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Zheng C, Yang J, Wang Y, Ahmed W, Khan A, Li J, Weng J, Mehmood S, Li W. Comprehensive Assessment of Herbicide Toxicity on Navicula sp. Algae: Effects on Growth, Chlorophyll Content, Antioxidant System, and Lipid Metabolism. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:387. [PMID: 39330268 PMCID: PMC11433268 DOI: 10.3390/md22090387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of herbicide exposure on Navicula sp. (MASCC-0035) algae, focusing on growth density, chlorophyll content, antioxidant system, and lipid metabolism. Navicula cultures were exposed to different concentrations of atrazine (ATZ), glyphosate (Gly), and acetochlor (ACT) for 96 h. Results showed a significant decrease in cell numbers, with higher herbicide concentrations having the most noticeable impacts. For instance, Gly-G2 had reduced cell populations by 21.00% at 96 h. Chlorophyll content varied, with Gly having a greater impact on chlorophyll a compared to ATZ and ACT. Herbicide exposure also affected the antioxidant system, altering levels of soluble sugar, soluble protein, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Higher herbicide rates increased soluble sugar content (e.g., ATZ, Gly, and ACT-G2 had increased by 14.03%, 19.88%, and 19.83%, respectively, at 72 h) but decreased soluble protein content, notably in Gly-G2 by 11.40%, indicating cellular stress. Lipid metabolism analysis revealed complex responses, with changes in free proline, fatty acids, and lipase content, each herbicide exerting distinct effects. These findings highlight the multifaceted impacts of herbicide exposure on Navicula algae, emphasizing the need for further research to understand ecological implications and develop mitigation strategies for aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Zheng
- College of Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China
- Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China
- Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yunting Wang
- College of Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China
- Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Waqas Ahmed
- College of Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China
- Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Amir Khan
- Department of Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Jiannan Li
- College of Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China
- Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jiechang Weng
- Hainan Provincial Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Sajid Mehmood
- College of Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China
- Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Weidong Li
- College of Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China
- Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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Chen XW, Chen H, Zhao HL, Li DW, Ou LJ. Triazine herbicide reduced the toxicity of the harmful dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi by impairing its photosynthetic systems. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 269:115740. [PMID: 38042131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Triazine herbicides are common contaminants in coastal waters, and they are recognized as inhibitors of photosystem II, causing significant hinderance to the growth and reproduction of phytoplankton. However, the influence of these herbicides on microalgal toxin production remains unclear. This study aimed to examine this relationship by conducting a comprehensive physiological and 4D label-free quantitative proteomic analysis on the harmful dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi in the presence of the triazine herbicide dipropetryn. The findings demonstrated a significant decrease in photosynthetic activity and pigment content, as well as reduced levels of unsaturated fatty acids, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and hemolytic toxins in K. mikimotoi when exposed to dipropetryn. The proteomic analysis revealed a down-regulation in proteins associated with photosynthesis, ROS response, and energy metabolism, such as fatty acid biosynthesis, chlorophyll metabolism, and nitrogen metabolism. In contrast, an up-regulation of proteins related to energy-producing processes, such as fatty acid β-oxidation, glycolysis, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, was observed. This study demonstrated that dipropetryn disrupts the photosynthetic systems of K. mikimotoi, resulting in a notable decrease in algal toxin production. These findings provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of toxin production in toxigenic microalgae and explore the potential effect of herbicide pollution on harmful algal blooms in coastal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Wu Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heng Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Ling Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da-Wei Li
- College of Life Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Lin-Jian Ou
- College of Life Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China.
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Lin W, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Ke M, Lu T, Qian H. The mechanism of different cyanobacterial responses to glyphosate. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 125:258-265. [PMID: 36375911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate, the most extensively used herbicide globally, has raised ecotoxicological concerns because it can be transported into the aquatic environment and cause adverse effects on the aquatic system. However, the functional mechanism of glyphosate on cyanobacteria are not completely disentangled. In this study, we selected six common cyanobacteria to evaluate glyphosate effects on cyanobacterial growth in monoculture experiment. Results showed that the growth of five tested cyanobacterial species were promoted under different degrees, and only Pseudanabaena was inhibited by glyphosate. In the phylogenetic tree based on gene sequences of 5-enol-pyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), a target for glyphosate, we found that the position of Pseudanabaena is the closest to plant, which was sensitive to glyphosate, thereby explaining the inhibitory effect of Pseudanabaena following glyphosate exposure. The primary degraded metabolites or analogs did not induce cyanobacterial growth, laterally demonstrating that glyphosate was used as a source of phosphorus to accelerate cyanobacterial growth because phosphorus levels increased in the medium of glyphosate treatment. Overall, this study provides a better understanding of the influence of glyphosate on the composition of aquatic microbiota and explains the mechanism of cyanobacterial response to glyphosate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lin
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhenyan Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yiling Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Mingjing Ke
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Tao Lu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Haifeng Qian
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
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Chu L, Hou X, Song X, Zhao X. Toxicological effects of different ionic liquids on growth, photosynthetic pigments, oxidative stress, and ultrastructure of Nostoc punctiforme and the combined toxicity with heavy metals. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 298:134273. [PMID: 35276117 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs1) are used widely because of their excellent properties. However, their ecotoxicity for environment has aroused great concern. Here we studied, the toxicity of three ILs with different numbers of methyl substituents and anions as well as the combined effect of heavy metals to edible algae Nostoc punctiforme. The results show that fresh weight and chlorophyll content decreased, indicating that the growth and photosynthesis were adversely affected. Polysaccharides and soluble protein contents decreased, resulting in a reduced nutritional value of Nostoc punctiforme. ILs can produce many reactive oxygen species (ROS), which lead to increased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content. In order to remove excessive ROS, antioxidant enzymes activity is increased, but decreases under high IL concentration, because the structure and function of the enzymes became damaged. ILs cause stress to algae, as the cell ultrastructure is indicating by increased amounts of starch and osmiophilic globules. The combined action of heavy metals with ILs decreases the antioxidant enzymes activity and chlorophyll content, and increases the MDA content. The results show that the order of toxicity is [C8MIM]Cl >[C8MIM]Br> [C8DMIM]Br. The combination of heavy metals and ILs cause an increase of the toxicity to Nostoc punctiforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglong Chu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Hou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Xinshan Song
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Xiaoxiang Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
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Ameliorative effects of endogenous and exogenous indole-3-acetic acid on atrazine stressed paddy field cyanobacterial biofertilizer Cylindrospermum stagnale. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11175. [PMID: 35778433 PMCID: PMC9249835 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15415-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the world, paddy fields naturally harbour cyanobacteria that function as biofertilizers and secrete various compounds like Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) that help organisms in regulating their growth. Also, paddy field farming utilizes large amounts of pesticides (e.g. atrazine); but their continued application in the agricultural field causes toxicity in non-target cyanobacterial species that hinder their performance as a biofertilizer. Hence, the current study is an attempt to ameliorate the atrazine stress in cyanobacterium Cylindrospermum stagnale by addition of IAA (1 mM each) under different atrazine levels (0, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 µg/l). Atrazine toxicity affected C. stagnale in a dose-dependent manner further experiments revealed that both the exogenous and endogenous IAA mitigated the detrimental effects of atrazine. It reduced MDA content and simultaneously increased chlorophyll content, total protein content, and multiple antioxidant enzyme activities [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)] at 140 µg/l. A molecular docking study revealed that the pesticide binds to the D1 protein of the photoelectric chain in photosynthesis. Hence, the application of IAA or cyanobacterial biofertilizer that secretes a sufficient amount of IAA may assist sustainable agriculture in counteracting the atrazine toxicity.
