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Liu C, Fang Y, Tang J, Chen Z. Derivatization of dihydrotetrabenazine for technetium-99m labelling towards a radiotracer targeting vesicular monoamine transporter 2. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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2
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Kahn SE, Chen YC, Esser N, Taylor AJ, van Raalte DH, Zraika S, Verchere CB. The β Cell in Diabetes: Integrating Biomarkers With Functional Measures. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:528-583. [PMID: 34180979 PMCID: PMC9115372 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of hyperglycemia observed in most forms of diabetes is intimately tied to the islet β cell. Impairments in propeptide processing and secretory function, along with the loss of these vital cells, is demonstrable not only in those in whom the diagnosis is established but typically also in individuals who are at increased risk of developing the disease. Biomarkers are used to inform on the state of a biological process, pathological condition, or response to an intervention and are increasingly being used for predicting, diagnosing, and prognosticating disease. They are also proving to be of use in the different forms of diabetes in both research and clinical settings. This review focuses on the β cell, addressing the potential utility of genetic markers, circulating molecules, immune cell phenotyping, and imaging approaches as biomarkers of cellular function and loss of this critical cell. Further, we consider how these biomarkers complement the more long-established, dynamic, and often complex measurements of β-cell secretory function that themselves could be considered biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Kahn
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, 98108 WA, USA
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Nathalie Esser
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, 98108 WA, USA
| | - Austin J Taylor
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Daniël H van Raalte
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit (VU) University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Academic Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sakeneh Zraika
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, 98108 WA, USA
| | - C Bruce Verchere
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
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3
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Joosten L, Boss M, Jansen T, Brom M, Buitinga M, Aarntzen E, Eriksson O, Johansson L, de Galan B, Gotthardt M. Molecular Imaging of Diabetes. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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4
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Eriksson O, Långström B, Antoni G. News ways of understanding the complex biology of diabetes using PET. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 92:65-71. [PMID: 32387114 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of metabolic disease and diabetes on a molecular level has increased significantly due to the recent advances in molecular biology and biotechnology. However, in vitro studies and animal models do not always translate to the human disease, perhaps illustrated by the failure of many drug candidates in the clinical phase. Non-invasive biomedical imaging techniques such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET) offer tools for direct visualization and quantification of molecular processes in humans. Developments in this area potentially enable longitudinal in vivo studies of receptors and processes involved in diabetes guiding drug development and diagnosis in the near future. This mini-review focuses on describing the overall perspective of how PET can be used to increase our understanding and improve treatment of diabetes. The methodological aspects and future developments and challenges are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Eriksson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Antaros Medical AB, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - B Långström
- Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - G Antoni
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Murakami T, Fujimoto H, Inagaki N. Non-invasive Beta-cell Imaging: Visualization, Quantification, and Beyond. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:714348. [PMID: 34248856 PMCID: PMC8270651 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.714348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic beta (β)-cell dysfunction and reduced mass play a central role in the development and progression of diabetes mellitus. Conventional histological β-cell mass (BCM) analysis is invasive and limited to cross-sectional observations in a restricted sampling area. However, the non-invasive evaluation of BCM remains elusive, and practical in vivo and clinical techniques for β-cell-specific imaging are yet to be established. The lack of such techniques hampers a deeper understanding of the pathophysiological role of BCM in diabetes, the implementation of personalized BCM-based diabetes management, and the development of antidiabetic therapies targeting BCM preservation and restoration. Nuclear medical techniques have recently triggered a major leap in this field. In particular, radioisotope-labeled probes using exendin peptides that include glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist and antagonist have been employed in positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography. These probes have demonstrated high specificity to β cells and provide clear images accurately showing uptake in the pancreas and transplanted islets in preclinical in vivo and clinical studies. One of these probes, 111indium-labeled exendin-4 derivative ([Lys12(111In-BnDTPA-Ahx)]exendin-4), has captured the longitudinal changes in BCM during the development and progression of diabetes and under antidiabetic therapies in various mouse models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. GLP-1R-targeted imaging is therefore a promising tool for non-invasive BCM evaluation. This review focuses on recent advances in non-invasive in vivo β-cell imaging for BCM evaluation in the field of diabetes; in particular, the exendin-based GLP-1R-targeted nuclear medicine techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Murakami
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fujimoto
- Radioisotope Research Center, Agency of Health, Safety and Environment, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: Nobuya Inagaki,
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6
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Demine S, Schulte ML, Territo PR, Eizirik DL. Beta Cell Imaging-From Pre-Clinical Validation to First in Man Testing. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7274. [PMID: 33019671 PMCID: PMC7582644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There are presently no reliable ways to quantify human pancreatic beta cell mass (BCM) in vivo, which prevents an accurate understanding of the progressive beta cell loss in diabetes or following islet transplantation. Furthermore, the lack of beta cell imaging hampers the evaluation of the impact of new drugs aiming to prevent beta cell loss or to restore BCM in diabetes. We presently discuss the potential value of BCM determination as a cornerstone for individualized therapies in diabetes, describe the presently available probes for human BCM evaluation, and discuss our approach for the discovery of novel beta cell biomarkers, based on the determination of specific splice variants present in human beta cells. This has already led to the identification of DPP6 and FXYD2ga as two promising targets for human BCM imaging, and is followed by a discussion of potential safety issues, the role for radiochemistry in the improvement of BCM imaging, and concludes with an overview of the different steps from pre-clinical validation to a first-in-man trial for novel tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Demine
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Michael L. Schulte
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (M.L.S.); (P.R.T.)
