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Yuan S, Xiang Y, Chen L, Xiang P, Li Y. Magnetic solid-phase extraction based on polydopamine-coated magnetic nanoparticles for rapid and sensitive analysis of eleven illicit drugs and metabolites in wastewater with the aid of UHPLC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1718:464703. [PMID: 38340459 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The quantification of illicit drugs in wastewater has become a valuable tool for monitoring illicit drug abuse. The commonly utilized methods for detecting drugs in wastewater require a substantial sample volume, extended pretreatment durations, and intricate procedures. This study first employed polydopamine-coated magnetic nanocomposites as adsorbents for magnetic solid-phase extraction, combined with UPLC-MS/MS, to simultaneously determine the concentrations of eleven common illicit drugs in wastewater. The synthesis process for Fe3O4@PDA is straightforward and high-yield. Benefiting from the strong magnetic response, good dispersibility, and abundant binding sites of the prepared nanocomposites, the extraction of illicit drugs from wastewater could be achieved in just 15 min. The method exhibited satisfactory limits of quantitation (ranging from 5 to 10 ng/L), commendable accuracy (ranging from 90.59 % to 106.80 %), good precision (with RSDs below 10 %), and less sample consumption (only 1 mL). The efficacy of this method was successfully validated through its application to actual wastewater samples collected from ten wastewater treatment plants. The results indicated that morphine, codeine, methamphetamine, and ketamine were the predominant illicit drugs present in the samples. The method developed is able to meet the needs of common illicit drug monitoring and high-throughput analysis requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yuan
- Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Yangjiayi Xiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lizhu Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai 200063, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
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2
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Li D, Wang D, Tian Y, Chen J, Zhu R, Li Y, Wang L, Zhang XY. Association between drug craving and aggression in Chinese male methamphetamine-dependent patients with and without depressive symptoms. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024; 274:461-469. [PMID: 36913004 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-023-01585-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Depressive symptoms and aggression are common in patients with substance use disorder. Drug craving is one of the main drivers of drug-seeking behavior. This study aimed to explore the relationship between drug craving and aggression in methamphetamine use disorder (MAUD) patients with and without depressive symptoms. Totally, 613 male patients with MAUD were recruited in this study. Patients with depressive symptoms were identified by the 13-item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-13). Drug craving and aggression were assessed by the Desires for Drug Questionnaire (DDQ) and the Buss & Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ), respectively. 374 patients (61.01%) were confirmed to meet the criteria of depressive symptoms. Patients with depressive symptoms had significantly higher DDQ and BPAQ total scores than those without depressive symptoms. DDQ desire and intention were positively correlated with verbal aggression and hostility in patients with depressive symptoms, whereas they were correlated with self-directed aggression in patients without depressive symptoms. In patients with depressive symptoms, DDQ negative reinforcement and a history of suicide attempts were independently associated with BPAQ total score. Our study suggests that male MAUD patients have a high incidence of depressive symptoms and that patients with depressive symptoms may have greater drug cravings and aggression. Depressive symptoms may play a role in the association between drug craving and aggression in patients with MAUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yang Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajing Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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He R, Chen L, Mu H, Ren H, Wu B. Correlations between China's socioeconomic status, disease burdens, and pharmaceuticals and personal care product levels in wastewater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 463:132867. [PMID: 37918075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in domestic wastewater can potentially indicate socioeconomic status and disease burdens. However, current knowledge is limited to the correlation between specific pharmaceuticals and diseases. This study aims to explore the associations between socioeconomic status, disease burdens, and PPCP levels in domestic wastewater at a national level. Samples from 171 wastewater influents across China were used to measure PPCPs, and the per capita consumption of PPCPs was calculated. Results showed that the 31 targeted PPCPs were widely present in wastewater with varying occurrence characteristics. The mean consumption levels of different PPCPs varied greatly, ranging from 0.03 to 110723.15 µg/d/capita. While there were no significant regional differences in the overall pattern of PPCP consumption, 22 PPCPs showed regional variations between Northern China and Southern China. PPCPs with similar usage purposes exhibited similar distribution patterns. Disease burden (70.1%) was the main factor affecting most PPCP consumption compared to socioeconomic factors (26.4%). Through correlation analyses, specific types of PPCPs were identified that were highly associated with socioeconomic status and disease burdens, such as hypertension-bezafibrate, brucellosis-quinolones, sulfonamides, hepatitis-triclosan, triclocarban, socioeconomic development-fluoxetine, and people's living standards-gemfibrozil. Despite some uncertainties, this study provides valuable insights into the relationship between PPCPs in domestic wastewater and socioeconomic status and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Hongxin Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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Shao XT, Wang YS, Gong ZF, Li YY, Tan DQ, Lin JG, Pei W, Wang DG. Surveillance of COVID-19 and influenza A(H1N1) prevalence in China via medicine-based wastewater biomarkers. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 247:120783. [PMID: 37924682 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous monitoring of individual or multiple diseases can be achieved by selecting therapeutic medicines used to treat the primary symptoms of the condition as biomarkers in wastewater. This study proposes a novel approach to monitor the prevalence of COVID-19 and influenza A (H1N1) by selecting nine medicines to serve as biomarkers, including three antipyretics, three antivirals, and three cough suppressants. To verify our approach, wastewater samples were collected from seventeen urban and five rural wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in a Chinese city over a period of one year. The use of antipyretics increased notably during the COVID-19 pandemic, while the consumption of antivirals for influenza A (H1N1) rose in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period, indicating a minor spike in the occurrence of influenza A (H1N1) after the COVID-19 pandemic. Fever is a significant symptom of COVID-19 and can serve as a reliable indicator of disease prevalence. Our research found that the prevalence of COVID-19 in urban areas was significantly higher (at 78.5 %, 95 % CI: 73.4 % - 83.9 %) than in rural areas (with a prevalence of 48.1 %, 95 % CI: 42.4 % - 53.8 %). The prevalence of COVID-19 in urban areas in this study was consistent with the data reported by the Chinese center for Disease Control and Prevention (82.4 %). Continuous monitoring of WWTPs in urban areas with fluctuating populations and complex demographics can provide early disease warning. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of evaluating community disease prevalence by selecting major therapeutic medicines as biomarkers in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ting Shao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China, 116026
| | - Yan-Song Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China, 116026
| | - Zhen-Fang Gong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China, 116026
| | - Yan-Ying Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China, 116026
| | - Dong-Qin Tan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China, 116026
| | - Jian-Guo Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China, 116026
| | - Wei Pei
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China, 116026
| | - De-Gao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China, 116026.