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Sahraoui I, Melliti Ben Garali S, Chakroun Z, Gonzalez C, Pringault O, Sakka Hlaili A. Monoculture and co-culture tests of the toxicity of four typical herbicides on growth, photosynthesis and oxidative stress responses of the marine diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia mannii and Chaetoceros decipiens. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:700-713. [PMID: 35320470 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02535-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of four herbicides in mixture (alachlor, diuron, des-isopropyl-atrazine and simazine) on the growth and the photosynthesis parameters of two marine diatoms Pseudo-niszchia mannii and Chaetoceros decipiens have been investigated for 9 days in monoculture and co-culture tests. The catalase (CAT) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) were also monitored to assess the oxidative stress response. In single-species assays, while both species displayed no affected instantaneous growth rate by herbicides, their physiological responses were different. Chl a content of P. mannii significantly decreased upon herbicide exposure, due probably to pigment destruction or inhibition of their synthesis. This decrease was associated with a reduction in the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (ABS0/RC, TR0/RC, ET0/RC and DI0/RC). In contrast, C. decipiens maintained an effective photosynthetic performance under herbicide exposure, as Chl a per cell content and the specific energy fluxes per reaction center remained unchanged relative to control values. GPX activity was significantly higher in contaminated P. mannii and C. decipiens monocultures than in controls at early herbicide exposure (1 day), whereas a significant induction of CAT activity occurred later (from day 3 for C. decipiens and at day 9 for P. mannii) in response to herbicides. In control co-culture, P. mannii was eliminated by C. decipiens. As observed in the monoculture, the herbicides did not affect the photosynthetic performance of C. decipiens in co-culture, but significantly reduced its instantaneous growth rate. The oxidative stress response in co-culture has similar trends to that of C. decipiens in monoculture, but the interspecies competition likely resulted in higher CAT activity under herbicide exposure. Results of this study suggest that herbicide toxicity for marine diatoms might be amplified by interspecies interactions in natural communities, which might lead to different physiological and growth responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inès Sahraoui
- Laboratoire de Phytoplanctonologie et de Biologie végétale, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisie.
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Biologie et Physiologie des Organismes Aquatiques, LR18ES41, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie.
| | - Sondes Melliti Ben Garali
- Laboratoire de Phytoplanctonologie et de Biologie végétale, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisie
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Biologie et Physiologie des Organismes Aquatiques, LR18ES41, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Zoubaida Chakroun
- Laboratoire de Phytoplanctonologie et de Biologie végétale, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisie
| | | | - Olivier Pringault
- Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
- MARBEC Univ Montpellier, IRD, Ifremer, Montpellier, France
| | - Asma Sakka Hlaili
- Laboratoire de Phytoplanctonologie et de Biologie végétale, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisie
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Biologie et Physiologie des Organismes Aquatiques, LR18ES41, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie
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Sun L, Liu L, Wang Y, Feng Y, Yang W, Wang D, Gao S, Miao X, Sun W. Integration of Metabolomics and Transcriptomics for Investigating the Tolerance of Foxtail Millet ( Setaria italica) to Atrazine Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:890550. [PMID: 35755691 PMCID: PMC9226717 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.890550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) is a monotypic species widely planted in China. However, residual atrazine, a commonly used maize herbicide, in soil, is a major abiotic stress to millet. Here, we investigated atrazine tolerance in millet based on the field experiments, then obtained an atrazine-resistant variety (Gongai2, GA2) and an atrazine-sensitive variety (Longgu31, LG31). To examine the effects of atrazine on genes and metabolites in millet plants, we compared the transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles between GA2 and LG31 seedling leaves. The results showed that 2,208 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; 501 upregulated, 1,707 downregulated) and 192 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs; 82 upregulated, 110 downregulate) were identified in atrazine-treated GA2, while in atrazine-treated LG31, 1,773 DEGs (761 upregulated, 1,012 downregulated) and 215 DEMs (95 upregulated, 120 downregulated) were identified. The bioinformatics analysis of DEGs and DEMs showed that many biosynthetic metabolism pathways were significantly enriched in GA2 and LG31, such as glutathione metabolism (oxiglutatione, γ-glutamylcysteine; GSTU6, GSTU1, GSTF1), amino acid biosynthesis (L-cysteine, N-acetyl-L-glutamic acid; ArgB, GS, hisC, POX1), and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis [trans-5-o-(4-coumaroyl)shikimate; HST, C3'H]. Meanwhile, the co-expression analysis indicated that GA2 plants had enhanced atrazine tolerance owing to improved glutathione metabolism and proline biosynthesis, and the enrichment of scopoletin may help LG31 plants resist atrazine stress. Herein, we screened an atrazine-resistant millet variety and generated valuable information that may deepen our understanding of the complex molecular mechanism underlying the response to atrazine stress in millet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Improvement and Cultivation in Cold Regions, Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Green Agriculture of Northeast Plain in Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agronomy College of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Libin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Improvement and Cultivation in Cold Regions, Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Green Agriculture of Northeast Plain in Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agronomy College of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Improvement and Cultivation in Cold Regions, Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Green Agriculture of Northeast Plain in Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agronomy College of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yanfei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Improvement and Cultivation in Cold Regions, Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Green Agriculture of Northeast Plain in Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agronomy College of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Improvement and Cultivation in Cold Regions, Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Green Agriculture of Northeast Plain in Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agronomy College of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Di Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Improvement and Cultivation in Cold Regions, Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Green Agriculture of Northeast Plain in Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agronomy College of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Shuren Gao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Improvement and Cultivation in Cold Regions, Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Green Agriculture of Northeast Plain in Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agronomy College of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Xingfen Miao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Improvement and Cultivation in Cold Regions, Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Green Agriculture of Northeast Plain in Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agronomy College of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Wentao Sun
