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Liu X, Kümmel S, Wu L, Richnow HH. Tracking the transformation of persistent organic pollutants in food webs using multi element isotope and enantiomer fractionation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:134046. [PMID: 38513442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
In order to track the transformation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in food webs, field experiments were conducted at two sites using stable isotope and enantiomer fractionation concepts. The enantiomers of α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) were selected as representative compounds for POPs. Isotope and enantiomer fractionation allowed the characterization of α-HCH enantiomer biotransformation processes along trophic levels of the food web - from soil and plants to animal livers, fat tissues and milk. The enrichment of heavy isotopes in soils, plants and sediments as well as the changes of enantiomer fractionation indicate that the biotransformation of α-HCH occurred in these compartments. Moreover, the increase of carbon and chlorine isotopic compositions as well as the changes of enantiomer fractionation of liver, fat tissues and milk demonstrated that the overall HCH exposure was much higher than estimates based on concentration levels, while the isotope and enantiomer fractionation revealed the enantiomer specific enantiomer uptake across the blood-brain barriers. Dual element isotope analysis suggested that complex transformation processes have occurred along the potential food web from the HCH sources over different environmental compartments to animal livers, fat tissues and milk. The results imply that the analyses of stable isotope compositions and concentrations has potential to reconstruct the exposure of higher organisms to POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Kümmel
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Langping Wu
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Ecometrix Incorporated, 6800 Campobello Road, Mississauga, ON L5N 2L8, Canada; Isodetect GmbH, Deutscher Platz 5b, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Hans H Richnow
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Isodetect GmbH, Deutscher Platz 5b, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Tripathi V, Edrisi SA, Chaurasia R, Pandey KK, Dinesh D, Srivastava R, Srivastava P, Abhilash PC. Restoring HCHs polluted land as one of the priority activities during the UN-International Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021-2030): A call for global action. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:1304-1315. [PMID: 31466167 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The United Nations General Assembly has recently declared 2021-2030 as the 'International Decade on Ecosystem Restoration' for facilitating the restoration of degraded and destroyed terrestrial and marine systems for regaining biodiversity and ecosystem services, creating job opportunities and also to fight against climate change. One of the prime focus is the restoration of ~350 mha of degraded land across the world for attaining the UN-Sustainable Development Goals. Pesticides are one of the major causes of land pollution and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs, including technical-HCH and γ-HCH) is one of the widely used organochlorine pesticides during the past seven decades before α-, β-, and γ-HCH was listed in the Stockholm Convention in 2009. The widespread pollution of HCHs has been reported from every sphere of the environment and ~7 Mt of HCHs residues have been dumped worldwide near the production sites. HCHs isomers have higher volatility, water solubility and long-range atmospheric transport ability which further facilitates its entry into various environmental compartments. Therefore, the restoration and management of HCHs polluted land is urgently required. Despite various pilot-scale studies have been reported for the remediation of HCHs polluted land, they are not successfully established under the field conditions. This is mainly due to the high concentration of HCHs residues in the contaminated soil and also due to its toxicity and highly persistent nature, which increases the complexity of the onsite remediation. Here we provide a novel approach i.e. sequential and integrated remediation approach (SIRA) for the restoration of HCHs contaminated land by the integrated use of agroresidues along with the application of HCHs degrading microorganisms and chemical amendments followed by the plant-based clean-up techniques using grasses, herbs, shrubs and trees in a sequential manner. SIRA provides cost effective solution with enhanced ecological and socioeconomic benefits for the sustainable restoration of HCHs contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Tripathi
- Institute of Environment & Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sheikh Adil Edrisi
- Institute of Environment & Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajan Chaurasia
- Institute of Environment & Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Pandey
- Institute of Environment & Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Divya Dinesh
- Department of Chemistry, T.K. Madhava Memorial College, Nangiyarkulangara 690513, Kerala, India
| | - Rajani Srivastava