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5
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Li D, Wang D, Ren H, Tian Y, Chen J, Zhu R, Li Y, Wang L, Zhang XY. Association between rumination and drug craving in Chinese male methamphetamine use disorder patients with childhood trauma. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 144:106357. [PMID: 37459735 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In China, males make up the majority of methamphetamine (MA) dependent individuals and the majority of treatment seekers. Childhood trauma (CT) and rumination are associated with an increased risk of MA use. However, the association between CT, rumination, and drug craving remains largely unknown. OBJECTIVE The present study aims to explore the association between rumination and drug craving in methamphetamine use disorder (MAUD) patients with CT. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING This study recruited 404 male participants with MAUD from a male drug rehabilitation center in Southwest China. METHODS Patients with CT were identified by the short form of Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF). Rumination and drug craving were assessed by the Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS) and the Obsessive Compulsive Drug Use Scale (OCDUS), respectively. RESULTS 188 patients (46.5 %) experienced CT. Patients who had experienced CT showed significantly higher RRS symptom rumination score and OCDUS total score than those who had not. In patients with CT, RRS total and all subscale scores were positively associated with OCDUS interference of drug. Furthermore, the RRS brooding (β = 0.34, p < 0.001) and total scores (β = 0.38, p < 0.001) were determined to be separate contributors to the OCDUS total score in patients with CT. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that CT is common in male MAUD patients, and those who have suffered CT may exhibit higher levels of rumination and drug craving. Moreover, CT may play an influential role in the association between rumination and drug craving in patients with MAUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Hengqin Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajing Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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6
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Lu H, Liu W, Zhang H, Yang J, Liu Y, Chen M, Guo C, Sun X, Xu J. Investigation on consumption of psychoactive substances and their ecological risks using wastewater-based epidemiology: a case study on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:21815-21824. [PMID: 36279058 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23744-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the third pole of the world, and information on the consumption of psychoactive substances (PSs) in this area is scarce. In this study, we selected Qinghai Province as the research area, and the per capita consumption and prevalence of PSs were investigated using wastewater-based epidemiology. Samples from 17 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in 5 major cities in Qinghai Province were monitored, and 11 PSs were detected by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results showed that the target compounds were detected in all samples, with relatively high concentrations of ephedrine (2.1-4825.3 ng/L) and methamphetamine (1.5-295.7 ng/L). The consumption of methamphetamine in Xining City, Haidong City, and Haixi City was up to 78.4, 16.8, and 21.2 mg/1000 inh/d (the PS consumption per 1000 inhabitants in 1 day), respectively, higher than that in the other two cities, which was the result of the different consumption patterns and its relationship with the economic levels of each city. High consumption of methadone (47.9 mg/1000 inh/day) was found in Xining City, which might be related to the methadone maintenance therapy sites in the city. Methamphetamine was the most prevalent drug, with the prevalence ranging from 0.003 (Guoluo) to 0.197% (Xining), and the prevalence of other PSs was low. The ecological risk assessment of PSs in the effluent of WWTPs showed that methadone exerted a low risk to aquatic organisms in three sites, while other substances posed potential risk or no risk. However, the long-term effect of PSs cannot be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Wenxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jiangtao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Miao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xiaolei Sun
- Akesu Regional Environment Monitoring Centre, Akesu, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 843000, China
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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7
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Shao XT, Liu SY, Zhao YT, Jiang B, Lin JG, Wang DG. Evaluation of eight psychoactive drugs used in Chinese cities by wastewater-based epidemiology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158982. [PMID: 36155033 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With rapid economic development, an increasing number of people suffer from mental health diseases, which are gradually receiving the attention of society. However, basic data from surveys of mental disorders are limited. Composite influent samples were collected from 26 wastewater treatment plants in 23 major cities in China. The concentrations of the psychoactive drugs diphenhydramine, fluoxetine, doxepin, imipramine, sulpiride, zolpidem, carbamazepine, and flunitrazepam in the wastewater were determined. The detection frequency of diphenhydramine, sulpiride, and carbamazepine was close to 100 %, whereas that of the compounds was lower than 35 %. Carbamazepine had the highest mean consumption (31.1 mg/d/1000 people), followed by diphenhydramine (10.4 mg/d/1000 people) and sulpiride (11.3 mg/d/1000 people). Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) estimates of the average use of the three drugs were lower than those from the drug statistics data. Consumption of diphenhydramine in northern China was higher than that in southern China. A correlation analysis of psychotropic and illicit drugs revealed a correlation between sulpiride and heroin use, which may be related to the adverse effects of sulpiride treatment after heroin withdrawal. Psychotropic drug use is associated with both economic and social factors. We found associations between the use of the three drugs and age, occupation, and obesity, which are risk factors for mental disorders. The results showed that the monitoring of psychotropic drug using WBE has a certain reference value for public health care and for improving the understanding of mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ting Shao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Si-Yu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Yue-Tong Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Bing Jiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Jian-Guo Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, China
| | - De-Gao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, China.
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8
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Jiang W, Tian Y, Fan F, Fu F, Wei D, Tang S, Chen J, Li Y, Zhu R, Wang L, Shi Z, Wang D, Zhang XY. Posttraumatic stress disorder in Chinese methamphetamine patients: Prevalence, demographics, and clinical correlates. Am J Addict 2023; 32:81-84. [PMID: 36250755 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.13348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and clinical correlates in Chinese methamphetamine patients. METHODS We analyzed 481 Chinese methamphetamine patients. RESULTS The prevalence of PTSD among Chinese methamphetamine patients was 7.90% (38/481), which was higher than in western countries. Binary logistic regression showed that age, smoking, abstinence time, age of onset, and DDQ control dimensions were associated with PTSD. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Our results indicated that some demographic and clinical variables were associated with PTSD in Chinese methamphetamine patients, which provided evidence for PTSD comorbidity with methamphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fusheng Fan
- Xin Hua Drug Rehabilitation Center, Sichuan, China
| | - Fabing Fu
- Xin Hua Drug Rehabilitation Center, Sichuan, China
| | - Dejun Wei
- Xin Hua Drug Rehabilitation Center, Sichuan, China
| | | | - Jiajing Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanbiao Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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9
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Li Y, Tian Y, Fan F, Chen J, Fu F, Zhu R, Wei D, Tang S, Zhou H, Wang D, Zhang X. Prevalence, demographics, and clinical correlates of antisocial personality disorder in Chinese methamphetamine patients. Am J Addict 2023; 32:47-53. [PMID: 36403120 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is very common among methamphetamine (MA) patients, but very few studies have been conducted in China. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and clinical correlates of ASPD among Chinese MA patients. METHODS We recruited 627 MA patients and collected demographic and MA use data through one-on-one semi-structured interviews. ASPD was measured by the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.). The Desires for Drug Questionnaire (DDQ) and visual analog scale (VAS) were used to assess drug cravings. RESULTS The prevalence rate of ASPD among MA patients was 27.59% (173/627). Patients with ASPD had greater age at the first onset, duration of MA use, length of abstinence, VAS, DDQ desire and intention, negative reinforcement, and total DDQ scores than patients without ASPD. Stepwise binary logistic regression analysis revealed that age, age at the first onset, length of abstinence, and DDQ-negative reinforcement were independently associated with ASPD in MA patients. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the prevalence of ASPD is high among Chinese MA patients. Furthermore, some demographic and clinical variables are associated with ASPD in MA patients. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE We focused our study on the clinical profile of ASPD and the reasons for its high prevalence in Chinese methamphetamine patients. We identified several demographic and clinical variables as correlates of the occurrence of ASPD in methamphetamine patients, which provides evidence for ASPD comorbidity in methamphetamine patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fusheng Fan
