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Ning Q, Jian T, Cui S, Shi L, Jian X, He X, Zhang X, Li X. Tim-3 facilitates immune escape in benzene-induced acute myeloid leukemia mouse model by promoting macrophage M2 polarization. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 266:115532. [PMID: 37806131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Benzene poisoning can cause acute myeloid leukemia (AML) through a variety of passways. Tim-3 has gained prominence as a potential candidate in mediating immunosuppression in tumor microenvironments. The macrophage polarization is also related to immune escape. Herein, we reported that Tim-3 and macrophage M2 polarization play a vital role in benzene-induced AML. First, the benzene-induced AML C3H/He mouse model was constructed by subcutaneously injecting 250 mg/kg of benzene. After six months, macrophage phenotype, cytokines, and Tim-3 expression levels were investigated. Flow cytometry assay revealed that the T-cell inhibitory receptor Tim-3 was significantly upregulated in both bone marrow and spleen of the benzene-induced AML mouse model. Elisa's results displayed a decreased serum level of IL-12 while increased TGF-β1. Mechanistically, changes in cytokine secretion promote the growth of M2-type macrophages in the bone marrow and spleen, as determined by immunofluorescence assay. The increased levels of PI3K, AKT, and mTOR in the benzene-exposure group further proved the crucial role of Tim-3 in regulating the functional status of macrophages in the AML microenvironment. These results demonstrate that Tim-3 and macrophage polarization may play a vital role during the immune escape of the benzene-induced AML. This study provides a new potential intervention site for immune checkpoint-based AML therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Ning
- Department of Occupational Diseases, Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250002, China
| | - Tianzi Jian
- Department of Poisoning and Occupational Diseases, Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Siqi Cui
- Department of Poisoning and Occupational Diseases, Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Longke Shi
- Department of Poisoning and Occupational Diseases, Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiangdong Jian
- Department of Poisoning and Occupational Diseases, Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiaopeng He
- Department of Thoracic surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Xiangxing Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiangxin Li
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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Rahimpoor R, Jalilian H, Mohammadi H, Rahmani A. Biological exposure indices of occupational exposure to benzene: A systematic review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21576. [PMID: 38027568 PMCID: PMC10660043 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to systematically review the studies concerning the biological monitoring of benzene exposure in occupational settings. A systematic literature review was conducted in Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Medline from 1985 through July 2021. We included peer-reviewed original articles that investigated the association between occupational exposure to benzene and biological monitoring. We identified 4786 unique citations, of which 64 cross-sectional, one case-control, and one cohort study met our inclusion criteria. The most studied biomarkers were urinary trans-trans muconic acid, S- phenyl mercapturic acid, and urinary benzene, respectively. We found the airborne concentration of benzene as a key indicator for choosing a suitable biomarker. We suggest considering urinary benzene at low (0.5-5.0 TLV), urinary SPMA and TTMA at medium (5.0-25 and 25-50 TLV, respectively), and urinary phenol and hydroquinone and catechol at very high concentrations (500 and 1000 TLV ≤, respectively). Genetic polymorphism of glutathione S-transferase and oral intake of sorbic acid have confounding effects on the level of U-SPMA and U-TTMA, respectively. The airborne concentration, smoking habit, oral consumption of sorbic acid, and genetic polymorphism of workers should be considered in order to choose the appropriate indicator for biological monitoring of benzene exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razzagh Rahimpoor
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Health, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
| | - Hamed Jalilian
- School of Architecture, Planning and Environmental Policy, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Heidar Mohammadi
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Health, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
| | - Abdulrasoul Rahmani
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Health, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
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Bowman BA, Lewis EV, Goldy DW, Kim JY, Elio DM, Blount BC, Bhandari D. Assessment of urinary 6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadienyl mercapturic acid as a novel biomarker of benzene exposure. J Anal Toxicol 2023; 47:597-605. [PMID: 37632692 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkad056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing benzene exposure is a public health priority due to its deleterious health effects and ubiquitous industrial and environmental sources of exposure. Phenyl mercapturic acid (PhMA) is a commonly used urinary biomarker to assess benzene exposure. However, recent work has identified significant interlaboratory variation in urinary PhMA concentrations related to methodological differences. In this study, we present urinary 6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadienyl mercapturic acid (pre-PhMA), a metabolite that undergoes acid-catalyzed dehydration to form PhMA, as a novel and specific urinary biomarker for assessing benzene exposure. We developed and validated the first quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for measuring urinary concentrations of pre-PhMA. The pH effect on the method of ruggedness testing determined that pre-PhMA is stable across the normal human urine pH range and that neutral conditions must be maintained throughout quantification for robust and accurate measurement of urinary pre-PhMA concentrations. The method exhibited below 2 ng/mL sensitivity for pre-PhMA, linearity over three orders of magnitude, and precision and accuracy within 10%. Urinary pre-PhMA concentrations were assessed in 369 human urine samples. Smoking individuals exhibited elevated levels of pre-PhMA compared to non-smoking individuals. Furthermore, the relationship between benzene exposure and urinary pre-PhMA levels was explored by examining the correlation of pre-PhMA with 2-cyanoethyl mercapturic acid, a smoke exposure biomarker. The urinary biomarkers exhibited a positive correlation (r = 0.720), indicating that pre-PhMA levels increased with benzene exposure. The results of this study demonstrate that urinary pre-PhMA is a rugged and effective novel biomarker of benzene exposure that can be widely implemented for future biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Bowman