| | - Paul R. Territo
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (M.L.S.); (P.R.T.)
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Decio L. Eizirik
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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Current Progress and Perspective: Clinical Imaging of Islet Transplantation. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10090213. [PMID: 32961769 PMCID: PMC7555367 DOI: 10.3390/life10090213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet transplantation has great potential as a cure for type 1 diabetes. At present; the lack of a clinically validated non-invasive imaging method to track islet grafts limits the success of this treatment. Some major clinical imaging modalities and various molecular probes, which have been studied for non-invasive monitoring of transplanted islets, could potentially fulfill the goal of understanding pathophysiology of the functional status and viability of the islet grafts. In this current review, we summarize the recent clinical studies of a variety of imaging modalities and molecular probes for non-invasive imaging of transplanted beta cell mass. This review also includes discussions on in vivo detection of endogenous beta cell mass using clinical imaging modalities and various molecular probes, which will be useful for longitudinally detecting the status of islet transplantation in Type 1 diabetic patients. For the conclusion and perspectives, we highlight the applications of multimodality and novel imaging methods in islet transplantation.
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Cong GZ, Ghosh KK, Mishra S, Gulyás M, Kovács T, Máthé D, Padmanabhan P, Gulyás B. Targeted pancreatic beta cell imaging for early diagnosis. Eur J Cell Biol 2020; 99:151110. [PMID: 33070042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2020.151110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic beta cells are important in blood glucose level regulation. As type 1 and 2 diabetes are getting prevalent worldwide, we need to explore new methods for early detection of beta cell-related afflictions. Using bioimaging techniques to measure beta cell mass is crucial because a decrease in beta cell density is seen in diseases such as diabetes and thus can be a new way of diagnosis for such diseases. We also need to appraise beta cell purity in transplanted islets for type 1 diabetes patients. Sufficient amount of functional beta cells must also be determined before being transplanted to the patients. In this review, indirect imaging of beta cells will be discussed. This includes membrane protein on pancreatic beta cells whereby specific probes are designed for different imaging modalities mainly magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography and fluorescence imaging. Direct imaging of insulin is also explored though probes synthesized for such function are relatively fewer. The path for successful pancreatic beta cell imaging is fraught with challenges like non-specific binding, lack of beta cell-restricted targets, the requirement of probes to cross multiple lipid layers to bind to intracellular insulin. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop new imaging techniques and innovative probing constructs in the entire imaging chain of bioengineering to provide early detection of beta cell-related pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goh Zheng Cong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Krishna Kanta Ghosh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Sachin Mishra
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Miklós Gulyás
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskölds väg 20, Uppsala Se-751 85, Sweden
| | - Tibor Kovács
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Radioecology, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Domokos Máthé
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, Tűzoltó u. 37-47, Budapest H-1094, Hungary
| | - Parasuraman Padmanabhan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore.
| | - Balázs Gulyás
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore.
