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Singh H, Singh H, Sharma S, Kaur H, Kaur A, Kaur S, Kaur S, Sahajpal NS, Chaubey A, Shahtaghi NR, Kaur I, Jain SK. Genotoxic and mutagenic potential of 7-methylxanthine: an investigational drug molecule for the treatment of myopia. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024; 47:264-273. [PMID: 36594462 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2022.2164011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
7-Methylxanthine (7-MX, CAS No. 552-62-5, purity 99.46%) is the first orally administered drug candidate, which showed anti-myopic activity in different pre-clinical studies. In the present study, we investigated the in-vivo genotoxic and mutagenic toxicity of 7-MX in Wistar rats using comet/single-cell gel electrophoresis, chromosomal aberration and micronucleus assays after oral administration. For the single-dose study (72 h), two doses of 7-MX 300 and 2000 mg/kg body weight were selected. For a repeated dose 28 d study, three doses (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) of 7-MX were selected. The doses were administered via oral gavage in the suspension form. Blood and major vital organs such as bone marrow, lung and liver were used to perform comet/single cell gel electrophoresis, chromosomal aberration, and micronucleus assays. The in-vitro Ames test was performed on TA98 and TA100 strains. In the chromosomal aberration study, a non-significant increase in deformities such as stickiness, ring chromosome, and endoreduplication was observed in bone marrow cells of 7-MX treated groups. These chromosomal alterations were observed upon treatment with doses of 2000 mg/kg single dose for 72 h and 1000 mg/kg repeated dose for 28 d. At a dose of 500 mg/kg, DNA damage in terms of tail length, tail moment, % tail DNA and the olive tail moment was also found to be non-significant in 7-MX treated groups. The Ames test showed the non-mutagenic nature of 7-MX in both strains of TA98 and TA100 of Salmonella typhimurium with or without metabolic activation. Thus, the present work is interesting in view of the non- genotoxicity and non-mutagenicity of repeated doses of 7-MX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harjeet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
- Department of Pharmacy, Government Polytechnic College, Amritsar, India
| | - Harmanpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
- Department of Pathology, Augusta University, Georgia, USA
| | - Sunil Sharma
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Harmanpreet Kaur
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Arvinder Kaur
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Satwinderjeet Kaur
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar India
| | - Sandeep Kaur
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar India
| | - Nikhil Shri Sahajpal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
- Department of Pathology, Augusta University, Georgia, USA
| | - Alka Chaubey
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Bionano Genomics Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Navid Reza Shahtaghi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Inderjeet Kaur
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot, India
| | - Subheet Kumar Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
- Center for Basic and Translational Research in Health Science, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
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Kaur P, Kumar M, Kaur S, Kumar A, Kaur S. In Vitro Modulation of Genotoxicity and Oxidative Stress by Polyphenol-Rich Fraction of Chinese Ladder Brake (Pteris vittata L.). Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:774-789. [PMID: 37195566 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04561-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pteris vittata L. is a terrestrial genus growing in moist, shady forests and on hillsides. The plant has considerable ethnomedicinal importance. Investigations have been carried out on chemical profiling and antioxidant compounds from some genera of pteridophytes but studies on the biological properties of P. vittata are lacking. Therefore, the present study investigates antioxidant, antigenotoxic, and antiproliferative potential of the aqueous fraction of P. vittata (PWE). A battery of assays were carried out to assess the antioxidant potential of the PWE. SOS chromotest and DNA nicking assay were used to evaluate the antigenotoxicity of the fraction. The cytotoxic effect of PWE was analyzed using MTT and Neutral Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis comet assay. EC50 of 90.188 µg/ml, 80.13 µg/ml, 142.836 µg/ml, and 12.274 µg/ml was obtained in DPPH, superoxide anion scavenging, reducing power and lipid peroxidation assays, respectively. PWE was potent in inhibiting Fenton's reagent-induced nicking of pBR322 plasmid. The fraction significantly inhibited hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4NQO) induced mutagenicity and a reduction in induction factor was found with increased PWE concentration. GI50 of 147.16 µg/ml was obtained in MTT assay in human MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. PWE induced apoptosis as confirmed from confocal microscopy studies. The protective effects can be attributed to the presence of the phytochemicals in PWE. These results will be helpful in the development of functional food characteristics, as well as unravel the benefits of pteridophytes as promoters of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramjeet Kaur
- Genetic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | | | - Sandeep Kaur
- Genetic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Genetic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
- University Centre for Research & Development (UCRD), Biotechnology Engineering & Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Satwinderjeet Kaur
- Genetic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India.
