact bacterial cell concentrations were 5.91 ± 0.52 × 104 cells/mL, 7.95 ± 2.58 × 104 cells/mL, and 5.65 ± 2.10 × 106 cells/mL, respectively. These results indicated a significant increase of bacterial viability in the landscape lake. The Shannon diversity index of 6.535, 7.05, and 6.886 at P1, P2, and P3, respectively, demonstrated no notable change of bacterial diversity from reclaimed water distribution system to landscape lake. However, the relative abundance of Pseudomonas sp. at P3 was significantly higher than that at P1. These findings indicated that viable but non-culturable (VBNC) bacteria could be revived in the landscape lake. The bacterial viability during reclaimed water reuse should deserve special attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongmiao Zhang
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Pengcheng Xu
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Limei Xu
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
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16
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Abstract
The immense global burden of infectious disease outbreaks and the need to establish prediction and prevention systems have been recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the United States Agency of International Development (USAID), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and the international scientific community. Despite multiple efforts, this infectious burden is still increasing. For example, it has been reported that between 1.5 and 12 million people die each year from waterborne diseases and diarrheal diseases are listed within the top 15 leading causes of death worldwide. Rapid population growth, climate change, natural disasters, immigration, globalization, and the corresponding sanitation and waste management challenges are expected to intensify the problem in the years to come.
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17
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Jin Z, Lv C, Zhao M, Zhang Y, Huang X, Bei K, Kong H, Zheng X. Black water collected from the septic tank treated with a living machine system: HRT effect and microbial community structure. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 210:745-752. [PMID: 30036822 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the performance of a living machine (LM) system was evaluated for use in the treatment of black water collected from septic tanks with hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 6, 5, and 4 days. We found that the HRT had little effect on the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD). However, the removal rates of total nitrogen (TN) and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) decreased with the reduction of HRT, whereas the removal efficiency of total phosphate (TP) was consistently low because of the long sludge retention time. The working conditions of #1 achieved the highest removal efficiency of COD (85%), NH4+-N (75%), and TN (47%), although the removal efficiency of TP (11%) was slightly lower than that of #2 (12%). The microbial communities in each tank of the LM system were characterized by high-throughput sequencing, which showed that the LM system successfully created more favorable conditions for fermentative bacteria than traditional systems, with relative abundances of 13% (#1), 13% (#2), and 15% (#3) compared to that of the anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A2O) system (<3%). Smithella was the dominant fermentative bacteria, accounting for 9% (#1), 7% (#2), and 10% (#3) of total bacteria in the LM system. The relative abundances of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) (12%) and anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) (7%) in the LM system were much higher than that in the A2O system. Overall, the LM system offered a more sustainable and economical solution for treating black water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Jin
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| | - Cunhong Lv
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| | - Yejian Zhang
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| | - Xianfeng Huang
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| | - Ke Bei
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| | - Hainan Kong
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Xiangyong Zheng
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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18
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Courault D, Albert I, Perelle S, Fraisse A, Renault P, Salemkour A, Amato P. Assessment and risk modeling of airborne enteric viruses emitted from wastewater reused for irrigation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 592:512-526. [PMID: 28320526 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Reclamation of wastewater (WW) for irrigation, after treatment represents a challenge that could alleviate pressure on water resources and address the increasing demand for agriculture. However, the risks to human health must be assessed, particularly those related to human enteric viruses that resist standard treatments in most wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The risks associated with exposure to viral bioaerosols near WWTP and near agricultural plots irrigated with WW are poorly documented. The objectives of this study were to 1) better characterize human enteric viruses found in bioaerosols near a "standard WWTP" and over fields irrigated with treated WW and 2) propose a numeric model to assess the health risk to populations located close to the irrigated areas, with particular attention to norovirus, which is responsible for most viral gastroenteritis in France. Water and air samples were collected at various locations in the largest French WW-irrigated site near Clermont-Ferrand, at the WWTP entrance and after treatment, in the air above activated sludge basins, and above fields irrigated with WW. Various enteric viruses were found in the water samples collected both before and after treatment. Norovirus was the most abundant with >10e4 genome copies/l (GC/L) before treatment and ~10e3 GC/L after treatment. Low quantities (<10e3GC/m3) were detected in the air above active sludge pools and irrigated plots. Hepatitis E virus was detected in all sampled compartments. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) approach, including a simplified atmospheric dispersion model, allowed assessment of norovirus infection risk. The Bayesian QMRA approach considered wind speed measurements over 21years, and the variability and uncertainty of all measurements throughout the chain up to the risk. The probability of infection within one year for the most exposed WWTP employees was >10e-4 for strong wind speed (≥3m/s) and a constant emission rate of 8e3 GC/m3/s. This probability decreases by 3 log when the distance to the emission source is doubled. This information can aid development of safe water reuse policies in terms of local setback distance and wind conditions for wastewater reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Courault
- UMR 1114 EMMAH, INRA, Université d'Avignon et des Pays du Vaucluse, Domaine St Paul, 84914 Avignon, France.