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Jiang D, Kong Y, Ren S, Cai H, Zhang Z, Huang Z, Peng F, Hua F, Guan Y, Xie F. Decreased striatal vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) expression in a type 1 diabetic rat model: A longitudinal study using micro-PET/CT. Nucl Med Biol 2020; 82-83:89-95. [PMID: 32120243 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for Parkinson's disease. These diseases share similar pathogenic pathways, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and altered metabolism. Despite these similarities, the pathogenic relationship between these two diseases is unclear. [18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ is a promising radiotracer targeting VMAT2, which has been used to measure β-cell mass and to diagnose Parkinson's disease. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of type 1 diabetes on VMAT2 expression in the striatum using [18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ. MATERIALS AND METHODS A longitudinal study of type 1 diabetic rats was established by intraperitoneally injecting male Wistar rats with streptozotocin. Rats injected with saline were used as the control group. Glucose level, body weight, and [18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ uptake in the striatum and pancreas were evaluated at 0.5, 1, 4, 6 and 12 months after STZ or saline injection. RESULTS At one-half month post-STZ injection, the glucose levels in these rats increased and then returned to a normal level at 6 months. Along with increased glucose levels, body weight was also decreased significantly and returned slowly to a normal level. β-Cell mass and striatal [18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ uptake were impaired significantly at 2 weeks post-STZ injection in type 1 diabetic rats and returned to a normal level at 6 and 4 months post-STZ injection. CONCLUSIONS Due to increased glucose levels and decreased β-cell mass, decreased [18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ uptake in the striatum was observed in type 1 diabetic rats. Decreased BCM and increased glucose levels were correlated with VMAT2 expression in the striatum which indicated DM is a risk factor for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglang Jiang
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040 Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Kong
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040 Shanghai, China
| | - Shuhua Ren
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040 Shanghai, China
| | - Huawei Cai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengwei Zhang
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040 Shanghai, China
| | - Zheming Huang
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040 Shanghai, China
| | - Fangyu Peng
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 75390 Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Fengchun Hua
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040 Shanghai, China
| | - Yihui Guan
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040 Shanghai, China.
| | - Fang Xie
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040 Shanghai, China.
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10
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Fujita N, Fujimoto H, Hamamatsu K, Murakami T, Kimura H, Toyoda K, Saji H, Inagaki N. Noninvasive longitudinal quantification of β-cell mass with [ 111In]-labeled exendin-4. FASEB J 2019; 33:11836-11844. [PMID: 31370679 PMCID: PMC6902711 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900555rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Currently, quantifying β-cell mass (BCM) requires harvesting the pancreas. In this study, we investigated a potential noninvasive method to quantify BCM changes longitudinally using [Lys12(111In-BnDTPA-Ahx)]exendin-4 ([111In]-Ex4) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). We used autoradiography and transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein under the control of mouse insulin 1 gene promotor to evaluate the specificity of [111In]-Ex4 toward β cells. Using nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, we injected [111In]-Ex4 (3.0 MBq) intravenously and performed SPECT 30 min later, repeating this at a 2-wk interval. After the second scan, we harvested the pancreas and calculated BCM from immunohistochemically stained pancreatic sections. Specific accumulation of [111In]-Ex4 in β cells was confirmed by autoradiography, with a significant correlation (r = 0.94) between the fluorescent and radioactive signal intensities. The radioactive signal from the pancreas in the second SPECT scan significantly correlated (r = 0.89) with BCM calculated from the immunostained pancreatic sections. We developed a regression formula to estimate BCM from the radioactive signals from the pancreas in SPECT scans. BCM can be quantified longitudinally and noninvasively by SPECT imaging with [111In]-Ex4. This technique successfully demonstrated longitudinal changes in BCM in NOD mice before and after onset of hyperglycemia.-Fujita, N., Fujimoto, H., Hamamatsu, K., Murakami, T., Kimura, H., Toyoda, K., Saji, H., Inagaki, N. Noninvasive longitudinal quantification of β-cell mass with [111In]-labeled exendin-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotaka Fujita
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fujimoto
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Radioisotope Research Center, Agency for Health, Safety, and Environment, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keita Hamamatsu
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takaaki Murakami
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kimura
- Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kentaro Toyoda
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideo Saji
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Pecic S, Milosavic N, Rayat G, Maffei A, Harris PE. A novel optical tracer for VMAT2 applied to live cell measurements of vesicle maturation in cultured human β-cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5403. [PMID: 30932004 PMCID: PMC6443945 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41891-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The islet β-cells integrate external signals to modulate insulin secretion to better regulate blood glucose levels during periods of changing metabolic demand. The vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2), an important regulator of CNS neurotransmission, has an analogous role in the endocrine pancreas as a key control point of insulin secretion, with additional roles in regulating β-cell differentiation and proliferation. Here we report on the synthesis and biological characterisation of a fluorescent ligand for VMAT2 suitable for live cell imaging. Staining for VMAT2 and dopamine in live β-cell cultures show colocalisation in specific vesicles and reveal a heterogeneous population with respect to cell size, shape, vesicle number, size, and contents. Staining for VMAT2 and zinc ion, as a surrogate for insulin, reveals a wide range of vesicle sizes. Immunohistochemistry shows larger β-cell vesicles enriched for proinsulin, whereas smaller vesicles predominantly contain the processed mature insulin. In β-cell cultures obtained from nondiabetic donors, incubation at non-stimulatory glucose concentrations promotes a shift in vesicle diameter towards the more mature insulin vesicles at the expense of the larger immature insulin secretory vesicle population. We anticipate that this probe will be a useful reagent to identify living β-cells within complex mixtures for further manipulation and characterisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevan Pecic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton, California, USA
| | - Nenad Milosavic
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Centre, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gina Rayat
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, Ray Rajotte Surgical-Medical Research Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Antonella Maffei
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Centre, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul E Harris
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Centre, New York, New York, USA.