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Erica V Lewis
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Devon W Goldy
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Jenny Y Kim
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Deanna M Elio
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Deepak Bhandari
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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Hoopmann M, Murawski A, Schümann M, Göen T, Apel P, Vogel N, Kolossa-Gehring M, Röhl C. A revised concept for deriving reference values for internal exposures to chemical substances and its application to population-representative biomonitoring data in German children and adolescents 2014-2017 (GerES V). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 253:114236. [PMID: 37579634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
HBM reference values, in contrast to toxicologically derived values, are statistically derived values that provide information on the exposure of the population. The exceedance frequency (if applicable for individual population groups) is often a first assessment standard for the local exposure situation for municipalities. More than 25 years have passed since the German Human Biomonitoring Commission (HBMC) formulated the first recommendations for the derivation of population-based reference values (HBM reference values, RV95) for substance concentrations based on HBM studies. A fundamental revision is timely, for several reasons. There have been considerable advances in relevant statistical methods, which meant that previously time-consuming and inaccessible procedures and calculations are now widely available. Furthermore, not all steps for the derivation of HBM reference values were clearly elaborated in the first recommendations. With this revision we intended to achieve a rigorous standardization of the entire process of deriving HBM reference values, also to realise a higher degree of transparency. In accordance with established international practice, it is recommended to use the 95th percentile of the reference distribution as the HBM reference value. To this end, the empirical 95th percentile of a suitable sample should be rounded, ensuring that the rounded value is within the two-sided 95% confidence interval of the percentile. All estimates should be based on distribution-free methods, and the confidence interval should be estimated using a bootstrap approach, if possible, according to the BCa ("bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrap"). A minimum sample size of 80 observations is considered necessary. The entire procedure ensures that the derived HBM reference value is robust against at least two extreme values and can also be used for underlying mixed distributions. If it is known in advance that certain subgroups (different age groups, smokers, etc.) show differing internal exposures, it is recommended that group-specific HBM reference values should be derived. Especially when the sample sizes for individual subgroups are too small, individual datasets with potential outliers can be excluded in advance to homogenize the reference value population. In the second part, new HBM reference values based on data of the German Environmental Survey for Children and Adolescents (GerES V, 2014-2017) were derived in accordance with the revised recommendations. The GerES V is the most recent population-representative monitoring of human exposure to pollutants in Germany on children and adolescents aged 3-17 years (N = 2294). RV95 for GerES V are reported for four subgroups (males/females and 3-11/12-17 years) for 108 different substances including phthalates and alternative plasticisers, metals, organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), parabens, aprotic solvents, chlorophenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and UV filter, in total 135 biomarkers. Algorithms implemented in R were used for the statistics and the determination of the HBM reference values. To facilitate a quality control of the study data, the corresponding R source code is given, together with graphical representations of results. The HBM reference values listed in this article replace earlier RV95 values derived by the HBMC for children and adolescents from data of precedent GerES studies (e.g. published in Apel et al., 2017).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Schümann
- Formerly Hamburg Ministry of Health and Consumer Protection, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Vogel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Röhl
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, Christiana Albertina University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Environmental Medicine and Toxicology, State Agency for social Services (LAsD) Schleswig-Holstein, Neumünster, Germany.
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Passive smoking and urinary oxidative biomarkers: A pilot study of healthy travelers from Los Angeles to Beijing. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2022; 246:114048. [PMID: 36308780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
There is a great heterogeneity in smoking prevalence and tobacco control policy across different countries. However, it is unknown whether this heterogeneity could cause increased passive smoking and adverse health effects among international travelers. In this pilot study, we collected 190 urine samples from 26 Los Angeles residents before (LA-before), during (Beijing), and after (LA-after) a 10-week visit to Beijing to measure biomarkers of passive smoking (cotinine), exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs), and oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, 8-isoprostane, and uric acid). The geometric mean concentrations of urinary cotinine were 0.14, 1.52, and 0.22 μg/g creatinine in LA-before, Beijing, and LA-after, respectively. Likewise, OH-PAH levels were significantly higher in Beijing as compared to LA-before or LA-after, in association with the urinary cotinine levels. One-fold increase in urinary cotinine levels was associated with 10.1% (95% CI: 5.53-14.8%), 8.75% (95% CI: 2.33-15.6%), and 25.4% (95%CI: 13.1-39.1%) increases in urinary levels of malondialdehyde, 8-isoprotane, and uric acid, respectively. OH-PAHs mediated 9.1-23.3% of the pro-oxidative effects associated with passive smoking. Taken together, our findings indicate that traveling to a city with higher smoking prevalence may increase passive smoking exposure, in association with pro-oxidative effects partially mediated by PAHs.
