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Gómez-Sánchez N, Galindo N, Alfosea-Simón M, Nicolás JF, Crespo J, Yubero E. Chemical composition of PM 10 at a rural site in the western Mediterranean and its relationship with the oxidative potential. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142880. [PMID: 39019189 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
A comprehensive chemical characterization (water-soluble ions, organic and elemental carbon, water- and methanol-soluble organic carbon, levoglucosan, and major and trace metals) of PM10 samples collected in a rural area located in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula was performed. Additionally, the oxidative potential of the samples, used as an indicator of aerosol toxicity, was determined by the ascorbic acid (OPAA) and dithiothreitol (OPDTT) assays. The average concentration of PM10 during the study period, spanning from late winter to early spring, was 20.2 ± 10.8 μg m-3. Nitrate, carbonate and calcium (accounting for 20% of the average PM10 mass concentration) and organic matter (with a contribution of 28%) were the main chemical components of PM10. Average concentrations of traffic tracers such as elemental carbon, copper and zinc (0.31 μg m-3, 3 ng m-3, and 9 ng m-3, respectively) were low compared with those obtained at an urban site in the same region, due to the almost total absence of traffic in the surrounding of the sampling site. Regarding levoglucosan and K+, which can be considered as tracers of biomass burning, their concentrations (0.12 μg m-3 and 55 ng m-3, respectively) were in the lower range of values reported for other rural areas in Europe, suggesting a moderate contribution form this source to PM10 levels. The results of the Pearson's correlation analysis showed that volume-normalised OPAA and OPDTT levels (average values of 0.11 and 0.32 nmol min-1 m-3, respectively) were sensitive to different PM10 chemical components. Whereas OPAA was not strongly correlated with any of the species measured, good correlation coefficients of OPDTT with water-soluble organic carbon (r = 0.81) and K+ (r = 0.73) were obtained, which points to biomass burning as an important driver of the DTT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Gómez-Sánchez
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain.
| | - Nuria Galindo
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain.
| | - Marina Alfosea-Simón
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain.
| | - Jose F Nicolás
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain.
| | - Javier Crespo
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Yubero
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain.
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Mukherjee S, Singh GK, Dutta M, Srivastava V, Qadri AM, Gupta T, Chatterjee A. PM 2.5 pollution exceeding Indian standard over a semi-urban region at eastern IGP: Chemistry, meteorological impact, and long-range transport. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 898:165415. [PMID: 37459996 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
A year-long study (January-December 2019) on the chemical characterization and meteorological impact on PM2.5 was conducted over a semi-urban station, Shyamnagar, in the easternmost part of the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). PM2.5 concentrations (Mean = 81.69 ± 66.27 μgm-3; 7.10-272.74 μgm-3), the total carbonaceous aerosols (TCA) (Mean = 22.85 ± 24.95 μgm-3; 0.77-102.97 μgm-3) along with differential carbonaceous components like organic carbon (OC) (Mean = 11.28 ± 12.48 μgm-3; 0.48-53.01 μgm-3) and elemental carbon (EC) (Mean = 4.83 ± 5.28 μgm-3; 0.1-22.13 μgm-3) exhibited prominent seasonal variability with the highest concentrations during winter, followed by post-monsoon, pre-monsoon and lowest during monsoon. A similar seasonal variation was observed for the total water-soluble ionic species (Mean = 31.91 ± 20.12 μgm-3; 0.1-126.73 μgm-3). We observed that under the least favorable conditions (low ventilation coefficient), high PM2.5 pollution (exceeding Indian standard) was associated with a high increase in secondary components of PM2.5. Eastern, central and western parts of IGP, as well as Nepal, were the major long-distant source regions whereas the northern part of West Bengal and parts of Bangladesh were the major regional source region for high PM2.5 pollution over Shyamnagar. The ratios like char-EC/soot-EC, non-sea-K+/EC and non-sea-SO42-/EC strongly indicated the dominance of fossil fuel burning over biomass burning. Compared with other studies, we observed that the PM2.5 pollution over this semi-urban region was comparable (and even higher in some cases) with other parts of IGP. The high exceedance of PM2.5 over the Indian standard in Shyamnagar strongly demands an immediate initiation of systematic and regular based air pollution monitoring over semi-urban/non-urban regions in India, especially IGP, in addition to the polluted cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sauryadeep Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bose Institute, Block-EN, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, India; Department of Environmental Science, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Ballygunge, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Gyanesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering and APTL at Center for Environmental Science and Engineering (CESE), Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Monami Dutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bose Institute, Block-EN, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, India; Department of Environmental Science, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Ballygunge, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Vivek Srivastava
- Department of Civil Engineering and APTL at Center for Environmental Science and Engineering (CESE), Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Adnan Mateen Qadri
- Department of Civil Engineering and APTL at Center for Environmental Science and Engineering (CESE), Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Tarun Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering and APTL at Center for Environmental Science and Engineering (CESE), Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Abhijit Chatterjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bose Institute, Block-EN, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, India.