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12
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Naganawa M, Lim K, Nabulsi NB, Lin SF, Labaree D, Ropchan J, Herold KC, Huang Y, Harris P, Ichise M, Cline GW, Carson RE. Evaluation of Pancreatic VMAT2 Binding with Active and Inactive Enantiomers of [ 18F]FP-DTBZ in Healthy Subjects and Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. Mol Imaging Biol 2019; 20:835-845. [PMID: 29468404 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies demonstrated the utility of [18F]fluoropropyl-(+)-dihydrotetrabenazine ([18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ) as a positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer for the vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) to quantify beta cell mass in healthy control (HC) and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) groups. Quantification of specific binding requires measurement of non-displaceable uptake. Our goal was to identify a reference tissue (renal cortex or spleen) to quantify pancreatic non-specific binding of [18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ with the inactive enantiomer, [18F]FP-(-)-DTBZ. This was the first human study of [18F]FP-(-)-DTBZ. PROCEDURES Six HCs and four T1DM patients were scanned on separate days after injection of [18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ or [18F]FP-(-)-DTBZ. Distribution volumes (VT) and standardized uptake values (SUVs) were compared between groups. Three methods for calculation of non-displaceable uptake (VND) or reference SUV were applied: (1) use of [18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ reference VT as VND, assuming VND is uniform across organs; (2) use of [18F]FP-(-)-DTBZ pancreatic VT as VND, assuming that VND is uniform between enantiomers in the pancreas; and (3) use of a scaled [18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ reference VT as VND, assuming that a ratio of non-displaceable uptake between organs is uniform between enantiomers. Group differences in VT (or SUV), binding potential (BPND), or SUV ratio (SUVR) were estimated using these three methods. RESULTS [18F]FP-(-)-DTBZ VT values were different among organs, and VT(+) and VT(-) were also different in the renal cortex and spleen. Method 3 with the spleen to estimate VND (or reference SUV) gave the highest non-displaceable uptake and the largest HC vs. T1DM group differences. Significant group differences were also observed in VT (or SUV) with method 1 using spleen. SUV was affected by differences in the input function between groups and between enantiomers. CONCLUSIONS Non-displaceable uptake was different among organs and between enantiomers. Use of scaled spleen VT values for VND is a suitable method for quantification of VMAT2 in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Naganawa
- Yale University, P.O. Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA.
| | - Keunpoong Lim
- Yale University, P.O. Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA
| | - Nabeel B Nabulsi
- Yale University, P.O. Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA
| | - Shu-Fei Lin
- Yale University, P.O. Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA
| | - David Labaree
- Yale University, P.O. Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA
| | - Jim Ropchan
- Yale University, P.O. Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA
| | - Kevan C Herold
- Yale University, P.O. Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Yale University, P.O. Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA
| | | | | | - Gary W Cline
- Yale University, P.O. Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- Yale University, P.O. Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA
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13
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Wei W, Ehlerding EB, Lan X, Luo QY, Cai W. Molecular imaging of β-cells: diabetes and beyond. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 139:16-31. [PMID: 31378283 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Since diabetes is becoming a global epidemic, there is a great need to develop early β-cell specific diagnostic techniques for this disorder. There are two types of diabetes (i.e., type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)). In T1DM, the destruction of pancreatic β-cells leads to reduced insulin production or even absolute insulin deficiency, which consequently results in hyperglycemia. Actually, a central issue in the pathophysiology of all types of diabetes is the relative reduction of β-cell mass (BCM) and/or impairment of the function of individual β-cells. In the past two decades, scientists have been trying to develop imaging techniques for noninvasive measurement of the viability and mass of pancreatic β-cells. Despite intense scientific efforts, only two tracers for positron emission tomography (PET) and one contrast agent for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are currently under clinical evaluation. β-cell specific imaging probes may also allow us to precisely and specifically visualize transplanted β-cells and to improve transplantation outcomes, as transplantation of pancreatic islets has shown promise in treating T1DM. In addition, some of these probes can be applied to the preoperative detection of hidden insulinomas as well. In the present review, we primarily summarize potential tracers under development for imaging β-cells with a focus on tracers for PET, SPECT, MRI, and optical imaging. We will discuss the advantages and limitations of the various imaging probes and extend an outlook on future developments in the field.