- Heilongjiang HYHC Company, Daqing, China
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The Growth, physiological and biochemical response of foxtail millet to atrazine herbicide. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:6471-6479. [PMID: 34759756 PMCID: PMC8568712 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxtail millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) is a vital crop that is planted as food and fodder crop around the globe. There is only limited information is present for abiotic stresses on the physiological responses to atrazine. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different atrazine dosages on the growth, fluorescence and physiological parameters i.e., malonaldehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (H2O2 and O2) in the leaves to know the extent of atrazine on oxidative damage of foxtail millet. Our experiment consisted of 0, 2.5, 12.5, 22.5 and 32.5 (mg/kg) of labeled atrazine doses on 2 foxtaill millet varieties. High doses of atrazine significantly enhanced ROS and MDA synthesis in the plant leaves. Enzymes activities like ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POD) activities enhanced, while catalase (CAD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities reduced with increasing atrazine concentrations. Finally atrazine doses at 32.5 mg/kg reduced chlorophyll contents, while chlorophyll (a/b) ratio also enhanced. Biomass, plant height, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, minimal and maximal fluorescence (Fo, Fm), maximum and actual quantum yield, photochemical quenching coefficient, and electron transport rate are decreased with increasing atrazine doses.
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Lee H, Depuydt S, Shin K, Choi S, Kim G, Lee YH, Park JT, Han T, Park J. Assessment of Various Toxicity Endpoints in Duckweed ( Lemna minor) at the Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Levels as a Measure of Diuron Stress. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070684. [PMID: 34356539 PMCID: PMC8301316 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The common, broad-spectrum herbicide diuron poses some risks to the environment due to its long persistence and high toxicity. Therefore, the effective monitoring of diuron residues will inform efforts to assess its impacts on ecosystems. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity targets of diuron in the model aquatic macrophyte Lemna minor at the physiological (growth and photosynthetic efficiency), biochemical (pigment biosynthesis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels), and molecular (rbcL transcript) levels. The toxicity of diuron was detectable after 48 h of exposure and the order of sensitivity of toxicity endpoints was gene transcription > maximum electron transport rate (ETRmax) > non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) > maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) > ROS > fresh weight > chlorophyll b > chlorophyll a > total frond area > carotenoids. Under diuron stress, pigment, ROS, and gene transcript levels increased while frond area, fresh weight, and photosynthesis (Fv/Fm and ETRmax) gradually decreased with the increasing duration of exposure. Notably, ROS levels, Fv/Fm, frond area, and fresh weight were highly correlated with diuron concentration. The growth endpoints (frond area and fresh weight) showed a strong negative correlation with ROS levels and a positive correlation with Fv/Fm and ETRmax. These findings shed light on the relative sensitivity of different endpoints for the assessment of diuron toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojun Lee
- Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Korea; (H.L.); (S.C.); (G.K.); (T.H.)
- Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5 Songdomunhwa-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Korea;
| | - Stephen Depuydt
- Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5 Songdomunhwa-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Korea;
| | - Kisik Shin
- Water Environmental Engineering Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Korea;
| | - Soyeon Choi
- Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Korea; (H.L.); (S.C.); (G.K.); (T.H.)
| | - Geonhee Kim
- Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Korea; (H.L.); (S.C.); (G.K.); (T.H.)
| | - Yun Haeng Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Korea; (Y.H.L.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Joon Tae Park
- Division of Life Sciences, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Korea; (Y.H.L.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Taejun Han
- Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Korea; (H.L.); (S.C.); (G.K.); (T.H.)
- Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5 Songdomunhwa-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Korea;
| | - Jihae Park
- Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5 Songdomunhwa-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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Wu N, Tong M, Gou S, Zeng W, Xu Z, Jiang T. Hemolytic Activity in Relation to the Photosynthetic System in Chattonella marina and Chattonella ovata. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:336. [PMID: 34204792 PMCID: PMC8231601 DOI: 10.3390/md19060336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chattonella species, C. marina and C. ovata, are harmful raphidophycean flagellates known to have hemolytic effects on many marine organisms and resulting in massive ecological damage worldwide. However, knowledge of the toxigenic mechanism of these ichthyotoxic flagellates is still limited. Light was reported to be responsible for the hemolytic activity (HA) of Chattonella species. Therefore, the response of photoprotective, photosynthetic accessory pigments, the photosystem II (PSII) electron transport chain, as well as HA were investigated in non-axenic C. marina and C. ovata cultures under variable environmental conditions (light, iron and addition of photosynthetic inhibitors). HA and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were quantified using erythrocytes and pHPA assay. Results confirmed that% HA of Chattonella was initiated by light, but was not always elicited during cell division. Exponential growth of C. marina and C. ovata under the light over 100 µmol m-2 s-1 or iron-sufficient conditions elicited high hemolytic activity. Inhibitors of PSII reduced the HA of C. marina, but had no effect on C. ovata. The toxicological response indicated that HA in Chattonella was not associated with the photoprotective system, i.e., xanthophyll cycle and regulation of reactive oxygen species, nor the PSII electron transport chain, but most likely occurred during energy transport through the light-harvesting antenna pigments. A positive, highly significant relationship between HA and chlorophyll (chl) biosynthesis pigments, especially chl c2 and chl a, in both species, indicated that hemolytic toxin may be generated during electron/energy transfer through the chl c2 biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Wu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Research Center of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (N.W.); (S.G.); (W.Z.)