- Xin Hua Drug Rehabilitation Center, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiajing Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fabing Fu
- Xin Hua Drug Rehabilitation Center, Sichuan, China
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dejun Wei
- Xin Hua Drug Rehabilitation Center, Sichuan, China
| | | | - Huixia Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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10
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Galanter M, White WL, Hunter B. Narcotics Anonymous members in recovery from methamphetamine use disorder. Am J Addict 2023; 32:54-59. [PMID: 36428292 PMCID: PMC10099615 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) is a major public health problem, but there are no evidence-based, best-practice, pharmacologic, or behavioral treatments for it. Narcotics Anonymous (NA) may provide an option for referral for such patients. METHODS Two waves of surveys were sent to a sample of NA members to evaluate demographic, drug use, and NA-related issues. Of 4445 responses received from US residents, 647 listed themselves as abstinent from their worst drug problem, methamphetamine. Twelve possible sources of support were scored by these latter respondents for how important each was for their own recovery. RESULTS Methamphetamine respondents were longstanding NA members, with their first NA meeting 30.2 years ago, 84.3% having served as sponsors for other members, and with little current craving (0.65 out of 10). Although now abstinent for an average of 13.4 years, at some point over the course of the membership, 47.4% had experienced a relapse, for an average of 16.7 months. In a factor analysis of resources scored, 29.6% of the variance fell under NA social and 29.2% spiritual; and 11.8% under outside professional support. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS NA served as a resource for supporting abstinence for some members with MUD. They scored social resources of NA support higher than both spiritual and outside institutional ones. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE NA can serve as a community-based resource for MUD. Determining the nature of recovery that members with MUD have in NA can be useful for further research of socially grounded support for recovery in substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Galanter
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - William L White
- Research Division, Chestnut Health Systems, Punta Gorda, Florida, USA
| | - Brooke Hunter
- Research Division, Chestnut Health Systems, Normal, Illinois, USA
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11
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Zhao J, Lu J, Zhao H, Yan Y, Dong H, Li W. Illicit drugs and their metabolites in urban wastewater: Analysis, occurrence and consumption in Xinjiang, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 852:158457. [PMID: 36063955 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of illicit drugs has increased considerably across the world. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) of illicit drugs might help determine the types and quantity of illicit drugs consumed in a region. In this study, WBE was applied to analyze illicit drugs in five representative urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Xinjiang, China. The collected samples were pretreated under optimized solid-phase extraction conditions and then analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The results revealed the presence of 9 of the 11 evaluated drugs; among them, the concentrations of these substances ranged as follows: METH (2.60-10.02 ng/L), MDMA (0.49-6.87 ng/L), MOR (4.53-44.75 ng/L), COD (2.24-8.30 ng/L), MTD (1.36-3.75 ng/L), COC (0.48 ng/L), THC (5.98-18.89 ng/L), BE (1.12-2.45 ng/L) and KET (1.50 ng/L). And an estimate of the per capita consumption revealed morphine (10.2 mg/d/1000inhabitants), cannabis (3.9 mg/d/1000inhabitants), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (3.9 mg/d/1000 inhabitants), and methamphetamine (2.2 mg/d/1000 inhabitants) as the main substances of abuse in Xinjiang, China. The results of this study might be taken as a reference for future studies on the continuous monitoring of such drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring and Pollutant Control of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Jianjiang Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring and Pollutant Control of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
| | - Haijun Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Yujun Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring and Pollutant Control of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Hongyu Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring and Pollutant Control of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Wen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring and Pollutant Control of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
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12
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Wang H, Xu B, Yang L, Huo T, Bai D, An Q, Li X. Consumption of common illicit drugs in twenty-one cities in southwest China through wastewater analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158105. [PMID: 35987225 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) was applied to estimate illicit drugs consumption at a provincial scale in southwest China. A large-scale wastewater sampling campaign was carried out from October to November in 2021 in 156 different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Two 24-h composite influent wastewater samples were collected in each WWTP. Concentrations of 11 illicit drugs or their metabolites were determined using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Benzoylecgonine, cocaine, 6-monoacetylmorphine, norketamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and MDA were not detected in any of the wastewater samples. Methamphetamine and morphine were detected in >84% of samples, while ketamine was found in about 6% of the samples. The city-specific population-weighted consumption of methamphetamine and ketamine were in the range of 0.6-49.7 and N.D.-7.0 mg 1000 inh-1 day-1, respectively, with provincial population-weighted values of 22.6 and 2.4 mg 1000 inh-1 day-1 in southwest China. The city-specific load of morphine varied from 3.2 to 10.2 mg 1000 inh-1 day-1, with provincial population-weighted load of 6.7 mg 1000 inh-1 day-1. Taking into account therapeutic use of morphine and codeine, the provincial heroin consumption was estimated to be 10.3 mg 1000 inh-1 day-1, ranging from 1.7 to 18.5 mg 1000 inh-1 day-1 in 21 cities. Overall, the patterns of illicit drugs use were similar across southwest China, with high prevalence of methamphetamine and heroin, but relatively low use of ketamine. These findings could provide accurate drugs consumption information for timely identifying potential hotspots of illicit drugs use in southwest China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbo Wang
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Buyi Xu
- National Anti-Drug Laboratory Sichuan Regional Center, Chengdu, China; Sichuan Police College, Luzhou, China.
| | - Li Yang
- National Anti-Drug Laboratory Sichuan Regional Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Huo
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Dengwen Bai
- National Anti-Drug Laboratory Sichuan Regional Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi An
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Xiran Li
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
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13
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Ren H, Yuan S, Zheng J, Luo R, Qiang H, Duan W, Zhao Y, Xiang P. Direct injection ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the high-throughput determination of 11 illicit drugs and metabolites in wastewater. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463587. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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14
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Shao XT, Zhang PY, Liu SY, Lin JG, Tan DQ, Wang DG. Assessment of correlations between sildenafil use and comorbidities and lifestyle factors using wastewater-based epidemiology. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 218:118446. [PMID: 35462261 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sildenafil (SIL) is widely used to treat erectile dysfunction. Information on its consumption and the factors influencing its use is limited in China. In this study, we sampled composite influent wastewater samples from 33 Chinese cities and analyzed SIL using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. SIL consumption was estimated using wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) and ranged from 10.6 mg/d/1000 people to 132 mg/d/1000 people, with a mean of 53 mg/d/1000 people. Prescription sales (3570 kg) accounted for 13.3% of the estimated SIL use (26842 kg) in 2018, thereby implying that SIL illicit use was greater than prescription use in China. Some regional differences were observed in SIL use, which was significantly higher in North China than South China (p < 0.05), thereby reflecting that the prevalence of SIL was affected by differences in lifestyle and socioeconomic factors. We found significant positive correlations between SIL use and consumption of allopurinol, hydrochlorothiazide, nicotine, and alcohol, thereby suggesting that the prevalence of SIL was associated with the prevalence of gout, hypertension, smoking, and drinking. Moreover, age structures, internet use, and marriage rates were positively correlated with SIL use, whereas the unemployment rate was negatively correlated with SIL use. Our study demonstrates that WBE is valuable for medical research to investigate licit and illicit drug use and to assess the underlying associations of different chemical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ting Shao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Pei-Yao Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Si-Yu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Jian-Guo Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Dong-Qin Tan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, China
| | - De-Gao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, China.
