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Chauveau F, Winkeler A, Chalon S, Boutin H, Becker G. PET imaging of neuroinflammation: any credible alternatives to TSPO yet? Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02656-9. [PMID: 38997465 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02656-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Over the last decades, the role of neuroinflammation in neuropsychiatric conditions has attracted an exponentially growing interest. A key driver for this trend was the ability to image brain inflammation in vivo using PET radioligands targeting the Translocator Protein 18 kDa (TSPO), which is known to be expressed in activated microglia and astrocytes upon inflammatory events as well as constitutively in endothelial cells. TSPO is a mitochondrial protein that is expressed mostly by microglial cells upon activation but is also expressed by astrocytes in some conditions and constitutively by endothelial cells. Therefore, our current understanding of neuroinflammation dynamics is hampered by the lack of alternative targets available for PET imaging. We performed a systematic search and review on radiotracers developed for neuroinflammation PET imaging apart from TSPO. The following targets of interest were identified through literature screening (including previous narrative reviews): P2Y12R, P2X7R, CSF1R, COX (microglial targets), MAO-B, I2BS (astrocytic targets), CB2R & S1PRs (not specific of a single cell type). We determined the level of development and provided a scoping review for each target. Strikingly, astrocytic biomarker MAO-B has progressed in clinical investigations the furthest, while few radiotracers (notably targeting S1P1Rs, CSF1R) are being implemented in clinical investigations. Other targets such as CB2R and P2X7R have proven disappointing in clinical studies (e.g. poor signal, lack of changes in disease conditions, etc.). While astrocytic targets are promising, development of new biomarkers and tracers specific for microglial activation has proven challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Chauveau
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, BIORAN, Groupement Hospitalier Est - CERMEP, 59 boulevard Pinel, 69677, Bron, Cedex, France
| | - Alexandra Winkeler
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, CEA, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4 place du général Leclerc, 91401, Orsay, France
| | - Sylvie Chalon
- UMR 1253 iBrain, Université de Tours - INSERM, Bâtiment Planiol, UFR de Médecine, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032, Tours, Cedex 01, France
| | - Hervé Boutin
- UMR 1253 iBrain, Université de Tours - INSERM, Bâtiment Planiol, UFR de Médecine, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032, Tours, Cedex 01, France.
| | - Guillaume Becker
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, BIORAN, Groupement Hospitalier Est - CERMEP, 59 boulevard Pinel, 69677, Bron, Cedex, France
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort, Cedex, France
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2
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Qiu L, Jiang H, Zhou C, Tangadanchu VKR, Wang J, Huang T, Gropler RJ, Perlmutter JS, Benzinger TLS, Tu Z. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of multiple F-18 S1PR1 radiotracers in rodent and nonhuman primate. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5428-5453. [PMID: 38884683 PMCID: PMC11238945 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00712c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Here we report our design and synthesis of 28 new fluorine-containing compounds as potential F-18 radiotracers for CNS imaging of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1), and determination of their in vitro binding potency and selectivity toward S1PR1 over other S1PR subtypes. Nine potent and selective compounds, 7c&d, 9a&c, 12b, 15b, and 18a-c with IC50 values ranging from 0.6-12.3 nM for S1PR1 and weak binding toward S1PR2, 3, 4, and 5, were further 18F-radiolabeled to produce [18F]7c&d, [18F]9a&c, [18F]12b, [18F]15b, and [18F]18a-c. Multi-step F-18 radiochemistry procedures were investigated for radiosynthesis of [18F]7c&d and [18F]9a&c, and the presumed intermediates were synthesized and authenticated by analytic HPLC. We then performed nonhuman primate (NHP) PET brain imaging studies for eight radiotracers: [18F]7c&d, [18F]9a, [18F]12b, [18F]15b, and [18F]18a-c. Three radiotracers, [18F]7c, [18F]7d, and [18F]15b, had high NHP brain uptake with standardized uptake values (SUVs) at 2 h post-injection of 2.42, 2.84, and 2.00, respectively, and good brain retention. Our ex vivo biodistribution study in rats confirmed [18F]7d had a high brain uptake with no in vivo defluorination. Radiometabolic analysis of [18F]7c and [18F]7d in rat plasma and brain samples found that [18F]7c has a more favorable metabolic profile than [18F]7d. However, the trend of increased brain uptake precludes [18F]7c as a suitable PET radiotracer for imaging S1PR1 in the brain. Further structural optmization is warranted to identify a highly S1PR1-specific radiotracer with rapid brain uptake kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Qiu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
| | - Charles Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
| | | | - Jinzhi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
| | - Tianyu Huang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
| | - Robert J Gropler
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Tammie L S Benzinger
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
