1
|
Siddique MS, Lu H, Xiong X, Fareed H, Graham N, Yu W. Exploring impacts of water-extractable organic matter on pre-ozonation followed by nanofiltration process: Insights from pH variations on DBPs formation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162695. [PMID: 36898544 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of pH (4-10) on the treatment of water-extractable organic matter (WEOM), and the associated disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation potential (FP), during the pre-ozonation/nanofiltration treatment process. At alkaline pH (9-10), a rapid decline in water flux (> 50 %) and higher membrane rejection was observed, as a consequence of the increased electrostatic repulsion forces between the membrane surface and organic species. Parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) modeling and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) provides detailed insights into the WEOM compositional behavior at different pH levels. Ozonation at higher pH significantly reduced the apparent molecular weight (MW) of WEOM in the 4000-7000 Da range by transforming the large MW (humic-like) substances into small hydrophilic fractions. Fluorescence components C1 (humic-like) and C2 (fulvic-like) exhibited a predominant increase/decrease in concentration for all pH conditions during pre-ozonation and nanofiltration treatment process, however, the C3 (protein-like) component was found highly associated with the reversible and irreversible membrane foulants. The ratio C1/C2 provided a strong correlation with the formation of total trihalomethanes (THMs) (R2 = 0.9277) and total haloacetic acids (HAAs) (R2 = 0.5796). The formation potential of THMs increased, and HAAs decreased, with the increase of feed water pH. Ozonation markedly reduced the formation of THMs by up to 40 % at higher pH levels, but increased the formation of brominated-HAAs by shifting the formation potential of DBPs towards brominated precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saboor Siddique
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Lu
- Power China Huadong Engineering Corporation Limited, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuejun Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Hasan Fareed
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Nigel Graham
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Wenzheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lee YK, Yoo HY, Ko KS, He W, Karanfil T, Hur J. Tracing microplastic (MP)-derived dissolved organic matter in the infiltration of MP-contaminated sand system and its disinfection byproducts formation. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 221:118806. [PMID: 35803044 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) pollution in soil/subsurface environments has been increasingly researched, given the uncertainties associated with the heterogeneous matrix of these systems. In this study, we tracked the spectroscopic signatures of MP-derived dissolved organic matter (MP-DOM) in infiltrated water from MP contaminated sandy subsurface systems and examined their potential to form trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) by chlorination. Sand-packed columns with commercial MPs (expanded polystyrene and polyvinylchloride) on the upper layer were used as the model systems. Regardless of the plastic type, the addition of MPs resulted in a higher amount of DOM during infiltration compared with the clean sand system. This enhancement was more pronounced when the added MPs were UV-irradiated for 14 days. The infiltration was further characterized using FT-IR and fluorescence spectroscopy, which identified two fluorescent components (humic-like C1 and protein/phenol-like C2). Compared with pure MP-DOM, C1 was more predominant in sand infiltration than C2. Further studies have established that C2 may be more labile in terms of biodegradation and mineral adsorption that may occur within the sand column. However, both these environmental interferences were inadequate for entirely expanding the spectroscopic signatures of MP-DOM in sand infiltration. The infiltration also exhibited a higher potential in generating carbonaceous disinfection byproducts than natural groundwater and riverside bank filtrates. A significant correlation between the generated THMs and decreased C1 suggests the possibility of using humic-like components as optical precursors of carbonaceous DBPs in MP-contaminated subsurface systems. This study highlighted an overlooked contribution of MPs in terms of the infiltration of DOM levels in sandy subsurface systems and the potential environmental risk when used as drinking water sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kyung Lee
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, South Korea
| | - Ha-Young Yoo
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, South Korea; K-water Institute, 200 Sintanjin-Ro, Daedeok-Gu, Daejeon 34350, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Seok Ko
- Groundwater Environment Research Center, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, 124 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34132, South Korea
| | - Wei He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anerson, SC 29635, United States