- Institute of Environment & Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pankaj Srivastava
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil & Water Conservation, Dehradun 248195, Uttarakhand, India
| | - P C Abhilash
- Institute of Environment & Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Balázs HE, Schmid CAO, Feher I, Podar D, Szatmari PM, Marincaş O, Balázs ZR, Schröder P. HCH phytoremediation potential of native plant species from a contaminated urban site in Turda, Romania. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 223:286-296. [PMID: 29933144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Current physical or chemical methods used for remediation of soils contaminated with hexachlocyclohexane (HCH), leave behind significant levels of pollutants. Given the compound's volatility and persistence in the environment, sites contaminated with HCH remain a concern for the population living in nearby areas. By making use of both the recovery capacity and the pollutant uptake ability of spontaneously growing vegetation, our study aimed to identify native plant species able to cover and moreover take up the HCH left at a former lindane production unit in Turda, Romania. The results showed that dominant species across the study site like Lotus tenuis, Artemisia vulgaris or Tanacetum vulgare, were capable of taking up HCH in their tissues, according to different patterns that combined at the scale of the plant community. Regardless of the proximity of the HCH contamination hotspots, the development of the plant cover was characteristic for vegetation succession on disturbed soils of the Central European region. Finally, we conclude that plant species which grow spontaneously at the HCH contaminated site in Turda and are capable of taking up the pollutant, represent a self-sustainable and low maintenance phytomanagement approach that would allow for the reintegration of the site in the urban or industrial circuit and nevertheless would reduce the toxicity risk to the neighboring human inhabitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga E Balázs
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, München, Germany; Botanical Garden "Alexandru Borza", 42 Republicii St., 400015, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Christoph A O Schmid
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, München, Germany
| | - Ioana Feher
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat St. 400293, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dorina Podar
- Babeş-Bolyai University, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 1 Kogălniceanu St., 400084, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Paul-Marian Szatmari
- Botanical Garden "Alexandru Borza", 42 Republicii St., 400015, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Biological Research Center, Botanical Garden "Vasile Fati", 16 Wesselényi Miklós St., 455200, Jibou, Romania
| | - Olivian Marincaş
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat St. 400293, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Zoltan R Balázs
- Babeş-Bolyai University, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 1 Kogălniceanu St., 400084, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Peter Schröder
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, München, Germany.
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Kováčik J, Antoš V, Micalizzi G, Dresler S, Hrabák P, Mondello L. Accumulation and toxicity of organochlorines in green microalgae. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 347:168-175. [PMID: 29310039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity of mine dump effluent containing five hexachlorocyclohexane (α, β, γ, δ and ε-HCH, sum 159.4 μg/L) and two trichlorobenzene (TCB, sum 65.2 μg/L) isomers to two microalgae (Scenedesmus quadricauda and Coccomyxa subellipsoidea) was studied over 24 h exposure and also with 2- and 10-fold diluted stock solution (i.e. 1×, 0.5× and 0.1× strength). Individual isomers revealed rather dose-dependent accumulation typically higher in Scenedesmus than in Coccomyxa (max. sum of HCH 14.99 μg/g DW with bioaccumulation factor 94) and δ-HCH was dominant isomer. TCB isomers showed low accumulation in algae. 0.1× dose elevated chlorophylls and carotenoids in Coccomyxa while enzymatic activities (SOD, CAT, and APX), thiols (glutathione and phytochelatin 2) and ascorbic acid were rather elevated by 1× dose in both species. Malic acid, rather than citric acid, increased in response to 0.5× and 1× concentration. Sum of fatty acids was higher in Coccomyxa than in Scenedesmus with palmitic, oleic, linoleic and α-linolenic acids being dominant compounds in both species. Detailed profiling revealed that saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids increased in Coccomyxa while polyunsaturated fatty acids in Scenedesmus in response to increasing dose of organochlorines. Accumulation of organochlorines and metabolic responses in algae are reported here for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Kováčik
- Department of Biology, University of Trnava, Priemyselná 4, 918 43 Trnava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Vojtěch Antoš
- Technical University of Liberec, CxI, Studentská 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Giuseppe Micalizzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Sławomir Dresler