| | - Zhude Tu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Gu J, Zheng MQ, Holden D, Fowles K, Qiu L, Felchner Z, Zhang L, Ropchan J, Gropler RJ, Carson RE, Tu Z, Huang Y, Hillmer AT. PET Imaging of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor 1 with [18F]TZ4877 in Nonhuman Primates. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4350862. [PMID: 38854065 PMCID: PMC11160920 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4350862/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Purpose The sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1PR1) is involved in regulating responses to neuroimmune stimuli. There is a need for S1PR1-specific radioligands with clinically suitable brain pharmcokinetic properties to complement existing radiotracers. This work evaluated a promising S1PR1 radiotracer, [18F]TZ4877, in nonhuman primates. Procedures [18F]TZ4877 was produced via nucleophilic substitution of tosylate precursor with K[18F]/F- followed by deprotection. Brain PET imaging data were acquired with a Focus220 scanner in two Macaca mulatta (6, 13 years old) for 120-180 min following bolus injection of 118-163 MBq [18F]TZ4877, with arterial blood sampling and metabolite analysis to measure the parent input function and plasma free fraction (f P). Each animal was scanned at baseline, 15-18 min after 0.047-0.063 mg/kg of the S1PR1 inhibitor ponesimod, 33 min after 0.4-0.8 mg/kg of the S1PR1-specific compound TZ82112, and 167-195 min after 1 ng/kg of the immune stimulus endotoxin. Kinetic analysis with metabolite-corrected input function was performed to estimate the free fraction corrected total distribution volume (V T/f P). Whole-body dosimetry scans were acquired in 2 animals (1M, 1F) with a Biograph Vision PET/CT System, and absorbed radiation dose estimates were calculated with OLINDA. Results [18F]TZ4877 exhibited fast kinetics that were described by the reversible 2-tissue compartment model. Baseline [18F]TZ4877 f P was low (< 1%), and [18F]TZ4877 V T/f P values were 233-866 mL/cm3. TZ82112 dose-dependently reduced [18F]TZ4877 V T/f P, while ponesimod and endotoxin exhibited negligible effects on V T/f P, possibly due to scan timing relative to dosing. Dosimetry studies identified the critical organs of gallbladder (0.42 (M) and 0.31 (F) mSv/MBq) for anesthetized nonhuman primate. Conclusions [18F]TZ4877 exhibits reversible kinetic properties, but the low f P value limits quantification with this radiotracer. S1PR1 is a compelling PET imaging target, and these data support pursuing alternative F-18 labeled radiotracers for potential future human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lin Qiu
- Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis: Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Robert J Gropler
- Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis: Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine
| | | | - Zhude Tu
- Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis: Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine
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Qiu L, Jiang H, Cho K, Yu Y, Jones LA, Huang T, Perlmutter JS, Gropler RJ, Brier MR, Patti GJ, Benzinger TLS, Tu Z. Metabolite Study and Structural Authentication for the First-in-Human Use Sphingosine-1-phosphate Receptor 1 Radiotracer. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1882-1892. [PMID: 38634759 PMCID: PMC11103254 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) radiotracer [11C]CS1P1 has shown promise in proof-of-concept PET imaging of neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis (MS). Our HPLC radiometabolite analysis of human plasma samples collected during PET scans with [11C]CS1P1 detected a radiometabolite peak that is more lipophilic than [11C]CS1P1. Radiolabeled metabolites that cross the blood-brain barrier complicate quantitative modeling of neuroimaging tracers; thus, characterizing such radiometabolites is important. Here, we report our detailed investigation of the metabolite profile of [11C]CS1P1 in rats, nonhuman primates, and humans. CS1P1 is a fluorine-containing ligand that we labeled with C-11 or F-18 for preclinical studies; the brain uptake was similar for both radiotracers. The same lipophilic radiometabolite found in human studies also was observed in plasma samples of rats and NHPs for CS1P1 labeled with either C-11 or F-18. We characterized the metabolite in detail using rats after injection of the nonradioactive CS1P1. To authenticate the molecular structure of this radiometabolite, we injected rats with 8 mg/kg of CS1P1 to collect plasma for solvent extraction and HPLC injection, followed by LC/MS analysis of the same metabolite. The LC/MS data indicated in vivo mono-oxidation of CS1P1 produces the metabolite. Subsequently, we synthesized three different mono-oxidized derivatives of CS1P1 for further investigation. Comparing the retention times of the mono-oxidized derivatives with the metabolite observed in rats injected with CS1P1 identified the metabolite as N-oxide 1, also named TZ82121. The MS fragmentation pattern of N-oxide 1 also matched that of the major metabolite in rat plasma. To confirm that metabolite TZ82121 does not enter the brain, we radiosynthesized [18F]TZ82121 by the oxidation of [18F]FS1P1. Radio-HPLC analysis confirmed that [18F]TZ82121 matched the radiometabolite observed in rat plasma post injection of [18F]FS1P1. Furthermore, the acute biodistribution study in SD rats and PET brain imaging in a nonhuman primate showed that [18F]TZ82121 does not enter the rat or nonhuman primate brain. Consequently, we concluded that the major lipophilic radiometabolite N-oxide [11C]TZ82121, detected in human plasma post injection of [11C]CS1P1, does not enter the brain to confound quantitative PET data analysis. [11C]CS1P1 is a promising S1PR1 radiotracer for detecting S1PR1 expression in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Qiu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Kevin Cho
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Metabolic Tracing, Department of Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Yanbo Yu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Lynne A Jones
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Tianyu Huang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Robert J Gropler
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Matthew R Brier
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Gary J Patti