- South China Sea Institute of Planning and Environmental Research, State Oceanic Administration, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Mengmeng Tong
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China;
| | - Siyu Gou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Research Center of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (N.W.); (S.G.); (W.Z.)
| | - Weiji Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Research Center of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (N.W.); (S.G.); (W.Z.)
| | - Zhuoyun Xu
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China;
| | - Tianjiu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Research Center of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (N.W.); (S.G.); (W.Z.)
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11
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Prolonged atrazine exposure beginning in utero and adult uterine morphology in mice. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2021; 13:39-48. [PMID: 33781367 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174421000106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Through drinking water, humans are commonly exposed to atrazine, a herbicide that acts as an endocrine and metabolic disruptor. It interferes with steroidogenesis, including promoting oestrogen production and altering cell metabolism. However, its precise impact on uterine development remains unknown. This study aimed to determine the effect of prolonged atrazine exposure on the uterus. Pregnant mice (n = 5/group) received 5 mg/kg body weight/day atrazine or DMSO in drinking water from gestational day 9.5 until weaning. Offspring continued to be exposed until 3 or 6 months of age (n = 5-9/group), when uteri were collected for morphological and molecular analyses and steroid quantification. Endometrial hyperplasia and leiomyoma were evident in the uteri of atrazine-exposed mice. Uterine oestrogen concentration, oestrogen receptor expression, and localisation were similar between groups, at both ages (P > 0.1). The expression and localisation of key epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) genes and proteins, critical for tumourigenesis, remained unchanged between treatments, at both ages (P > 0.1). Hence, oestrogen-mediated changes to established EMT markers do not appear to underlie abnormal uterine morphology evident in atrazine exposure mice. This is the first report of abnormal uterine morphology following prolonged atrazine exposure starting in utero, it is likely that the abnormalities identified would negatively affect female fertility, although mechanisms remain unknown and require further study.
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12
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Kim H, Wang H, Ki JS. Chloroacetanilides inhibit photosynthesis and disrupt the thylakoid membranes of the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum as revealed with metazachlor treatment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 211:111928. [PMID: 33476845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The chloroacetanilides are among the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, which contaminate aquatic environments and affect aquatic phototrophs. Their sub-lethal toxicity has been evaluated using freshwater algae; however, the modes of cellular toxicity and levels of toxicity to marine organisms are not fully understood. In the present study, we assessed the cellular and molecular effects of chloroacetanilides on marine phototrophs using the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum and the herbicide metazachlor (MZC). The MZC treatment led to a considerable reduction in cell number and pigment, and the EC50 of MZC was calculated to be 0.647 mg/L. The photosynthetic parameters, Fv/Fm and chlorophyll fluorescence significantly decreased with MZC exposure time in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, MZC significantly induced photosynthesis genes, including PmpsbA, PmpsaA, and PmatpB, and the antioxidant PmGST, but not PmKatG. These findings were well matched to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in MZC-treated cells. Interestingly, we observed inflated vacuoles, undivided chloroplasts, and breakdown of thylakoid membranes in MZC-treated cells. These results support the hypothesis that MZC severely damages chloroplasts, resulting in dysfunction of the dinoflagellate photosynthesis and possibly marine phototrophs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansol Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, South Korea
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, South Korea
| | - Jang-Seu Ki
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, South Korea.
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13
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Vieira LAJ, Alves RDFB, Menezes-Silva PE, Mendonça MAC, Silva MLF, Silva MCAP, Sousa LF, Loram-Lourenço L, Alves da Silva A, Costa AC, Silva FG, Farnese FS. Water contamination with atrazine: is nitric oxide able to improve Pistia stratiotes phytoremediation capacity? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:115971. [PMID: 33218778 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine is an herbicide commonly used in several countries. Due to its long half-life, associated with its use in large scales, atrazine residues remain as environmental pollutants in water bodies. Phytoremediation is often pointed out as an interesting approach to remove atrazine from the aquatic environment, but its practical application is limited by the high toxicity of this herbicide. Here, we characterize the damages triggered by atrazine in Pistia stratiotes, evaluating the role of nitric oxide (NO), a cell-signaling molecule, in increasing the tolerance to the pollutant and the phytoremediation potential of this species. Pistia stratiotes plants were exposed to four treatments: Control; Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (0.05 mg L-1); Atrazine (ATZ) (150 μg L-1) and ATZ + SNP. The plants remained under those conditions for 24 h for biochemical and physiological analysis and 3 days for the evaluation of relative growth rate. The presence of atrazine in plant cells triggered a series of biochemical and physiological damages, such as the increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species, damages to cell membranes, photosynthesis impairment, and negative carbon balance. Despite this, the plants maintained greater growth rates than other aquatic macrophytes exposed to atrazine and showed high bioconcentration and translocation factors. The addition of SNP, a NO donor, decreased the herbicide toxicity, with an increase of over 60% in the IC50 value (Inhibitor Concentration). Indeed, the NO signaling action was able to increase the tolerance of plants to atrazine, which resulted in increments in pollutant uptake and translocation, with the maintenance of overall cell (e.g. membranes) and organs (root system) structure, and the functioning of central physiological processes (e.g. photosynthesis). These factors allowed for more quickly and efficient removal of the pollutant from the environment, reducing costs, and increasing the viability of the phytoremediation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena A J Vieira
- Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, GO, 75.901-970, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria A C Mendonça
- Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, GO, 75.901-970, Brazil
| | - Maria L F Silva
- Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, GO, 75.901-970, Brazil
| | - Maria C A P Silva
- Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, GO, 75.901-970, Brazil
| | - Leticia F Sousa
- Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, GO, 75.901-970, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alan Carlos Costa
- Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, GO, 75.901-970, Brazil
| | - Fabiano G Silva
- Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, GO, 75.901-970, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S Farnese
- Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, GO, 75.901-970, Brazil.