- Department of Plant Physiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Pavel Hrabák
- Technical University of Liberec, CxI, Studentská 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
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Zhu S, Niu L, Aamir M, Zhou Y, Xu C, Liu W. Spatial and seasonal variations in air-soil exchange, enantiomeric signatures and associated health risks of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) in a megacity Hangzhou in the Yangtze River Delta region, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:264-272. [PMID: 28477483 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) have been historically applied in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, China. Estimating the air-soil exchange of HCHs after >30years of restricted use is important for understanding their cycling in the environment. In this study, air and soil samples were concurrently collected in two seasons at agricultural and industrial sites from a megacity in the YRD region. The concentrations of HCH isomers and the enantiomeric fractions of chiral α-HCH were determined. The mean concentrations of ∑HCHs in soils from an agricultural area (AA) and an eco-industrial park (EIP) were 1.74ng/g and 0.652ng/g, respectively, in winter, and 0.723ng/g and 0.350ng/g, respectively, in summer. The mean concentrations of ∑HCHs in the air from the AA and the EIP were 31.2pg/m3 and 47.7pg/m3, respectively, in winter, and 45.0pg/m3 and 50.0pg/m3, respectively, in summer. The variations in spatial and seasonal distributions might be related to diverse geographical factors, soil properties and meteorological conditions. Source identification demonstrated that HCHs in most samples were residues from past use, which was further evidenced by the enantiomeric signatures of chiral α-HCH. A preferential degradation of (-)-α-HCH was showed in soils and summer air, while a preferential depletion of (+)-α-HCH was displayed in winter air. The values of the fugacity fraction (ff) of HCHs suggest a net volatilization from soils to air, but long-range transport may also partly contribute to the atmospheric HCHs according to the results from enantiomeric analysis. The human health risk assessments indicated an absence of noncarcinogenic risks and very low carcinogenic risks for HCHs in both soils and air to human health. Results from this study provide valuable data for assessing the fate and health risks of HCHs in the YRD region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Zhu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lili Niu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Muhammad Aamir
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuting Zhou
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Singh T, Singh DK. Phytoremediation of organochlorine pesticides: Concept, method, and recent developments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2017; 19:834-843. [PMID: 28699783 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2017.1290579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapid increase in industrialization of world economy in the past century has resulted in significantly high emission of anthropogenic chemicals in the ecosystem. The organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are a great risk to the global environment and endanger the human health due to their affinity for dispersion, transportation over long distances, and bioaccumulation in the food chain. Phytoremediation is a promising technology that aims to make use of plants and associated bacteria for the treatment of groundwater and soil polluted by these contaminants. Processes known to be involved in phytoremediation of OCPs include phytoaccumulation, rhizoremediation, and phytotransformation. Vegetation has been accounted to considerably amplify OCP elimination from soil, in contrast to non-planted soil, attributable to both, uptake within plant tissues and high microbial degradation of OCP within the root zone. Developing transgenic plants is a promising approach to enhance phytoremediation capabilities. Recent advances in the application of phytoremediation technique for OCPs, including uptake by plants and plant-microbe association in the rhizosphere for the enhanced degradation and mineralization of these pollutants, is presented in this review. Additionally, some attempts to improve this technique using transgenesis and role of certain enzymes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Singh
- a Department of Zoology , University of Delhi , Delhi , India
| | - Dileep K Singh
- a Department of Zoology , University of Delhi , Delhi , India
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Blondel C, Khelalfa F, Reynaud S, Fauvelle F, Raveton M. Effect of organochlorine pesticides exposure on the maize root metabolome assessed using high-resolution magic-angle spinning (1)H NMR spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 214:539-548. [PMID: 27131813 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