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Buonaurio F, Borra F, Pigini D, Paci E, Spagnoli M, Astolfi ML, Giampaoli O, Sciubba F, Miccheli A, Canepari S, Ancona C, Tranfo G. Biomonitoring of Exposure to Urban Pollutants and Oxidative Stress during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Rome Residents. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10050267. [PMID: 35622680 PMCID: PMC9143243 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10050267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of traffic on human health comparing biomonitoring data measured during the COVID-19 lockdown, when restrictions led to a 40% reduction in airborne benzene in Rome and a 36% reduction in road traffic, to the same parameters measured in 2021. Methods: Biomonitoring was performed on 49 volunteers, determining the urinary metabolites of the most abundant traffic pollutants, such as benzene and PAHs, and oxidative stress biomarkers by HPLC/MS-MS, 28 elements by ICP/MS and metabolic phenotypes by NMR. Results: Means of s-phenylmercaputric acid (SPMA), metabolites of naphthalene and nitropyrene in 2020 are 20% lower than in 2021, while 1-OH-pyrene was 30% lower. A reduction of 40% for 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo) and 60% for 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoGua) were found in 2020 compared to 2021. The concentrations of B, Co, Cu and Sb in 2021 are significantly higher than in the 2020. NMR untargeted metabolomic analysis identified 35 urinary metabolites. Results show in 2021 a decrease in succinic acid, a product of the Krebs cycle promoting inflammation. Conclusions: Urban pollution due to traffic is partly responsible for oxidative stress of nucleic acids, but other factors also have a role, enhancing the importance of communication about a healthy lifestyle in the prevention of cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Buonaurio
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (F.B.); (M.L.A.)
| | - Francesca Borra
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (F.B.); (M.L.A.)
| | - Daniela Pigini
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone, 00144 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (E.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Enrico Paci
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone, 00144 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (E.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Mariangela Spagnoli
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone, 00144 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (E.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Maria Luisa Astolfi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (F.B.); (M.L.A.)
| | - Ottavia Giampaoli
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (O.G.); (F.S.); (A.M.); (S.C.)
- NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Sciubba
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (O.G.); (F.S.); (A.M.); (S.C.)
- NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Miccheli
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (O.G.); (F.S.); (A.M.); (S.C.)
- NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Canepari
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (O.G.); (F.S.); (A.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Carla Ancona
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, 00154 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giovanna Tranfo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone, 00144 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (E.P.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0694181436
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Axelsson J, Lindh CH, Giwercman A. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nicotine, and associations with sperm DNA fragmentation. Andrology 2022; 10:740-748. [PMID: 35234353 PMCID: PMC9310791 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Tobacco smoking has been reported to cause DNA fragmentation and has been suggested to cause mutations in spermatozoa. These effects have been ascribed to the action of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) present in the smoke. Simultaneously, DNA fragmentation has been associated with mutagenesis. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate whether levels of urinary biomarkers of PAH and nicotine exposure were associated with sperm DNA fragmentation. Methods In the urine of 381 men recruited from two cohorts of young men (17–21 years old) from the general Swedish population, the PAH metabolites 1‐hydroxypyrene and 2‐hydroxyphenanthrene, as well as the nicotine metabolite cotinine, were measured. The sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) was analysed using the sperm chromatin structure assay. Associations between the DFI, and PAH metabolite levels as continuous variables as well as in quartiles, were studied by general linear models adjusted for abstinence time. A similar analysis was carried out for cotinine levels, according to which the men were categorised as “non‐smoking” (n = 216) and “smoking” (n = 165). Results No association was found between levels of any of the three biomarkers and DFI, either as a continuous variable (p = 0.87–0.99), or when comparing the lowest and the highest quartiles (p = 0.11–0.61). The same was true for comparison of men categorised as non‐smoking or smoking (DFI 11.1% vs. 11.8%, p = 0.31). Discussion We found no evidence of PAH or nicotine exposure to be associated with DFI, which does not exclude that these exposures may have other effects on sperm DNA. Conclusion In these young men, levels of biomarkers of nicotine and PAH exposure were not associated with DFI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Axelsson
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, Skåne University Hospital, and Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Aleksander Giwercman
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, Skåne University Hospital, and Molecular Reproductive Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Song W, Han Q, Wan Y, Qian X, Wei M, Jiang Y, Wang Q. Repeated measurements of 21 urinary metabolites of volatile organic compounds and their associations with three selected oxidative stress biomarkers in 0-7-year-old healthy children from south and central China. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132065. [PMID: 34496338 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Human beings are extensively and concurrently exposed to multiple volatile organic compounds (VOCs, including some Class I human carcinogens), which may induce oxidative stress in human body. Data on urinary metabolites of VOCs (mVOCs) among young children are limited. No studies have examined their inter-day variability of mVOCs and their associations with oxidative stress biomarkers (OSBs) using repeated urine samples from children. In this study, we measured twenty one mVOCs and three OSBs [8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG; for DNA), 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHG; for RNA], and 4-hydroxy nonenal mercapturic acid (HNEMA; for lipid)] in 390 urine samples of 130 children (three samples on three consecutive days provided by each participant) aged 0-7 years from September 2018 to January 2019 in Shenzhen, south China, and Wuhan, central China. HPMMA (3-hydroxypropyl-1-methyl mercapturic acid/N-Acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl-1-methyl)-l-cysteine), 3HPMA (3-hydroxypropyl mercapturic acid/N-Acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl)-l-cysteine), and ATCA (2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid) had higher specific gravity-adjusted median concentrations (1 383, 286, and 273 μg/L, respectively) than the others. Intraclass correlation coefficients of mVOCs ranged from 0.29 to 0.71. After false-discovery rate (FDR, defined as FDR q-value < 0.05) adjustment, linear mixed-effects models revealed that 14 mVOCs were positively associated with 8-OHdG (β range: 0.09-0.37), 11 mVOCs were positively associated with 8-OHG (β range: 0.08-0.30), and 11 mVOCs were positively associated with HNEMA (β range: 0.21-0.70) in urine. Considering the weight of the mVOC index accounted for the associations, based on the weighted quantile sum regression model, parent compounds of DHBMA (3,4-dihydroxybutyl mercapturic acid/N-Acetyl-S-(3,4-dihydroxybutyl)-l-cysteine) and t,t-MA (trans,trans-muconic acid) should be listed as priority VOCs for management to mitigate health risks. For the first time, this study characterized the inter-day variability of urinary mVOCs and their associations with selected OSBs (8-OHdG, 8-OHG, and NHEMA) in young, healthy Chinese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Song
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China.