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14
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Míguez L, Esperanza M, Seoane M, Cid Á. Assessment of cytotoxicity biomarkers on the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii exposed to emerging and priority pollutants. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111646. [PMID: 33396166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of aquatic ecosystems linked to anthropogenic activity is currently a major concern; therefore, ecotoxicological studies are needed to assess its effect on organisms. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different pollutants on microalgae in search of sensitive biomarkers that can promote a common cytotoxic response regardless of the contaminant. Cultures of the freshwater microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were exposed for 24 h to four chemicals, three emerging pollutants (benzophenone-3, bisphenol A and oxytetracycline) and one priority substance (atrazine). A cytometric panel was carried out to assess toxicity biomarkers including cellular growth, inherent cell properties, viability, vitality, cytoplasmic membrane potential and ROS levels. Lipid peroxidation, photosynthetic efficiency and transcriptional responses of photosynthesis- and oxidative stress-related genes using RT-qPCR were also studied. Some toxicity responses showed a similar pattern; a decrease in growth rate, vitality and photosynthetic efficiency and an increase in autofluorescence and in the number of cells with depolarised cytoplasmic membrane and were found for all chemicals tested. However, ATZ and OTC provoked a decrease in cell size, whereas BP-3 and BPA caused an increase in cell size, intracellular complexity and ROS levels and a decrease in cell viability. Assayed pollutants generally promoted an overexpression of genes related to cellular antioxidant defence system and a subexpression of photosynthesis-related genes. In addition to the traditional growth endpoint, cell vitality, autofluorescence and gene expression of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and Fe-superoxide dismutase were significantly affected for all chemicals tested, showing a common cytotoxic response. Among the tested substances, BP-3 provoked the strongest cytotoxic alterations on this microalga, pointing out that some emerging contaminants could be more harmful to organisms than priority pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Míguez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Marta Esperanza
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Marta Seoane
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ángeles Cid
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain.
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15
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Aguiar LM, Souza MDF, de Laia ML, de Oliveira Melo J, da Costa MR, Gonçalves JF, Silva DV, Dos Santos JB. Metagenomic analysis reveals mechanisms of atrazine biodegradation promoted by tree species. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115636. [PMID: 33254605 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metagenomics has provided the discovery of genes and metabolic pathways involved in the degradation of xenobiotics. Some microorganisms can metabolize these compounds, potentiating phytoremediation in association with plant. This study aimed to study the metagenome and the occurrence of atrazine degradation genes in rhizospheric soils of the phytoremediation species Inga striata and Caesalphinea ferrea. The genera of microorganisms predominant in the rhizospheric soils of I. striata and C. ferrea were Mycobacterium, Conexibacter, Bradyrhizobium, Solirubrobacter, Rhodoplanes, Streptomyces, Geothrix, Gaiella, Nitrospira, and Haliangium. The atzD, atzE, and atzF genes were detected in the rhizospheric soils of I. striata and atzE and atzF in the rhizospheric soils of C. ferrea. The rhizodegradation by both tree species accelerates the degradation of atrazine residues, eliminating toxic effects on plants highly sensitive to this herbicide. This is the first report for the species Agrobacterium rhizogenes and Candidatus Muproteobacteria bacterium and Micromonospora genera as atrazine degraders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Monteiro Aguiar
- Plant Production Department, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Matheus de Freitas Souza
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Luiz de Laia
- Department of Forest Engineering, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Janaína de Oliveira Melo
- Department of Basic Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Márcia Regina da Costa
- Plant Production Department, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Janaína Fernandes Gonçalves
- Department of Forest Engineering, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel Valadão Silva
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - José Barbosa Dos Santos
- Plant Production Department, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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16
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Harper AP, Finger BJ, Green MP. Chronic Atrazine Exposure Beginning Prenatally Impacts Liver Function and Sperm Concentration With Multi-Generational Consequences in Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:580124. [PMID: 33324343 PMCID: PMC7726345 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.580124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrazine is a commonly used herbicide frequently detected in waterways and drinking water around the world. Worryingly, atrazine is an endocrine and metabolic disruptor but there is a lack of research regarding the effects of long-term exposure beginning in utero. In this study we investigated how chronic exposure to atrazine (5 mg/kg bw/day) in drinking water from E9.5 until 12 or 26 weeks of age affected metabolic and reproductive characteristics in male mice. We then examined whether mating these males to unexposed females altered in vitro embryo characteristics. Atrazine exposure caused a decrease in liver weight and changes in both liver and testis gene expression, specifically in genes involved in lipid uptake and fatty acid metabolism in the liver, as well as androgen conversion in the testis. Notably, atrazine exposure decreased epididymal sperm concentration and subsequent embryo cell numbers generated from the 12-week cohort males. Collectively, these data suggest that atrazine exposure, beginning prenatally, affects both metabolic and reproductive characteristics, and highlights the importance of assessing atrazine effects at different life stages and over multiple generations. The continued widespread use of atrazine warrants further studies, as it is essential to understand the health risks for all species, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark P. Green
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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17
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Jiang Z, Jiang D, Zhou Q, Zheng Z, Cao B, Meng Q, Qu J, Wang Y, Zhang Y. Enhancing the atrazine tolerance of Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum by inoculating with indole-3-acetic acid producing strain Pseudomonas chlororaphis PAS18. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 202:110854. [PMID: 32585484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine as a kind of herbicide could cause damage to the sensitive plants. Though plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have been proven with the potential to enhance the resistance of plants against various abiotic stresses, whether it could alleviate phytotoxicity caused by atrazine is sill unclear. In present study, the effects of strain Pseudomonas chlororaphis PAS18, a kind of PGPR enable to produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), on the growth and physiological responses of Pennisetum americanum (L.) K.Schum seedlings were investigated under three different levels (0, 20 and 100 mg kg-1) of atrazine in pot experiment. The results suggest that strain PAS18 could alleviate the growth and physiological interference caused by 20 mg kg-1 of atrazine. Physiological analysis showed strain PAS18 could further decrease the damaged extent of photosystem II, superoxide radical level and malondialdehyde content of test plant via up-regulating psbA expression, enhancing superoxide dismutase activity and reducing atrazine accumulation in the test plant. Moreover, ion flux measurements suggest that IAA could alleviate the Ca2+ exflux state of the test plant which caused by atrazine stress. Hence, it is plausible that strain PAS18 could alleviate atrazine-induced stress to P. americanum by enhancing the photosystem II repair and antioxidant defense ability as well as balancing the Ca2+ flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Jiang
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Duo Jiang
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Qihang Zhou