(1)H-HRMAS NMR-based metabolomics was used to better understand the toxic effects on maize root tips of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), namely lindane (γHCH) and chlordecone (CLD). Maize seedlings were exposed to 2.5 μM γHCH (mimicking basic environmental contaminations) for 7 days and compared to 2.5 μM CLD and 25 μM γHCH for 7 days (mimicking hot spot contaminations). The (1)H-HRMAS NMR-based metabolomic profiles provided details of the changes in carbohydrates, amino acids, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates and fatty acids with a significant separation between the control and OCP-exposed root tips. First of all, alterations in the balance between glycolysis/gluconeogenesis were observed with sucrose depletion and with dose-dependent fluctuations in glucose content. Secondly, observations indicated that OCPs might inactivate the TCA cycle, with sizeable succinate and fumarate depletion. Thirdly, disturbances in the amino acid composition (GABA, glutamine/glutamate, asparagine, isoleucine) reflected a new distribution of internal nitrogen compounds under OCP stress. Finally, OCP exposure caused an increase in fatty acid content, concomitant with a marked rise in oxidized fatty acids which could indicate failures in cell integrity and vitality. Moreover, the accumulation of asparagine and oxidized fatty acids with the induction of LOX3 transcription levels under OCP exposure highlighted an induction of protein and lipid catabolism. The overall data indicated that the effect of OCPs on primary metabolism could have broader physiological consequences on root development. Therefore, (1)H-HRMAS NMR metabolomics is a sensitive tool for understanding molecular disturbances under OCP exposure and can be used to perform a rapid assessment of phytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Blondel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, LECA, F-38000 Grenoble, France; CNRS, LECA, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Farid Khelalfa
- Université Grenoble Alpes, LECA, F-38000 Grenoble, France; CNRS, LECA, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphane Reynaud
- Université Grenoble Alpes, LECA, F-38000 Grenoble, France; CNRS, LECA, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Muriel Raveton
- Université Grenoble Alpes, LECA, F-38000 Grenoble, France; CNRS, LECA, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
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Laquitaine L, Durimel A, de Alencastro LF, Jean-Marius C, Gros O, Gaspard S. Biodegradability of HCH in agricultural soils from Guadeloupe (French West Indies): identification of the lin genes involved in the HCH degradation pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:120-127. [PMID: 26686518 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5875-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Banana has been a main agricultural product in the French West Indies (Guadeloupe and Martinique) since the 1960s. This crop requires the intensive use of pesticides to prevent attacks by insect pests. Chlorinated pesticides, such as hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), chlordecone and dieldrin, were used until the beginning of the 1990s, resulting in a generalized diffuse contamination of the soil and water in the areas of banana production, hence the need to develop solutions for cleanup of the polluted sites. The aims of this work were (i) to assess lindane degradation in soil slurry microcosms treated with lindane at 10 mg/L and (ii) to detect the catabolic genes involved in the HCH degradation pathway. The soil slurry microcosm system showed a 40% lindane degradation efficiency at the end of a 30-day experiment. Lower lindane removal was also detected in the abiotic controls, probably caused by pesticide adsorption to soil particles. Indeed, the lindane concentration decreased from 6000 to 1330 ng/mL and from 800 to 340 ng/mL for the biotic and abiotic soils, respectively. Nevertheless, some of the genes involved in the HCH degradation pathway were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from crude deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from the Guadeloupe agricultural soil, suggesting that HCH degradation is probably mediated by bacteria closely related to the family Sphingomonadaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Laquitaine
- Laboratoire COVACHIM-M2E, EA 3592, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, BP 250, 97157, Pointe à Pitre Cedex, Guadeloupe.
| | - A Durimel
- Laboratoire COVACHIM-M2E, EA 3592, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, BP 250, 97157, Pointe à Pitre Cedex, Guadeloupe
| | - L F de Alencastro
- Laboratoire Central Environnemental (GR-CEL), Faculté de l'environnement naturel, architectural et construit (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Jean-Marius
- Laboratoire COVACHIM-M2E, EA 3592, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, BP 250, 97157, Pointe à Pitre Cedex, Guadeloupe
| | - O Gros
- UMR UPMC-CNRS-IRD-MNHN, Systématique, Adaptation, Evolution, Equipe, Biologie de la Mangrove, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, BP 592, 97159, Pointe à Pitre Cedex, Guadeloupe
| | - S Gaspard
- Laboratoire COVACHIM-M2E, EA 3592, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, BP 250, 97157, Pointe à Pitre Cedex, Guadeloupe
