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Gruzieva O, Georgelis A, Andersson N, Johansson C, Bellander T, Merritt AS. Comparison of personal exposure to black carbon levels with fixed-site monitoring data and with dispersion modelling and the influence of activity patterns and environment. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024; 34:538-545. [PMID: 38388654 PMCID: PMC11222137 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-024-00653-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-term studies of health effects from ambient air pollution usually rely on fixed site monitoring data or spatio-temporal models for exposure characterization, but the relation to personal exposure is often not known. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore this relation for black carbon (BC) in central Stockholm. METHODS Families (n = 46) with an infant, one parent working and one parent on parental leave, carried battery-operated BC instruments for 7 days. Routine BC monitoring data were obtained from rural background (RB) and urban background (UB) sites. Outdoor levels of BC at home and work were estimated in 24 h periods by dispersion modelling based on hourly real-time meteorological data, and statistical meteorological data representing annual mean conditions. Global radiation, air pressure, precipitation, temperature, and wind speed data were obtained from the UB station. All families lived in the city centre, within 4 km of the UB station. RESULTS The average level of 24 h personal BC was 425 (s.d. 181) ng/m3 for parents on leave, and 394 (s.d. 143) ng/m3 for working parents. The corresponding fixed-site monitoring observations were 148 (s.d. 139) at RB and 317 (s.d. 149) ng/m3 at UB. Modelled BC levels at home and at work were 493 (s.d. 228) and 331 (s.d. 173) ng/m3, respectively. UB, RB and air pressure explained only 21% of personal 24 h BC variability for parents on leave and 25% for working parents. Modelled home BC and observed air pressure explained 23% of personal BC, and adding modelled BC at work increased the explanation to 34% for the working parents. IMPACT Short-term studies of health effects from ambient air pollution usually rely on fixed site monitoring data or spatio-temporal models for exposure characterization, but the relation to actual personal exposure is often not known. In this study we showed that both routine monitoring and modelled data explained less than 35% of variability in personal black carbon exposure. Hence, short-term health effects studies based on fixed site monitoring or spatio-temporal modelling are likely to be underpowered and subject to bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Gruzieva
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonios Georgelis
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Andersson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Johansson
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Environment and Health Administration, SLB-analys, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tom Bellander
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne-Sophie Merritt
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Krittanawong C, Qadeer YK, Hayes RB, Wang Z, Thurston GD, Virani S, Lavie CJ. PM 2.5 and cardiovascular diseases: State-of-the-Art review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY. CARDIOVASCULAR RISK AND PREVENTION 2023; 19:200217. [PMID: 37869561 PMCID: PMC10585625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcrp.2023.200217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution, especially exposure to particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), has been associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality around the world. Specifically, it seems that PM2.5 promotes the development of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension and atherosclerosis, while being associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, heart failure, and arrhythmias. In this review, we seek to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms by which exposure to PM2.5 can result in adverse cardiovascular outcomes, in addition to understanding the link between exposure to PM2.5 and cardiovascular events. It is hypothesized that PM2.5 functions via 3 mechanisms: increased oxidative stress, activation of the inflammatory pathway of the immune system, and stimulation of the autonomic nervous system which ultimately promote endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and systemic inflammation that can thus lead to cardiovascular events. It is important to note that the various cardiovascular associations of PM2.5 differ regarding the duration of exposure (short vs long) to PM2.5, the source of PM2.5, and regulations regarding air pollution in the area where PM2.5 is prominent. Current strategies to reduce PM2.5 exposure include personal strategies such as avoiding high PM2.5 areas such as highways or wearing masks outdoors, to governmental policies restricting the amount of PM2.5 produced by organizations. This review, by highlighting the significant impact between PM2.5 exposure and cardiovascular health will hopefully bring awareness and produce significant change regarding dealing with PM2.5 levels worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard B. Hayes
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhen Wang
- Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Health Care Policy and Research, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - George D. Thurston