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Bo Cao
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Qingjuan Meng
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Jianhua Qu
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yifan Wang
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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18
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Kim H, Wang H, Abassi S, Ki JS. The herbicide alachlor severely affects photosystem function and photosynthetic gene expression in the marine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2020; 55:620-629. [PMID: 32364417 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1755198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Alachlor is one of the most widely used herbicides and can remain in agricultural soils and wastewater. The toxicity of alachlor to marine life has been rarely studied; therefore, we evaluated the physiological and transcriptional responses in the marine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum. The herbicide led to considerable decreases in P. minimum cell numbers and pigment contents. The EC50 was determined to be 0.373 mg/L. Photosynthesis efficiency and chlorophyll autofluorescence dramatically decreased with increasing alachlor dose and exposure time. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the photosynthesis-related genes PmpsbA, PmatpB, and PmrbcL were induced the most by alachlor; the transcriptional level of each gene varied with time. PmrbcL expression increased after 30 min of alachlor treatment, whereas PmatpB and PmpsbA increased after 24 h. The PmpsbA expression level was highest (5.0 times compared to control) after 6 h of alachlor treatment. There was no significant change in PmpsaA expression with varying treatment time or concentration. Additionally, there was no notable change in the expression of antioxidant genes PmGST and PmKatG, or in ROS accumulation. These suggest that alachlor may affect microalgal photosystem function, with little oxidative stress, causing severe physiological damage to the cells, and even cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansol Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sofia Abassi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jang-Seu Ki
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul, South Korea
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19
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Cook LE, Finger BJ, Green MP, Pask AJ. Exposure to atrazine during puberty reduces sperm viability, increases weight gain and alters the expression of key metabolic genes in the liver of male mice. Reprod Fertil Dev 2020; 31:920-931. [PMID: 30636190 DOI: 10.1071/rd18505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrazine (ATZ) is one of the most widely used herbicides worldwide and is a common contaminant in human drinking water. It disrupts metabolic pathways in plants, and has metabolic and reproductive effects in vertebrates, including humans. Few studies have investigated the effects of exposure to low doses of ATZ, especially during sexual development in males. In this study, we exposed C57BL/6J male mice from weaning for 8 weeks to drinking water containing 0.5mgkg-1 bodyweight (BW) day-1 ATZ, the 'no observed effect' level used by the Australian government, or a 10-fold higher dose (5mgkg-1 BW day-1). Mice treated with the low dose of ATZ showed increased total and cumulative weight gain. At 12 weeks of age, there was a significant increase in the percentage of dead spermatozoa in both ATZ-exposed groups, as well as decreased epididymal sperm motility in the low-dose ATZ group. Significant changes in testis and liver gene expression were also observed following ATZ exposure. These data demonstrate that a low dose of ATZ can perturb metabolic and reproductive characteristics in male mice. A chronic reduction in sperm quality and increased weight gain could have negative consequences on the reproductive capacity of males, and further studies should consider the effects of long-term ATZ exposure on male reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Cook
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic. 3010, Australia
| | - Bethany J Finger
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic. 3010, Australia
| | - Mark P Green
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic. 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew J Pask
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic. 3010, Australia
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20
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Chen B, Xue C, Amoah PK, Li D, Gao K, Deng X. Impacts of four ionic liquids exposure on a marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum at physiological and biochemical levels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 665:492-501. [PMID: 30776620 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing applications in various industrial areas, toxicity of ionic liquids (ILs) has gained much attention in recent years. In this work, 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate ([C8mim]NO3), 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C8mim]Cl), N-octyl-3-metylpyridinium chloride ([C8mpy]Cl) and N-octyl-3-metylpyridinium bromide ([C8mpy]Br) were used to investigate the impacts of different types of cations and anions on their toxicity to a marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Results showed that the four ILs had poor degradability under the culture conditions used in this study, and significantly inhibited the growth of this diatom with 96-h EC50 values of 24.0, 33.6, 16.1 and 14.4mgL-1 for [C8mim]NO3, [C8mim]Cl, [C8mpy]Cl and [C8mpy]Br, respectively. The data indicated that types of cations and anions would affect the toxicity of ILs to this diatom. Additionally, photosynthesis of this diatom was inhibited because significant decrease of chlorophyll a content and damage of PSII reaction centers were observed when it was exposed to the four ILs. Remarkable physiological and biochemical responses occurred in the cells of this diatom to alleviate the damaging effects of the four ILs. For example, content of soluble protein and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the cells of this diatom increased significantly to form a protective mechanism against the toxicity of ILs, although they decreased in the cultures with high concentrations of ILs (≥20mgL-1). Thus, these results would not only provide strong evidences for evaluating the ecological risks and toxicity of ILs to marine ecosystem, but also help for understanding their toxic mechanisms to marine diatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunye Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Philip Kwabena Amoah
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyuan Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Du B, Zhang Z, Liu W, Ye Y, Lu T, Zhou Z, Li Y, Fu Z, Qian H. Acute toxicity of the fungicide azoxystrobin on the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 168:72-79. [PMID: 30384169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Azoxystrobin (AZ) is an effective broad-spectrum fungicide. Due to its extensive application, AZ is detectable in aquatic ecosystems and thus influences aquatic organisms. In this study, the acute toxicity (96 h) of AZ at concentrations of 1.0 mg/L and 5.0 mg/L on the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum were examined. At the tested concentrations, AZ significantly inhibited P. tricornutum growth and destroyed its cellular structure. Furthermore, the mechanisms of AZ-induced toxicity on P. tricornutum changed as the exposure time extended. Forty-eight hours after exposure, AZ inhibited P. tricornutum growth primarily via inducing oxidative stress, which increased the activity of two main antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase, and inhibited energy metabolism. However, after 96 h of treatment, the decline in the photosynthetic capacity of P. tricornutum demonstrated that the photosystem was the main AZ target. The pigment content and expression levels of genes related to photosynthetic electron transfer reactions were also significantly decreased. The present study describes AZ toxicity in P. tricornutum and is very valuable for assessing the environmental risk of AZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benben Du
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Zhenyan Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Wanyue Liu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Bioremediation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, PR China
| | - Yizhi Ye
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Tao Lu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Zhigao Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Zhanyu Fu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Haifeng Qian
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Bioremediation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, PR China.