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Wang Z, Cao R, Li B, Cai M, Peng ZR, Zhang G, Lu Q, He HD, Zhang J, Shi K, Liu Y, Zhang H, Hu X. Characterizing nighttime vertical profiles of atmospheric particulate matter and ozone in a megacity of south China using unmanned aerial vehicle measurements. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 236:116854. [PMID: 37562735 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Daytime atmospheric pollution has received wide attention, while the vertical structures of atmospheric pollutants at night play a crucial role in the photochemical process on the following day, which is still less reported. Focusing on Guangzhou, a megacity of South China, we established an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with micro detectors to collect consecutive high-resolution samples of fine particle (PM2.5), submicron particle (PM1.0), black carbon (BC) and ozone (O3) concentrations in the atmosphere, as well as the air temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH) within a 500 m altitude during nighttime from Oct. 24th to Nov. 6th, 2018. The measurements showed that PM2.5, PM1.0, and BC decreased with altitude and were influenced by the nighttime shallow planetary boundary layer (PBL) where BC was more accumulated and fluctuated. In contrast, O3 was positively correlated with altitude. Backward trajectory clustering and Pasquill stability classification showed that advection and convection significantly influenced the vertical distribution of all pollutants, particularly particulate matter. External air masses carrying high concentrations of pollutants increased PM1.0 and PM2.5 levels by 145% and 455%, respectively, compared to unaffected periods. The ratio of BC to PM2.5 indicated that local emissions had a minor role in nighttime particulate matter. Vertical transport caused by atmospheric instability reduced the differences in pollutant concentrations at various heights. Geodetector and generalized additive model showed that RH and BC accumulation in the PBL were significant factors influencing vertical changes of the secondary aerosol intensity as indicated by the ratio of PM1.0 to PM2.5. The joint explanation of RH and atmospheric stability with other variables such as BC is essential to understand the generation of secondary aerosols. These findings provide insights into regional and local measures to prevent and control night-time particulate matter pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanyong Wang
- College of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
| | - Ruhui Cao
- College of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Bai Li
- School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ming Cai
- School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhong-Ren Peng
- iAdapt: International Center for Adaptation Planning and Design, College of Design, Construction and Planning, University of Florida, PO Box 115706, Gainesville, FL, 32611-5706, USA; Healthy Building Research Center, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
| | - Guohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Qingchang Lu
- Department of Traffic Information and Control Engineering, School of Electronic and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China
| | - Hong-di He
- School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jinpu Zhang
- Guangzhou Sub-branch of Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Shi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637009, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xisheng Hu
- College of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
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Bamotra S, Kaushal D, Yadav S, Tandon A. Variations in the concentration, source activity, and atmospheric processing of PM 2.5-associated water-soluble ionic species over Jammu, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:601. [PMID: 35864231 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations, sources, and atmospheric processing of water-soluble ionic species associated with PM2.5 collected from 2015 to 2017 were studied in Jammu, an urban location in the North-Western Himalayan Region (NWHR). Being ecologically sensitive and sparsely studied for dynamics in PM2.5 and associated WSIS, the present study is important for developing robust air pollution abatement strategies for the air-shed of NWHR. Twenty-four hourly PM2.5 samples were collected on weekly basis at a receptor site and analyzed for WSIS using ion chromatography system. On annual basis, total sum of WSIS (ΣWSIS) contributed about 28.5% of PM2.5, where the contribution of sulfate-nitrate-ammonium, a proxy for secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA), was found to be 18.7% of PM2.5. The ΣWSIS and PM2.5 concentration showed a seasonal cycle with the maximum concentration during winters and the minimum in summers. Mass fraction of ΣWSIS in PM2.5 showed an anti-phase seasonal pattern indicating more source activity during summers. Season-wise, dominant WSIS constituting PM2.5 were NO3-, SO42-, NH4+, and K+ during winters; whereas summer was marked with dominant contributions from SO42-, NH4+, Ca2+, and K+. Seasonal variability exhibited among SIA constituents underscored the crucial role of air temperature and relative humidity regime. It was observed that nss-K+ + NH4+ were sufficient to neutralize most of the acidic species arising from precursor gases (NOx and SOx). Using principal component analysis, five major sources and processes, viz. (a) biomass burning activities, (b) secondary inorganic aerosol formation, (c) input from re-suspended dust, (d) transported dust, and (e) fertilizer residue, were identified for the emissions of PM2.5-associated WSIS over Jammu. In future studies, impacts of dry and/or wet deposition of aerosol-associated WSIS on the crop productivity in the region should be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Bamotra
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Bagla (Rahya Suchani), Samba, Jammu, J&K, 181143, India
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra, H.P, 176215, India
| | - Deepika Kaushal
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra, H.P, 176215, India
| | - Shweta Yadav
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Bagla (Rahya Suchani), Samba, Jammu, J&K, 181143, India.