| | - Qing Han
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430024, PR China.
| | - Yanjian Wan
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430024, PR China.
| | - Xi Qian
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China.
| | - Muhong Wei
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China.
| | - Ying Jiang
- Nanshan District Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518054, PR China.
| | - Qi Wang
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China.
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Biomarkers of Low-Level Environmental Exposure to Benzene and Oxidative DNA Damage in Primary School Children in Sardinia, Italy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094644. [PMID: 33925535 PMCID: PMC8123794 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: The main anthropic sources of exposure to airborne benzene include vehicular traffic, cigarette smoke, and industrial emissions. Methods: To detect early genotoxic effects of environmental exposure to benzene, we monitored environmental, personal, and indoor airborne benzene in children living in an urban area and an area near a petrochemical plant. We also used urinary benzene and S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) as biomarkers of benzene exposure and urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as a biomarker of early genotoxic effects. Results: Although always below the European Union limit of 5 μg/m3, airborne benzene levels were more elevated in the indoor, outdoor, and personal samples from the industrial surroundings compared to the urban area (p = 0.026, p = 0.005, and p = 0.001, respectively). Children living in the surroundings of the petrochemical plant had urinary benzene values significantly higher than those from the urban area in both the morning and evening samples (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02, respectively). Results of multiple regression modelling showed that age was a significant predictor of 8-OHdG excretion, independent of the sampling hour. Moreover, at the low exposure level experienced by the children participating in this study, neither personal or indoor airborne benzene level, nor personal monitoring data, affected 8-OHdG excretion. Conclusions: Our results suggest the importance of biological monitoring of low-level environmental exposure and its relation to risk of genotoxic effects among children.
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Andries A, Rozenski J, Vermeersch P, Mekahli D, Van Schepdael A. Recent progress in the LC-MS/MS analysis of oxidative stress biomarkers. Electrophoresis 2020; 42:402-428. [PMID: 33280143 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a dynamic and balanced equilibrium between the production of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species and the in-house antioxidant defense mechanisms is characteristic for a healthy body. During oxidative stress (OS), this balance is switched to increased production of ROS and RNS, exceeding the capacity of physiological antioxidant systems. This can cause damage to biological molecules, leading to loss of function and even cell death. Nowadays, there is increasing scientific and clinical interest in OS and the associated parameters to measure the degree of OS in biofluids. An increasing number of reports using LC-MS/MS methods for the analysis of OS biomarkers can be found. Since bioanalysis is usually complicated by matrix effects, various types of cleanup procedures are used to effectively separate the biomarkers from the matrix. This is an essential part of the analysis to prepare a reproducible and homogenous solution suitable for injection onto the column. The present review gives a summary of the chromatographic methods used for the determination of OS biomarkers in both urine and plasma, serum, and whole blood samples. The first part mainly describes the biological background of the different OS biomarkers, while the second part reports examples of chromatographic methods for the analysis of different metabolites connected with OS in biofluids, covering a period from 2015 till early 2020. The selected examples mainly include LC-MS/MS methods for isoprostanes, oxidized proteins, oxidized lipoproteins, and DNA/RNA biomarkers. The last part explains the clinical relevance of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmin Andries
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jef Rozenski
- KU Leuven - Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vermeersch
- Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Metabolic Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Djalila Mekahli
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Pediatrics, PKD group, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Chemometric Study of the Correlation between Human Exposure to Benzene and PAHs and Urinary Excretion of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11121341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Urban air contains benzene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which have carcinogenic properties. The objective of this paper is to study the correlation of exposure biomarkers with biomarkers of nucleic acid oxidation also considering smoking. In 322 subjects, seven urinary dose biomarkers were analyzed for benzene, pyrene, nitropyrene, benzo[a]pyrene, and naphthalene exposure, and four effect biomarkers for nucleic acid and protein oxidative stress. Chemometrics was applied in order to investigate the existence of a synergistic effect for the exposure to the mixture and the contribution of active smoking. There is a significant difference between nicotine, benzene and PAH exposure biomarker concentrations of smokers and non-smokers, but the difference is not statistically significant for oxidative stress biomarkers. The PAH biomarkers are those which best correlate with all the oxidative stress biomarkers. Results suggest that 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine and protein nitro-oxidation 3-nitrotyrosine are the most sensitive biomarkers for the exposure to the urban pollutant mixtures and that a synergic effect of the mixtures exists. All the oxidative stress biomarkers studied drive the increase in the oxidative stress biomarkers in the subjects having higher exposures. Chemometrics proved to be a powerful method for the interpretation of human biomonitoring data.