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22
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Fan X, Chang W, Feng F, Song F. Responses of photosynthesis-related parameters and chloroplast ultrastructure to atrazine in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 166:102-108. [PMID: 30253284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine is an ingredient in photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides and has been widely used to combat weeds in farmland. However, most atrazine that is applied fails to degrade in the soil and subsequently affects non-target plants. In this study, we investigated the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Funneliformis mosseae on the photosynthesis-related parameters, chlorophyll content, and chloroplast ultrastructure in alfalfa plants, some of which had been exposed to atrazine. Our results showed that the percentage of AMF hyphal colonization reached 91.23% 35 days after the alfalfa was planted, which suggests a symbiotic relationship between F. mosseae and alfalfa roots. F. mosseae alleviated the inhibition of net photosynthesis and stomatal function significantly in alfalfa exposed to atrazine for 24 h. A chlorophyll fluorescence analysis revealed that F. mosseae prevented a major reduction in the performance of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry in the presence of atrazine, such as the relative decrease of Fv/Fm between the non-mycorrhizal and F. mosseae mycorrhizal treatments was 4.4% and 5.8% after 24 and 48 h of atrazine exposure time. However, F. mosseae has no significant alleviation on a sharp reduction in the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid content in alfalfa exposed to atrazine. For the chloroplast ultrastructure in alfalfa exposed to atrazine, the number of both plastoglobules and partial granal stacks was greater in the presence of F. mosseae. In general, our results indicate that the F. mosseae inoculation was beneficial to sustain photosynthesis-related performance, such as net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, the maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) and effective quantum yield (ΦPSII) of PSII photochemistry in alfalfa after exposure to atrazine, because the mycorrhizal alfalfa had a greater number of plastoglobules and granal stacks in the chloroplast, thereby enhancing its resistance to the oxidative damage induced by atrazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Fan
- Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150500, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Wei Chang
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150500, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Fujuan Feng
- Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Fuqiang Song
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150500, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China.
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23
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Toledo-Jaldin HP, Blanco-Flores A, Sánchez-Mendieta V, Martín-Hernández O. Influence of the chain length of surfactant in the modification of zeolites and clays. Removal of atrazine from water solutions. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2018; 39:2679-2690. [PMID: 28783007 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1365097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Removal potentials of a surfactant modified zeolite (SMZ) and clay (SMC) for atrazine adsorption were evaluated. Materials were modified with hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (HDTMA-Br) and benzyl octadecyl dimethyl ammonium (BODA) chloride considering the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of each one (0.94 and 0.041 meq/L, respectively). The influence of the surfactant was analyzed in detail, particularly the formation of surfactant layers (complete or partial) connected with the length of the surfactant tail (16 and 18 methyl groups or number of carbons in the chain). Raw materials were characterized by XRD and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), SMZ and SMC were analyzed by FTIR. Results obtained from kinetic adsorption experiments shown that equilibrium time is less for materials modified with HDTMA (8 h) than materials with BODA (10 and 12 h). Materials modified with the largest chain surfactant (BODA) showed more resistance to atrazine masse transference. The chemisorption was presented in the adsorption mechanisms of atrazine and adsorbent materials. Based on the results of adsorption isotherms Langmuir isotherms showed the better correlation coefficients value. The qmax is greater for materials modified with BODA (0.9232 and 4.2448 mg/g) than for materials modified with HDTMA (0.6731 and 3.9121 mg/g). Therefore, SMZ and SMC modified with the largest chain surfactant has more affinity for the pesticide. The removal process at high concentration of atrazine depends of the partition process but at lower concentration, it occurs not only by this process but also by absorption process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Paola Toledo-Jaldin
- a Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México , Toluca , Estado de México , México
| | - Alien Blanco-Flores
- b División de Mecánica , Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Tianguistenco , Santiago Tianguistenco , Estado de México , México
| | - Víctor Sánchez-Mendieta
- c Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM , Toluca , Estado de México , México
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24
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Esteves SM, Almeida SFP, Gonçalves S, Rimet F, Bouchez A, Figueira E. Sensitive vs. tolerant Nitzschia palea (Kützing) W. Smith strains to atrazine: a biochemical perspective. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 27:860-870. [PMID: 29909543 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-1953-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic contaminants, and herbicides in particular, represent a risk for aquatic ecosystems. The primary target of herbicides are producers, the base of food webs, but frequently they end up far from the application point affecting non-target species. Its presence can work as sub-lethal stimulus, which sort the genetic and phenotypic differences within a species. Intraspecific variation allows adaptation to changes in the environment but also to new niches due to variations in species' sensitivity and biochemical response to a certain chemical. A better understanding of these variations can lead to the development of improved strategies for ecosystem protection. This research aimed to compare a sensitive and a tolerant strain of the freshwater diatom Nitzschia palea to atrazine. Strains were exposed to three concentrations within their tolerance range, during 96 h. The activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferases and glutathione peroxidases was determined. In addition, chlorophylls a and c, carotenoids, reduced glutathione, proteins and lipid peroxidation were quantified. Both strains displayed different strategies to deal with atrazine toxicity: while the sensitive strain decreased the oxidative stress, increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, the tolerant strain invested in conjugation pathways and carotenoids' maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Esteves
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environment and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - S F P Almeida
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- GeoBioTec - GeoBioSciences, GeoTechnologies and GeoEngineering Research Centre, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - S Gonçalves
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - F Rimet
- UMR CARRTEL, INRA, USMB, 74203, Thonon, France
| | - A Bouchez
- UMR CARRTEL, INRA, USMB, 74203, Thonon, France
| | - E Figueira
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
- CESAM, Centre for Environment and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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25