| | - Ankit Tandon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra, H.P, 176215, India.
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Zhang M, Jia J, Wang B, Zhang W, Gu C, Zhang X, Zhao Y. Source Apportionment of Fine Particulate Matter during the Day and Night in Lanzhou, NW China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:7091. [PMID: 35742335 PMCID: PMC9222658 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Source apportionment of PM2.5 in Lanzhou, China, was carried out using positive matrix factorization (PMF). Seventeen elements (Ca, Fe, K, Ti, Ba, Mn, Sr, Cd, Se, Pb, Cu, Zn, As, Ni, Co, Cr, V), water-soluble ions (Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-), and organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were analyzed. The results indicated that the mean concentration of PM2.5 was 178.63 ± 96.99 μg/m3. In winter, the PM2.5 concentration was higher during the day than at night, and the opposite was the case in summer, and the nighttime PM2.5 concentration was 1.3 times higher than during the day. Water-soluble ions were the dominant component of PM2.5 during the study. PMF source analysis revealed six sources in winter, during the day and night: salt lakes, coal combustion, vehicle emissions, secondary aerosols, soil dust, and industrial emissions. In summer, eight sources during the day and night were identified: soil dust, coal combustion, industrial emissions, vehicle emissions, secondary sulfate, salt lakes, secondary aerosols, and biomass burning. Secondary aerosols, coal combustion, and vehicle emissions were the dominant sources of PM2.5. In winter, the proportions of secondary aerosols and soil dust sources were greater during the day than at night, and the opposite was the case in summer. The coal source, industrial emissions source, and motor vehicle emissions source were greater at night than during the day in winter. This work can serve as a case study for further in-depth research on PM2.5 pollution and source apportionment in Lanzhou, China.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jia Jia
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (M.Z.); (W.Z.); (C.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (M.Z.); (W.Z.); (C.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.)
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Navarro-Selma B, Clemente A, Nicolás JF, Crespo J, Carratalá A, Lucarelli F, Giardi F, Galindo N, Yubero E. Size segregated ionic species collected in a harbour area. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133693. [PMID: 35063561 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble ions were analysed in size segregated aerosol samples collected in the port of Alicante (Southeastern Spain) during summer and winter using a multistage cascade impactor. Seasonal variations in the size distributions of the analysed components and the influence of bulk materials handling (loading/unloading and stockpiling) at the docks were investigated. The size distributions of SO42-, NH4+ and K+ were characterized by prominent peaks in the condensation and droplet modes, both in summer and winter, while those of Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+ and Cl- had a main peak centred at ∼4 μm. Although oxalate size distributions were similar during both seasons, the fraction of coarse-mode oxalate increased in summer most likely as a result of volatilization and repartition processes or reactions of oxalic acid with coarse alkaline particles. Nitrate size distributions were dominated by a coarse mode; however, during winter, modal peaks in the submicron size range were also observed due to favourable conditions for the formation of fine-mode NH4NO3. Harbour activities had a significant impact only on the concentrations of calcium, particularly in the coarse fraction, during both summer and winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Navarro-Selma
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - A Clemente
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - J F Nicolás
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - J Crespo
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - A Carratalá
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alicante, P. O. Box 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - F Lucarelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence and INFN, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - F Giardi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence and INFN, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - N Galindo
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - E Yubero
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain.