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12
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Chung CJ, Hsu HT, Chang CH, Li SW, Liu CS, Chung MC, Wu GW, Jung WT, Kuo YJ, Lee HL. Relationships among cigarette smoking, urinary biomarkers, and urothelial carcinoma risk: a case-control study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:43177-43185. [PMID: 32729033 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10196-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a known risk factor for urothelial carcinoma (UC). However, there is limited information about the distributions and effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on smoking-related UC risk. With this hospital-based case-control study, we explored the associations between urinary levels of cotinine and VOC metabolites (acrylamide, 1,3-butadiene, and benzene) and the risk of UC. Urological examinations and pathological verifications were used to confirm the diagnoses of UC. All study participants provided smoking-related information via questionnaires and face-to-face interviews; they also provided urine samples for the measurement of VOC metabolites, cotinine, and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), which was used as an indicator of oxidative stress. We applied multiple logistic regression analysis to estimate the risk of UC, and we found that levels of urinary cotinine and 8-OHdG were higher in the UC group than in the control group. Furthermore, urinary levels of VOC metabolites, including N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine (AAMA), N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine, N-acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-buten-1-yl)-L-cysteine-3, trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA), and S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA), increased with increasing levels of urinary cotinine. After adjusting for potential risk factors, dose-response relationships were observed between UC risk and urinary levels of AAMA, t,t-MA, SPMA, and 8-OHdG. Participants with high urinary levels of cotinine, AAMA, t,t-MA, SPMA, and 8-OHdG had risks of UC that were 3.5- to 6-fold higher than those of participants with lower levels. Future, large-scale investigations of the risks of UC should be explored, and repeated measurement of VOC metabolites should be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Jung Chung
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Tsung Hsu
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wei Li
- Department of Urology, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Shong Liu
- Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Chi Chung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Wei Wu
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, 510, Zhongzheng Road, Xinzhuang District, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Jung Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, 510, Zhongzheng Road, Xinzhuang District, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, 510, Zhongzheng Road, Xinzhuang District, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan.
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13
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Sisto R, Cavallo D, Ursini CL, Fresegna AM, Ciervo A, Maiello R, Paci E, Pigini D, Gherardi M, Gordiani A, L'Episcopo N, Tranfo G, Capone P, Carbonari D, Balzani B, Chiarella P. Direct and Oxidative DNA Damage in a Group of Painters Exposed to VOCs: Dose - Response Relationship. Front Public Health 2020; 8:445. [PMID: 32974263 PMCID: PMC7469480 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are present in several working activities. This work is aimed at comparing oxidative stress and DNA damage biomarkers to specific VOCs in the occupational exposure of painters. Dose-response relationships between biomarkers of oxidative stress and of dose were studied. Unmetabolized VOCs and their urinary metabolites were analyzed. Urinary Methylhyppuric acids (MHIPPs, xylenes metabolite), Phenylglyoxylic and Mandelic acid (PGA, MA ethylbenzene metabolites), S-Benzylmercapturic acid (SBMA, toluene metabolite), and S-Phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA, benzene metabolite) were quantified at the end of work-shift. Oxidative stress was determined by: urinary excretion of 8-oxodGuo, 8-oxoGua and 8-oxoGuo and direct/oxidative DNA damage in blood by Fpg-Comet assay. Multivariate linear regression models were used to assess statistical significance of the association between dose and effect biomarkers. The regressions were studied with and without the effect of hOGG1 and XRCC1 gene polymorphisms. Statistically significant associations were found between MHIPPs and both 8-oxoGuo and oxidative DNA damage effect biomarkers measured with the Comet assay. Oxidative DNA damage results significantly associated with airborne xylenes and toluene, whilst 8-oxodGuo was significantly related to urinary xylenes and toluene. Direct DNA damage was significantly associated to SBMA. XRCC1 wild-type gene polymorphism was significantly associated with lower oxidative and total DNA damage with respect to heterozygous and mutant genotypes. The interpretation of the results requires some caution, as the different VOCs are all simultaneously present in the mixture and correlated among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Sisto
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Delia Cavallo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Lucia Ursini
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Fresegna
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Aureliano Ciervo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Maiello
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Paci
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Pigini
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Gherardi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Gordiani
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Nunziata L'Episcopo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tranfo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Capone
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Damiano Carbonari
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Balzani
- Department of Prevention, Prevention and Safety at Workplace, ASUR Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Pieranna Chiarella
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
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14
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Tranfo G, Marchetti E, Pigini D, Miccheli A, Spagnoli M, Sciubba F, Conta G, Tomassini A, Fattorini L. Targeted and untargeted metabolomics applied to occupational exposure to hyperbaric atmosphere. Toxicol Lett 2020; 328:28-34. [PMID: 32305374 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to hyperbaric atmosphere occurs in workers who carry out their activity in environments where breathing air pressure is at least 10% higher than pressure at sea level, and operations can be divided in Dry or Wet activities. The increased air pressure implies the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), consumption of antioxidants and reduction of antioxidant enzyme activity, causing lipid peroxidation, DNA and RNA damage. The present study was aimed to establish the relation between hyperbaric exposure and metabolic changes due to ROS unbalance, by means of the determination of urinary biomarkers of oxidatively generated damage to DNA and RNA during a controlled diving session. The investigated biomarkers were 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoGua), 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo), and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo). The experimental session involved six experienced divers subjected to 3 atmospheres absolute for 30 minutes in two different experiments, in both dry and wet conditions. Urine samples were collected at t = 0 (before exposure) and 30 (end of exposure),90, 240, 480 and 720 minutes. The concentration of 8-oxoGua, 8-oxoGuo, and 8-oxodGuo was determined by isotopic dilution high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-MS/MS). In all subjects there is an increase of the urinary excretion of 8oxo-Guo and 8oxo-dGuo, in both conditions, after 1.5 - 4 hours from the start of the experiment, and that the values tend to return to the baseline after 12 hours. Besides that, also the nucleic magnetic resonance (NMR)-based untargeted metabolomics was employed for the same objective on the same samples, confirming a different metabolic response in the subjects exposed to dry or wet conditions. In particular, the observed hypoxanthine urinary level increases during the underwater hyperbaric exposure, in agreement with the trend observed for 8-oxoGuo and 8-oxodGuo levels. Present results confirmed the relationship between exposure and oxidative stress and depicted a clear temporal trend of the investigated biomarkers. Due to the possible negative consequences of oxidative stress on workers, present research shows a new line in term of risk prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Tranfo
- INAIL, Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome Italy.