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, USA
| | - Salim Virani
- Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Carl J. Lavie
- John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Uzun B, Onat B, Ayvaz C, Akın Ö, Alver Şahin Ü. Effect of time-activity patterns and microenvironments on the personal exposure of undergraduate students to black carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:593. [PMID: 35857112 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the personal exposure to and potential dose of black carbon (BC) of undergraduate students (22-27 years old, nonsmokers) were determined. BC was continuously measured by a portable device (microAeth® AE51) for four consecutive days in Istanbul between April and May 2019. The time-activity diaries filled out by each volunteer were assessed to define the activities and microenvironments (home, school, transportation and entertainment) that contributed to daily BC exposure. The overall mean concentration of BC was 2.0 μg/m3, and the mean concentrations on weekdays and weekends were 3.0 μg/m3 and 1.1 μg/m3, respectively. Transportation made the highest contribution to mean BC exposure (42%) and dose (45.8%) on weekdays, while the contributions of home-based activities to BC exposure (66.1%) and dose (63.2%) were higher on weekends. Students had the most intense exposure to (2.8% and 4.6%) and dose (3.1% and 5.8%) of BC in transportation both on weekdays and on weekends, respectively. Between transportation modes, the mean BC concentration was the highest for minibuses (14.8 μg/m3), while walking made the largest contribution to BC exposure (16.8%) on weekdays. Students spent 12.8% of their weekdays at school, and the contributions of the school environment to BC exposure and dose were 8.5% and 7%, respectively. Exposure to BC increased during cooking and eating activities in microenvironments such as the kitchen, cafe and dining hall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Uzun
- Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcılar, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Burcu Onat
- Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcılar, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Coşkun Ayvaz
- Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcılar, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özcan Akın
- Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Forestry, Düzce University, 81620, Düzce, Turkey
| | - Ülkü Alver Şahin
- Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcılar, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey
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Wang Y, Shupler M, Birch A, Chu YL, Jeronimo M, Rangarajan S, Mustaha M, Heenan L, Seron P, Lanas F, Salazar L, Saavedra N, Oliveros MJ, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Camacho PA, Otero J, Perez-Mayorga M, Yeates K, West N, Ncube T, Ncube B, Chifamba J, Yusuf R, Khan A, Liu Z, Bo H, Wei L, Tse LA, Mohan D, Kumar P, Gupta R, Mohan I, Jayachitra KG, Mony PK, Rammohan K, Nair S, Lakshmi PVM, Sagar V, Khawaja R, Iqbal R, Kazmi K, Yusuf S, Brauer M, Hystad P. Measuring and predicting personal and household Black Carbon levels from 88 communities in eight countries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 818:151849. [PMID: 34822894 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Black Carbon (BC) is an important component of household air pollution (HAP) in low- and middle- income countries (LMICs), but levels and drivers of exposure are poorly understood. As part of the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological (PURE) study, we analyzed 48-hour BC measurements for 1187 individual and 2242 household samples from 88 communities in 8 LMICs (Bangladesh, Chile, China, Colombia, India, Pakistan, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe). Light absorbance (10-5 m-1) of collected PM2.5 filters, a proxy for BC concentrations, was calculated via an image-based reflectance method. Surveys of household/personal characteristics and behaviors were collected after monitoring. The geometric mean (GM) of personal and household BC measures was 2.4 (3.3) and 3.5 (3.9)·10-5 m-1, respectively. The correlation between BC and PM2.5 was r = 0.76 for personal and r = 0.82 for household measures. A gradient of increasing BC concentrations was observed for cooking fuels: BC increased 53% (95%CI: 30, 79) for coal, 142% (95%CI: 117, 169) for wood, and 190% (95%CI: 149, 238) for other biomass, compared to gas. Each hour of cooking was associated with an increase in household (5%, 95%CI: 3, 7) and personal (5%, 95%CI: 2, 8) BC; having a window in the kitchen was associated with a decrease in household (-38%, 95%CI: -45, -30) and personal (-31%, 95%CI: -44, -15) BC; and cooking on a mud stove, compared to a clean stove, was associated with an increase in household (125%, 95%CI: 96, 160) and personal (117%, 95%CI: 71, 117) BC. Male participants only had slightly lower personal BC (-0.6%, 95%CI: -1, 0.0) compared to females. In multivariate models, we were able to explain 46-60% of household BC variation and 33-54% of personal BC variation. These data and models provide new information on exposure to BC in LMICs, which can be incorporated into future exposure assessments, health research, and policy surrounding HAP and BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Matthew Shupler
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Public Health, Policy and Systems, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Birch
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yen Li Chu