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Metabolic Tracing, Department of Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Tammie L S Benzinger
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Zhude Tu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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Prasad VP, Wagner S, Keul P, Hermann S, Levkau B, Schäfers M, Haufe G. Synthesis, radiosynthesis and biochemical evaluation of fluorinated analogues of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 specific antagonists using PET. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 104:117697. [PMID: 38599005 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate and its receptors (S1PRs) are involved in several diseases such as auto immunity, inflammation and cardiovascular disorders. The S1P analogue fingolimod (Gilenya®) is currently in use for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis. S1PRs are also promising targets for clinical molecular imaging in vivo. The organ distribution of individual S1PRs can be potentially achieved by using S1PR subtype-specific (radiolabeled) chemical probes. Here, we report our efforts on synthesis and in vivo potency determination of new ligands for the S1P receptor 3 (S1P3) based on the S1P3 antagonist TY-52156 and in validation of a potential imaging tracer in vivo using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) after 18F-labelling. A p-fluorophenyl derivative exhibited excellent S1P3 antagonist activity in vitro, good serum stability, and medium lipophilicity. In vivo biodistribution experiments using 18F-PET exhibited significant uptake in the myocardium suggesting potential applications in cardiac imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vysakh Puspha Prasad
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany; NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Wagner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Petra Keul
- Institute of Molecular Medicine III, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven Hermann
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Multiscale Imaging Centre, Röntgenstraße 16, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bodo Levkau
- Institute of Molecular Medicine III, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Schäfers
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany; European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Multiscale Imaging Centre, Röntgenstraße 16, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, Röntgenstraße 16, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Günter Haufe
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany; NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany; European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Multiscale Imaging Centre, Röntgenstraße 16, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, Röntgenstraße 16, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Etebar F, Harkin DG, White AR, Dando SJ. Non-invasive in vivo imaging of brain and retinal microglia in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1355557. [PMID: 38348116 PMCID: PMC10859418 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1355557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia play crucial roles in immune responses and contribute to fundamental biological processes within the central nervous system (CNS). In neurodegenerative diseases, microglia undergo functional changes and can have both protective and pathogenic roles. Microglia in the retina, as an extension of the CNS, have also been shown to be affected in many neurological diseases. While our understanding of how microglia contribute to pathological conditions is incomplete, non-invasive in vivo imaging of brain and retinal microglia in living subjects could provide valuable insights into their role in the neurodegenerative diseases and open new avenues for diagnostic biomarkers. This mini-review provides an overview of the current brain and retinal imaging tools for studying microglia in vivo. We focus on microglia targets, the advantages and limitations of in vivo microglia imaging approaches, and applications for evaluating the pathogenesis of neurological conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazeleh Etebar
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Damien G. Harkin
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anthony R. White
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Samantha J. Dando
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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7
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Jiang H, Zhou C, Qiu L, Gropler RJ, Brier MR, Wu GF, Cross AH, Perlmutter JS, Benzinger TLS, Tu Z. Quantitative Analysis of S1PR1 Expression in the Postmortem Multiple Sclerosis Central Nervous System. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:4039-4050. [PMID: 37882753 PMCID: PMC11037862 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease that is characterized by demyelination and inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). Previous studies demonstrated that sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulators effectively inhibit S1PR1 in immune cell trafficking and reduce entry of pathogenic cells into the CNS. Studies have also implicated a nonimmune, inflammatory role of S1PR1 within the CNS in MS. In this study, we explored the expression of S1PR1 in the development and progression of demyelinating pathology of MS by quantitative assessment of S1PR1 expression using our S1PR1-specific radioligand, [3H]CS1P1, in the postmortem human CNS tissues including cortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord of MS cases and age- and sex-matched healthy cases. Immunohistochemistry with whole slide scanning for S1PR1 and various myelin proteins was also performed. Autoradiographic analysis using [3H]CS1P1 showed that the expression of S1PR1 was statistically significantly elevated in lesions compared to nonlesion regions in the MS cases, as well as normal healthy controls. The uptake of [3H]CS1P1 in the gray matter and nonlesion white matter did not significantly differ between healthy and MS CNS tissues. Saturation autoradiography analysis showed an increased binding affinity (Kd) of [3H]CS1P1 to S1PR1 in both gray matter and white matter of MS brains compared to healthy brains. Our blocking study using NIBR-0213, a S1PR1 antagonist, indicated [3H]CS1P1 is highly specific to S1PR1. Our findings demonstrated the activation of S1PR1 and an increased uptake of [3H]CS1P1 in the lesions of MS CNS. In summary, our quantitative autoradiography analysis using [3H]CS1P1 on human postmortem tissues shows the feasibility of novel imaging strategies for MS by targeting S1PR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Charles Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Lin Qiu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Robert J Gropler