| | - Enrico Marchetti
- INAIL, Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome Italy.
| | - Daniela Pigini
- INAIL, Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome Italy.
| | - Alfredo Miccheli
- Department of Environmental Biology, NMR Based Metabolomics Laboratory, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome Italy.
| | - Mariangela Spagnoli
- INAIL, Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome Italy.
| | - Fabio Sciubba
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Conta
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
| | - Alberta Tomassini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, NMR Based Metabolomics Laboratory, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
| | - Luigi Fattorini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
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15
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Sisto R, Cerini L, Sanjust F, Carbonari D, Gherardi M, Gordiani A, L'Episcopo N, Paci E, Pigini D, Tranfo G, Moleti A. Distortion product otoacoustic emission sensitivity to different solvents in a population of industrial painters. Int J Audiol 2020; 59:443-454. [PMID: 31910691 DOI: 10.1080/14992027.2019.1710776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the ototoxic effect of the exposure to different organic solvents and noise using distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs).Design: The exposure to different solvents was evaluated by measuring, before and at the end of the work-shift, the urinary concentrations of solvent metabolites used as dose biomarkers. The urinary concentrations of DNA and RNA oxidation products were also measured as biomarkers of oxidative damage. The simultaneous exposure to noise was also evaluated. DPOAEs and pure tone audiometry (PTA) were used as outcome variables, and were correlated to the exposure variables using mixed effect linear regression models.Study sample: Seventeen industrial painters exposed to a solvent mixture in a naval industry. A sample size of 15 was estimated from previous studies as sufficient for discriminating small hearing level and DPOAE level differences (5 dB and 2 dB, respectively) at a 95% confidence level.Results: Statistically significant associations were found between the DPOAE level and the urinary dose biomarkers and the oxidative damage biomarkers. DPOAE level and the logarithm of the metabolite concentration showed a significant negative correlation.Conclusions: DPOAE are sensitive biomarkers of exposure to ototoxic substances and can be effectively used for the early detection of hearing dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Sisto
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL Research, Monteporzio Catone, Italy
| | - Luigi Cerini
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL Research, Monteporzio Catone, Italy
| | - Filippo Sanjust
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL Research, Monteporzio Catone, Italy
| | - Damiano Carbonari
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL Research, Monteporzio Catone, Italy
| | - Monica Gherardi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL Research, Monteporzio Catone, Italy
| | - Andrea Gordiani
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL Research, Monteporzio Catone, Italy
| | - Nunziata L'Episcopo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL Research, Monteporzio Catone, Italy
| | - Enrico Paci
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL Research, Monteporzio Catone, Italy
| | - Daniela Pigini
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL Research, Monteporzio Catone, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tranfo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL Research, Monteporzio Catone, Italy
| | - Arturo Moleti
- Department of Physics, University of Roma 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
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16
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Tranfo G, Paci E, Carrieri M, Marchetti E, Sisto R, Gherardi M, Costabile F, Bauleo L, Ancona C, Pigini D. Levels of Urinary Biomarkers of Oxidatively Generated Damage to DNA and RNA in Different Groups of Workers Compared to General Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16162995. [PMID: 31434269 PMCID: PMC6719150 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: The products of guanine oxidation in DNA and RNA excreted in urine are 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoGua), 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo), and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo). Despite intra and inter-individual variability, it is possible to identify situations that significantly increase the levels of these compounds when comparing urinary concentrations of some workers to those of the general population. (2) Methods: urines from gasoline pump attendants (58 from Saudi Arabia and 102 from Italy), 24 workers of a fiberglass reinforced plastics plant, 17 painters and 6 divers were analyzed by HPLC/MS-MS. To test the individual variability, two subjects provided daily samples for one month, and 132 urine samples from the general population were analyzed. (3) Results: We summarized the results for each biomarker, and found the following were statistically higher than in the general population: 8-oxoGua in fiberglass and Italian gasoline workers; 8-oxodGuo in fiberglass and both Saudi Arabian and Italian gasoline workers; 8-oxoGuo in fiberglass workers, both Saudi Arabian and Italian gasoline workers, and painters after the working shift. (4) Conclusions: these results confirm that both 8-oxodGuo and 8-oxoGuo are valuable biomarkers for occupational exposures to dangerous chemicals and seem to suggest that 8-oxoGuo, related to RNA oxidation, is a suitable biomarker to evaluate short term, reversible effects of occupational exposures even within the health-based limit values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Tranfo
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology, Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, INAIL Research, via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy.
