1
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Baysal M, Karaduman AB, Korkut Çelikateş B, Atlı-Eklioğlu Ö, Ilgın S. Assessment of the toxicity of different antiretroviral drugs and their combinations on Sertoli and Leydig cells. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38647040 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2024.2336506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus continues to pose a significant global public health challenge, affecting millions of individuals. The current treatment strategy has incorporated the utilization of combinations of antiretroviral drugs. The administration of these drugs is associated with many deleterious consequences on several physiological systems, notably the reproductive system. This study aimed to assess the toxic effects of abacavir sulfate, ritonavir, nevirapine, and zidovudine, as well as their combinations, on TM3 Leydig and TM4 Sertoli cells. The cell viability was gauged using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and neutral red uptake (NRU) assays. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was assessed via the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) test, and DNA damage was determined using the comet assay. Results indicated cytotoxic effects at low drug concentrations, both individually and combined. The administration of drugs, individually and in combination, resulted in the production of ROS and caused damage to the DNA at the tested concentrations. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the administration of antiretroviral drugs can lead to testicular toxicity by promoting the generation of ROS and DNA damage. Furthermore, it should be noted that the toxicity of antiretroviral drug combinations was shown to be higher compared to that of individual drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Baysal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Burak Karaduman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Büşra Korkut Çelikateş
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Özlem Atlı-Eklioğlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Sinem Ilgın
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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2
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Starr A, Nickoloff-Bybel E, Abedalthaqafi R, Albloushi N, Jordan-Sciutto KL. Human iPSC-derived neurons reveal NMDAR-independent dysfunction following HIV-associated insults. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 16:1353562. [PMID: 38348237 PMCID: PMC10859444 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1353562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system encounters a number of challenges following HIV infection, leading to increased risk for a collection of neurocognitive symptoms clinically classified as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Studies attempting to identify causal mechanisms and potential therapeutic interventions have historically relied on primary rodent neurons, but a number of recent reports take advantage of iPSC-derived neurons in order to study these mechanisms in a readily reproducible, human model. We found that iPSC-derived neurons differentiated via an inducible neurogenin-2 transcription factor were resistant to gross toxicity from a number of HIV-associated insults previously reported to be toxic in rodent models, including HIV-infected myeloid cell supernatants and the integrase inhibitor antiretroviral drug, elvitegravir. Further examination of these cultures revealed robust resistance to NMDA receptor-mediated toxicity. We then performed a comparative analysis of iPSC neurons exposed to integrase inhibitors and activated microglial supernatants to study sub-cytotoxic alterations in micro electrode array (MEA)-measured neuronal activity and gene expression, identifying extracellular matrix interaction/morphogenesis as the most consistently altered pathways across HIV-associated insults. These findings illustrate that HIV-associated insults dysregulate human neuronal activity and organization even in the absence of gross NMDA-mediated neurotoxicity, which has important implications on the effects of these insults in neurodevelopment and on the interpretation of primary vs. iPSC in vitro neuronal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kelly L. Jordan-Sciutto
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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3
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De Freitas-Suarez A, Espinosa-Ponce N, Alvarez-Roger N, Cabrera-Suarez AI, Jiménez-Jordán G, Vega-Roman R, Inyushin M, Alves JM. An Integrative Approach to the Current Treatment of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders and the Implementation of Leukemia Inhibitor Factor as a Mediator of Neurocognitive Preservation. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2194. [PMID: 38004334 PMCID: PMC10672511 DOI: 10.3390/life13112194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) continue to impact patients despite antiretroviral therapy. A combination of antiretroviral therapies can diminish the HIV viral load to near undetectable levels, but fails to preserve neurocognitive integrity. The cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) has shown neuroprotective properties that could mitigate neurodegeneration in HANDs. The LIF promotes neurogenesis, neural cell differentiation, and survival. Combination antiretroviral therapy reduces severe forms of HANDs, but neurocognitive impairment persists; additionally, some antiretrovirals have additional adverse neurotoxic effects. The LIF counteracts neurotoxic viral proteins and limits neural cell damage in models of neuroinflammation. Adding the LIF as an adjuvant therapy to enhance neuroprotection merits further research for managing HANDs. The successful implementation of the LIF to current therapies would contribute to achieving a better quality of life for the affected population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Espinosa-Ponce
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR 00960, USA; (N.E.-P.); (A.I.C.-S.)
| | - Natalia Alvarez-Roger
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00956, USA; (N.A.-R.); (R.V.-R.)
| | - Arianna Iris Cabrera-Suarez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR 00960, USA; (N.E.-P.); (A.I.C.-S.)
| | | | - Rocio Vega-Roman
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00956, USA; (N.A.-R.); (R.V.-R.)
| | - Mikhail Inyushin
- Department of Physiology, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR 00960, USA;
| | - Janaina M. Alves
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR 00960, USA; (N.E.-P.); (A.I.C.-S.)