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Matthew R Brier
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Gregory F Wu
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Anne H Cross
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Tammie L S Benzinger
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Zhude Tu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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8
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Qiu L, Jiang H, Zhou C, Wang J, Yu Y, Zhao H, Huang T, Gropler R, Perlmutter JS, Benzinger TLS, Tu Z. Discovery of a Promising Fluorine-18 Positron Emission Tomography Radiotracer for Imaging Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor 1 in the Brain. J Med Chem 2023; 66:4671-4688. [PMID: 36926861 PMCID: PMC11037415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) is recognized as a novel therapeutic and diagnostic target in neurological disorders. We recently transferred the S1PR1 radioligand [11C]CS1P1 into clinical investigation for multiple sclerosis. Herein, we reported the design, synthesis and evaluation of novel F-18 S1PR1 radioligands. We combined the structural advantages of our two lead S1PR1 radioligands and synthesized 14 new S1PR1 compounds, then performed F-18 radiochemistry on the most promising compounds. Compound 6h is potent (IC50 = 8.7 nM) and selective for S1PR1. [18F]6h exhibited a high uptake in macaque brain (SUV > 3.0) and favorable brain washout pharmacokinetics in positron emission tomography (PET) study. PET blocking and displacement studies confirmed the specificity of [18F]6h in vivo. Radiometabolite analysis confirmed no radiometabolite of [18F]6h entered into the brain to confound the PET measurement. In summary, [18F]6h is a promising radioligand to image S1PR1 and worth translational clinical investigation for humans with brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Qiu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Charles Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Jinzhi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Yanbo Yu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Haiyang Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Tianyu Huang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Robert Gropler
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Department of Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Tammie L S Benzinger
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Zhude Tu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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9
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Raval NR, Wetherill RR, Wiers CE, Dubroff JG, Hillmer AT. Positron Emission Tomography of Neuroimmune Responses in Humans: Insights and Intricacies. Semin Nucl Med 2023; 53:213-229. [PMID: 36270830 PMCID: PMC11261531 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The brain's immune system plays a critical role in responding to immune challenges and maintaining homeostasis. However, dysregulated neuroimmune function contributes to neurodegenerative disease and neuropsychiatric conditions. In vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the neuroimmune system has facilitated a greater understanding of its physiology and the pathology of some neuropsychiatric conditions. This review presents an in-depth look at PET findings from human neuroimmune function studies, highlighting their importance in current neuropsychiatric research. Although the majority of human PET studies feature radiotracers targeting the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), this review also considers studies with other neuroimmune targets, including monoamine oxidase B, cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2, nitric oxide synthase, and the purinergic P2X7 receptor. Promising new targets, such as colony-stimulating factor 1, Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1, and the purinergic P2Y12 receptor, are also discussed. The significance of validating neuroimmune targets and understanding their function and expression is emphasized in this review to better identify and interpret PET results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakul R Raval
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT; Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Reagan R Wetherill
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Corinde E Wiers
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jacob G Dubroff
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ansel T Hillmer
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT; Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
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10