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7
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Cheng Y, Cao XB, Liu JM, Yu QQ, Wang P, Yan CQ, Du ZY, Liang LL, Zhang Q, He KB. Primary nature of brown carbon absorption in a frigid atmosphere with strong haze chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112324. [PMID: 34742712 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Severe haze hovered over Harbin during the heating season of 2019-2020, making it one of the ten most polluted Chinese cities in January of 2020. Here we focused on the optical properties and sources of brown carbon (BrC) during the extreme atmospheric pollution periods. Enhanced formation of secondary BrC (BrCsec) was evident as relative humidity (RH) became higher, accompanied with a decrease of ozone but concurrent increases of aerosol water content and secondary inorganic aerosols. These features were generally similar to the characteristics of haze chemistry observed during winter haze events in the North China Plain, and indicated that heterogeneous reactions involving aerosol water might be at play in the formation of BrCsec, despite the low temperatures in Harbin. Although BrCsec accounted for a substantial fraction of brown carbon mass, its contribution to BrC absorption was much smaller (6 vs. 28%), pointing to a lower mass absorption efficiency (MAE) of BrCsec compared to primary BrC. In addition, emissions of biomass burning BrC (BrCBB) were inferred to increase with increasing RH, coinciding with a large drop of temperature. Since both the less absorbing BrCsec and the more absorbing BrCBB increased as RH became higher, the MAE of total BrC were largely unchanged throughout the measurement period. This study unfolded the contrast in the source apportionment results of BrC mass and absorption, and could have implications for the simulation of radiative forcing by brown carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Xu-Bing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jiu-Meng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Qin-Qin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Longfengshan Regional Atmospheric Background Station, Heilongjiang Meteorological Bureau, Harbin, 150200, China
| | - Cai-Qing Yan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Du
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Environmental Development Center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Lin-Lin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & CMA Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ke-Bin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Clemente Á, Yubero E, Nicolás JF, Caballero S, Crespo J, Galindo N. Changes in the concentration and composition of urban aerosols during the COVID-19 lockdown. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 203:111788. [PMID: 34339692 PMCID: PMC8654612 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the impact of COVID-19 restrictive measures on the mass concentrations of PM1 and PM10, and their chemical components (water-soluble ions, organic and elemental carbon, and major and trace metals) at an urban site in the western Mediterranean. The evolution of gaseous pollutants (NOx, O3 and some volatile organic compounds) was also analyzed. The concentrations measured during the lockdown in 2020 were compared to those obtained during the same period over the preceding five years. The average decrease in the levels of NOx and traffic-related volatile organic compounds was higher than 50 %, while O3 concentrations did not exhibit significant variations during the study period. Our results show that temporal variations in PM1 and PM10 concentrations were strongly affected by the frequency of Saharan dust events. When these episodes were excluded from the analysis period, a 35 % decrease in PM1 and PM10 levels was observed. Traffic restrictions during the lockdown led to important reductions in the concentrations of elemental carbon and metals derived from road dust (e.g. Ca and Fe) and break wear (e.g. Cu). Regarding secondary inorganic aerosols, nitrate showed the largest reductions as a consequence of the drop in local emissions of NOx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Clemente
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Eduardo Yubero
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Jose F Nicolás
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Sandra Caballero
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Javier Crespo
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Nuria Galindo
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain.
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Kaushal D, Yadav S, Tandon A. Water-soluble ionic species in atmospheric aerosols over Dhauladhar region of North-Western Himalaya. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:41475-41487. [PMID: 32683627 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10117-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble ionic species (WSIS) have been used as potential markers for different source(s) and underlining process(es) emitting and transforming atmospheric aerosols. PM10 aerosol sampling was performed once in a week for a complete one year, at a mid-altitude urban and a low-altitude rural location simultaneously in the Dhauladhar region of the North-Western Himalaya. Aerosol samples were analysed for major WSIS (anions: F-, Cl-, NO3-, PO43- and SO42-; cations: Na+, NH4+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) using the ion chromatography system. Results showed that WSIS constitutes around 15% of PM10 aerosol load in the region. SO42- contributes the maximum (~ 50%) followed by NO3- (~ 12.5%) and NH4+ (~ 12.5%) to the total concentration of WSIS analysed. During all the seasons, average concentrations of PM10 and associated WSIS were observed to be higher over the rural location in comparison to the urban location. The total concentration of WSIS was found to be maximum during the winter season. Principal component analysis performed on the WSIS concentration dataset revealed four major sources of PM10-associated WSIS viz. re-suspension of soil or local sediments; conversion of pollutant gases (SOx, NOx and NH3) to particles, i.e., secondary inorganic aerosol formation; evaporative loss or re-suspension of inorganic (NPK) fertilizers' residues and biomass/crop-residue burning emissions in the Dhauladhar region of the North-Western Himalaya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Kaushal
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra, 176215, India
| | - Shweta Yadav
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Bagla (Rahya Suchani), Samba, Jammu (J&K), 181143, India
| | - Ankit Tandon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra, 176215, India.