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15
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Gao J, Li L, Duan L, Yang M, Zhou X, Zheng Q, Ou Y, Li Z, Lai FY. Exploring antibiotic consumption between urban and sub-urban catchments using both parent drugs and related metabolites in wastewater-based epidemiology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154171. [PMID: 35231503 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of antibiotics leads to the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance worldwide. Better knowledge of temporal and spatial consumption of antibiotics helps public health authorities to control their usage and combat antimicrobial resistance. However, measuring antibiotic consumption with population surveys, sales data, and production statistics remains challenging due to the complexity of prescription preference, patient compliance, and direct disposal of unused drugs. With the approach of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), this study aims to evaluate the consumption of eight commonly-used antibiotics between developed urban and developing sub-urban catchments in China and to characterise the ratios of parent drugs to metabolites in studying the consumption. Seven parent antibiotics were detected in all the wastewater samples (n = 56), whereas some metabolites were detected sporadically. The ratios of parent chemicals to metabolites varied among locations and were often higher than the ratios in pharmacokinetic studies. Estimated consumption of antibiotics ranged from 3.2 ± 2.0 mg/day/1000 inhabitants for trimethoprim to 28,400 ± 7800 mg/day/1000 inhabitants for roxithromycin in the studied catchments. Higher consumption of sulfapyridine, sulfadiazine and roxithromycin was observed in urban than suburban catchments, while consumption of sulfamethoxazole, norfloxacin, and trimethoprim was higher in suburban than in urban catchments. Using the literature data, we found more than 95% reduction of antibiotic use in an urban catchment. Our study revealed the geographical pattern in antibiotic use across different urban and suburban catchments via WBE, and the potential of monitoring parent-to-metabolite ratios for WBE in estimating antibiotic use. These results provide a basis for health authorities to plan different drug-specific control policies between urban and suburban catchments, and for future WBE studies to be aware of other sources, such as animal husbandry and disposals of unused drugs, that can influence the estimated consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfa Gao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Liangzhong Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Lei Duan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mengting Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Xi Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qiuda Zheng
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia
| | - Yingjuan Ou
- College of Rosources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410028, China
| | - Zongrui Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Dummy molecularly imprinted polymers for class-selective extraction of amphetamine-type stimulants from alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1663:462759. [PMID: 34986443 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymer was constructed for the first time through dummy imprinting strategy with homopiperonylamine as dummy template. The prepared dummy molecularly imprinted polymer (DMIP) showed high class selectivity towards the most popular amphetamine-type stimulants (ATSs) such as methamphetamine, amphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxy-amphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine with the imprinting factors of 2.280∼3.698 and selectivity factors of 1.654∼3.698. Moreover, ATSs could be rapidly adsorbed from water with the equilibrium time within 5 min. Hydrogen-bonding interaction between the amino groups of ATSs and carboxy on DMIP could be dominated adsorption mechanism. DMIP was employed as solid phase extraction (SPE) sorbents. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the method using DMIP-based SPE and high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry showed good linearity in the range of 0.025∼1.00 μmol L-1, good repeatability (RSD 4.8∼8.6%, n = 5) and low limits of quantification (0.007∼0.200 ng mL-1, S/N = 10). Satisfactory recoveries (72.5∼120%) with low RSD values (<10%) were obtained for all targets viz. spiked coke carbonated drinks, beer and cocktail. Compared with other commercial SPE sorbents, DMIP exhibited lower matrix effect (ME) for coke, beer and cocktail with ME values of 101∼124%, 75.8∼80.2% and 103∼128%, respectively. The obtained results suggested that the developed DMIP materials could be a potential candidate for pretreatment of ATSs in alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages.
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17
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Huizer M, Ter Laak TL, de Voogt P, van Wezel AP. Wastewater-based epidemiology for illicit drugs: A critical review on global data. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 207:117789. [PMID: 34731667 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Illicit drug use is complex, hidden and often highly stigmatized behaviour, which brings a vast challenge for drug surveillance systems. Drug consumption can be estimated by measuring human excretion products in untreated wastewater, known as wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). Over the last decade, the application of wastewater-based epidemiology to monitor illicit drug loads increased and WBE is currently applied on a global scale. Studies from over the globe are evaluated with regard to their sampling method, analytical accuracy and consumption calculation, aiming to further reduce relevant uncertainties in order to make reliable comparisons on a global level. Only a limited number is identified as high-quality studies, so further standardization of the WBE approach for illicit drugs is desired especially with regard to the sampling methodology. Only a fraction of the reviewed papers explicitly reports uncertainty ranges for their consumption data. Studies which had the highest reliability are recently published, indicating an improvement in reporting WBE data. Until now, WBE has not been used in large parts of Africa, nor in the Middle East and Russia. An overview of consumption data across the continents on commonly studied drugs (cocaine, MDMA, amphetamine and methamphetamine) is provided. Overall, high consumption rates are confirmed in the US, especially for cocaine and methamphetamine, while relatively low illicit drug consumption is reported in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Huizer
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Thomas L Ter Laak
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; KWR, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Pim de Voogt
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; KWR, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Annemarie P van Wezel
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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18
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Picó Y, Barceló D. Identification of biomarkers in wastewater-based epidemiology: Main approaches and analytical methods. Trends Analyt Chem 2021; 145:116465. [PMID: 34803197 PMCID: PMC8591405 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has become popular to estimate the use of drugs of abuse and recently to establish the incidence of CoVID 19 in large cities. However, its possibilities have been expanded recently as a technique that allows to establish a fingerprint of the characteristics of a city, such as state of health/disease, healthy/unhealthy living habits, exposure to different types of contaminants, etc. with respect to other cities. This has been thanks to the identification of human biomarkers as well as to the fingerprinting and profiling of the characteristics of the wastewater catchment that determine these circumstances. The purpose of this review is to analyze the different methodological schemes that have been developed to perform this biomarker identification as well as the most characteristic analytical techniques in each scheme, their advantages and disadvantages and the knowledge gaps identified. We also discussed the future scope for development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Picó
- Environmental and Food Safety Research Group of the University of Valencia (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE), CSIC-GV-UV, Moncada Naquera Road Km 4.3, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain,Corresponding author
| | - Damià Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain,Catalan Institute for Water Research, ICRA – CERCA, Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
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19
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Wu J, Huang B, Yuan K, Wang Y, Chen B, Luan T. Occurrence, mass loads, and ecological risks of amphetamine-like substances in a rural area of South China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149058. [PMID: 34303256 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and levels of amphetamine like substances (ALSs) in various environments, as a group of illicit psychoactive substances, have attracted great attention due to their potential ecological risks. In this study, three ALSs (i.e., ephedrine (EPH), amphetamine (AMP) and methamphetamine (METH)) in the raw domestic wastewater (RDW) and surface river water (SRW) collected from the rural area in South China were analyzed. METH was identified as the prevalent and dominant ALS in the RDW, which was detected in approximately 99.0% of the samples with a mean concentration of 0.7 μg·L-1, followed by AMP and EPH. Consistent trend was also found in the SRW collected from the same region. METH concentrations in the SRW were significantly and positively correlated with those in the RDW (p < 0.05), indicating that the discharge of RDW could be the important source of METH in the nearby rivers. The mean mass load of METH in the study rural area was about 65.8 mg·day-1·1000 inhabitants-1. Source apportionment showed that the abuse consumption was the main source of METH at most of sampling towns in the investigated rural area, and the mean mass load of METH at these towns (24.5 mg·day-1·1000 inhabitants-1) might reflect the abuse level of METH in this region. The disposal and illegal synthesis of METH could be important point sources, which led to the elevated METH level in the RDW. Risk assessment demonstrated that ALSs posed a minimal or medium risk to aquatic organisms. Our results provided valuable insights into the mass loads, source characteristics and ecological risks of ALSs in the rural area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Wu
- State Key Lab of Bioresource and Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Bi Huang
- State Key Lab of Bioresource and Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ke Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Yuru Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Baowei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China.