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Martín-Hernández D, Martínez M, Robledo-Montaña J, Muñoz-López M, Virto L, Ambrosio N, Marín MJ, Montero E, Herrera D, Sanz M, Leza JC, Figuero E, García-Bueno B. Neuroinflammation related to the blood-brain barrier and sphingosine-1-phosphate in a pre-clinical model of periodontal diseases and depression in rats. J Clin Periodontol 2023; 50:642-656. [PMID: 36644813 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM To explore the potential mechanisms of neuroinflammation (microglia, blood-brain barrier [BBB] permeability, and the sphingosine-1-phosphate [S1P] pathways) resulting from the association between periodontitis and depression in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS This pre-clinical in vivo experimental study used Wistar rats, in which experimental periodontitis (P) was induced by using oral gavages with Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Then, a chronic mild stress (CMS) model was implemented to induce a depressive-like behaviour, resulting in four groups: P with CMS (P+CMS+), P without CMS (P+CMS-), CMS without P (P-CMS+), and control (P-CMS-). After harvesting brain samples, protein/mRNA expression analyses and fluorescence immunohistochemistry were performed in the frontal cortex (FC). Results were analysed by ANOVA. RESULTS CMS exposure increased the number of microglia (an indicator of neuroinflammation) in the FC. In the combined model (P+CMS+), there was a decrease in the expression of tight junction proteins (zonula occludens-1 [ZO-1], occludin) and an increase in intercellular and vascular cell adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), suggesting a more severe disruption of the BBB. The enzymes and receptors of S1P were also differentially regulated. CONCLUSIONS Microglia, BBB permeability, and S1P pathways could be relevant mechanisms explaining the association between periodontitis and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Martín-Hernández
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (Imas12), Neurochemistry Research Institute UCM (IUIN), Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Martínez
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases) Research Group, UCM, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, Faculty of Dentistry, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Robledo-Montaña
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (Imas12), Neurochemistry Research Institute UCM (IUIN), Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Muñoz-López
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (Imas12), Neurochemistry Research Institute UCM (IUIN), Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leire Virto
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases) Research Group, UCM, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Optics, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nagore Ambrosio
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases) Research Group, UCM, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, Faculty of Dentistry, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria José Marín
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases) Research Group, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Montero
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases) Research Group, UCM, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, Faculty of Dentistry, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Herrera
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases) Research Group, UCM, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, Faculty of Dentistry, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Sanz
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases) Research Group, UCM, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, Faculty of Dentistry, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C Leza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (Imas12), Neurochemistry Research Institute UCM (IUIN), Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Figuero
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases) Research Group, UCM, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, Faculty of Dentistry, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja García-Bueno
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (Imas12), Neurochemistry Research Institute UCM (IUIN), Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Buttigieg E, Scheller A, El Waly B, Kirchhoff F, Debarbieux F. Contribution of Intravital Neuroimaging to Study Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:22-38. [PMID: 36653665 PMCID: PMC10119369 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex and long-lasting neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by the loss of myelin within the white matter and cortical fibers, axonopathy, and inflammatory responses leading to consequent sensory-motor and cognitive deficits of patients. While complete resolution of the disease is not yet a reality, partial tissue repair has been observed in patients which offers hope for therapeutic strategies. To address the molecular and cellular events of the pathomechanisms, a variety of animal models have been developed to investigate distinct aspects of MS disease. Recent advances of multiscale intravital imaging facilitated the direct in vivo analysis of MS in the animal models with perspective of clinical transfer to patients. This review gives an overview of MS animal models, focusing on the current imaging modalities at the microscopic and macroscopic levels and emphasizing the importance of multimodal approaches to improve our understanding of the disease and minimize the use of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Buttigieg
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
- Institut des Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR7289, 13005, Marseille, France
- Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie Médicale (CERIMED), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Anja Scheller
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Bilal El Waly
- Institut des Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR7289, 13005, Marseille, France
- Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie Médicale (CERIMED), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Franck Debarbieux
- Institut des Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR7289, 13005, Marseille, France.
- Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie Médicale (CERIMED), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France.
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12
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Chand GB, Jiang H, Miller JP, Rhodes CH, Tu Z, Wong DF. Differential Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor-1 Protein Expression in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Between Schizophrenia Type 1 and Type 2. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:827981. [PMID: 35350429 PMCID: PMC8957823 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.827981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the etiology and treatment approaches in schizophrenia is challenged in part by the heterogeneity of this disorder. One encouraging progress is the growing evidence that there are subtypes of schizophrenia. Recent in vitro findings of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) gene expression on postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) showed that schizophrenia has two subtypes, those with a relatively normal DLPFC transcriptome (Type 1) and those with differentially expressed genes (Type 2). Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1PR1) is one of the genes that was highly upregulated in Type 2 compared to Type 1 and controls. The impact of that finding is limited because it only can be confirmed through analysis of autopsy tissue, and the clinical characteristics such as symptoms severity or illness duration except for cause of death was not available from that Medical Examiner based autopsy study. However, S1PR1 has great potential because it is a target gene that can be accessed via positron emission tomography (PET) in vivo using specific radioligands (starting with [11C]CS1P1) successfully developed at our center in human brain imaging. As a preliminary study to validate this PET target in schizophrenia, S1PR1 protein expression was assessed by receptor autoradiography (ARG) using [3H]CS1P1 and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the DLPFC from patients with schizophrenia classified as Type 1 or Type 2 based on their DLPFC transcriptomes and from controls. Our analyses demonstrate that ARG S1PR1 protein expression is significantly higher in Type 2 compared to Type 1 (p < 0.05) and controls (p < 0.05), which was consistent with previous mRNA S1PR1. These findings support the possibility that PET S1PR1 can be used as a future imaging biomarker to distinguish these subgroups of schizophrenic patients during life with obvious implications for both patient management and the design of clinical trials to validate novel pharmacologic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh B. Chand
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Hao Jiang
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - J. Philip Miller
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | | | - Zhude Tu
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Dean Foster Wong
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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13
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Qiu L, Jiang H, Yu Y, Gu J, Wang J, Zhao H, Huang T, Gropler RJ, Klein RS, Perlmutter JS, Tu Z. Radiosynthesis and evaluation of a fluorine-18 radiotracer [ 18F]FS1P1 for imaging sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:1041-1052. [PMID: 35029272 PMCID: PMC8970350 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02225c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) expression could be a unique tool to determine the neuroinflammatory status for central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Our preclinical results indicate that PET imaging with [11C]CS1P1 radiotracer can quantitatively measure S1PR1 expression changes in different animal models of inflammatory diseases. Here we developed a multiple step F-18 labeling strategy to synthesize the radiotracer [18F]FS1P1, sharing the same structure with [11C]CS1P1. We explored a wide range of reaction conditions for the nucleophilic radiofluorination starting with the key ortho-nitrobenzaldehyde precursor 10. The tertiary amine additive TMEDA proved crucial to achieve high radiochemical yield of ortho-[18F]fluorobenzaldehyde [18F]12 starting with a small amount of precursor. Based on [18F]12, a further four-step modification was applied in one-pot to generate the target radiotracer [18F]FS1P1 with 30-50% radiochemical yield, >95% chemical and radiochemical purity, and a high molar activity (37-166.5 GBq μmol-1, decay corrected to end of synthesis, EOS). Subsequently, tissue distribution of [18F]FS1P1 in rats showed a high brain uptake (ID% g-1) of 0.48 ± 0.06 at 5 min, and bone uptake of 0.27 ± 0.03, 0.11 ± 0.02 at 5, and 120 min respectively, suggesting no in vivo defluorination. MicroPET studies showed [18F]FS1P1 has high macaque brain uptake with a standard uptake value (SUV) of ∼2.3 at 120 min. Radiometabolite analysis of macaque plasma samples indicated that [18F]FS1P1 has good metabolic stability, and no major radiometabolite confounded PET measurements of S1PR1 in nonhuman primate brain. Overall, [18F]FS1P1 is a promising F-18 S1PR1 radiotracer worthy of further clinical investigation for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Qiu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
| | - Yanbo Yu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
| | - Jiwei Gu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
| | - Jinzhi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
| | - Haiyang Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
| | - Tianyu Huang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