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Matthew Jeronimo
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sumathy Rangarajan
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maha Mustaha
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Heenan
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul A Camacho
- Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander (FOSCAL), Floridablanca, Colombia
| | - Johnna Otero
- Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander (FOSCAL), Floridablanca, Colombia
| | - Maritza Perez-Mayorga
- Facultad de Medicina Universidad Militar Nueva Granada and Clinica de Marly, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Karen Yeates
- Pamoja Tunaweza Research Centre, Moshi, Tanzania; Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicola West
- Pamoja Tunaweza Research Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Tatenda Ncube
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Brian Ncube
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Jephat Chifamba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Rita Yusuf
- School of Life Sciences, Independent University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Afreen Khan
- School of Life Sciences, Independent University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zhiguang Liu
- Beijing An Zhen Hospital of the Capital University of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Hu Bo
- Medical Research & Biometrics Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Li Wei
- Medical Research & Biometrics Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - L A Tse
- Jockey Club School of Public health and Primary Care, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Deepa Mohan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | | | - Rajeev Gupta
- Eternal Heart Care Centre & Research Institute, Jaipur, India
| | - Indu Mohan
- Mahatma Gandhi University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Jaipur, India
| | - K G Jayachitra
- St. John's Medical College & Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Prem K Mony
- St. John's Medical College & Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Kamala Rammohan
- Health Action By People, Government Medical College, Trivandrum, India
| | - Sanjeev Nair
- Health Action By People, Government Medical College, Trivandrum, India
| | - P V M Lakshmi
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vivek Sagar
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rehman Khawaja
- Department of Community Health Science, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Romaina Iqbal
- Department of Community Health Science, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Khawar Kazmi
- Department of Community Health Science, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Perry Hystad
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.
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Kitagawa YKL, Kumar P, Galvão ES, Santos JM, Reis NC, Nascimento EGS, Moreira DM. Exposure and dose assessment of school children to air pollutants in a tropical coastal-urban area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:149747. [PMID: 34487895 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study estimates exposure and inhaled dose to air pollutants of children residing in a tropical coastal-urban area in Southeast Brazil. For that, twenty-one children filled their time-activities diaries and wore the passive samplers to monitor NO2. The personal exposure was also estimated using data provided by the combination of WRF-Urban/GEOS-Chem/CMAQ models, and the nearby monitoring station. Indoor/outdoor ratios were used to consider the amount of time spent indoors by children in homes and schools. The model's performance was assessed by comparing the modelled data with concentrations measured by urban monitoring stations. A sensitivity analyses was also performed to evaluate the impact of the model's height on the air pollutant concentrations. The results showed that the mean children's personal exposure to NO2 predicted by the model (22.3 μg/m3) was nearly twice to those measured by the passive samplers (12.3 μg/m3). In contrast, the nearest urban monitoring station did not represent the personal exposure to NO2 (9.3 μg/m3), suggesting a bias in the quantification of previous epidemiological studies. The building effect parameterisation (BEP) together with the lowering of the model height enhanced the air pollutant concentrations and the exposure of children to air pollutants. With the use of the CMAQ model, exposure to O3, PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 was also estimated and revealed that the daily children's personal exposure was 13.4, 38.9, 32.9, and 9.6 μg/m3, respectively. Meanwhile, the potential inhalation daily dose was 570-667 μg for PM2.5, 684-789 μg for PM10, and 163-194 μg for PM1, showing to be favourable to cause adverse health effects. The exposure of children to air pollutants estimated by the numerical model in this work was comparable to other studies found in the literature, showing one of the advantages of using the modelling approach since some air pollutants are poorly spatially represented and/or are not routinely monitored by environmental agencies in many regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Kaore Lago Kitagawa
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil; Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom; Centro Integrado de Manufatura e Tecnologia (SENAI CIMATEC), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Elson Silva Galvão