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Blondel C, Melesan M, San Miguel A, Veyrenc S, Meresse P, Pezet M, Reynaud S, Raveton M. Cell cycle disruption and apoptosis as mechanisms of toxicity of organochlorines in Zea mays roots. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 276:312-322. [PMID: 24892778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are widespread environmental pollutants; two of them are highly persistent: lindane (γHCH) and chlordecone (CLD). Maize plants cope with high levels of OCP-environmental pollution, however little is known about cellular mechanisms involved in plant response to such OCP-exposures. This research was aimed at understanding the physiological pathways involved in the plant response to OCPs in function of a gradient of exposure. Here we provide the evidences that OCPs might disrupt root cell cycle leading to a rise in the level of polyploidy possibly through mechanisms of endoreduplication. In addition, low-to-high doses of γHCH were able to induce an accumulation of H2O2 without modifying NO contents, while CLD modulated neither H2O2 nor NO production. [Ca(2+)]cytosolic, the caspase-3-like activity as well as TUNEL-positive nuclei and IP-positive cells increased after exposure to low-to-high doses of OCPs. These data strongly suggest a cascade mechanism of the OCP-induced toxic effect, notably with an increase in [Ca(2+)]cytosolic and caspase-3-like activity, suggesting the activation of programmed cell death pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Blondel
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, UMR CNRS n°5553, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 09, France; Université de Grenoble - Alpes, France
| | - Marc Melesan
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, UMR CNRS n°5553, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 09, France; Université de Grenoble - Alpes, France
| | - Angélique San Miguel
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, UMR CNRS n°5553, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 09, France; Université de Grenoble - Alpes, France
| | - Sylvie Veyrenc
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, UMR CNRS n°5553, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 09, France; Université de Grenoble - Alpes, France
| | - Patrick Meresse
- Université de Grenoble - Alpes, France; Centre Universitaire de Biologie Expérimentale, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 09, France
| | - Mylène Pezet
- Centre de Recherche Inserm/UJF U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, BP 170, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 09, France
| | - Stephane Reynaud
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, UMR CNRS n°5553, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 09, France; Université de Grenoble - Alpes, France
| | - Muriel Raveton
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, UMR CNRS n°5553, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 09, France; Université de Grenoble - Alpes, France.
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Abhilash PC, Dubey RK, Tripathi V, Srivastava P, Verma JP, Singh HB. Remediation and management of POPs-contaminated soils in a warming climate: challenges and perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:5879-5885. [PMID: 23677754 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1808-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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Fernández J, Arjol MA, Cacho C. POP-contaminated sites from HCH production in Sabiñánigo, Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:1937-1950. [PMID: 23322412 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1433-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In 2009, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers (α-HCH, β-HCH, and γ-HCH [lindane]) were listed as persistent organic pollutants (POP) in the Stockholm Convention. Accordingly, the legacy of HCH/lindane production with the associated large HCH waste deposits has become recognized as an issue of global concern and is addressed in the implementation of the Convention. The current paper gives an overview of the major contaminated sites from lindane production of the INQUINOSA Company. This company operated from 1975 to 1988 in the city of Sabiñánigo, Spain. HCH production resulted in the production of approximately 115,000 tonnes of waste isomers which were mainly dumped in two unlined landfills. These two landfill sites, together with the former production site, are recognized sources of environmental pollution. Assessment and remediation activities at these sites are described. A dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) contaminated inter alia with HCH isomers, benzene, chlorobenzenes, and chlorophenols as the main contaminants and an associated contaminated groundwater plume have been discovered at both landfill/dumpsites and at the former production site. The approximately 4,000 t of DNAPLs constitute a serious risk for the environment due to the proximity of the Gállego River. Since 2004, more than 20 tonnes of this DNAPL has been extracted using "pump and treat" techniques. The Aragon Regional Government and the Spanish Environmental Ministry are taking action, focusing on the treatment of DNAPL and on the transfer of the large quantities of solid POP wastes to a new landfill. A range of laboratory tests has been performed in order to plan the aquifer remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fernández
- Department of Agriculture, Livestock and Environment, Government of Aragon, San Pedro Nolasco Square, 50071 Zaragoza, Spain.