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Popov M, Kragulj Isakovski M, Molnar Jazić J, Tubić A, Watson M, Šćiban M, Agbaba J. Fate of natural organic matter and oxidation/disinfection by-products formation at a full-scale drinking water treatment plant. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 42:3475-3486. [PMID: 32075547 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1732474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the fate of natural organic matter (NOM) during the full-scale drinking water treatment plant supplied by Danube river bank filtration. After the recent reconstruction of the plant, special attention was devoted to the effects of ozone dose and granulated activated carbon (GAC) filtration on the formation and behaviour of oxidation by-products (carbonyl compounds and bromate), as well as carbonaceous and nitrogenous chlorination by-products. For the oxidation of aromatic NOM moieties that absorb light at UV254, a lower ozone dose (1.0 g O3/m3) is sufficient, whereas to achieve a measurable reduction (about 20%) of total organic carbon, an ozone dose of 1.5 g O3/m3 is required. The content of carbonyl compounds in the water after ozonation increases relative to the content before oxidation treatment, and is up to 12 times higher in the case of aldehydes and up to 2 times higher in the case of carboxylic acids. Seasonal variations, including changes in temperature and the amount of precipitation, were also shown to affect the content of organic matter in the raw water, with slight effects on the quality of the treated water. In the winter, the organic matter content is slightly higher, meaning their transformation products aldehydes and carboxylic acids, are also higher during the winter than the summer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mladen Popov
- PUC Water and Sewerage Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
| | - Marijana Kragulj Isakovski
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
| | - Jelena Molnar Jazić
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Tubić
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
| | - Malcolm Watson
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
| | - Marina Šćiban
- Faculty of Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
| | - Jasmina Agbaba
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gao H, Ji H, Yu R, Zhu G. Effects of ozonation on disinfection by-product formation potentials and biostability in a pilot-scale drinking water treatment plant with micro-polluted water. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 42:3254-3265. [PMID: 33284736 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1829083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The accelerated urbanization in China has caused intensified micro-pollution problems for drinking water sources, severely challenging drinking water treatment efficiencies and its biostability. This study mainly investigated the effects of ozonation on disinfection by-product formation potentials (DBPFPs) and biological dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) in a pilot-scale ozonation-biological activated carbon advanced drinking water treatment plant with micro-polluted raw water. The results indicated that the micro-polluted water would be effectively treated in the advanced treatment processes with DBPFPs significantly eliminated. The total removal rates of trihalomethane formation potentials (THMFPs) and haloacetic acid formation potentials (HAAFPs) increased with the elevated ozone dosage to finally a relatively stable stage, and the maximum removal rates of 77.3% and 57.0%, respectively, were achieved at the ozone dosage of 2 mg/L. The bromine incorporation in total THMFPs (TTHMFPs) was dramatically suppressed after integrated advanced treatment processes, while that in total HAAFPs (THAAFPs) was promoted with the corresponding increment of up to 25.3% for bromine incorporation factor, which caused relatively high brominated HAAFP proportions in the treated water than in the raw water. In addition, the BDOC generation rate and THAAFP removal rate during the post-ozonation treatment displayed apparent positive correlation, and a similar relationship was observed for the BDOC degradation rate and TTHMFP removal rate during the BAC treatment in the studied ozone dosage (1 ∼ 5 mg/L). The findings strongly implied a promising alternative to measure DBPFP removal rate instead of BDOC level for more sensitive and convenient monitoring of the biostability in the reclaimed water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Gao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, Wuxi Engineering Research Center of Taihu Lake Water Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjun Ji
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, Wuxi Engineering Research Center of Taihu Lake Water Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Yu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, Wuxi Engineering Research Center of Taihu Lake Water Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangcan Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, Wuxi Engineering Research Center of Taihu Lake Water Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhu Y, Ling Y, Peng Z, Zhang N. Formation of emerging iodinated disinfection by-products during ballast water treatment based on ozonation processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140805. [PMID: 32758847 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) generated by ballast water treatment pose a potential threat to marine environment which aroused widespread concern. In recent years, emerging iodinated DBPs have attracted widespread attention because of their stronger cytotoxicity and genotoxicity than brominated/chlorinated DBPs. In this study, the effects of different natural organic matter species, total residual oxidant (TRO) concentrations, storage time, temperature, pH, bromide and iodide concentrations on the generation of iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs) during ozonation process of ballast water were investigated. The results showed that bromochloroiodomethane and diiodochloromethane (DICM) were not detected under all conditions during ozonation of humaic