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14
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Cline GW, Naganawa M, Chen L, Chidsey K, Carvajal-Gonzalez S, Pawlak S, Rossulek M, Zhang Y, Bini J, McCarthy TJ, Carson RE, Calle RA. Decreased VMAT2 in the pancreas of humans with type 2 diabetes mellitus measured in vivo by PET imaging. Diabetologia 2018; 61:2598-2607. [PMID: 29721633 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4624-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The progressive loss of beta cell function is part of the natural history of type 2 diabetes. Autopsy studies suggest that this is, in part, due to loss of beta cell mass (BCM), but this has not been confirmed in vivo. Non-invasive methods to quantify BCM may contribute to a better understanding of type 2 diabetes pathophysiology and the development of therapeutic strategies. In humans, the localisation of vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) in beta cells and pancreatic polypeptide cells, with minimal expression in other exocrine or endocrine pancreatic cells, has led to its development as a measure of BCM. We used the VMAT2 tracer [18F]fluoropropyl-(+)-dihydrotetrabenazine to quantify BCM in humans with impaired glucose tolerance (prediabetes) or type 2 diabetes, and in healthy obese volunteers (HOV). METHODS Dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) data were obtained for 4 h with metabolite-corrected arterial blood measurement in 16 HOV, five prediabetic and 17 type 2 diabetic participants. Eleven participants (six HOV and five with type 2 diabetes) underwent two abdominal PET/computed tomography (CT) scans for the assessment of test-retest variability. Standardised uptake value ratio (SUVR) was calculated in pancreatic subregions (head, body and tail), with the spleen as a reference region to determine non-specific tracer uptake at 3-4 h. The outcome measure SUVR minus 1 (SUVR-1) accounts for non-specific tracer uptake. Functional beta cell capacity was assessed by C-peptide release following standard (arginine stimulus test [AST]) and acute insulin response to the glucose-enhanced AST (AIRargMAX). Pearson correlation analysis was performed between the binding variables and the C-peptide AUC post-AST and post-AIRargMAX. RESULTS Absolute test-retest variability (aTRV) was ≤15% for all regions. Variability and overlap of SUVR-1 was measured in all groups; HOV and participants with prediabetes and with type 2 diabetes. SUVR-1 showed significant positive correlations with AIRargMAX (all groups) in all pancreas subregions (whole pancreas p = 0.009 and pancreas head p = 0.009; body p = 0.019 and tail p = 0.023). SUVR-1 inversely correlated with HbA1c (all groups) in the whole pancreas (p = 0.033) and pancreas head (p = 0.008). SUVR-1 also inversely correlated with years since diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in the pancreas head (p = 0.049) and pancreas tail (p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The observed correlations of VMAT2 density in the pancreas and pancreas regions with years since diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, glycaemic control and beta cell function suggest that loss of BCM contributes to deficient insulin secretion in humans with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Cline
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Mika Naganawa
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jason Bini
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | | | - Richard E Carson
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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15
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Cline GW, McCarthy TJ, Carson RE, Calle RA. Clinical and scientific value in the pursuit of quantification of beta cells in the pancreas by PET imaging. Diabetologia 2018; 61:2671-2673. [PMID: 30136144 PMCID: PMC6219921 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4718-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Cline
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | | | - Richard E Carson
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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16
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Roh E, Kim KM, Park KS, Kim YJ, Chun EJ, Choi SH, Park KS, Jang HC, Lim S. Comparison of pancreatic volume and fat amount linked with glucose homeostasis between healthy Caucasians and Koreans. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:2642-2652. [PMID: 29934972 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM To compare pancreatic volume and fat amount, and their associations with glucose homeostasis, in a Korean and a white population. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 43 healthy Korean and 43 healthy white people, matched for age (±3 years) and body mass index (BMI; ±1 kg/m2 ), we measured pancreatic volume and fat amount in the pancreas and abdomen using computed tomography. Pancreatic β-cell function and insulin resistance were estimated according to biochemical characteristics and a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Body composition and resting energy expenditure (REE) were examined using bioimpedance and indirect calorimetry, respectively. RESULTS The mean ±SD age of the participants was 29.9 ± 5.9 years and 30.0 ± 5.2 years, and BMI was 24.0 ±3.7 and 24.1 ±3.2 kg/m2 in the white participants and the Korean participants, respectively. Pancreatic volume in the white participants was greater than that in Korean participants (77.8 ±11.6 vs 68.2 ±12.1 cm3 ; P < .001). Pancreatic fat content in Korean participants was 22.8% higher than in white participants (P = .051). Insulinogenic index, disposition index, muscle mass and REE were significantly lower in Korean participants. Pancreatic volume was positively associated with indices linked to β-cell function; fat content in the pancreas was negatively associated with such indices, and positively with insulin resistance after adjusting for relevant variables including REE. CONCLUSIONS A smaller pancreas and higher fat deposition might be crucial determinants of vulnerability to diabetes in Korean people compared with white people with similar BMI and body fat levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Roh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyoung M Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Kyeong S Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Daerim Saint Mary's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoon J Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mediplex Sejong Hospital, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Eun J Chun