| | - Enrico Paci
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology, Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, INAIL Research, via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariella Carrieri
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Enrico Marchetti
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology, Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, INAIL Research, via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy
| | - Renata Sisto
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology, Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, INAIL Research, via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Gherardi
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology, Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, INAIL Research, via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Costabile
- CNR-ISAC-Italian National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Science and Climate, via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Lisa Bauleo
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Via Cristoforo Colombo 112, 00147 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Ancona
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Via Cristoforo Colombo 112, 00147 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Pigini
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology, Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, INAIL Research, via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy
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17
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Hauser-Davis RA. Vulnerability of small-scale fishers to benzene exposure and the current knowledge gap on benzene-exposure in Brazilian fishers. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7483. [PMID: 31423361 PMCID: PMC6697036 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fishers are a particularly vulnerable population, chronically exposed to many stresses, injuries and health conditions directly linked to their fishing activities. This includes benzene exposure through gasoline and diesel exhaust fumes. Benzene is a known carcinogen, and has been assessed in many worker groups, but reports on fisher benzene exposure are extremely scarce in the literature. This paper discusses benzene exposure in small-scale fishers and reflects on the current knowledge gap on benzene-exposure in Brazilian fishers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, IOC, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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18
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Sisto R, Capone P, Cerini L, Sanjust F, Paci E, Pigini D, Gatto MP, Gherardi M, Gordiani A, L'Episcopo N, Tranfo G, Chiarella P. Circulating microRNAs as potential biomarkers of occupational exposure to low dose organic solvents. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:126-135. [PMID: 30671348 PMCID: PMC6330509 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating miRNAs can be used as sensitive biomarkers of low dose exposure to organic solvents at workplace. The miRNA response to organic chemicals elucidates molecular mechanisms occurring after specific occupational exposures. Associations between miRNAs, dose and oxidative stress biomarkers contribute to prevent and promote workers’ health.
Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have been recently acknowledged as novel and non-invasive biomarkers of exposure to environmental and occupational hazardous substances. This preliminary study investigates the potential role of blood miRNAs as molecular biomarkers of exposure to the most common organic solvents (ethylbenzene, toluene, xylene) used in the shipyard painting activity. Despite the low number of recruited workers, a two-tail standard Students’ test with Holm-Bonferroni adjusted p-value shows a significant up-regulation of two miRNAs (miR_6819_5p and miR_6778_5p) in exposed workers with respect to controls. A correlation analysis between miRNA, differentially expressed in exposed workers and in controls and urinary dose biomarkers i.e. methylhyppuric acid (xylenes metabolite), phenylglyoxylic and mandelic acid (ethylbenzene metabolites) S-benzyl mercapturic acid (toluene metabolite) and S-phenylmercapturic acid (benzene metabolite) measured at the end of the work-shift, allowed the identification of high correlation (0.80-0.99) of specific miRNAs with their respective urinary metabolites. MiRNA_671_5p correlated with methylhippuric, S-phenylmercapturic and S-benzyl mercapturic acid while the miRNA best correlating with the phenylglioxylic acid was miRNA_937_5p. These findings suggest miRNA as sensitive biomarkers of low dose exposure to organic chemicals used at workplace. Urinary DNA and RNA repair biomarkers coming from the oxidation product of guanine have been also associated to the different miRNAs. A significant negative association was found between 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoGua) urinary concentration and miR_6778_5p. The findings of the present pilot study deserve to be tested on a larger population with the perspective of designing a miRNA based test of low dose exposure to organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Sisto
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Capone
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Cerini
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Sanjust
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Paci
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Pigini
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Gatto
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Gherardi
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Gordiani
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Nunziata L'Episcopo
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tranfo
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Pieranna Chiarella
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
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Effect of Benzene Exposure on the Urinary Biomarkers of Nucleic Acid Oxidation in Two Cohorts of Gasoline Pump Attendants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16010129. [PMID: 30621294 PMCID: PMC6339131 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: The oxidized guanine derivatives excreted into urine, products of DNA and RNA oxidation and repair, are used as biomarkers of oxidative damage in humans. This study aims to evaluate oxidative damage in gasoline pump attendants occupationally exposed to benzene. Benzene is contained in the gasoline but it is also produced from traffic and from smoking. (2) Methods: Twenty-nine gasoline pump attendants from two major cities of Saudi Arabia and 102 from Italy were studied for urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoGua), 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo), 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo), and S-phenyl-mercapturic acid (SPMA) for benzene exposure and urinary cotinine for smoking status assessment by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Airborne benzene was also assessed in the Italian group by gas-chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). (3) Results: The results suggest that high levels of benzene exposure can cause an accumulation of SPMA and bring about the formation of the oxidation biomarkers studied to saturation. At low exposure levels, SPMA and oxidation biomarker levels were correlated among them and were associated with the smoking habit. (4) Conclusions: The study confirms the association between benzene exposure and the excretion of nucleic acid oxidation biomarkers and enhances the importance of measuring the smoking habit, as it can significantly influence oxidative damage, especially when the exposure levels are low.