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4
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Kulbe JR, Le AA, Mante M, Florio J, Laird AE, Swinton MK, Rissman RA, Fields JA. GP120 and tenofovir alafenamide alter cannabinoid receptor 1 expression in hippocampus of mice. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:564-576. [PMID: 37801175 PMCID: PMC10645617 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01155-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction remains prevalent in people with HIV (PWH) despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). There is evidence that low-level HIV infection and ART drugs may contribute to CNS damage in the brain of PWH with suppressed viral loads. As cannabis is used at a higher rate in PWH compared to the general population, there is interest in understanding how HIV proteins and ART drugs interact with the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and inflammation in the CNS. Therefore, we investigated the effects of the HIV envelope protein gp120 and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) on cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and IBA1 in the brain and on locomotor activity in mice. The gp120 transgenic (tg) mouse model was administered TAF daily for 30 days and then analyzed using the open field test before being euthanized, and their brains were analyzed for CB1R, GFAP, and IBA1 expression using immunohistochemical approaches. CB1R expression levels were significantly increased in CA1, CA2/3, and dentate gyrus of gp120tg mice compared to wt littermates; TAF reversed these effects. As expected, TAF showed a medium effect of enhancing GFAP in the frontal cortex of gp120tg mice in the frontal cortex. TAF had minimal effect on IBA1 signal. TAF showed medium to large effects on fine movements, rearing, total activity, total distance, and lateral activity in the open-field test. These findings suggest that TAF may reverse gp120-induced effects on CB1R expression and, unlike tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), may not affect gliosis in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Anh Le
- University of California, San Diego Department of Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael Mante
- University of California, San Diego Department of Neurosciences, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jazmin Florio
- University of California, San Diego Department of Neurosciences, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anna Elizabeth Laird
- University of California, San Diego Department of Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mary K Swinton
- University of California, San Diego Department of Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert A Rissman
- University of California, San Diego Department of Neurosciences, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jerel Adam Fields
- University of California, San Diego Department of Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, USA.
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5
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Yang X, Zhang J, Cheng Y, Cui M, Jiang Z, Fan C, Chen J, Qi L, Liu H, Bao D. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate mediates neuronal injury by inducing neurotoxicity. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 42:1195-1205. [PMID: 37604947 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-023-04654-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is an accepted treatment option for patients with virus infection. Mounting evidence indicated that persistent HAART treatment is implicated with increased morbidity of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in patients. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), a novel nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), was used in patients with HIV co-infected with HBV. And it is still a vital first-line antiretroviral compounds in HAART. However, whether persistent treatment with TDF is involved in HAND development remains to be further elucidated. In this study, we aimed to discuss the neurotoxicity of TDF. METHODS We used SH-SY5Y cells and primary neuronal cells to evaluate the neurotoxicity of TDF in vitro. The cytotoxicity of TDF on SH-SY5Y cells and primary neuronal cells was evaluated by the cell viability and LDH levels by MTT assay and LDH kit, respectively. Hoechst 33342 staining, TUNEL assay and flow cytometry were performed to evaluate the cells apoptosis. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) production were measured by commercial kits. In addition, the activation level of caspase-3 was evaluated using spectrophotometry and western blotting. RESULTS Our results showed that TDF treatment significantly induced cell viability and induced apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells and primary neuronal cells. Furthermore, the ROS levels and MDA productions were significantly up-regulated in nerve cells treated with TDF. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicated that TDF may induce neuronal cell apoptosis through increasing the intracellular ROS and the expression level of caspase-3, which may be related to the increasing prevalence of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers and Liquid Biopsy, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Juanmei Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers and Liquid Biopsy, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yanhong Cheng
- Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers and Liquid Biopsy, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
- Shenzhen Beike Bio-Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengmeng Cui
- Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers and Liquid Biopsy, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Zhixiong Jiang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers and Liquid Biopsy, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Chunhui Fan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers and Liquid Biopsy, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Jiaxing Chen
- Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers and Liquid Biopsy, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Lixia Qi
- Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers and Liquid Biopsy, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers and Liquid Biopsy, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Dengke Bao
- Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers and Liquid Biopsy, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
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6
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Wu M, Li M, Liu W, Yan M, Li L, Ding W, Nian X, Dai W, Sun D, Zhu Y, Huang Q, Lu X, Cai Z, Hong F, Li X, Zhang L, Liu Z, Mo W, Zhang X, Zhang L. Nucleoporin Seh1 maintains Schwann cell homeostasis by regulating genome stability and necroptosis. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112802. [PMID: 37453065 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells play critical roles in peripheral neuropathies; however, the regulatory mechanisms of their homeostasis remain largely unknown. Here, we show that nucleoporin Seh1, a component of nuclear pore complex, is important for Schwann cell homeostasis. Expression of Seh1 decreases as mice age. Loss of Seh1 leads to activated immune responses and cell necroptosis. Mice with depletion of Seh1 in Schwann cell lineage develop progressive reduction of Schwann cells in sciatic nerves, predominantly non-myelinating Schwann cells, followed by neural fiber degeneration and malfunction of the sensory and motor system. Mechanistically, Seh1 safeguards genome stability by mediating the interaction between SETDB1 and KAP1. The disrupted interaction after ablation of Seh1 derepresses endogenous retroviruses, which triggers ZBP1-dependent necroptosis in Schwann cells. Collectively, our results demonstrate that Seh1 is required for Schwann cell homeostasis by maintaining genome integrity and suggest that decrease of nucleoporins may participate in the pathogenesis of periphery neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Man Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Minbiao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Weichao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Ximing Nian
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Wenxiu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Di Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yanqin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Qiuying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xiaoyun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zhiyu Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Fan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xuewen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Clinic Laboratory, the affiliated Chenggong Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zhixiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Wei Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xueqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
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7
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Rudd H, Toborek M. Pitfalls of Antiretroviral Therapy: Current Status and Long-Term CNS Toxicity. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070894. [PMID: 35883450 PMCID: PMC9312798 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV can traverse the BBB using a Trojan horse-like mechanism. Hidden within infected immune cells, HIV can infiltrate the highly safeguarded CNS and propagate disease. Once integrated within the host genome, HIV becomes a stable provirus, which can remain dormant, evade detection by the immune system or antiretroviral therapy (ART), and result in rebound viraemia. As ART targets actively replicating HIV, has low BBB penetrance, and exposes patients to long-term toxicity, further investigation into novel therapeutic approaches is required. Viral proteins can be produced by latent HIV, which may play a synergistic role alongside ART in promoting neuroinflammatory pathophysiology. It is believed that the ability to specifically target these proviral reservoirs would be a vital driving force towards a cure for HIV infection. A novel drug design platform, using the in-tandem administration of several therapeutic approaches, can be used to precisely target the various components of HIV infection, ultimately leading to the eradication of active and latent HIV and a functional cure for HIV. The aim of this review is to explore the pitfalls of ART and potential novel therapeutic alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Rudd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(305)-243-0230
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8
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High-content analysis and Kinetic Image Cytometry identify toxicity and epigenetic effects of HIV antiretrovirals on human iPSC-neurons and primary neural precursor cells. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2022; 114:107157. [PMID: 35143957 PMCID: PMC9103414 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2022.107157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite viral suppression due to combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) continue to affect half of people with HIV, suggesting that certain antiretrovirals (ARVs) may contribute to HAND. METHODS We examined the effects of nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and emtricitabine (FTC) and the integrase inhibitors dolutegravir (DTG) and elvitegravir (EVG) on viability, structure, and function of glutamatergic neurons (a subtype of CNS neuron involved in cognition) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-neurons), and primary human neural precursor cells (hNPCs), which are responsible for neurogenesis. RESULTS Using automated digital microscopy and image analysis (high content analysis, HCA), we found that DTG, EVG, and TDF decreased hiPSC-neuron viability, neurites, and synapses after 7 days of treatment. Analysis of hiPSC-neuron calcium activity using Kinetic Image Cytometry (KIC) demonstrated that DTG and EVG also decreased the frequency and magnitude of intracellular calcium transients. Longer ARV exposures and simultaneous exposure to multiple ARVs increased the magnitude of these neurotoxic effects. Using the Microscopic Imaging of Epigenetic Landscapes (MIEL) assay, we found that TDF decreased hNPC viability and changed the distribution of histone modifications that regulate chromatin packing, suggesting that TDF may reduce neuroprogenitor pools important for CNS development and maintenance of cognition in adults. CONCLUSION This study establishes human preclinical assays that can screen potential ARVs for CNS toxicity to develop safer cART regimens and HAND therapeutics.