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Sung H Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Kyong S Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hak C Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
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17
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Bini J, Naganawa M, Nabulsi N, Huang Y, Ropchan J, Lim K, Najafzadeh S, Herold KC, Cline GW, Carson RE. Evaluation of PET Brain Radioligands for Imaging Pancreatic β-Cell Mass: Potential Utility of 11C-(+)-PHNO. J Nucl Med 2018; 59:1249-1254. [PMID: 29371405 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.197285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is characterized by a loss of β-cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas and subsequent deficient insulin secretion in response to hyperglycemia. Development of an in vivo test to measure β-cell mass (BCM) would greatly enhance the ability to track diabetes therapies. β-cells and neurologic tissues have common cellular receptors and transporters, therefore, we screened brain radioligands for their ability to identify β-cells. Methods: We examined a β-cell gene atlas for endocrine pancreas receptor targets and cross-referenced these targets with brain radioligands that were available at our institution. Twelve healthy control subjects and 2 T1DM subjects underwent dynamic PET/CT scans with 6 tracers. Results: The D2/D3 receptor agonist radioligand 11C-(+)-4-propyl-9-hydroxynaphthoxazine (PHNO) was the only radioligand to demonstrate sustained uptake in the pancreas with high contrast versus abdominal organs such as the kidneys, liver, and spleen, based on the first 30 min of data. Mean SUV from 20 to 30 min demonstrated high uptake of 11C-(+)-PHNO in healthy controls (SUV, 13.8) with a 71% reduction in a T1DM subject with undetectable levels of C-peptide (SUV, 4.0) and a 20% reduction in a T1DM subject with fasting C-peptide level of 0.38 ng/mL (SUV, 11.0). SUV in abdominal organs outside the pancreas did not show measurable differences between the control and T1DM subjects, suggesting that the changes in SUV of 11C-(+)-PHNO may be specific to changes in the pancreas between healthy controls and T1DM subjects. When D3 and D2 antagonists were used in nonhuman primates, specific pancreatic binding (SUVR-1) of 11C-PHNO was reduced by 57% and 38%, respectively. Conclusion:11C-(+)-PHNO is a potential marker of BCM, with 2:1 binding of D3 receptors over D2 receptors. Further in vitro and in vivo studies to establish D2/D3 receptor specificity to β-cells is warranted to characterize 11C-(+)-PHNO as a candidate for clinical measurement of BCM in healthy control and diabetic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Bini
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT; and
| | - Mika Naganawa
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Yiyun Huang
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jim Ropchan
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Keunpoong Lim
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Kevan C Herold
- Department of Immunobiology and Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Immunobiology and Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Richard E Carson
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT; and
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18
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Willekens SMA, van der Kroon I, Bos D, Joosten L, Frielink C, Boerman OC, Brom M, Gotthardt M. Quantitative and longitudinal imaging of intramuscular transplanted islets of Langerhans with SPECT using [ 123 I]IBZM. Diabetes Obes Metab 2017; 19:604-608. [PMID: 27987245 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A non-invasive imaging method to monitor islet grafts could provide novel and improved insight into the fate of transplanted islets and, potentially, monitor the effect of therapeutic interventions. Therefore, such an imaging method could help improve long-term transplantation outcome. Here, we investigated the use of [ 123 I]IBZM for insulin positive graft volume quantification and longitudinal graft monitoring. SPECT images were acquired 6 weeks after islet transplantation in the calf muscle of rats. For longitudinal graft analysis, rats were monitored by SPECT for 10 weeks. After animals were euthanized, graft containing muscles were dissected for ex vivo analysis and insulin-positive graft volume determination. Six weeks after transplantation, a clear signal was observed in all grafts by SPECT imaging. Moreover, the intensity of the SPECT signal correlated linearly with insulin-positive graft volume, as determined histologically. Longitudinal graft follow-up showed a clear SPECT signal of the transplant from 3 until 10 weeks after transplantation. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time the successful application of a radiotracer, [ 123 I]IBZM, for non-invasive, in vivo graft volume quantification and longitudinal graft monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie M A Willekens
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge van der Kroon