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Jane Meri Santos
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Neyval Costa Reis
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | | | - Davidson Martins Moreira
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil; Centro Integrado de Manufatura e Tecnologia (SENAI CIMATEC), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Jia H, Pan J, Huo J, Fu Q, Duan Y, Lin Y, Hu X, Cheng J. Atmospheric black carbon in urban and traffic areas in Shanghai: Temporal variations, source characteristics, and population exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117868. [PMID: 34364117 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) measurements were performed at Pudong (PD) urban supersite and Gonghexin (GH) roadside station from December 1, 2017 to August 10, 2020 to investigate the variations, source characteristics, and population exposure levels of BC in traffic and urban areas in Shanghai, China. The BC median concentration at GH was more than two-fold that at PD. Absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) values were 1.27 ± 0.17 and 1.31 ± 0.17 at PD and GH, respectively, suggesting the dominance of liquid fossil fuel combustion sources (i.e., traffic exhaust) at these stations. The higher BC and AAE values in winter at PD indicated the relatively increasing contribution of solid fuels (i.e., biomass burning) to BC concentration in urban Shanghai. The diurnal variation in BC showed similar twin-peak patterns at PD and GH, implying that traffic emission mainly contributed to ambient BC concentration in urban Shanghai. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of BC were generally higher in males than in females at both PD and GH. The highest BC EDIs at PD were found in age subgroups 1-<2 and 2-<3 years. In contrast, the BC EDIs at GH were observed in age subgroups 6-<9, 12-<15, and 15-<18 years, which were higher than those determined at PD, indicating that more attention must be paid to BC exposure of the population in these age subgroups. These results provide scientific insights into variations, source characteristics, and population exposure levels of BC in urban and traffic areas and could help in the development of BC control strategies in Shanghai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohao Jia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jun Pan
- State Ecologic Environmental Scientific Observation and Research Station at Dianshan Lake (SEED), Shanghai Environmental Monitor Center, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Juntao Huo
- State Ecologic Environmental Scientific Observation and Research Station at Dianshan Lake (SEED), Shanghai Environmental Monitor Center, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- State Ecologic Environmental Scientific Observation and Research Station at Dianshan Lake (SEED), Shanghai Environmental Monitor Center, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Yusen Duan
- State Ecologic Environmental Scientific Observation and Research Station at Dianshan Lake (SEED), Shanghai Environmental Monitor Center, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Yanfen Lin
- State Ecologic Environmental Scientific Observation and Research Station at Dianshan Lake (SEED), Shanghai Environmental Monitor Center, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Xue Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jinping Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Lim S, Barratt B, Holliday L, Griffiths CJ, Mudway IS. Characterising professional drivers' exposure to traffic-related air pollution: Evidence for reduction strategies from in-vehicle personal exposure monitoring. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 153:106532. [PMID: 33812042 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Professional drivers working in congested urban areas are required to work near harmful traffic related pollutants for extended periods, representing a significant, but understudied occupational risk. This study collected personal black carbon (BC) exposures for 141 drivers across seven sectors in London. The aim of the study was to assess the magnitude and the primary determinants of their exposure, leading to the formulation of targeted exposure reduction strategies for the occupation. Each participant's personal BC exposures were continuously measured using real-time monitors for 96 h, incorporating four shifts per participant. 'At work' BC exposures (3.1 ± 3.5 µg/m3) were 2.6 times higher compared to when 'not at work' (1.2 ± 0.7 µg/m3). Workers spent 19% of their time 'at work driving', however this activity contributed 36% of total BC exposure, highlighting the disproportionate effect driving had on their daily exposure. Taxi drivers experienced the highest BC exposures due to the time they spent working in congested central London, while emergency services had the lowest. Spikes in exposure were observed while driving and were at times greater than 100 µg/m3. The most significant determinants of drivers' exposures were driving in tunnels, congestion, location, day of week and time of shift. Driving with closed windows significantly reduced exposures and is a simple behaviour change drivers could implement. Our results highlight strategies by which employers and local policy makers can reduce professional drivers' exposure to traffic-related air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanon Lim
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK.