| | - Tiangang Luan
- State Key Lab of Bioresource and Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Monitoring and Safety, Guangzhou 510230, China
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20
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Kuloglu Genc M, Mercan S, Yayla M, Tekin Bulbul T, Adioren C, Simsek SZ, Asicioglu F. Monitoring geographical differences in illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco consumption via wastewater-based epidemiology: Six major cities in Turkey. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149156. [PMID: 34346379 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A national wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) monitoring campaign has been initiated to determine the trends in drug consumption in Turkey since 2019. This study aimed to present the wastewater monitoring results for four periods in 2019 for six major cities with 17 wastewater treatment plants. The study investigated heroin (HER), amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine (METH), cocaine (COC), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), cannabis, alcohol, and tobacco to understand the temporal and geographical drug consumption trends. The results indicated a trend of regular cannabis use in all the cities. Considering geographical variations, the drug usage trends were not homogeneous within the country for any of the investigated drugs, except cannabis. HER consumption was predominant in Denizli (1042.48 mg/1000 inh/day), while İzmir and Antalya (154.10 and 79.56 mg/1000 inh/day, respectively) topped for COC consumption. Aydın had the highest consumption levels of AMP (90.03 mg/1000 inh/day) and METH (358.13 mg/1000 inh/day), while MDMA consumption was the highest in Samsun (157.64 mg/1000 inh/day). Tobacco consumption was high in Aydın (8791.69 mg/1000 inh/day) and Antalya (5375.17 mg/1000 inh/day), whereas alcohol consumption was higher in Bursa than in the other cities (53434.61 mL/1000 inh/day). There were no statistically significant differences in the weekend consumption levels of the investigated drugs among these six cities. Although this study included the results of 1 year of consumption monitoring, the data confirms internationally published information on the drug trafficking routes of conventional drugs in this region, especially the Heroin-Balkan route. Results from further sampling will enable accurate evaluation of global drug consumption and trafficking, in addition to alcohol and tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Kuloglu Genc
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Department of Science, Buyukcekmece, 34500 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selda Mercan
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Department of Science, Buyukcekmece, 34500 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Murat Yayla
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Department of Science, Buyukcekmece, 34500 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tugba Tekin Bulbul
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Department of Science, Buyukcekmece, 34500 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cagdas Adioren
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Department of Science, Buyukcekmece, 34500 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sumeyye Zulal Simsek
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Department of Science, Buyukcekmece, 34500 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Faruk Asicioglu
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Buyukcekmece, 34500 Istanbul, Turkey
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21
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Chen SC, Chen H, Yu SJ, Chen YH, Wang Y. Alleviation of Methamphetamine Sensitization by Partially Lesioning Dopaminergic Terminals with 6-Hydroxydopamine in Nucleus Accumbens. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:9636897211052300. [PMID: 34743572 PMCID: PMC8579363 DOI: 10.1177/09636897211052300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphetamine-type stimulants have become important and popular abused drugs worldwide. Methamphetamine (Meth) sensitization, characterized by a progressive increase in behavioral responses after repeated administration, has been reported in rodents and patients. This behavioral effect has been used as a laboratory model to study drug addiction and schizophrenia. The mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway plays a significant role in the development of Meth behavioral sensitization. Previous studies have reported that the ablation of nucleus accumbens (NAc) by electrolytic or thermal lesioning attenuates addictive behavior to opioids in animals. However, these studies were only conducted in opioid addictive rodents. Furthermore, these ablation procedures also damaged the non-dopaminergic neurons and fibers passing through the NAc. The purpose of this study was to examine the therapeutic effect of NAc lesioning by a selective dopaminergic toxin in Meth-sensitized animals. Adult mice received repeated administration of Meth for 7 days. Open-field locomotor activity and stereotype behavior were significantly increased after Meth treatment, suggesting behavior sensitization. A partial lesion of dopaminergic terminals was made through stereotaxic administration of dopaminergic toxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) to the NAc in the Meth -sensitized mice. Meth behavioral sensitization was significantly antagonized after the lesioning. Brain tissue was collected for qRT-PCR analysis. Repeated administration of Meth increased the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), BDNF, and Shati, a marker for Meth sensitization, in the NAc. Treatment with 6-OHDA significantly antagonized the upregulation of TH and Shati. Taken together, these data suggest that local administration of 6-OHDA mitigated Meth sensitization in chronic Meth-treated animals. Our data support a new surgical treatment strategy for Meth abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chun Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Engineering, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsi Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Seong-Jin Yu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yun Wang
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
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22
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Yu H, Shao XT, Liu SY, Pei W, Kong XP, Wang Z, Wang DG. Estimating dynamic population served by wastewater treatment plants using location-based services data. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:4627-4635. [PMID: 33928448 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology is a useful approach to estimate population-level exposure to a wide range of substances (e.g., drugs, chemicals, biological agents) by wastewater analysis. An important uncertainty in population normalized loads generated is related to the size and variability of the actual population served by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Here, we built a population model using location-based services (LBS) data to estimate dynamic consumption of illicit drugs. First, the LBS data from Tencent Location Big Data and resident population were used to train a linear population model for estimating population (r2 = 0.92). Then, the spatiotemporal accuracy of the population model was validated. In terms of temporal accuracy, we compared the model-based population with the time-aligned ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N) population within the WWTP of SEG, showing a mean squared error of < 10%. In terms of spatial accuracy, we estimated the model-based population of 42 WWTPs in Dalian and compared it with the NH4-N and design population, indicating good consistency overall (5% less than NH4-N and 4% less than design). Furthermore, methamphetamine consumption and prevalence based on the model were calculated with an average of 111 mg/day/1000 inhabitants and 0.24%, respectively, and dynamically displayed on a visualization system for real-time monitoring. Our study provided a dynamic and accurate population for estimating the population-level use of illicit drugs, much improving the temporal and spatial trend analysis of drug use. Furthermore, accurate information on drug use could be used to assess population health risks in a community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Xue-Ting Shao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Si-Yu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Wei Pei
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Zhuang Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, No. 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - De-Gao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, China.
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23
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Erickson TB, Endo N, Duvallet C, Ghaeli N, Hess K, Alm EJ, Matus M, Chai PR. "Waste Not, Want Not" - Leveraging Sewer Systems and Wastewater-Based Epidemiology for Drug Use Trends and Pharmaceutical Monitoring. J Med Toxicol 2021; 17:397-410. [PMID: 34402038 PMCID: PMC8366482 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-021-00853-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During the current global COVID-19 pandemic and opioid epidemic, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has emerged as a powerful tool for monitoring public health trends by analysis of biomarkers including drugs, chemicals, and pathogens. Wastewater surveillance downstream at wastewater treatment plants provides large-scale population and regional-scale aggregation while upstream surveillance monitors locations at the neighborhood level with more precise geographic analysis. WBE can provide insights into dynamic drug consumption trends as well as environmental and toxicological contaminants. Applications of WBE include monitoring policy changes with cannabinoid legalization, tracking emerging illicit drugs, and early warning systems for potent fentanyl analogues along with the resurging wave of stimulants (e.g., methamphetamine, cocaine). Beyond drug consumption, WBE can also be used to monitor pharmaceuticals and their metabolites, including antidepressants and antipsychotics. In this manuscript, we describe the basic tenets and techniques of WBE, review its current application among drugs of abuse, and propose methods to scale and develop both monitoring and early warning systems with respect to measurement of illicit drugs and pharmaceuticals. We propose new frontiers in toxicological research with wastewater surveillance including assessment of medication assisted treatment of opioid use disorder (e.g., buprenorphine, methadone) in the context of other social burdens like COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Erickson
- Department of Emergency Medicine / Division of Toxicology, Brigham & Women's Hospital / Harvard Medical School, 10 Vining St, Boston, MA, 02155, USA.