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Wang J, Lin X, Lu L, Wu Y, Zhang H, Lv Q, Liu W, Zhang Y, Zhuang S. Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM 2.5 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:969-978. [PMID: 30179825 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can induce oxidative stress, contributing to global burden of diseases. The evaluation of the oxidative potential (OP) of PM2.5 is thus critical for the health risk assessment. We collected ambient PM2.5 samples in Hangzhou city, China for four consecutive quarters in the year 2017 and investigated the oxidation property of PM2.5 components by the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. The annual mean of ambient PM2.5 mass concentrations in 2017 was 63.05 μg m-3 (median: 57.34, range: 6.67-214.33 μg m-3) with the significant seasonal variations ranking as winter > spring > summer > autumn. Secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) species including SO42-, NO3- and NH4+ totally account for >50% of PM2.5 mass. The annual mean volume-normalized DTT activity (DTTv) showed a relatively high value of 0.62 nmol/min/m3 (median: 0.62, range: 0.11-1.66 nmol/min/m3) and DTTv of four seasons was roughly at the same level, indicating a high annual exposure level of ambient PM2.5. SIA species were correlated well with the corresponding DTTv and showed significant diurnal variations with strong or moderate correlations at day and weak correlations at night, suggesting strong secondary formation in daytime with contribution to the particulate OP. The annual mean mass-normalized DTT activity (DTTm) had a relatively low value of 6.39 pmol/min/μg (median: 5.63, range: 1.99-22.70 pmol/min/μg), indicating low intrinsic oxidative toxicity. The DTTm of four seasons ranked as autumn > winter > spring > summer, indicating seasonal variations of the DTT-active components. The PM2.5 mass concentration is more related to exposure levels than intrinsic properties of components, while OP is determined by the components rather than PM2.5 mass concentration. Our results provide an insight into reactive oxygen species-induced health risk of PM2.5 exposure and decision for subsequent emission control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingpeng Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin Lin
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Liping Lu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yujie Wu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huanxin Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qi Lv
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanlin Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Shulin Zhuang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; The First Affiliated Hospital College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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Galindo N, Yubero E, Nicolás JF, Varea M, Crespo J. Characterization of metals in PM 1 and PM 10 and health risk evaluation at an urban site in the western Mediterranean. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 201:243-250. [PMID: 29524825 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
PM1 and PM10 samples collected in the urban center of Elche during two years were analyzed by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence in order to determine the concentrations of the following metals: K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr and Ba. The influence of traffic and Saharan dust intrusions on PM levels and metal content was studied in this work. The results indicate that the coarse fraction was affected more by variations in traffic intensity than the submicron fraction. The concentrations of Ca, commonly used as a tracer of road dust, showed the highest decreases during the weekends due to the reduction in traffic-induced resuspension. In contrast, Saharan events had a greater impact on the levels of other metals such as Ti and Fe, significantly affecting their seasonal variability. High concentrations of V and Ni compared with the values found at larger urban areas were observed. This could be attributed to a significant contribution from soils, Saharan dust and even ship emissions. Enrichment factors calculated using Ti as a reference element indicate that Zn and Cu are predominantly emitted by anthropogenic activities. In fact, Saharan dust intrusions had a minor influence on the average concentrations of these metals. Non-carcinogenic health hazards associated with exposure to airborne metals were lower than the safety threshold (hazard quotient < 1). Carcinogenic risks for Cr (VI) and Ni were between 10-6 and 10-4 and, therefore, within the range considered acceptable by the US EPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Galindo
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | - E Yubero
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - J F Nicolás
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - M Varea
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - J Crespo
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202 Elche, Spain
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Summertime Day-Night Differences of PM2.5 Components (Inorganic Ions, OC, EC, WSOC, WSON, HULIS, and PAHs) in Changzhou, China. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8100189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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