| | - Benjamin Barratt
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK; NIHR Environmental Exposure and Health HPRU, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Lois Holliday
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Chris J Griffiths
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK; MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ian S Mudway
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK; MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London, UK; NIHR Environmental Exposure and Health HPRU, Imperial College London, UK
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Borghi F, Spinazzè A, Mandaglio S, Fanti G, Campagnolo D, Rovelli S, Keller M, Cattaneo A, Cavallo DM. Estimation of the Inhaled Dose of Pollutants in Different Micro-Environments: A Systematic Review of the Literature. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9060140. [PMID: 34204794 PMCID: PMC8231583 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9060140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the need to assess personal exposure in different micro-environments has been highlighted. Further, estimating the inhaled dose of pollutants is considerably one of the most interesting parameters to be explored to complete the fundamental information obtained through exposure assessment, especially if associated with a dose-response approach. To analyze the main results obtained from the studies related to the estimation of the inhaled dose of pollutants in different micro-environments (environments in which an individual spends a part of his day), and to identify the influence of different parameters on it, a systematic review of the literature was performed. The principal outcomes from the considered studies outlined that (i) exposure concentration and residence time are among the most important parameters to be evaluated in the estimation of the inhaled dose, especially in transport environments. Further, (ii) the pulmonary ventilation rate can be of particular interest during active commuting because of its increase, which increases the inhalation of pollutants. From a methodological point of view, the advent of increasingly miniaturized, portable and low-cost technologies could favor these kinds of studies, both for the measurement of atmospheric pollutants and the real-time evaluation of physiological parameters used for estimation of the inhaled dose. The main results of this review also show some knowledge gaps. In particular, numerous studies have been conducted for the evaluation (in terms of personal exposure and estimation of the inhaled dose) of different PM fractions: other airborne pollutants, although harmful to human health, are less represented in studies of this type: for this reason, future studies should be conducted, also considering other air pollutants, not neglecting the assessment of exposure to PM. Moreover, many studies have been conducted indoors, where the population spends most of their daily time. However, it has been highlighted how particular environments, even if characterized by a shorter residence time, can contribute significantly to the dose of inhaled pollutants. These environments are, therefore, of particular importance and should be better evaluated in future studies, as well as occupational environments, where the work results in a high pulmonary ventilation rate. The attention of future studies should also be focused on these categories of subjects and occupational studies.
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Lee TH, Kwon HB, Song WY, Lee SS, Kim YJ. Microfluidic ultrafine particle dosimeter using an electrical detection method with a machine-learning-aided algorithm for real-time monitoring of particle density and size distribution. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:1503-1516. [PMID: 33629686 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01240h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Growing concerns related to the adverse health effects of airborne ultrafine particles (UFPs; particles smaller than 300 nm) have highlighted the need for field-portable, cost-efficient, real-time UFP dosimeters to monitor individual exposure. These dosimeters must measure both the particle density and size distribution as these parameters are essential to the determination of where and how many UFPs will be deposited in human lungs. However, though various kinds of laboratory-grade instruments and hand-held monitors have been developed, they are expensive and only capable of measuring particle size distribution. A microfluidic UFP dosimeter is proposed in this study to address these limitations. The proposed sensor, based on an electrical detection method with a machine-learning-aided algorithm, can simultaneously measure the size distribution (number concentration, mean mobility diameter, geometric standard deviation) and particle density, and is compact owing to the microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology. In a comparison test using physically synthesised Ag and di-ethyl-hexyl sebacate (DEHS) aerosols, the mean measurement errors of the proposed sensor compared to the reference system were 6.1%, 4.5%, and 7.3% for number concentration, mean mobility diameter, and particle density, respectively. Moreover, when the machine-learning aided algorithm was operated, the geometric standard deviation could be deduced with a 7.6% difference. These results indicate that the proposed device can be successfully used as a field-portable UFP sensor to assess individual exposure, an on-site monitor for ambient air pollution, an analysis tool in toxicological studies of inhaled particles, for quality assurance of nanomaterials engineered via aerosol synthesis, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hoon Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hong-Beom Kwon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woo-Young Song