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Biomonitoring of Urinary Benzene Metabolite SPMA in the General Population in Central Italy. TOXICS 2018; 6:toxics6030037. [PMID: 29997369 PMCID: PMC6161128 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Benzene is an important component of cigarette smoke and car exhaust. Products containing benzene in concentrations greater than 0.1% are prohibited in Europe, but 1% of benzene is still allowed in gasoline. The purpose of the study was to assess the levels of urine benzene biomarkers in a sample of the general population not occupationally exposed to benzene, resident in the period 2013–2014 in Central Italy, compared to other groups. Methods: The urinary levels of the benzene metabolites S-phenyl-mercapturic acid (SPMA) and cotinine (nicotine metabolite) were determined by means of HPLC with mass spectrometric detection in 1076 subjects. Results: The median SPMA value in smokers was 1.132 µg/g of creatinine while in non-smokers it was 0.097 µg/g of creatinine, and the 95th percentile results were seven times higher. Conclusion: The main source of benzene exposure in the studied population was active smoking, however, non-smokers were also exposed to airborne benzene concentrations. The concentration ranges found in this study can be used as a background reference for occupational exposure assessment to benzene by means of SPMA biomonitoring.
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Cavallo D, Tranfo G, Ursini CL, Fresegna AM, Ciervo A, Maiello R, Paci E, Pigini D, Gherardi M, Gatto MP, Buresti G, Iavicoli S. Biomarkers of early genotoxicity and oxidative stress for occupational risk assessment of exposure to styrene in the fibreglass reinforced plastic industry. Toxicol Lett 2018; 298:53-59. [PMID: 29898417 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify sensitive and not-invasive biomarkers of early genotoxic/oxidative effect for exposure to styrene in the fibreglass reinforced plastic manufacture. We studied 11 workers of a plastic manufacture using open molding process (A), 16 workers of a manufacture using closed process (B) and 12 controls. We evaluated geno/cytotoxic effects on buccal cells by Buccal Micronucleus Cytome (BMCyt) assay and genotoxic/oxidative effects on lymphocytes by Fpg-comet test. On A workers we also evaluated urinary 8oxoGua, 8oxodGuo and 8oxoGuo to investigate oxidative stress. Personal inhalation exposure to styrene was monitored by passive air sampling and GC/MS. Biological monitoring included urinary metabolites mandelic acid (MA) and phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA). The findings show higher styrene exposure, urinary MA + PGA levels and micronucleus frequency in manufacture A. Higher buccal karyolytic cell frequency vs controls were found in both exposed populations. We found in exposed workers, no induction of direct DNA damage but oxidative DNA damage. Fpg-comet assay and urinary oxidized guanine seem to be sensitive biomarkers of oxidative stress and BMCyt assay a good-not invasive biomarker of cyto-genotoxicity at target organ. The study, although limited by the small number of studied subjects, shows the usefulness of used biomarkers in risk assessment of styrene-exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Cavallo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Tranfo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Lucia Ursini
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Fresegna
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Aureliano Ciervo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Maiello
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Paci
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Pigini
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Gherardi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Gatto
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliana Buresti
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Iavicoli
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
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Urinary Cotinine Concentration and Self-Reported Smoking Status in 1075 Subjects Living in Central Italy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15040804. [PMID: 29671826 PMCID: PMC5923846 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Urinary cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine, is a marker of tobacco smoke exposure. A cutoff value for cotinine concentration can be set to distinguish smokers from non-smokers, independently from self-declared status. Method: Cotinine was determined by isotopic dilution High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) between 2013 and 2014 on urine samples of a population of 1075 subjects. Results: 296 subjects have a cotinine level higher than 100 μg/g of creatinine (cutoff), with a median cotinine concentration of 1504.70 μg/g of creatinine. The mean is 27.5% of smokers and 60.5% in this group are females. The median value for non-smokers is 5.6 μg/g of creatinine. Two hundred and seventy-five subjects declared to be smokers in the questionnaire, but 6 (2.2%) present urinary cotinine levels lower than cutoff; 800 subjects declared to be non-smokers, but 26 of them presented urinary cotinine levels that were higher than the cutoff (3.3%). Conclusion: Using the cutoff of 100 μg/g, the misclassification of smokers resulted to be 2.2%, indicating that the selected value is suitable for studying the human exposures to environmental and occupational pollutants, including those produced by smoking.
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Pruneda-Alvarez LG, Ruíz-Vera T, Ochoa-Martínez AC, Pérez-Maldonado IN. Urinary trans-trans muconic acid (exposure biomarker to benzene) and hippuric acid (exposure biomarker to toluene) concentrations in Mexican women living in high-risk scenarios of air pollution. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2017; 72:351-358. [PMID: 27982738 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2016.1272539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine t,t-muconic acid (t,t-MA; exposure biomarker for benzene) and hippuric acid (HA; exposure biomarker for toluene) concentrations in the urine of women living in Mexico. In a cross-sectional study, apparently healthy women (n = 104) were voluntarily recruited from localities with a high risk of air pollution; t,t-MA and HA in urine were quantified using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. Mean urinary levels of t,t-MA ranged from 680 to 1,310 μg/g creatinine. Mean values of HA ranged from 0.38 to 0.87 g/g creatinine. In conclusion, compared to data recently reported in literature, we found high urinary levels of t,t-MA and HA in assessed women participating in this study. We therefore deem the implementation of a strategy aimed at the reduction of exposure as a necessary measure for the evaluated communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía G Pruneda-Alvarez
- a Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México
- b Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México
| | - Tania Ruíz-Vera
- a Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México
- b Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México
| | - Angeles C Ochoa-Martínez
- a Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México
- b Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México
| | - Iván N Pérez-Maldonado
- a Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México
- b Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México
- c Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Zona Media, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , Rio Verde, San Luis Potosí , México
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