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Wycisk P, Stollberg R, Neumann C, Gossel W, Weiss H, Weber R. Integrated methodology for assessing the HCH groundwater pollution at the multi-source contaminated mega-site Bitterfeld/Wolfen. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:1907-17. [PMID: 23532510 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-0963-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
A large-scale groundwater contamination characterises the Pleistocene groundwater system of the former industrial and abandoned mining region Bitterfeld/Wolfen, Eastern Germany. For more than a century, local chemical production and extensive lignite mining caused a complex contaminant release from local production areas and related dump sites. Today, organic pollutants (mainly organochlorines) are present in all compartments of the environment at high concentration levels. An integrated methodology for characterising the current situation of pollution as well as the future fate development of hazardous substances is highly required to decide on further management and remediation strategies. Data analyses have been performed on regional groundwater monitoring data from about 10 years, containing approximately 3,500 samples, and up to 180 individual organic parameters from almost 250 observation wells. Run-off measurements as well as water samples were taken biweekly from local creeks during a period of 18 months. A kriging interpolation procedure was applied on groundwater analytics to generate continuous distribution patterns of the nodal contaminant samples. High-resolution geological 3-D modelling serves as a database for a regional 3-D groundwater flow model. Simulation results support the future fate assessment of contaminants. A first conceptual model of the contamination has been developed to characterise the contamination in regional surface waters and groundwater. A reliable explanation of the variant hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) occurrence within the two local aquifer systems has been derived from the regionalised distribution patterns. Simulation results from groundwater flow modelling provide a better understanding of the future pollutant migration paths and support the overall site characterisation. The presented case study indicates that an integrated assessment of large-scale groundwater contaminations often needs more data than only from local groundwater monitoring. The developed methodology is appropriate to assess POP-contaminated mega-sites including, e.g. HCH deposits. Although HCH isomers are relevant groundwater pollutants at this site, further organochlorine pollutants are present at considerably higher levels. The study demonstrates that an effective evaluation of the current situation of contamination as well as of the related future fate development requires detailed information of the entire observed system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wycisk
- Institute of Geosciences and Geography, Dept. Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Torres JPM, Fróes-Asmus CIR, Weber R, Vijgen JMH. HCH contamination from former pesticide production in Brazil--a challenge for the Stockholm Convention implementation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:1951-7. [PMID: 22825640 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers (α-, β- and γ- HCH [lindane]) were recently added to the list of persistent organic pollutants regulated by the Stockholm Convention, and therefore, the legacy of HCH and lindane production has become an issue of global relevance. The production of lindane with the much larger quantities of associated waste isomers has generated large waste deposits and contaminated sites. This article presents an overview of HCH-polluted sites in Brazil as a basis for further activities related to the Stockholm Convention. The locations of HCH stockpiles and contaminated sites in Brazil arising from production and formulation have been compiled and mapped. This shows that the measures taken over the past 25 years have not resulted in remediation of the HCH pollution. An exposure risk study has been summarised for one major site and is included to demonstrate the contemporary relevance of the contamination. Major site remediation efforts are planned at one site but people live close to several other sites, and there is an urgent need of further assessments and remediation to ensure the protection of human health and the environment. The Stockholm Convention requires a systematic approach and should be adopted for the assessment of all sites and appropriate isolation/remediation measures should be facilitated. The appropriate planning of these activities for the production site in Rio de Janeiro could be a positive contribution for Rio+20 highlighting that green economy and sustainable production also include the appropriate management of legacies of historic production of an industrial sector (here the organochlorine industry).
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Affiliation(s)
- J P M Torres
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Weber R, Varbelow HG. Dioxin/POPs legacy of pesticide production in Hamburg: part 1--securing of the production area. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:1918-1924. [PMID: 22777609 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
α-Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), β-HCH, and γ-HCH (lindane) were recently included as new persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Stockholm Convention. Therefore, the chemicals need to be globally addressed, including the disposal of historic wastes. At most sites, the approximately 85% of HCH waste isomers were dumped. At a former lindane factory in Hamburg and some other factories the HCH, waste was recycled producing residues with high polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/PCDF) levels. The soil and ground water under the former pesticide factory was/is highly contaminated with HCH (260 tons), chlorobenzenes (550 tons), and PCDD/PCDF (6 kg toxic equivalents (TEQ)). This contamination did not result from disposal operations but from spillages and leakages during the 30 years of the factory's production history. A containment wall has been constructed around the production area to prevent the dispersal of the pollutants. The ground water is managed by a pump and treat system. Over the last 15 years, approximately 10-30 tons of this pollution reservoir has been pumped and incinerated. For the contaminated production buildings, specific assessment and demolition technologies have been applied. In addition to their HCH waste isomer deposition, former lindane/HCH productions need to be assessed for possible recycling practice of HCH and related PCDD/PCDF contamination of the production area and buildings. Since such recycling activities have taken place at several factories in different countries, the experience of assessment and management of the described production area and contaminated buildings could be valuable. Such assessment could be addressed within the frame of the Stockholm Convention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, Göppingen, Germany.