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He X, Wu D, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Chang X, Zhu Y, Tang W. Perfluorooctanoic acid promotes pancreatic β cell dysfunction and apoptosis through ER stress and the ATF4/CHOP/TRIB3 pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:84532-84545. [PMID: 35788477 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a widely used chemical substance, causes an increased risk of human type 2 diabetes (T2D), but its underlying mechanism is not well elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether PFOA regulates the functions of pancreatic β cells, which are specialized for the biosynthesis and secretion of insulin. The treatment of the mouse pancreatic β cell line (MIN6 cells) with PFOA caused a time- and dose-dependent inhibition of cell viability in CCK-8 assays. Annexin V/PI and TUNEL staining results confirmed that exposure to a high PFOA dose (500 μM) promoted apoptosis of β cells, while a low dose (300 μM) had no effects on β cell survival. PFOA treatment, even at a low dose, diminished glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in both primary islet perfusion and MIN6 cell experiments. RNA-sequencing data showed significantly increased expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-associated genes, with tribbles homolog 3 (Trib3) ranking first among the altered genes. The activation of ER stress pathways was verified by qRT-PCR assays, and the ATF4/CHOP/TRIB3 pathway contributed to PFOA-induced β cell damage. The inhibition of TRIB3 expression significantly protected MIN6 cells from PFOA-induced GSIS defects and apoptosis by ameliorating ER stress. These findings reveal a link between ER stress and PFOA-induced β cell defects, opening up a new set of questions about the pathogenesis of T2D due to environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei He
- Department of Endocrinology, Islet Cell Senescence and Function Research Laboratory, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Geriatric Hospital/Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital, 30 Luojia Road, Nanjing, 210024, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Islet Cell Senescence and Function Research Laboratory, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Geriatric Hospital/Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital, 30 Luojia Road, Nanjing, 210024, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanan Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 121 Jiangjia Yuan, Nanjing, 210011, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaqin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoai Chang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunxia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, Islet Cell Senescence and Function Research Laboratory, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Geriatric Hospital/Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital, 30 Luojia Road, Nanjing, 210024, Jiangsu, China.
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Ismail NZ, Md Saad S, Adebayo IA, Md Toha Z, Abas R, Mohamad Zain NN, Arsad H. The antiproliferative and apoptotic potential of Clinacanthus nutans against human breast cancer cells through targeted apoptosis pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:81685-81702. [PMID: 35737268 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20858-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Clinacanthus nutans dichloromethane fraction (CN-Dcm) extract has previously been proven to suppress breast cancer (MCF7) cell proliferation. Despite this, the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis mechanisms involved in C. nutans extract-treated MCF7 cells are still unknown. This study was intended to subfractionate CN-Dcm extract using column chromatography and analyse the treated MCF7 cells using the CellTiter 96® AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation (MTS) assay, Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) assay, western blot, and reverse transcription-qualitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Out of nine subfraction extracts (SF1 to SF9), SF2 extract strongly inhibited MCF7 cells with the lowest IC50 value (23.51 ± 1.00 µg/mL) and substantially induced apoptosis in the MCF7 cells. In treated MCF7 cells, SF2 extract significantly upregulated the expression of P53, BAX, BID, caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3, while downregulating the expression of BCL2. The presence of potential bioactive chemical compounds in the SF2 extract was identified using liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). Thus, the SF2 extract has the potential to induce apoptosis in MCF7 cells through intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Zafirah Ismail
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Penang, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
| | - Salwani Md Saad
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Penang, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
| | - Ismail Abiola Adebayo
- Department of Clinical Biology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
- Analystical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University, Western Campus, P.O. Box 71, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Zaleha Md Toha
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Penang, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
| | - Rafedah Abas
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Penang, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
| | - Nur Nadhirah Mohamad Zain
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Penang, Kepala Batas, Malaysia
| | - Hasni Arsad
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Penang, Kepala Batas, Malaysia.
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Malik S, Kaur K, Prasad S, Jha NK, Kumar V. A perspective review on medicinal plant resources for their antimutagenic potentials. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:62014-62029. [PMID: 34431051 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16057-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mutagens present in the environment manifest toxic effects and are considered as serious threat for human health and healthcare. Recent reports reveal that medicinal plant resources are being explored for identifying potent antimutagenic as well as cancer preventing agents. There is mounting evidence that cancer and other mutation-related diseases can be prevented with the use of medicinal pant resources including crude extracts, active fractions, phytochemicals, and pure phytomolecules. These medicinal plant resources possessing antimutagenic potentials have been shown to target molecular mechanisms underlying the mutagenic impacts. Technological advents and high-throughput screening/activity methods have revolutionized this field, though several potent plants and their active principles have been reported as effective antimutagens. The translational success rate needs to be improved, but the trends are encouraging. In this review, we present the current understandings and updates on various mutagens in the environment, toxicities related/attributed to them, the resultant mutations (and cancer), and how medicinal plants come to the rescue. A perspective review has been presented on whether and how medicinal plant resources can be an effective approach for addressing mutagens in the environment. An account of medicinal plant resources used as antimutagenic agents has been given along with the underlying mechanism of action and their therapeutic potential in various models of cancer. Recent success stories, current challenges, and future prospects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumira Malik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Kawaljeet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411016, India
| | - Shilpa Prasad
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411016, India.