| | - I Albert
- UMR 518, Math-Info Appliquées, INRA-AgroParisTech 16, rue Claude Bernard, 75231 Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - S Perelle
- Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for food safety, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - A Fraisse
- Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for food safety, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - P Renault
- UMR 1114 EMMAH, INRA, Université d'Avignon et des Pays du Vaucluse, Domaine St Paul, 84914 Avignon, France
| | - A Salemkour
- UMR 1114 EMMAH, INRA, Université d'Avignon et des Pays du Vaucluse, Domaine St Paul, 84914 Avignon, France; UMR 518, Math-Info Appliquées, INRA-AgroParisTech 16, rue Claude Bernard, 75231 Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - P Amato
- UMR 6296, ICCF Université B Pascal, 24 av des landais, 63171 Aubière, France
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19
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Stachler E, Kelty C, Sivaganesan M, Li X, Bibby K, Shanks OC. Quantitative CrAssphage PCR Assays for Human Fecal Pollution Measurement. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9146-9154. [PMID: 28700235 PMCID: PMC7350147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Environmental waters are monitored for fecal pollution to protect public health and water resources. Traditionally, general fecal-indicator bacteria are used; however, they cannot distinguish human fecal waste from other animal pollution sources. Recently, a novel bacteriophage, crAssphage, was discovered by metagenomic data mining and reported to be abundant in and closely associated with human fecal waste. To confirm bioinformatic predictions, 384 primer sets were designed along the length of the crAssphage genome. Based on initial screening, two novel crAssphage qPCR assays (CPQ_056 and CPQ_064) were designed and evaluated in reference fecal samples and water matrices. The assays exhibited high specificities (98.6%) when tested against an animal fecal reference library, and crAssphage genetic markers were highly abundant in raw sewage and sewage-impacted water samples. In addition, CPQ_056 and CPQ_064 performance was compared to HF183/BacR287 and HumM2 assays in paired experiments. Findings confirm that viral crAssphage qPCR assays perform at a similar level to well-established bacterial human-associated fecal-source-identification approaches. These new viral-based assays could become important water quality management and research tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine Kelty
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 United States
| | - Mano Sivaganesan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 United States
| | - Xiang Li
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 United States
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260 United States
- .,
| | - Orin C. Shanks
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 United States
- .,
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20
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Abstract
Broad and increasing interest in sustainable wastewater treatment has led a paradigm shift towards more efficient means of treatment system operation. A key aspect of improving overall sustainability is the potential for direct wastewater effluent reuse. Anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) have been identified as an attractive option for producing high quality and nutrient-rich effluents during the treatment of municipal wastewaters. The introduction of direct effluent reuse does, however, raise several safety concerns related to its application. Among those concerns are the microbial threats associated with pathogenic bacteria as well as the emerging issues associated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the potential for proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes. Although there is substantial research evaluating these topics from the perspectives of anaerobic digestion and membrane bioreactors separately, little is known regarding how AnMBR systems can contribute to pathogen and antibiotic resistance removal and propagation in wastewater effluents. The aim of this review is to provide a current assessment of existing literature on anaerobic and membrane-based treatment systems as they relate to these microbial safety issues and utilize this assessment to identify areas of potential future research to evaluate the suitability of AnMBRs for direct effluent reuse.