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Soo Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong-Jun Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Identification of High Personal PM2.5 Exposure during Real Time Commuting in the Taipei Metropolitan Area. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12030396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
There has been an increase in the network of mass rapid transit (MRT) and the number of automobiles over the past decades in the Taipei metropolitan area, Taiwan. The effects of these changes on PM2.5 exposure for the residents using different modes of transportation are unclear. Volunteers measured PM2.5 concentrations while commuting in different modes of transportation using a portable PM2.5 detector. Exposure to PM2.5 (median (range)) was higher when walking along the streets (40 (10–275) µg/m3) compared to riding the buses (35 (13–65) µg/m3) and the cars (15 (8–80) µg/m3). PM2.5 concentrations were higher in underground MRT stations (80 (30–210) µg/m3) and inside MRT cars running in underground sections (80 (55–185) µg/m3) than those in elevated MRT stations (33 (15–35) µg/m3) and inside MRT cars running in elevated sections (28 (13–68) µg/m3) (p < 0.0001). Riding motorcycle also was associated with high PM2.5 exposure (75 (60–105 µg/m3), p < 0.0001 vs. walking). High PM2.5 concentrations were noted near the temples (588 ± 271 µg/m3) and in the underground food court of a night market (405 ± 238 µg/m3) where the eatery stalls stir-fried and grilled food (p < 0.0001 vs. walking). We conclude that residents in the Taipei metropolitan area may still be exposed to high PM2.5 during some forms of commuting, including riding underground MRT.
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11
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Targino AC, Krecl P, Cipoli YA, Oukawa GY, Monroy DA. Bus commuter exposure and the impact of switching from diesel to biodiesel for routes of complex urban geometry. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114601. [PMID: 33618461 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report on commuters' exposure to black carbon (BC), PM2.5 and particle number (PN, with aerodynamic diameter, da, in the range 0.01 <da< 1.0 μm) collected on-board diesel- and biodiesel-fuelled buses of the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system of the city of Curitiba, Brazil. Particulate concentrations measured at high sampling rates allowed the capture of fine gradients along the route and the comparison of in-cabin air pollution on buses of different technologies. Of all metrics, BC showed the largest discrepancies, with mean concentrations of 20.1 ± 20.0 μg m-3 and 3.9 ± 26.0 μg m-3 on diesel- and biodiesel-fuelled buses, respectively. Mean PM2.5 concentrations were similar (31.6 ± 28.5 μg m-3 and 29.0 ± 17.8 μg m-3), whilst mean PN concentrations were larger on the biodiesel buses (56,697 ± 26,800 # cm-3vs. 43,322 ± 32,243 # cm-3). The results are in line with studies on biodiesel emission factors that reported lower BC mass but more particles with smaller diameters. Our hypothesis is that different emission factors of diesel and biodiesel engines reflected in differences of in-cabin particulate concentrations. We found that the passenger exposure during the bus commutes was affected not only by the fuel used but also by the street geometry along the route, with segments with canyon configurations resulting in peak exposure to particulates. The results suggest that i) switching from diesel to biodiesel may help abate commuters' exposure to BC particles on-board buses of the BRT system, whilst it would need to be complemented with after-treatment technologies to reduce emissions; ii) further reductions in exposure (to peaks in particular) could be achieved by changing bus routes to ones that avoid passing through narrow urban street canyons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Admir Créso Targino
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Krecl
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Yago Alonso Cipoli
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Yoshikazu Oukawa
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - David Andrés Monroy
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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12