acid (HA). Different kinds of precursors had a significantly effect on the formation of I-THMs. For algal cells as precursor, DICM were detected (1.22 μg/L), while DICM were not detected from oxidation of 1,3-etonedicarboxylic acid, fulvic acid (FA), phenol, resorcinol, hydroquinone and HA as precursors. The yields of I-THMs from oxidation of algal cells, FA and phenol were higher than other precursors. Linear relationships were observed between the formation of I-THMs and TRO concentrations. The yields of I-THMs reached a peak at 48 h (180 μg/L) after ozonation treatment of ballast water, and then decreased with storage time extension. An increase in temperature enhanced the formation of dibromoiodomethane and bromodiiodomethane, while wakened the formation of iodoform and dichloroiodomethane. The formation of I-THMs was complicatedly affected by different pH values in the range from 4 to 9. The more bromide concentrations, the more brominated I-THMs were formed. The concentrations of I-THMs increased with increasing iodide concentrations, and low concentrations of iodide had greater effect on the production of I-THMs than high concentrations of iodide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- Marine Ecology and Environment Institute, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Huchenghuan Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Yun Ling
- Marine Ecology and Environment Institute, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Huchenghuan Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Ziran Peng
- Marine Ecology and Environment Institute, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Huchenghuan Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Nahui Zhang
- Marine Ecology and Environment Institute, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Huchenghuan Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201306, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Papageorgiou A, Papadakis N, Voutsa D. Fate of natural organic matter at a full-scale Drinking Water Treatment Plant in Greece. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:1841-1851. [PMID: 26400244 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the fate of natural organic matter (NOM) and subsequent changes during the various treatment processes at a full-scale Drinking Water Treatment Plant (DWTP). Monthly sampling campaigns were conducted for 1 year at six sites along DWTP of Thessaloniki, Northern Greece including raw water from the Aliakmonas River that supplies DWTP and samples from various treatment processes (pre-ozonation, coagulation, sand filtration, ozonation, and granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration). The concentration of NOM and its characteristics as well as the removal efficiency of various treatment processes on the basis of dissolved organic carbon, UV absorbance, specific ultra-violet absorbance, fluorescence intensity, hydrophobicity, biodegradable dissolved organic carbon, and formation potential of chlorination by-products trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) were studied. The concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in reservoir of the Aliakmonas River ranged from 1.46 to 1.84 mg/L, exhibiting variations regarding UV, fluorescence, and hydrophobic character through the year. Along DWTP, a significant reduction of aromatic, fluorophoric, and hydrophobic character of NOM was observed resulting in significant elimination of THM (63%) and HAAs (75%) precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Papageorgiou
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 511 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - N Papadakis
- Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 511 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - D Voutsa
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 511 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
De Vera GA, Stalter D, Gernjak W, Weinberg HS, Keller J, Farré MJ. Towards reducing DBP formation potential of drinking water by favouring direct ozone over hydroxyl radical reactions during ozonation. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 87:49-58. [PMID: 26378731 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
When ozonation is employed in advanced water treatment plants to produce drinking water, dissolved organic matter reacts with ozone (O3) and/or hydroxyl radicals (OH) affecting disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation with subsequently used chlorine-based disinfectants. This study presents the effects of varying exposures of O3 and •OH on DBP concentrations and their associated toxicity generated after subsequent chlorination. DBP formation potential tests and in vitro bioassays were conducted after batch ozonation experiments of coagulated surface water with and without addition of tertiary butanol (t-BuOH, 10 mM) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 1 mg/mg O3), and at different pH (6-8) and transferred ozone doses (0-1 mg/mg TOC). Although ozonation led to a 24-37% decrease in formation of total trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, and trihaloacetamides, an increase in formation of total trihalonitromethanes, chloral hydrate, and haloketones was observed. This effect however was less pronounced for samples ozonated at conditions favoring molecular ozone (e.g., pH 6 and in the presence of t-BuOH) over •OH reactions (e.g., pH 8 and in the presence of H2O2). Compared to ozonation only, addition of H2O2 consistently enhanced formation of all DBP groups (20-61%) except trihalonitromethanes. This proves that •OH-transformed organic matter is more susceptible to halogen incorporation. Analogously, adsorbable organic halogen (AOX) concentrations increased under conditions that favor •OH reactions. The ratio of unknown to known AOX, however, was greater at conditions that promote direct O3 reactions. Although significant correlation was found between AOX and genotoxicity with the p53 bioassay, toxicity tests using 4 in vitro bioassays showed relatively low absolute differences between various ozonation conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glen Andrew De Vera