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21
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Cui Q, Fang T, Huang Y, Dong P, Wang H. Evaluation of bacterial pathogen diversity, abundance and health risks in urban recreational water by amplicon next-generation sequencing and quantitative PCR. J Environ Sci (China) 2017. [PMID: 28647233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The microbial quality of urban recreational water is of great concern to public health. The monitoring of indicator organisms and several pathogens alone is not sufficient to accurately and comprehensively identify microbial risks. To assess the levels of bacterial pathogens and health risks in urban recreational water, we analyzed pathogen diversity and quantified four pathogens in 46 water samples collected from waterbodies in Beijing Olympic Forest Park in one year. The pathogen diversity revealed by 16S rRNA gene targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) showed that 16 of 40 genera and 13 of 76 reference species were present. The most abundant species were Acinetobacter johnsonii, Mycobacterium avium and Aeromonas spp. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) of Escherichia coli (uidA), Aeromonas (aerA), M. avium (16S rRNA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (oaa) and Salmonella (invA) showed that the aerA genes were the most abundant, occurring in all samples with concentrations of 104-6 genome copies/100mL, followed by oaa, invA and M. avium. In total, 34.8% of the samples harbored all genes, indicating the prevalence of these pathogens in this recreational waterbody. Based on the qPCR results, a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) showed that the annual infection risks of Salmonella, M. avium and P. aeruginosa in five activities were mostly greater than the U.S. EPA risk limit for recreational contacts, and children playing with water may be exposed to the greatest infection risk. Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of bacterial pathogen diversity and pathogen abundance in urban recreational water by applying both NGS and qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijia Cui
- State Key Joint Laboratory on Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Tingting Fang
- State Key Joint Laboratory on Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yong Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory on Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peiyan Dong
- State Key Joint Laboratory on Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory on Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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22
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Carratalà A, Shim H, Zhong Q, Bachmann V, Jensen JD, Kohn T. Experimental adaptation of human echovirus 11 to ultraviolet radiation leads to resistance to disinfection and ribavirin. Virus Evol 2017; 3:vex035. [PMID: 29225923 PMCID: PMC5714166 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vex035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet light in the UVC range is a commonly used disinfectant to control viruses in clinical settings and water treatment. However, it is currently unknown whether human viral pathogens may develop resistance to such stressor. Here, we investigate the adaptation of an enteric pathogen, human echovirus 11, to disinfection by UVC, and characterized the underlying phenotypic and genotypic changes. Repeated exposure to UVC lead to a reduction in the UVC inactivation rate of approximately 15 per cent compared to that of the wild-type and the control populations. Time-series next-generation sequencing data revealed that this adaptation to UVC was accompanied by a decrease in the virus mutation rate. The inactivation efficiency of UVC was additionally compromised by a shift from first-order to biphasic inactivation kinetics, a form of 'viral persistence' present in the UVC resistant and control populations. Importantly, populations with biphasic inactivation kinetics also exhibited resistance to ribavirin, an antiviral drug that, as UVC, interferes with the viral replication. Overall, the ability of echovirus 11 to adapt to UVC is limited, but it may have relevant consequences for disinfection in clinical settings and water treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Carratalà
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), CH-1015 Lausanne
| | - Hyunjin Shim
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Qingxia Zhong
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), CH-1015 Lausanne