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Carlsten C, Salvi S, Wong GWK, Chung KF. Personal strategies to minimise effects of air pollution on respiratory health: advice for providers, patients and the public. Eur Respir J 2020; 55:1902056. [PMID: 32241830 PMCID: PMC7270362 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02056-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As global awareness of air pollution rises, so does the imperative to provide evidence-based recommendations for strategies to mitigate its impact. While public policy has a central role in reducing air pollution, exposure can also be reduced by personal choices. Qualified evidence supports limiting physical exertion outdoors on high air pollution days and near air pollution sources, reducing near-roadway exposure while commuting, utilising air quality alert systems to plan activities, and wearing facemasks in prescribed circumstances. Other strategies include avoiding cooking with solid fuels, ventilating and isolating cooking areas, and using portable air cleaners fitted with high-efficiency particulate air filters. We detail recommendations to assist providers and public health officials when advising patients and the public regarding personal-level strategies to mitigate risk imposed by air pollution, while recognising that well-designed prospective studies are urgently needed to better establish and validate interventions that benefit respiratory health in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Carlsten
- Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory, Dept of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Gary W K Wong
- Dept of Pediatrics and School of Public Health, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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13
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Singh V, Sokhi RS, Kukkonen J. An approach to predict population exposure to ambient air PM 2.5 concentrations and its dependence on population activity for the megacity London. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113623. [PMID: 31796312 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive modelling approach has been developed to predict population exposure to the ambient air PM2.5 concentrations in different microenvironments in London. The modelling approach integrates air pollution dispersion and exposure assessment, including treatment of the locations and time activity of the population in three microenvironments, namely, residential, work and transport, based on national demographic information. The approach also includes differences between urban centre and suburban areas of London by taking account of the population movements and the infiltration of PM2.5 from outdoor to indoor. The approach is tested comprehensively by modelling ambient air concentrations of PM2.5 at street scale for the year 2008, including both regional and urban contributions. Model analysis of the exposure in the three microenvironments shows that most of the total exposure, 85%, occurred at home and work microenvironments and 15% in the transport microenvironment. However, the annual population weighted mean (PWM) concentrations of PM2.5 for London in transport microenvironments were almost twice as high (corresponding to 13-20 μg/m3) as those for home and work environments (7-12 μg/m3). Analysis has shown that the PWM PM2.5 concentrations in central London were almost 20% higher than in the surrounding suburban areas. Moreover, the population exposure in the central London per unit area was almost three times higher than that in suburban regions. The exposure resulting from all activities, including outdoor to indoor infiltration, was about 20% higher, when compared with the corresponding value obtained assuming inside home exposure for all times. The exposure assessment methodology used in this study predicted approximately over one quarter (-28%) lower population exposure, compared with using simply outdoor concentrations at residential locations. An important implication of this study is that for estimating population exposure, one needs to consider the population movements, and the infiltration of pollution from outdoors to indoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Singh
- National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Gadanki, Andhra Pradesh, 517112, India.
| | - Ranjeet S Sokhi
- Centre for Atmospheric and Climate Physics Research (CACP), University of Hertfordshire College Lane, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Jaakko Kukkonen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palmenin aukio 1, P.O.Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Hadei M, Shahsavani A, Hopke PK, Kermani M, Yarahmadi M, Mahmoudi B. Comparative health risk assessment of in-vehicle exposure to formaldehyde and acetaldehyde for taxi drivers and passengers: Effects of zone, fuel, refueling, vehicle's age and model. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:112943. [PMID: 31394350 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of in-vehicle exposure in Tehran, Iran to formaldehyde and acetaldehyde for different models of taxis, and to explore the effects of city zone, taxi vehicle type, the taxi's age (<1, 1-5, 5-10), fuel type (gasoline, CNG, and LPG), and refueling activities on the estimated health risks based on previously measured concentrations. The overall and age-specific carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of these compounds for taxi drivers and passengers were estimated separately using Monte Carlo simulations. Three scenarios of exposure frequency were defined for taxis commuting in different zones of city: Restricted Traffic Zone (RTZ) and Odd-Even Zone (OEZ) as two plans to reduce air pollution, and no-restriction zone (NRZ). The carcinogenic risks for drivers and passengers, the average risks of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde for most cases were above the 1 × 10-4. The health risks were greater in Restricted Traffic Zone (RTZ) and Odd-Even Zone (OEZ) in comparison to no-restriction zone (NRZ). The carcinogenic risk from formaldehyde exposures were higher than those for acetaldehyde in all cases. Taxis fueled with LPG showed lower cancer risks for both acetaldehyde and formaldehyde. Refueling increased the carcinogenic risk from both compounds. For non-carcinogenic risks from acetaldehyde, the average hazard ratios for both drivers and passengers were >1, indicating a non-negligible risk. Cancer and non-cancer risks for the taxi drivers were greater than the passengers given the higher time of occupancy. The present study showed that transportation in taxis can impose significant long-term health risks to both passengers and drivers. Development and investment in cleaner choices for public transportations are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Hadei