| | - Robert J Gropler
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
| | - Robyn S Klein
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
- Departments of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Departments of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Zhude Tu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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14
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Jiang H, Gu J, Zhao H, Joshi S, Perlmutter JS, Gropler RJ, Klein RS, Benzinger TLS, Tu Z. PET Study of Sphingosine-1-phosphate Receptor 1 Expression in Response to S. aureus Infection. Mol Imaging 2021; 2021:9982020. [PMID: 34934406 PMCID: PMC8654346 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9982020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) plays a crucial role in infectious diseases. Targeting S1PR1 provides protection against pathogens, such as influenza viruses. This study is aimed at investigating S1PR1 in response to bacterial infection by assessing S1PR1 expression in S. aureus-infected mice. A rodent local muscle bacterial infection model was developed by injecting S. aureus to the lower hind limb of Balb/c mice. The changes of S1PR1 expression in response to bacterial infection and blocking treatment were assessed using ex vivo biodistribution and in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) after intravenous injection of an S1PR1-specific radiotracer [18F]TZ4877. The specificity of [18F]TZ4877 was assessed using S1PR1-specific antagonist, NIBR-0213, and S1PR1-specific DsiRNA pretreated the animals. Immunohistochemical studies were performed to confirm the increase of S1PR1 expression in response to infection. Ex vivo biodistribution data showed that the uptake of [18F]TZ4877 was increased 30.6%, 54.3%, 74.3%, and 115.3% in the liver, kidney, pancreas, and thymus of the infected mice, respectively, compared to that in normal control mice, indicating that S1PR1 is involved in the early immune response to bacterial infection. NIBR-0213 or S1PR1-specific DsiRNA pretreatment reduced the tissue uptake of [18F]TZ4877, suggesting that uptake of [18F]TZ4877 is specific. Our PET/CT study data also confirmed that infected mice have increased [18F]TZ4877 uptake in several organs comparing to that in normal control mice. Particularly, compared to control mice, a 39% increase of [18F]TZ4877 uptake was observed in the infected muscle of S. aureus mice, indicating that S1PR1 expression was directly involved in the inflammatory response to infection. Overall, our study suggested that S1PR1 plays an important role in the early immune response to bacterial infection. The uptake of [18F]TZ4877 is tightly correlated with the S1R1 expression in response to S. aureus infection. PET with S1PR1-specific radiotracer [18F]TZ4877 could provide a noninvasive tool for detecting the early S1PR1 immune response to infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jiwei Gu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Haiyang Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sumit Joshi
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joel S. Perlmutter
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert J. Gropler
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robyn S. Klein
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tammie L. S. Benzinger
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zhude Tu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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15
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Ye M, Gai Y, Ji H, Jiang Y, Qiao P, Wang W, Zhang Y, Xia X, Lan X. A Novel Radioimmune 99mTc-Labeled Tracer for Imaging Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 1 in Tumor Xenografts: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Front Immunol 2021; 12:660842. [PMID: 34484174 PMCID: PMC8416251 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.660842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a phospholipid that regulates pleiotropic biological activities and exerts extracellular functions by binding to five specific G-protein-coupled receptors, S1P receptors (S1PR) 1-5. When activated by S1P, S1PR promote the proliferation and invasion of tumor cells by inducing the formation of new blood vessels. We developed and assessed a new monoclonal antibody imaging probe 99mTc-HYNIC-S1PR1mAb, to explore the feasibility of targeting the S1PR1 in vitro and in vivo. S1PR1mAb was prepared and followed by technetium-99m labeling with succinimidyl 6-hydraziniumnicotinate hydrochloride. Cell uptake and blocking studies were performed to investigate the binding specificity of 99mTc-HYNIC-S1PR1mAb in vitro. 99mTc-HYNIC-S1P1mAb was also tested in vivo in mice xenografted with SK-HEP-1 (high-expression of S1PR1) and MCF-7 (low-expression of S1PR1) using single-photon emission-computed tomography (SPECT). Ex vivo gamma counting of tissues from tumor-bearing mice was used to evaluate 99mTc-HYNIC-S1PR1mAb biodistribution. The biodistribution study results showed significantly higher uptake in SK-HEP-1 tumors than in MCF-7 tumors (P < 0.001). Reduced uptake of 99mTc-HYNIC-S1PR1mAb in SK-HEP-1 was observed in tumor-bearing nude mice pretreated with fingolimod, which binds competitively to the receptors, especially S1PR1. 99mTc-HYNIC-S1PR1mAb can be synthesized and specifically targeted to S1PR1 in vitro and in vivo, allowing S1PR1 expression assessment with SPECT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ye
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongkang Gai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Ji