| | - Virginie Bachmann
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), CH-1015 Lausanne
| | - Jeffrey D Jensen
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution & Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ 85281, USA
| | - Tamar Kohn
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), CH-1015 Lausanne
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23
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Chaudhry RM, Hamilton KA, Haas CN, Nelson KL. Drivers of Microbial Risk for Direct Potable Reuse and de Facto Reuse Treatment Schemes: The Impacts of Source Water Quality and Blending. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E635. [PMID: 28608808 PMCID: PMC5486321 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14060635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although reclaimed water for potable applications has many potential benefits, it poses concerns for chemical and microbial risks to consumers. We present a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) Monte Carlo framework to compare a de facto water reuse scenario (treated wastewater-impacted surface water) with four hypothetical Direct Potable Reuse (DPR) scenarios for Norovirus, Cryptosporidium, and Salmonella. Consumer microbial risks of surface source water quality (impacted by 0-100% treated wastewater effluent) were assessed. Additionally, we assessed risks for different blending ratios (0-100% surface water blended into advanced-treated DPR water) when source surface water consisted of 50% wastewater effluent. De facto reuse risks exceeded the yearly 10-4 infections risk benchmark while all modeled DPR risks were significantly lower. Contamination with 1% or more wastewater effluent in the source water, and blending 1% or more wastewater-impacted surface water into the advanced-treated DPR water drove the risk closer to the 10-4 benchmark. We demonstrate that de facto reuse by itself, or as an input into DPR, drives microbial risks more so than the advanced-treated DPR water. When applied using location-specific inputs, this framework can contribute to project design and public awareness campaigns to build legitimacy for DPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia M Chaudhry
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
- Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), Berkeley, CA 94720-1710, USA.
| | - Kerry A Hamilton
- Drexel University Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Charles N Haas
- Drexel University Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Kara L Nelson
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
- Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), Berkeley, CA 94720-1710, USA.
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24
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Chen R, Ao D, Ji J, Wang XC, Li YY, Huang Y, Xue T, Guo H, Wang N, Zhang L. Insight into the risk of replenishing urban landscape ponds with reclaimed wastewater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 324:573-582. [PMID: 27856052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) for replenishing urban landscape ponds has aroused public concern about the water quality. Three ponds replenished with RW in three cities in China were chosen to investigate 22 indexes of water quality in five categories. This was achieved by comparing three pairs of ponds in the three different cities, where one pond in each pair was replenished with RW and the other with surface water (SW). The nutrients condition, heavy metal concentration and ecotoxicity did not differ significantly between RW- and SW-replenished ponds. By contrast, significant differences were observed in algal growth and pathogen risk. RW ponds presented a Cyanophyta-Chlorophyta-Bacillariophyta type with high algal diversity while SW ponds presented a Cyanophyta type with low diversity. Regrowth of bacterial pathogens and especially survival of viral pathogens in RW, was the main driver behind the higher risk for RW ponds compared with SW ones. The duration of RW replenishment was proved to have a marked impact on the algal growth and pathogen risk. With continued RW replenishment, non-dominant algal species subjected to decrease while dominant species were enhanced resulting in the biomass increasing but diversity declining, and the risk posed by viral pathogens might become greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Dong Ao
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Jiayuan Ji
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China.