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Boston, USA.
- Harvard Humanitarian Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - Eric J Alm
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, Singapore
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Peter R Chai
- Department of Emergency Medicine / Division of Toxicology, Brigham & Women's Hospital / Harvard Medical School, 10 Vining St, Boston, MA, 02155, USA
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Boston, USA
- The Fenway Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrated Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
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24
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Zheng Q, Ren Y, Wang Z, Liu J, Zhang Y, Lin W, Gao J, Thomas KV, Thai PK. Assessing patterns of illicit drug use in a Chinese city by analyzing daily wastewater samples over a one-year period. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 417:125999. [PMID: 34229374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been used extensively around the globe to provide information on illicit drug consumption. In China, most WBE studies to date only include a limited number of samples per catchment, making it difficult to derive any temporal consumption patterns. This study addresses this knowledge gap by identifying the temporal consumption trends of nine drugs in a Chinese megacity using WBE over a one-year period. Daily influent samples (n = 279) were collected from a wastewater treatment plant serving ~500,000 residents. All target drugs showed similar levels of consumption throughout the week. These findings were different to previous WBE studies in developed countries, where amphetamine-type drugs have shown higher consumption on weekends than during the week. Such a difference could be due to the users' demographics and behaviors as reported in previous surveys and warrant more research to help formulate appropriate drug control policies in China. Our study also observed that declining methamphetamine and ketamine consumption between 2012 and 2018, while consumption of MDMA and methadone were stable over the same period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuda Zheng
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yuan Ren
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhe Wang
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jinhua Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Wenting Lin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianfa Gao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia
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25
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Liu L, Liu M, Zhao W, Zhao YL, Wang Y. Levo-tetrahydropalmatine: A new potential medication for methamphetamine addiction and neurotoxicity. Exp Neurol 2021; 344:113809. [PMID: 34256045 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Levo-tetrahydropalmatine (l-THP) is mainly derived from the dried tuber of the Papaveraceae plant Corydalis, also called Corydalis B, which is a drug with analgesic, hypnotic, sedative and other effects. Methamphetamine (METH) belongs to the central nervous stimulant and is a highly addictive drug. It is an urgent problem to study the mechanism of methamphetamine neurotoxicity and to search for the therapeutic targets of the METH addiction. This review is aimed to discuss the pharmacological mechanism and the protective effects of l-THP on METH-induced neurotoxicity, and to explore the therapeutic prospects of l-THP for METH addiction to provide an innovative application of l-THP in clinic. It was found that exposure to METH leads to the compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior, which is ultimately resulted in METH addiction and neurotoxicity. L-THP has the inhibitory effects on the incidence, maintenance and relapse of METH addiction. L-THP can effectively enhance the plasticity of nerve cells and improve the function of nerve cells where brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its pathways play a protective role. Therefore, l-THP has the potential to become an important therapeutic drug for METH addiction and neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, PR China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Drug Control, Criminal Investigation Police University of China, Shenyang, Liaoning 110854, PR China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Drug Control, Criminal Investigation Police University of China, Shenyang, Liaoning 110854, PR China
| | - Yuan-Ling Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, PR China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, PR China.
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26
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Liu X, Zhang R, Cheng H, Khorram MS, Zhao S, Tham TT, Tran TM, Minh TB, Jiang B, Jin B, Zhang G. Field evaluation of diffusive gradients in thin-film passive samplers for wastewater-based epidemiology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145480. [PMID: 33592478 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for a simple water sampling technique to enable routine monitoring of community drug consumption through wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). This study investigates the potential use of diffusive gradients in thin films to sample organic compounds (o-DGT) for WBE. Three types of resin gels (HLB, XAD 18, and XDA-1) within o-DGT samplers each were deployed in triplicate at the inlets of two sewage treatment plants of Southern Asian cities. The target compounds included 15 illicit drugs and 18 antibiotics. A comprehensive evaluation was undertaken regarding each resin's ability to accumulate the target compounds and accuracy by comparing active samples. The organic compounds accumulated on each resin gel were characterised at the molecular level using Fourier transform ion-cyclotron-resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). The results showed that the HLB resin performed better than the XAD 18 and XDA-1 resins. Based on calculations using the HLB-DGT data, methamphetamine and heroin were the two most popular illicit drugs consumed among the studied populations, and were followed by ketamine and codeine, which agreed well with the authoritative reports and reference data. The total drug consumption in Hanoi was one order of magnitude higher than that in Guangzhou, thus implying a probably more serious drug situation in the former. Overall, the findings of this study demonstrate that o-DGT passive samplers are a promising tool for WBE studies, particularly at WWTPs or in urban streams where an automatic sampler for taking composite water samples is absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Monitoring and Safety, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Nanjing Vision Environmental Science & Technology CO., LTD., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mahdi Safaei Khorram
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Trinh Thi Tham
- Faculty of Environment, Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment, 41A Phu Dien, North-Tu Liem, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tri Manh Tran
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Bin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Monitoring and Safety, Guangzhou, China.