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaqun Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengxin Qiao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenxia Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongxue Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaotian Xia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoli Lan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
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16
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Vejux A, Ghzaiel I, Nury T, Schneider V, Charrière K, Sghaier R, Zarrouk A, Leoni V, Moreau T, Lizard G. Oxysterols and multiple sclerosis: Physiopathology, evolutive biomarkers and therapeutic strategy. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 210:105870. [PMID: 33684483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system. Dysfunction of the immune system leads to lesions that cause motor, sensory, cognitive, visual and/or sphincter disturbances. In the long term, these disorders can progress towards an irreversible handicap. The diagnosis takes time because there are no specific criteria to diagnose multiple sclerosis. To realize the diagnosis, a combination of clinical, biological, and radiological arguments is therefore required. Hence, there is a need to identify multiple sclerosis biomarkers. Some biomarkers target immunity through the detection of oligoclonal bands, the measurement of the IgG index and cytokines. During the physiopathological process, the blood-brain barrier can be broken, and this event can be identified by measuring metalloproteinase activity and diffusion of gadolinium in the brain by magnetic resonance imaging. Markers of demyelination and of astrocyte and microglial activity may also be of interest as well as markers of neuronal damage and mitochondrial status. The measurement of different lipids in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid can also provide suitable information. These different lipids include fatty acids, fatty acid peroxidation products, phospholipids as well as oxidized derivatives of cholesterol (oxysterols). Oxysterols could constitute new biomarkers providing information on the form of multiple sclerosis, the outcome of the disease and the answer to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Vejux
- Team Bio-PeroxIL, "Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism" (EA7270), University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inserm, Dijon, France.
| | - Imen Ghzaiel
- Team Bio-PeroxIL, "Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism" (EA7270), University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inserm, Dijon, France; Faculty of Medicine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS "Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health", University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Thomas Nury
- Team Bio-PeroxIL, "Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism" (EA7270), University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inserm, Dijon, France
| | - Vincent Schneider
- Team Bio-PeroxIL, "Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism" (EA7270), University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inserm, Dijon, France; University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Dijon, France
| | - Karine Charrière
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM CIC 1431, 25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Randa Sghaier
- Team Bio-PeroxIL, "Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism" (EA7270), University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inserm, Dijon, France
| | - Amira Zarrouk
- Faculty of Medicine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS "Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health", University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Hospital of Varese, ASST-Settelaghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Thibault Moreau
- Team Bio-PeroxIL, "Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism" (EA7270), University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inserm, Dijon, France; University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Dijon, France
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Team Bio-PeroxIL, "Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism" (EA7270), University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Inserm, Dijon, France.
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17
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Kipp M. Does Siponimod Exert Direct Effects in the Central Nervous System? Cells 2020; 9:cells9081771. [PMID: 32722245 PMCID: PMC7463861 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The modulation of the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor is an approved treatment for relapsing multiple sclerosis because of its anti-inflammatory effect of retaining lymphocytes in lymph nodes. Different sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor subtypes are expressed in the brain and spinal cord, and their pharmacological effects may improve disease development and neuropathology. Siponimod (BAF312) is a novel sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator that has recently been approved for the treatment of active secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). In this review article, we summarize recent evidence suggesting that the active role of siponimod in patients with progressive MS may be due to direct interaction with central nervous system cells. Additionally, we tried to summarize our current understanding of the function of siponimod and discuss the effects observed in the case of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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