| | - Yu-You Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yue Huang
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Tao Xue
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Hongbing Guo
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Nan Wang
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
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25
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Sano D, Amarasiri M, Hata A, Watanabe T, Katayama H. Risk management of viral infectious diseases in wastewater reclamation and reuse: Review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 91:220-9. [PMID: 26985655 PMCID: PMC7111293 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Inappropriate usage of reclaimed wastewater has caused outbreaks of viral infectious diseases worldwide. International and domestic guidelines for wastewater reuse stipulate that virus infection risks are to be regulated by the multiple-barrier system, in which a wastewater treatment process composed of sequential treatment units is designed based on the pre-determined virus removal efficiency of each unit. The objectives of this review were to calculate representative values of virus removal efficiency in wastewater treatment units based on published datasets, and to identify research topics that should be further addressed for improving implementation of the multiple-barrier system. The removal efficiencies of human noroviruses, rotaviruses and enteroviruses in membrane bioreactor (MBR) and conventional activated sludge (CAS) processes were obtained by a systematic review protocol and a meta-analysis approach. The log10 reduction (LR) of norovirus GII and enterovirus in MBR were 3.35 (95% confidence interval: 2.39, 4.30) and 2.71 (1.52, 3.89), respectively. The LR values of rotavirus, norovirus GI and GII in CAS processes were 0.87 (0.20, 1.53), 1.48 (0.96, 2.00) and 1.35 (0.52, 2.18), respectively. The systematic review process eliminated a substantial number of articles about virus removal in wastewater treatment because of the lack of information required for the meta-analysis. It is recommended that future publications should explicitly describe their treatment of left-censored datasets. Indicators, surrogates and methodologies appropriate for validating virus removal performance during daily operation of wastewater reclamation systems also need to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Sano
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13, West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Mohan Amarasiri
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13, West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Akihiko Hata
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Toru Watanabe
- Department of Food, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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26
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Prevost B, Goulet M, Lucas FS, Joyeux M, Moulin L, Wurtzer S. Viral persistence in surface and drinking water: Suitability of PCR pre-treatment with intercalating dyes. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 91:68-76. [PMID: 26773484 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
After many outbreaks of enteric virus associated with consumption of drinking water, the study of enteric viruses in water has increased significantly in recent years. In order to better understand the dynamics of enteric viruses in environmental water and the associated viral risk, it is necessary to estimate viral persistence in different conditions. In this study, two representative models of human enteric viruses, adenovirus 41 (AdV 41) and coxsackievirus B2 (CV-B2), were used to evaluate the persistence of enteric viruses in environmental water. The persistence of infectious particles, encapsidated genomes and free nucleic acids of AdV 41 and CV-B2 was evaluated in drinking water and surface water at different temperatures (4 °C, 20 °C and 37 °C). The infectivity of AdV 41 and CV-B2 persisted for at least 25 days, whatever the water temperature, and for more than 70 days at 4 °C and 20 °C, in both drinking and surface water. Encapsidated genomes persisted beyond 70 days, whatever the water temperature. Free nucleic acids (i.e. without capsid) also were able to persist for at least 16 days in drinking and surface water. The usefulness of a detection method based on an intercalating dye pre-treatment, which specifically targets preserved particles, was investigated for the discrimination of free and encapsidated genomes and it was compared to virus infectivity. Further, the resistance of AdV 41 and CV-B2 against two major disinfection treatments applied in drinking water plants (UV and chlorination) was evaluated. Even after the application of UV rays and chlorine at high doses (400 mJ/cm(2) and 10 mg.min/L, respectively), viral genomes were still detected with molecular biology methods. Although the intercalating dye pre-treatment had little use for the detection of the effects of UV treatment, it was useful in the case of treatment by chlorination and less than 1 log10 difference in the results was found as compared to the infectivity measurements. Finally, for the first time, the suitability of intercalating dye pre-treatment for the estimation of the quality of the water produced by treatment plants was demonstrated using samples from four drinking-water plants and two rivers. Although 55% (27/49) of drinking water samples were positive for enteric viruses using molecular detection, none of the samples were positive when the intercalating dye pre-treatment method was used. This could indicate that the viruses that were detected are not infectious.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Prevost
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, Agro ParisTech), Université Paris-Est Créteil, 61, Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
| | - M Goulet
- Eau de Paris, DRDQE, R&D biologie, 33, Avenue Jean Jaurès, 94200 Ivry sur seine, France
| | - F S Lucas
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, Agro ParisTech), Université Paris-Est Créteil, 61, Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
| | - M Joyeux
- Eau de Paris, DRDQE, R&D biologie, 33, Avenue Jean Jaurès, 94200 Ivry sur seine, France
| | - L Moulin
- Eau de Paris, DRDQE, R&D biologie, 33, Avenue Jean Jaurès, 94200 Ivry sur seine, France.