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27
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Langa I, Gonçalves R, Tiritan ME, Ribeiro C. Wastewater analysis of psychoactive drugs: Non-enantioselective vs enantioselective methods for estimation of consumption. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 325:110873. [PMID: 34153554 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of licit and illicit psychoactive drugs (PAD) is ubiquitous in all communities and a serious public health problem. Measuring drug consumption is difficult but essential for health-care professionals, risk assessment and policymakers. Different sources of information have been used for a comprehensive analysis of drug consumption. Among them, Wastewater based epidemiology (WBE) emerged as an essential and complementary methodology for estimating licit and illicit drugs consumption. This methodology can be used for quantification of unchanged drugs or their human-specific metabolites in wastewater for estimation of consumption or screening of new PAD. Although some limitations are still being pointed out (e.g., estimation of the population size, use of suitable biomarkers or pharmacokinetics studies), the non-invasive and potential for monitoring real-time data on geographical and temporal trends in drug use have been showing its capacity as a routine and complementary tool. Chromatographic methods, both non-enantioselective and enantioselective are the analytical tools used for quantification of PAD in wastewaters and further estimation of consumption. Therefore, this manuscript aims to summarize and critically discuss the works used for wastewater analysis of PAD based on WBE using non-enantioselective and enantioselective methods for estimation of consumption. Non-enantioselective methods are among the most reported including for chiral PAD. Nevertheless, a trend has been seen towards the development of enantioselective methods as most PAD are chiral and determination of the enantiomeric fraction can provide additional information (e.g., distinction between consumption or direct disposal, or manufacture processes) and fulfill some WBE gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Langa
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Gonçalves
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal; Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Cláudia Ribeiro
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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Shao XT, Yu H, Lin JG, Kong XP, Wang Z, Wang DG. Presence of the ketamine analog of 2-fluorodeschloroketamine residues in wastewater. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1650-1657. [PMID: 34021972 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine (KET) analogs are increasingly emerging as new psychoactive substances (NPS). The present report describes the first detection of the KET analog, 2-fluorodeschloroketamine (2F-DCK), in influent samples collected from nine wastewater treatment plants in seven major Chinese cities from 2018 to 2020 by wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). An analytical method based on solid-phase extraction and subsequent gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed for the detection of 2F-DCK and KET. The stability experiments showed that 2F-DCK and KET remained stable in wastewater for 15 days at room and frozen temperatures, and at two pH values (pH = 7 and pH = 2), with residue amounts between 90% and 110%. KET was detected in all samples, whereas 2F-DCK was detected in only four samples: from Guangzhou in 2018, Shenzhen in 2019, and Quanzhou and Nanning in 2020, indicating that 2F-DCK has been used as early as 2018 in China. The renal clearance of 2F-DCK was predicted based on the quantitative structure-pharmacokinetic relationship model, which was used to calculate an excretion factor of 3.7. The 2F-DCK consumption in four cities ranged from 3.71 ± 0.05 to 55 ± 0.09 mg/day/1000 inh, and KET ranged from 1.3 ± 0.04 to 76.5 ± 4.63 mg/day/1000 inh. This is the first study to investigate 2F-DCK by WBE, which provides relevant real-time data on the growth of NPS use, as well as useful information for the government to develop new policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ting Shao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Han Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Jian-Guo Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhuang Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
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Cong ZX, Shao XT, Liu SY, Pei W, Wang DG. Wastewater analysis reveals urban, suburban, and rural spatial patterns of illicit drug use in Dalian, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:25503-25513. [PMID: 33459987 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12371-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Illicit drug use in rural and suburban areas of China has not been studied extensively, as most studies have focused on illicit drug use in urban areas. To compare the differences between urban, suburban, and rural drug use, we collected influent samples from 19 urban, 9 suburban, and 18 rural wastewater treatment plants in Dalian, respectively. A method using solid-phase extraction combined with derivatization for gas chromatography -mass spectrometry analysis was applied to detect biomarker concentrations. The concentrations of methamphetamine and morphine ranged from 3.12 to 605 ng/L and < 2.35 to 198 ng/L, respectively. Norketamine was found in only four samples (5.56 to 14.5 ng/L), while 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and benzoylecgonine were not detected in any samples. Methamphetamine use in rural areas (16.3 mg/day/1000 inhabitant (inh), prevalence: 0.06%) was significantly lower than those in urban (77.1 mg/day/1000 inh, prevalence: 0.23%) and suburban (234 mg/day/1000 inh, prevalence: 0.70%) areas. Heroin use in suburban areas (57.6 mg/day/1000 inh, prevalence: 0.10%) was significantly higher than that in urban (13.9 mg/day/1000 inh, prevalence: 0.02%) and rural (8.68 mg/day/1000 inh, prevalence: 0.02%) areas. The results indicate relatively low levels of illicit drug use in rural areas of Dalian, related to low incomes and outflow of the working-age population. Illicit drug use was most prevalent in suburban areas of Dalian, which may be influenced by large floating populations and few anti-drug efforts in suburban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xiang Cong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Xue-Ting Shao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Si-Yu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Wei Pei
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - De-Gao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, China.
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30
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Altered patterns of fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation and regional homogeneity in abstinent methamphetamine-dependent users. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7705. [PMID: 33833282 PMCID: PMC8032776 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87185-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) could induce functional and structural brain alterations in dependent subjects. However, few studies have investigated resting-state activity in methamphetamine-dependent subjects (MADs). We aimed to investigate alterations of brain activity during resting-state in MADs using fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo). We analyzed fALFF and ReHo between MADs (n = 70) and healthy controls (HCs) (n = 84) and performed regression analysis using MA use variables. Compared to HCs, abstinent MADs showed increased fALFF and ReHo values in the bilateral striatum, decreased fALFF in the left inferior frontal gyrus, and decreased ReHo in the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex, sensorimotor cortex, and left precuneus. We also observed the fALFF values of bilateral striatum were positively correlated with the age of first MA use, and negatively correlated with the duration of MA use. The fALFF value of right striatum was also positively correlated with the duration of abstinence. The alterations of spontaneous cerebral activity in abstinent MADs may help us probe into the neurological pathophysiology underlying MA-related dysfunction and recovery. Since MADs with higher fALFF in the right striatum had shorter MA use and longer abstinence, the increased fALFF in the right striatum might implicate early recovery during abstinence.
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31
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Liu SY, Yu WJ, Wang YR, Shao XT, Wang DG. Tracing consumption patterns of stimulants, opioids, and ketamine in China by wastewater-based epidemiology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:16754-16766. [PMID: 33394399 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12035-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Illicit drug use has long been a key issue of international concern, and the true situation is unknown to the relevant authorities. To develop a profile of comprehensive consumption patterns of illicit drugs in China, data from 34 wastewater treatment plants in 25 cities were collected to analyze four classes of drugs, including amphetamine-type stimulants, opioids, ketamine, and cocaine. They were identified and quantified in samples using methods based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. According to the wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) approach, an analysis of the consumption pattern was performed regarding per inhabitant consumption based on the revised metabolic rate. The consumption quantity of illicit drug and precursor was divided into four categories based on statistical difference analyses: methamphetamine and ephedrine (precursor) were the predominant drugs in the first category, followed by ketamine and heroin in the second category, methcathinone and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in the third category, and cocaine and methadone in the fourth category. There were distinctive spatial patterns: heroin and cocaine consumption was higher in Southern China than in Northern China, heroin consumption was higher in Western China than in Eastern China, and the consumption of each drug differed across seven regions of China, especially with ephedrine and methcathinone consumption higher in North China; heroin consumption higher in Southwest, Central, and Northwest China; and ketamine and MDMA consumption higher in East, South, and Central China. Compared with findings in previous studies, there were temporal patterns, in which ketamine consumption presented a downward trend but heroin remained stable. Based on correlation analyses, there were the polydrug abuse patterns between heroin and cocaine, methcathinone and ketamine, and cocaine and MDMA. In general, this study based on WBE provides a comprehensive evaluation of drug consumption in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China
| | - Wen-Jing Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China
| | - Yi-Ru Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China
| | - Xue-Ting Shao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China
| | - De-Gao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China.