- The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel Stalter
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Brisbane, Queensland, 4108, Australia; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG), Überlandstrasse 133, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Gernjak
- The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre, Queensland, 4072, Australia; ICRA, Catalan Institute for Water Research, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H(2)O Building, Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Howard S Weinberg
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, 146A Rosenau Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
| | - Jurg Keller
- The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Maria José Farré
- The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre, Queensland, 4072, Australia; ICRA, Catalan Institute for Water Research, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H(2)O Building, Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ivančev-Tumbas I. The fate and importance of organics in drinking water treatment: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:11794-11810. [PMID: 24764012 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2894-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the pioneer days, the main driving forces for research of organics in drinking water treatment (DWT) were human health risks and optimisation of technology. The focus was on natural organic matter (NOM) structure, disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation, NOM removal by means of coagulation, adsorption, and oxidation, and development of the most efficient water treatment trains. Surprisingly, after decades of research, rapid development of analytical techniques and progress in risk assessment, the same driving forces are still in the limelight - although the topics have changed slightly. The attention switched from trihalomethanes to a new generation of DBPs. The definition of hydrophilic/hydrophobic NOM depends on the technique used for characterisation. It has become evident that numerous organic compounds can threaten water supply sources. Some of them had been ignored or overlooked in the past, but have recently been detected by advanced analytical tools even in drinking water. Prioritisation becomes priority per se. As far as processes are concerned, mainstream research has been following three lines: fouling mechanisms, application of hybrid processes and interactions between synthetic organic chemicals, other water constituents and materials used in DWT. Significant development has been made in membrane technology. This paper presents a broad overview of the recent organics research. Although the state-of-the-art technologies seem to have an answer to each and every question raised, it is still necessary to deal with specific problems on a case-by-case basis mainly due to the unique nature of NOM and different xenobiotics that may appear in various types of waters. In the end, human health risk, which derives from the presence/absence of organics, is only the tip of the iceberg - underneath lies a whole new universe - the socio-economic aspect of water treatment and quality that deserves much more attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Ivančev-Tumbas
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kordkandi SA, Forouzesh M. Application of full factorial design for methylene blue dye removal using heat-activated persulfate oxidation. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
10
|
Tubić A, Agbaba J, Dalmacija B, Molnar J, Maletić S, Watson M, Perović SU. Insight into changes during coagulation in NOM reactivity for trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids formation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2013; 118:153-160. [PMID: 23428464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter (NOM) in raw water can contribute in many ways to the poor quality of drinking water, including the formation of disinfection byproducts such as trihalomethanes (THM) and haloacetic acids (HAA) during disinfection. This paper investigates the role of individual NOM fractions on changes in THM and HAA formation during coagulation with iron chloride (FeCl3) and a combination of polyaluminium chloride and iron chloride (FeCl3/PACl). The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the raw water and after coagulation was fractionated into four fractions, based on their hydrophobicity. Fractionation showed that most of the DOC (68%) in the raw water comes from the fulvic acid fraction, yielding 41% of the total THM precursors and 21% of the total HAA precursors. Both coagulants remove the humic acid fraction, but result in different changes to the reactivity of the remaining NOM fractions towards THM and HAA formation, indicating that coagulation occurs by different pathways, depending upon the type of coagulant used. In particular, significant changes in the reactivities of the hydrophilic acidic and non-acidic fractions were observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Tubić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Giger W. International Conference on Chemistry and the Environment in Zurich. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:3061-3062. [PMID: 22875417 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
|