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Desirée Bos
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lieke Joosten
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cathelijne Frielink
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Otto C Boerman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Brom
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Gotthardt
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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19
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Signore A, Glaudemans AWJM, Gheysens O, Lauri C, Catalano OA. Nuclear Medicine Imaging in Pediatric Infection or Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. Semin Nucl Med 2017; 47:286-303. [PMID: 28417857 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this review article, we focus on the most recent applications of nuclear medicine techniques (mainly 99mTc/111In white blood cells (WBC) scan, [18F]-FDG-PET/CT, [18F]-FDG-PET/MRI, and 99mTc-IL-2 scintigraphy) in the study of children affected by peripheral bone osteomyelitis, fungal infections, inflammatory bowel diseases, and type 1 diabetes, owing to recent important published evidences of their role in the management of these diseases. For osteomyelitis in children, both bone scintigraphy and [18F]-FDG-PET have a major advantage of assessing the whole body in one imaging session to confirm or exclude multifocal involvement, whereas WBC scan has a limited role. In children with fungal infections, [18F]-FDG-PET can help in defining the best location for biopsy and can help in evaluating the extent of the infection and organs involved (also sites that were not yet clinically apparent), although its main role is for therapy monitoring. In inflammatory bowel diseases, and Crohn disease in particular, WBC scan has been successfully used for many years, but it is now used only in case of doubtful magnetic resonance (MR) or when MR cannot be performed and endoscopy is inconclusive. By contrast, there is an accumulating evidence of the role of [18F]-FDG-PET in management of children with Crohn disease, and PET/MR could be a versatile and innovative hybrid imaging technique that combines the metabolic information of PET with the high soft tissue resolution of MR, particularly for distinguishing fibrotic from active strictures. Finally, there are several new radiopharmaceuticals that specifically target inflammatory cells involved in the pathogenesis of insulitis aiming at developing new specific immunotherapies and to select children candidates to these treatments for improving their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Signore
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Andor W J M Glaudemans
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier Gheysens
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular imaging, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chiara Lauri
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Onofrio A Catalano
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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20
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Abbas A, Beamish C, McGirr R, Demarco J, Cockburn N, Krokowski D, Lee TY, Kovacs M, Hatzoglou M, Dhanvantari S. Characterization of 5-(2- 18F-fluoroethoxy)-L-tryptophan for PET imaging of the pancreas. F1000Res 2016; 5:1851. [PMID: 27909574 PMCID: PMC5112576 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9129.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: In diabetes, pancreatic beta cell mass declines significantly prior to onset of fasting hyperglycemia. This decline may be due to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and the system L amino acid transporter LAT1 may be a biomarker of this process. In this study, we used 5-(2-
18F-fluoroethoxy)-L-tryptophan (
18F-L-FEHTP) to target LAT1 as a potential biomarker of beta cell function in diabetes. Procedures: Uptake of
18F-L-FEHTP was determined in wild-type C57BL/6 mice by
ex vivo biodistribution. Both dynamic and static positron emission tomography (PET) images were acquired in wild-type and Akita mice, a model of ER stress-induced diabetes, as well as in mice treated with streptozotocin (STZ). LAT1 expression in both groups of mice was evaluated by immunofluorescence microscopy. Results: Uptake of
18F-L-FEHTP was highest in the pancreas, and static PET images showed highly specific pancreatic signal. Time-activity curves showed significantly reduced
18F-L-FEHTP uptake in Akita mice, and LAT1 expression was also reduced. However, mice treated with STZ, in which beta cell mass was reduced by 62%, showed no differences in
18F-L-FEHTP uptake in the pancreas, and there was no significant correlation of
18F-L-FEHTP uptake with beta cell mass. Conclusions: 18F-L-FEHTP is highly specific for the pancreas with little background uptake in kidney or liver. We were able to detect changes in LAT1 in a mouse model of diabetes, but these changes did not correlate with beta cell function or mass. Therefore,
18F-L-FEHTP PET is not a suitable method for the noninvasive imaging of changes in beta cell function during the progression of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abbas
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Christine Beamish
- Metabolism and Diabetes Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Rebecca McGirr
- Metabolism and Diabetes Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada; Imaging Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - John Demarco
- Imaging Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Neil Cockburn
- Imaging Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Dawid Krokowski
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ting-Yim Lee
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada; Imaging Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Michael Kovacs