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Majid Kermani
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Yarahmadi
- Environmental and Occupational Health Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Mahmoudi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Ben Y, Ma F, Wang H, Hassan MA, Yevheniia R, Fan W, Li Y, Dong Z. A spatio-temporally weighted hybrid model to improve estimates of personal PM 2.5 exposure: Incorporating big data from multiple data sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:403-411. [PMID: 31325885 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An accurate estimation of population exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm (PM2.5) is crucial to hazard assessment and epidemiology. This study integrated annual data from 1146 in-home air monitors, air quality monitoring network, public applications, and traffic smart cards to determine the pattern of PM2.5 concentrations and activities in different microenvironments (including outdoors, indoors, subways, buses, and cars). By combining massive amounts of signaling data from cell phones, this study applied a spatio-temporally weighted model to improve the estimation of PM2.5 exposure. Using Shanghai as a case study, the annual average indoor PM2.5 concentration was estimated to be 29.3 ± 27.1 μg/m3 (n = 365), with an average infiltration factor of 0.63. The spatio-temporally weighted PM2.5 exposure was estimated to be 32.1 ± 13.9 μg/m3 (n = 365), with indoor PM2.5 contributing the most (85.1%), followed by outdoor (7.6%), bus (3.7%), subway (3.1%), and car (0.5%). However, considering that outdoor PM2.5 makes a significant contribution to indoor PM2.5, outdoor PM2.5 was responsible for most of the exposure in Shanghai. A heatmap of PM2.5 exposure indicated that the inner-city exposure index was significantly higher than that of the outskirts city, which demonstrated that the importance of spatial differences in population exposure estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuJie Ben
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - FuJun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | | | | | - WenHong Fan
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yubiao Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - ZhaoMin Dong
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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16
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Anh Le H. Real-time black carbon personal exposure levels in microenvironments: Home to home on a round-trip, Hanoi-Singapore. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2019; 69:259-265. [PMID: 30339516 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1537943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about personal exposure levels of black carbon (BC), a fraction of PM2.5, specifically in the transport microenvironments. In this study, real-time personal exposure to BC recorded by a portable microAeth AE51 was investigated in microenvironments in a round-trip from Hanoi (Vietnam) directly to Singapore. Personal exposure to BC was monitored in microenvironments at residential flat, in various surface modes of transport (taxi, bus, train), at the airports, and on the airplanes. The study found that personal exposure levels of BC in Singapore were higher than those in Hanoi for the same type of microenvironment in general for most of the microenvironments, except for smoking rooms. The highest exposures in each city were in smoking room in Noi Bai International Airport (NIA) and at bus station in Singapore, reached 98,709 ng/m3 and 44,513 ng/m3, respectively; the lowest personal exposure level was in-flight (approximately 250 ng/m3) for both trips. It is also remarkable that personal exposure to BC in indoor microenvironments was higher than outdoor levels. Implications: Real-time personal exposure to BC was investigated in microenvironments in a round trip from Hanoi (Vietnam) directly to Singapore. BC personal exposure levels in Singapore were higher than those in Hanoi for the same type of microenvironment except for smoking rooms. Personal exposure to BC levels in indoor microenvironments was higher than in outdoor microenvironments. The highest levels of exposure were 98,709 ng/m3 in the smoking room at Noi Bai International Airport (Hanoi) and 44,513 ng/m3 at the bus station in Changi (Singapore). The lowest BC level was in-flight for both trips, at approximately 250 ng/m3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Anh Le
- a Faculty of Environmental Sciences , VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University (VNU) , Thanh Xuan , Hanoi , Vietnam
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