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Xu Y, Tian C, Ma J, Zhang G, Li YF, Ming L, Li J, Chen Y, Tang J. Assessing environmental fate of β-HCH in Asian soil and association with environmental factors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:9525-9532. [PMID: 22889126 DOI: 10.1021/es302017e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chinese Gridded Pesticide Emission and Residue Model was applied to simulate long-term environmental fate of β-HCH in Asia spanning 1948-2009. The model captured well the spatiotemporal variation of β-HCH soil concentrations across the model domain. β-HCH use in different areas within the model domain was simulated respectively to assess the influence of the different sources of β-HCH on its environment fate. A mass center of soil residue (MCSR) was introduced and used to explore environmental factors contributing to the spatiotemporal variation of β-HCH soil residue. Results demonstrate that the primary emission dominates β-HCH soil residues during the use of this pesticide. After phase-out of the pesticide in 1999, the change in β-HCH soil residues has been associated with the Asian summer monsoon, featured by northward displacement of the MCSR. The displacement from several major sources in China and northeastern Asia shows a downward trend at a 95% confidence level, largely caused by environmental degradation and northward delivery of β-HCH under cold condition in northern area. The MCSRs away from the India and southern and southeastern Asia sources show a rapid northward displacement at a 99% confidence level, featuring the cold trapping effect of the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xu
- Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research(YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai Shandong 264003, China
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Jit S, Dadhwal M, Kumari H, Jindal S, Kaur J, Lata P, Niharika N, Lal D, Garg N, Gupta SK, Sharma P, Bala K, Singh A, Vijgen J, Weber R, Lal R. Evaluation of hexachlorocyclohexane contamination from the last lindane production plant operating in India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 18:586-97. [PMID: 20967504 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-010-0401-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE α-Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), β-HCH, and lindane (γ-HCH) were listed as persistent organic pollutants by the Stockholm Convention in 2009 and hence must be phased out and their wastes/stockpiles eliminated. At the last operating lindane manufacturing unit, we conducted a preliminary evaluation of HCH contamination levels in soil and water samples collected around the production area and the vicinity of a major dumpsite to inform the design of processes for an appropriate implementation of the Convention. METHODS Soil and water samples on and around the production site and a major waste dumpsite were measured for HCH levels. RESULTS All soil samples taken at the lindane production facility and dumpsite and in their vicinity were contaminated with an isomer pattern characteristic of HCH production waste. At the dumpsite surface samples contained up to 450 g kg(-1) Σ HCH suggesting that the waste HCH isomers were simply dumped at this location. Ground water in the vicinity and river water was found to be contaminated with 0.2 to 0.4 mg l(-1) of HCH waste isomers. The total quantity of deposited HCH wastes from the lindane production unit was estimated at between 36,000 and 54,000 t. CONCLUSIONS The contamination levels in ground and river water suggest significant run-off from the dumped HCH wastes and contamination of drinking water resources. The extent of dumping urgently needs to be assessed regarding the risks to human and ecosystem health. A plan for securing the waste isomers needs to be developed and implemented together with a plan for their final elimination. As part of the assessment, any polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF) generated during HCH recycling operations need to be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Jit
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
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Vijgen J, Abhilash PC, Li YF, Lal R, Forter M, Torres J, Singh N, Yunus M, Tian C, Schäffer A, Weber R. Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) as new Stockholm Convention POPs--a global perspective on the management of Lindane and its waste isomers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 18:152-62. [PMID: 21104204 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-010-0417-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers (α-, β- and γ- (Lindane)) were recently included as new persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Stockholm Convention, and therefore, the legacy of HCH and Lindane production became a contemporary topic of global relevance. This article wants to briefly summarise the outcomes of the Stockholm Convention process and make an estimation of the amount of HCH waste generated and dumped in the former Lindane/HCH-producing countries. RESULTS In a preliminary assessment, the countries and the respective amount of HCH residues stored and deposited from Lindane production are estimated. Between 4 and 7 million tones of wastes of toxic, persistent and bioaccumulative residues (largely consisting of alpha- (approx. 