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Koriem KM, Selim AY, Mazen RA. N-acetylcysteine-amide improves tissue oxidative stress, DNA damage, and proteins disappearance in methamphetamine toxicity more efficiently than N-acetyl-L-cysteine. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Asicioglu F, Kuloglu Genc M, Tekin Bulbul T, Yayla M, Simsek SZ, Adioren C, Mercan S. Investigation of temporal illicit drugs, alcohol and tobacco trends in Istanbul city: Wastewater analysis of 14 treatment plants. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116729. [PMID: 33341037 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based drug monitoring is a complementary tool that has been used worldwide in recent years, and many cities have periodically reported monitoring results. However, this study is the first to analyze drugs in wastewater in a single city with a high population during four periods simultaneously from 14 treatment plants. The aim was to estimate the consumption of conventional illicit drugs [amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine (METH), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), cannabis, cocaine, and heroin], tobacco, and alcohol in 2019 for quarterly periods in Istanbul city, which has a population of almost 20 million, to aid in implementing evidence-based measures. Additionally, the seasonal variations among the 14 wastewater treatment plants and their weekday/weekend comparison of drug use patterns and consumption per substance were examined. Solid phase extraction was followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and a previously validated method was enhanced by adding new parameters (morphine, cotinine, and ethyl sulfate), and satisfactory results were obtained. In this study, alcohol, nicotine, and cannabis had the highest estimated per capita consumption with mean values of 29655.3 mL/1000 inh/day, 5507.6 mg/1000 inh/day and 3607.0 mg/1000 inh/day, respectively. These results were followed by heroin and cocaine consumption with mean values of 557.0 and 200.9 mg/1000 inh/day, respectively, whereas AMP-type stimulants had the lowest values among the targeted substances. METH and cannabis were also highly consumed drugs when compared with the results of other metropolitan cities, whereas heroin consumption was remarkably high owing to Turkey's location on a possible heroin trafficking route. Because Istanbul is the business center of the country and has the potential to attract tourists in all four seasons, meaningful seasonal consumption differences were not observed for all substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Asicioglu
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine, 34500, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Kuloglu Genc
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Department of Science, 34500, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - T Tekin Bulbul
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Department of Science, 34500, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Yayla
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Department of Science, 34500, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - S Z Simsek
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Department of Science, 34500, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - C Adioren
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Department of Science, 34500, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - S Mercan
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Department of Science, 34500, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Wang W, Guo C, Chen L, Qiu Z, Yin X, Xu J. Simultaneous enantioselective analysis of illicit drugs in wastewater and surface water by chiral LC-MS/MS: A pilot study on a wastewater treatment plant and its receiving river. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 273:116424. [PMID: 33465654 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An enantioselective method for quantifying amphetamine-type chiral illicit drugs (CIDs) in wastewater and surface water was developed, validated, and applied to samples from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and its effluent-receiving river in Beijing, China. Water samples were subjected to solid-phase extraction (SPE) and then quantified via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The enantioseparation of CIDs was performed with a CHIRALPAK CBH column. Chromatographic parameters, including mobile phase composition and flow rates, were tested to identify the satisfactory enantiomeric resolution. The SPE method was optimized by evaluating variables, including SPE cartridge types, extraction solvents, and solvent volumes. The Oasis HLB sorbent showed good performance with recoveries exceeding 60% and matrix effects ranging from -19.6% to 26.6% for most target enantiomers, except for norephedrine (NE), in three different aquatic matrixes. The established method was superior to previously reported methods and had a low limit of detection, low limit of quantification, and short runtime (<45 min). The repeatability and reproducibility of the method reached 19.1% and 17.8%, respectively. The method was successfully utilized to monitor the daily variations in CIDs in the influent, effluent, and effluent-receiving river of a WWTP in Beijing over 1 week. The common occurrence of 1 R,2 S-(-)-ephedrine (1 R,2 S-(-)-EPH), 1 S,2 S-(+)-pseudoephedrine (1 S,2 S-(+)-PEPH), R-(-)-methamphetamine (METH), and S-(+)-METH in wastewater samples was observed. Ephedrines (1 R,2 S-(-)-EPH and 1 S,2 S-(+)-PEPH) were the most abundant CIDs in the influent, effluent, upstream, and downstream samples with concentrations of 725.8 ± 181.2 ng/L, 22.9 ± 4.9 ng/L, 12.96 ± 0.79 ng/L, and 11.6 ± 6.7 ng/L, respectively. METH was detectable in most water samples and was present in excess in S-enantiomer form in the influent and in R-enantiomer form in the effluent and surface water. R-(-)-MDMA was detected at a concentration of up to 2.4 ng/L in the influent. The metabolites norketamine (NK), amphetamine(AMP), MDA, and NE were not detected in water samples given the low concentration of their parent drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Like Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Ziwen Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xingxing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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Yuan S, Wang X, Wang R, Luo R, Shi Y, Shen B, Liu W, Yu Z, Xiang P. Simultaneous determination of 11 illicit drugs and metabolites in wastewater by UPLC-MS/MS. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2020; 82:1771-1780. [PMID: 33201842 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Assessing collective drug consumption based on the concentrations of illicit drugs and their metabolites in wastewater is a new technology. Currently, this technology is receiving attention in China, and methods for multiple illicit drug detection in wastewater are urgently needed. In our study, a method with a short runtime (7 min), a small solid-phase extraction (SPE) loading volume (50 mL) and high sensitivity (lower limits of quantitation (LLOQs) ranged from 0.2 to 5 ng/L) was developed for the simultaneous determination of amphetamines, ketamine, opiates, cocaine and their metabolites in wastewater. Samples were enriched by SPE on a mixed-mode sorbent (Oasis MCX) and analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.1 to 2 ng/L, and the LLOQs varied between 0.2 and 5 ng/L. Moreover, the method developed was applied to real wastewater samples collected from 15 different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In the results, the most abundant compounds were morphine (1.8-46.6 ng/L) and codeine (3.7-24.9 ng/L), which were detected in 13 WWTPs. After successful optimization of the UPLC-MS/MS conditions and sample loading pH, the method developed is able to meet the needs of common illicit drug monitoring and high-throughput analysis requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China E-mail: ; Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, No. 1347 Guangfu Xi Road, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, No. 1347 Guangfu Xi Road, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Roujia Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China E-mail: ; Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, No. 1347 Guangfu Xi Road, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Ruxin Luo
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, No. 1347 Guangfu Xi Road, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, No. 1347 Guangfu Xi Road, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Baohua Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, No. 1347 Guangfu Xi Road, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, No. 1347 Guangfu Xi Road, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Zhiguo Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China E-mail:
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, No. 1347 Guangfu Xi Road, Shanghai 200063, China
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Song XB, Shao XT, Liu SY, Tan DQ, Wang Z, Wang DG. Assessment of metformin, nicotine, caffeine, and methamphetamine use during Chinese public holidays. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 258:127354. [PMID: 32544816 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metformin, nicotine, caffeine, and methamphetamine are widely used in China. However, the consumption pattern of these substances among the general population during Chinese public holidays may be different. Influent wastewater samples were collected from a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Yingkou, China on public holidays (n = 6) and working days (n = 20) to examine the changes in metformin, nicotine, caffeine, and methamphetamine consumption. The consumption of metformin in the city ranged from 1.94 to 14.4 g d-1 1000 people-1, while that of nicotine, caffeine, and methamphetamine ranged from 0.46 to 2.18 g d-1 1000 people-1, 31.8-89.8 g d-1 1000 people-1, and 87.0-657 mg d-1 1000 people-1, respectively. The highest consumption of metformin, caffeine, and methamphetamine was observed during the Spring Festival. The results indicated that the consumption of these substances showed almost the same trend and was higher during the Spring Festival, which may be influenced by personal habits and traditional festival reunions. There is a correlation between the consumption of nicotine and caffeine. Moreover, there are correlations between the consumption of metformin and nicotine, caffeine, as well as methamphetamine. The information based on wastewater epidemiology and consumption behavior, suggests that drug use in the region requires more attention or monitoring during holidays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Bo Song
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Xue-Ting Shao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Si-Yu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Dong-Qin Tan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Zhuang Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, No. 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - De-Gao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, China.
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