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Erinle KO, Jiang Z, Ma B, Ur-Rehman K, Shahla A, Zhang Y. Physiological and molecular responses of pearl millet seedling to atrazine stress. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2018; 20:343-351. [PMID: 29584472 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2017.1393385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pearl millet has been recommended beneficial for several therapeutic purposes. However, little is known of the physiological responses to abiotic stressors, especially of atrazine. In order to elucidate the physiological and molecular responses of pearl millet to atrazine stress, we studied the response of various biomarkers under increasing herbicide concentrations (0, 5, 10, and 50 mg/kg). We also quantified the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (H2O2 and O2•-) produced in the leaves to evaluate the extent of oxidative damage. Increasing atrazine concentrations significantly increased ROS and MDA production in the plant leaves. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POD) activities increased, while catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase activities reduced with increasing atrazine concentrations. Generally, atrazine applied at 50 mg/kg suppressed chlorophyll contents, whereas, chlorophyll (a/b) ratio was increased. Atrazine applied at 50 mg/kg significantly suppressed antioxidant gene expressions to the lowest. The APX gene showed overall low response to the atrazine treatments. The chloroplastic psbA gene showed highest expression with 10 mg/kg atrazine, whereas atrazine at 50 mg/kg significantly suppressed the gene expression to its lowest. Pearl millet was able to suppress oxidative stress under low atrazine levels, but high atrazine concentration could induce more oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde O Erinle
- a School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , PR China
- b Waite Institute, University of Adelaide , PMB 5005 South Australia , Australia
| | - Zhao Jiang
- a School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , PR China
| | - Bingbing Ma
- a School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , PR China
| | - Khalil Ur-Rehman
- a School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , PR China
| | - Andleeb Shahla
- a School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- a School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , PR China
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26
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Zhu Y, Xu J, Lu T, Zhang M, Ke M, Fu Z, Pan X, Qian H. A comparison of the effects of copper nanoparticles and copper sulfate on Phaeodactylum tricornutum physiology and transcription. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 56:43-49. [PMID: 28881226 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) have been used in a broad range of applications. However, they are inevitably released into the marine environment, making it necessary to evaluate their potential effects on marine phytoplankton. In this study, the short-term (96h) effects of CuNPs and CuSO4 on Phacodactylum tricornutum growth, photosynthesis, reactive oxygen species production and transcription were assessed. It was found that high concentrations (40μM) of CuNPs and CuSO4 significantly inhibited the growth, photosynthesis and induced oxidative stress of P. tricornutum, while lower concentrations caused a hormetic response as indicated by a slight stimulation in algal growth. The high percentage of dissolved Cu (78-100%) in culture medium suggested that the dissolved Cu was the main driver of toxicity during CuNPs treatment. The algal cells upregulated electron transport chain-related genes to produce more energy and restore photosynthesis after 96h of treatment with CuNPs and CuSO4. This study delineates the cellular mechanism behind the toxicity of CuNPs and CuSO4 on marine diatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youchao Zhu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Tao Lu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Meng Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Mingjing Ke
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Xiangliang Pan
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Haifeng Qian
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China.
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27
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Erinle KO, Jiang Z, Ma B, Li J, Chen Y, Ur-Rehman K, Shahla A, Zhang Y. Exogenous calcium induces tolerance to atrazine stress in Pennisetum seedlings and promotes photosynthetic activity, antioxidant enzymes and psbA gene transcripts. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 132:403-12. [PMID: 27391035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca) has been reported to lessen oxidative damages in plants by upregulating the activities of antioxidant enzymes. However, atrazine mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) reduction by Ca is limited. This study therefore investigated the effect of exogenously applied Ca on ROS, antioxidants activity and gene transcripts, the D1 protein (psbA gene), and chlorophyll contents in Pennisetum seedlings pre-treated with atrazine. Atrazine toxicity increased ROS production and enzyme activities (ascorbate peroxidase APX, peroxidase POD, Superoxide dismutase SOD, glutathione-S-transferase GST); but decreased antioxidants (APX, POD, and Cu/Zn SOD) and psbA gene transcripts. Atrazine also decreased the chlorophyll contents, but increased chlorophyll (a/b) ratio. Contrarily, Ca application to atrazine pre-treated seedlings lowered the harmful effects of atrazine by reducing ROS levels, but enhancing the accumulation of total chlorophyll contents. Ca-protected seedlings in the presence of atrazine manifested reduced APX and POD activity, whereas SOD and GST activity was further increased with Ca application. Antioxidant gene transcripts that were down-regulated by atrazine toxicity were up-regulated with the application of Ca. Calcium application also resulted in up-regulation of the D1 protein. In conclusion, ability of calcium to reverse atrazine-induced oxidative damage and calcium regulatory role on GST in Pennisetum was presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde Olajide Erinle
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Zhao Jiang
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Bingbing Ma
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Jinmei Li
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yukun Chen
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Khalil Ur-Rehman
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Andleeb Shahla
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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28
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Transcriptome analysis of Glomus mosseae/Medicago sativa mycorrhiza on atrazine stress. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20245. [PMID: 26833403 PMCID: PMC4735738 DOI: 10.1038/srep20245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) protect host plants against diverse biotic and abiotic stresses, and promote biodegradation of various contaminants. In this study effect of Glomus mosseae/Medicago sativa mycorrhiza on atrazine degradation was investigated. It was observed that the atrazine degradation rates with any addition level in mycorrhizal treatments were all significantly higher than those in non-mycorrhizal treatments. When atrazine was applied at 20 mg kg(-1), the removal efficiency was up to 74.65%. Therefore, G. mosseae can be considered as ideal inhabitants of technical installations to facilitate phytoremediation. Furthermore, a total of 10.4 Gb was used for de novo transcriptome assembly, resulting in a comprehensive data set for the identification of genes corresponding to atrazine stress in the AM association. After comparative analysis with edgeR, a total of 2,060 differential expressed genes were identified, including 570 up-regulated genes and 1490 down-regulated genes. After excluding 'function unknown' and 'general function predictions only' genes, 172 up-regulated genes were obtained. The differentially expressed genes in AM association with and without atrazine stress were associated with molecular processes/other proteins, zinc finger protein, intracellular/extracellular enzymes, structural proteins, anti-stress/anti-disease protein, electron transport-related protein, and plant growth associated protein. Our results not only prove AMF has important ecological significance on atrazine degradation but also provide evidence for the molecular mechanisms of atrazine degradation by AMF.
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