80%) and beta-HCH) are estimated to have been produced and discarded around the globe during 60 years of Lindane production. For approximately 1.9 million tones, information is available regarding deposition. Countries are: Austria, Brazil, China, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Macedonia, Nigeria, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, The Netherlands, UK, USA, and former USSR. The paper highlights the environmental relevance of deposited HCH wastes and the related POPs' contaminated sites and provides suggestions for further steps to address the challenge of the legacy of HCH/Lindane production. CONCLUSION It can be expected that most locations where HCH waste was discarded/stockpiled are not secured and that critical environmental impacts are resulting from leaching and volatilization. As parties to the Stockholm Convention are legally required to take action to stop further POPs pollution, identification and evaluation of such sites are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Vijgen
- International HCH and Pesticides Association (IHPA), Elmevej 14, Holte 2840, Denmark
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Weber R, Watson A, Forter M, Oliaei F. Review Article: Persistent organic pollutants and landfills - a review of past experiences and future challenges. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2011; 29:107-21. [PMID: 21224404 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x10390730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The landfilling and dumping of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and other persistent hazardous compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorocyclohaxane (HCH), polybrominated diphenylether (PBDEs) or perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) can have significant adverse environmental consequences. This paper reviews past experiences with such disposal practices and highlights their unsustainability due to the risks of contamination of ecosystems, the food chain, together with ground and drinking water supplies. The use and associated disposal of POPs have been occurring for over 50 years. Concurrent with the phase-out of some of the most hazardous chemicals, the production of new POPs, such as brominated and fluorinated compounds has increased since the 1990s. These latter compounds are commonly used in a wide range of consumer goods, and as consumer products reach the end of their useful lives, ultimately enter waste recycling and disposal systems, in particular at municipal landfills. Because of their very slow, or lack of degradability, POPs will persist in landfills for many decades and possibly centuries. Over these extended time periods engineered landfill systems and their liners are likely to degrade, thus posing a contemporary and future risk of releasing large contaminant loads to the environment. This review highlights the necessity for alternative disposal methods for POP wastes, including destruction or complete removal from potential environmental release. In addition to such end of pipe solutions a policy change in the use pattern of persistent toxic chemicals is inevitable. In addition, inventories for the location and quantity of POPs in landfills, together with an assessment of their threat to ecosystems, drinking water and food resources are identified as key measures to facilitate appropriate management of risks. Finally the challenges of POP wastes in transition/developing countries, the risk of increased leaching of POPs from landfills due to climate change, and the possible negative impact of natural attenuation processes are considered.
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Abhilash PC, Srivastava S, Singh N. Comparative bioremediation potential of four rhizospheric microbial species against lindane. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 82:56-63. [PMID: 21044795 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Four microbial species (Kocuria rhizophila, Microbacterium resistens, Staphylococcus equorum and Staphylococcus cohnii subspecies urealyticus) were isolated from the rhizospheric zone of selected plants growing in a lindane contaminated environment and acclimatized in lindane spiked media (5-100 μg mL⁻¹). The isolated species were inoculated with soil containing 5, 50 and 100 mg kg⁻¹ of lindane and incubated at room temperature. Soil samples were collected periodically to evaluate the microbial dissipation kinetics, dissipation rate, residual lindane concentration and microbial biomass carbon (MBC). There was a marked difference (p < 0.05) in the MBC content and lindane dissipation rate of microbial isolates cultured in three different lindane concentrations. Further, the dissipation rate tended to decrease with increasing lindane concentrations. After 45 d, the residual lindane concentrations in three different spiked soils were reduced to 0%, 41% and 33%, respectively. Among the four species, S. cohnii subspecies urealyticus exhibited maximum dissipation (41.65 mg kg⁻¹) and can be exploited for the in situ remediation of low to medium level lindane contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Abhilash
- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Capriotti AL, Cavaliere C, Giansanti P, Gubbiotti R, Samperi R, Laganà A. Recent developments in matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2521-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abhilash P, Jamil S, Singh N. Transgenic plants for enhanced biodegradation and phytoremediation of organic xenobiotics. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:474-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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