| | - S Wurtzer
- Eau de Paris, DRDQE, R&D biologie, 33, Avenue Jean Jaurès, 94200 Ivry sur seine, France
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27
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Zhang CM, Xu LM, Xu PC, Wang XC. Elimination of viruses from domestic wastewater: requirements and technologies. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:69. [PMID: 26931609 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Domestic wastewater contains various pathogens, which, if not sufficiently eliminated, may enter the receiving water bodies and cause water-transmitted diseases. Among the waterborne pathogens, viruses may occur, survive and/or decay much differently from bacteria in water. In many cases, the diseases caused by viruses are more severe. Therefore, research efforts are mainly directed at the behavior of viruses in water environments, as well as the elimination of viruses from wastewater. In this paper, an overview of the occurrence of viruses in wastewater is presented, together with their categories, methods of detection and potential to cause waterborne diseases. As wastewater treatment plants are critical nodes for the influx and termination of virus transmission, the behavior of viruses at each stage of treatment is reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the unit operations, which play crucial roles in virus removals, such as coagulation and membrane filtration, and that for virus inactivation, such as chemical disinfection and UV irradiation. Future needs for the development of new technologies for virus elimination, source control, and finding more suitable indicators of viral pathogens are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Miao Zhang
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Li-Mei Xu
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Xu
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
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28
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Hmaied F, Keskes S, Jebri S, Amri I, Yahya M, Loisy-Hamon F, Lebeau B, Hamdi M. Removal of Rotavirus and Bacteriophages by Membrane Bioreactor Technology from Sewage. Curr Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26210901 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0882-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human enteric viruses constitute a public health concern due to their low infectious dose and their resistance to environmental factors and to inactivation processes. We aimed at assessing the performance of a laboratory scale Submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) treating abattoir wastewaters for Rotavirus (RV) and total coliphages removal. We also aimed at evaluating removal efficiency of enteric viruses through conventional activated sludge treatment by measuring concentrations of total coliphages, considered as fecal and viral contamination indicators, with double-layer agar technique. The Log10 reduction values of bacteriophages ranged from 1.06 to 1.47. Effluents were analyzed to investigate and quantify RV, hepatitis A virus (HAV), Hepatitis E virus (HEV), Noroviruses genogroup I (NoV GI) and genogroup II (NoVGII), and Enterovirus (EV) by real-time PCR, using standardized detection kits (ceeramTools detection kits(®)). All effluent samples were positive for RV; concentrations ranged from 5.2 × 10(5) to 1.3 × 10(7) genome copies/L. These results highlight the inefficiency of conventional biological process for viral removal. A complete removal of RV during Membrane Bioreactor treatment was obtained. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study providing an evidence of removal of RV simultaneously with total coliphages by SMBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hmaied
- Unité de Microbiologie Et Biologie Moléculaire, CNSTN, Biotech Pole Sidi Thabet, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia.
| | - S Keskes
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Tunis, Laboratoire Ecologie Technologie Microbienne, Université de Carthage, BP 676, 1080, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - S Jebri
- Unité de Microbiologie Et Biologie Moléculaire, CNSTN, Biotech Pole Sidi Thabet, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - I Amri
- Unité de Microbiologie Et Biologie Moléculaire, CNSTN, Biotech Pole Sidi Thabet, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - M Yahya
- Unité de Microbiologie Et Biologie Moléculaire, CNSTN, Biotech Pole Sidi Thabet, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - F Loisy-Hamon
- Centre Européen d'Expertise et de Recherche sur les Agents Microbiens (CEERAM), 1 all de la Filée, BP 54424, 44244, La Chapelle-Sur-Erdre Cedex, France
| | - B Lebeau
- Centre Européen d'Expertise et de Recherche sur les Agents Microbiens (CEERAM), 1 all de la Filée, BP 54424, 44244, La Chapelle-Sur-Erdre Cedex, France
| | - M Hamdi
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Tunis, Laboratoire Ecologie Technologie Microbienne, Université de Carthage, BP 676, 1080, Tunis, Tunisia
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