- Department of Environmental Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India.
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6
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Han D, Song N, Wang W, Chen T, Miao Z. Subacute cadmium exposure modulates Th1 polarization to trigger ER stress-induced porcine hepatocyte apoptosis via regulation of miR-369-TNFα axis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:16576-16587. [PMID: 34648162 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16883-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd), as a common environmental pollutant, has been reported to cause T lymphocyte dysfunction and cell apoptosis in multiple organs. However, whether subacute Cd exposure can induce apoptosis of hepatocytes and the relationship with Th1/Th2 imbalance were still unclear. In this study, ten 6-week-old piglets were selected and randomly assigned into two groups, the control group and the Cd group. The control group was fed with the standard diet, and for the Cd group, the standard diet was supplemented with 20 mg/kg CdCl2; liver tissue was collected on the 40th day of the experiment. Immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR, and western blot were performed to detect the expression of miR-369, Th1/Th2 biomarkers, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related genes, and apoptotic genes. TUNEL assay was applied to stain apoptotic hepatocytes. In the Cd group, the apoptosis of hepatocytes was significantly increased, and associated with the declined expression of miR-369, Th1 polarization, the elevated expression of ER stress pathway genes and their downstream pro-apoptosis genes, and downregulated expression of anti-apoptotic genes. These results manifest that subacute Cd exposure mediates Th1 polarization to promote ER stress-induced porcine hepatocyte apoptosis via regulating miR-369-TNFα. These results not only provide a basis for the enrichment of Cd toxicology but also support a theoretical foundation for the prevention and therapy of Cd poisoning. Schematic diagram illustrating the proposed mechanism of subacute cadmium exposure modulates Th1 polarization to trigger ER stress-induced porcine hepatocyte apoptosis via regulation of miR-369-TNFα axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Nuan Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiying Miao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
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Li S, Jiang C, Tan J, Zhou Q, Yin J, He Y. Sodium arsenite-mediated upregulation of circDHX34 promotes apoptosis in hormone-independent breast cancer cells by regulating apoptotic genes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:2728-2736. [PMID: 34378131 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15891-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic and the compounds thereof can be carcinogens or therapeutic agents for different cancer types. However, for breast cancer (BC), studies have yielded conflicted results on the role of arsenic. A previous study by the present authors indicated a potential relationship between circDHX34 and sodium arsenite-treated BC cells. As such, the expression, function, and potential mechanism of circDHX34 in sodium arsenite-treated MDA-MB-231 cells were further detected. In the present study, findings were made that sodium arsenite upregulated circDHX34 expression in MDA-MB-231 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and knockdown of circDHX34 could promote cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis. Further investigations revealed that knockdown of circDHX34 upregulated the expression levels of antiapoptotic genes BCL2 and BCL2L1 and downregulated the expression levels of proapoptotic genes CASP8 and CASP9. To conclude, by regulating apoptotic genes, sodium arsenite-mediated upregulation of circDHX34 promotes apoptosis in hormone-independent breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Li
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, No.1168 Chunrong West Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Chenglan Jiang
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, No.1168 Chunrong West Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Jingwen Tan
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, No.1168 Chunrong West Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, No.1168 Chunrong West Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Jinyao Yin
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, No.1168 Chunrong West Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuefeng He
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, No.1168 Chunrong West Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
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Turan I, Demir S, Yaman SO, Canbolat D, Mentese A, Aliyazicioglu Y. An Investigation of the Antiproliferative Effect of Rhododendron luteum Extract on Cervical Cancer (HeLa) Cells via Nrf2 Signaling Pathway. Nutr Cancer 2021; 74:1882-1893. [PMID: 34323135 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.1955287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of Rhododendron luteum extract (RLE) in the induction of Nrf2‑related oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells. The antiproliferative effect of RLE on HeLa and fibroblast cells was determined using the MTT assay. The effects of RLE on the cell cycle, apoptosis, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HeLa cells were evaluated using fluorescent probes. The mRNA expression levels of Nrf2 [and its targets glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)], and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP, an ER stress marker were determined using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results demonstrated that RLE exhibited a selective cytotoxic effect (2.9-fold) on HeLa cells compared to fibroblast cells. RLE arrested the cell cycle at the S phase, and induced apoptosis, ER stress, and ROS formation. In addition, RLE significantly suppressed the expression levels of Nrf2, GCLC and G6PD (0.65, 0.69, and 0.54-fold, respectively) and increased the expression of CHOP (4.48-fold) in HeLa cells at 72 h of treatment (p < 0.05). These results show that the antiproliferative effect of RLE occurs through the Nrf2 and ER stress pathways, and the results should now be supported by further in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Turan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Genetic and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Gumushane University, Gumushane, Turkey
| | - Selim Demir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Serap Ozer Yaman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Deniz Canbolat
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Gumushane University, Gumushane, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Mentese
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Yuksel Aliyazicioglu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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