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada; Imaging Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Maria Hatzoglou
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Savita Dhanvantari
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada; Metabolism and Diabetes Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada; Imaging Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
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Abbas A, Beamish C, McGirr R, Demarco J, Cockburn N, Krokowski D, Lee TY, Kovacs M, Hatzoglou M, Dhanvantari S. Characterization of 5-(2- 18F-fluoroethoxy)-L-tryptophan for PET imaging of the pancreas. F1000Res 2016; 5:1851. [PMID: 27909574 PMCID: PMC5112576 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9129.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: In diabetes, pancreatic beta cell mass declines significantly prior to onset of fasting hyperglycemia. This decline may be due to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and the system L amino acid transporter LAT1 may be a biomarker of this process. In this study, we used 5-(2- 18F-fluoroethoxy)-L-tryptophan ( 18F-L-FEHTP) to target LAT1 as a potential biomarker of beta cell function in diabetes. Procedures: Uptake of 18F-L-FEHTP was determined in wild-type C57BL/6 mice by ex vivo biodistribution. Both dynamic and static positron emission tomography (PET) images were acquired in wild-type and Akita mice, a model of ER stress-induced diabetes, as well as in mice treated with streptozotocin (STZ). LAT1 expression in both groups of mice was evaluated by immunofluorescence microscopy. Results: Uptake of 18F-L-FEHTP was highest in the pancreas, and static PET images showed highly specific pancreatic signal. Time-activity curves showed significantly reduced 18F-L-FEHTP uptake in Akita mice, and LAT1 expression was also reduced. However, mice treated with STZ, in which beta cell mass was reduced by 62%, showed no differences in 18F-L-FEHTP uptake in the pancreas, and there was no significant correlation of 18F-L-FEHTP uptake with beta cell mass. Conclusions:18F-L-FEHTP is highly specific for the pancreas with little background uptake in kidney or liver. We were able to detect changes in LAT1 in a mouse model of diabetes, but these changes did not correlate with beta cell function or mass. Therefore, 18F-L-FEHTP PET is not a suitable method for the noninvasive imaging of changes in beta cell function during the progression of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abbas
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Christine Beamish
- Metabolism and Diabetes Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Rebecca McGirr
- Metabolism and Diabetes Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
- Imaging Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - John Demarco
- Imaging Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Neil Cockburn
- Imaging Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Dawid Krokowski
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ting-Yim Lee
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
- Imaging Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Michael Kovacs
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
- Imaging Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Maria Hatzoglou
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Savita Dhanvantari
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
- Metabolism and Diabetes Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
- Imaging Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
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Eriksson O, Laughlin M, Brom M, Nuutila P, Roden M, Hwa A, Bonadonna R, Gotthardt M. In vivo imaging of beta cells with radiotracers: state of the art, prospects and recommendations for development and use. Diabetologia 2016; 59:1340-1349. [PMID: 27094935 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3959-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Radiotracer imaging is characterised by high in vivo sensitivity, with a detection limit in the lower picomolar range. Therefore, radiotracers represent a valuable tool for imaging pancreatic beta cells. High demands are made of radiotracers for in vivo imaging of beta cells. Beta cells represent only a small fraction of the volume of the pancreas (usually 1-3%) and are scattered in the tiny islets of Langerhans throughout the organ. In order to be able to measure a beta cell-specific signal, one has to rely on highly specific tracer molecules because current in vivo imaging technologies do not allow the resolution of single islets in humans non-invasively. Currently, a considerable amount of preclinical data are available for several radiotracers and three are under clinical evaluation. We summarise the current status of the evaluation of these tracer molecules and put forward recommendations for their further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Eriksson
- Preclinical PET Platform, Department of Medical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 14C, 3tr, SE-751 83, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
| | - Maren Laughlin
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maarten Brom
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud university medical center, PO Box 9101, 6500HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Michael Roden
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Albert Hwa
- JDRF, Discovery Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Riccardo Bonadonna
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma and AOU of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Martin Gotthardt
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud university medical center, PO Box 9101, 6500HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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