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9
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Li J, Wen JX, Lu XC, Hou GQ, Gao X, Li Y, Liu L. Catalyst-Free Visible-Light-Promoted Cyclization of Aldehydes: Access to 2,5-Disubstituted 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:26699-26706. [PMID: 34661023 PMCID: PMC8515816 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of a variety of 2,5-disubstituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives via a cyclization reaction by photoredox catalysis between aldehydes and hypervalent iodine(III) reagents is described. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions and affords various target compounds in excellent yields. The commercially available aldehydes without preactivation and a simple visible-light-promoted procedure without any catalysts make this strategy an alternative to the conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School
of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jin-Xia Wen
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School
of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Xue-Chen Lu
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School
of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Guo-Quan Hou
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School
of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Xu Gao
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School
of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yang Li
- School
of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jiangsu Food
& Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Li Liu
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School
of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
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10
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Saloner R, Fields JA, Marcondes MCG, Iudicello JE, von Känel S, Cherner M, Letendre SL, Kaul M, Grant I. Methamphetamine and Cannabis: A Tale of Two Drugs and their Effects on HIV, Brain, and Behavior. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 15:743-764. [PMID: 32929575 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09957-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection and drug use intersect epidemiologically, and their combination can result in complex effects on brain and behavior. The extent to which drugs affect the health of persons with HIV (PWH) depends on many factors including drug characteristics, use patterns, stage of HIV disease and its treatment, comorbid factors, and age. To consider the range of drug effects, we have selected two that are in common use by PWH: methamphetamine and cannabis. We compare the effects of methamphetamine with those of cannabis, to illustrate how substances may potentiate, worsen, or even buffer the effects of HIV on the CNS. Data from human, animal, and ex vivo studies provide insights into how these drugs have differing effects on the persistent inflammatory state that characterizes HIV infection, including effects on viral replication, immune activation, mitochondrial function, gut permeability, blood brain barrier integrity, glia and neuronal signaling. Moving forward, we consider how these mechanistic insights may inform interventions to improve brain outcomes in PWH. This review summarizes literature from clinical and preclinical studies demonstrating the adverse effects of METH, as well as the potentially beneficial effects of cannabis, on the interacting systemic (e.g., gut barrier leakage/microbial translocation, immune activation, inflammation) and CNS-specific (e.g., glial activation/neuroinflammation, neural injury, mitochondrial toxicity/oxidative stress) mechanisms underlying HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan Saloner
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA. .,Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego , San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Jerel Adam Fields
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer E Iudicello
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sofie von Känel
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mariana Cherner
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Scott L Letendre
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marcus Kaul
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Igor Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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11
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Canchi S, Swinton MK, Rissman RA, Fields JA. Transcriptomic analysis of brain tissues identifies a role for CCAAT enhancer binding protein β in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:112. [PMID: 32276639 PMCID: PMC7149918 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01781-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) persist in the era of combined antiretroviral therapy (ART) despite reductions in viral load (VL) and overall disease severity. The mechanisms underlying HAND in the ART era are not well understood but are likely multifactorial, involving alterations in common pathways such as inflammation, autophagy, neurogenesis, and mitochondrial function. Newly developed omics approaches hold potential to identify mechanisms driving neuropathogenesis of HIV in the ART era. METHODS In this study, using 33 postmortem frontal cortex (FC) tissues, neuropathological, molecular, and biochemical analyses were used to determine cellular localization and validate expression levels of the prolific transcription factor (TF), CCAAT enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) β, in brain tissues from HIV+ cognitively normal and HAND cases. RNA sequencing (seq) and transcriptomic analyses were performed on FC tissues including 24 specimens from well-characterized people with HIV that had undergone neurocognitive assessments. In vitro models for brain cells were used to investigate the role of C/EBPβ in mediating gene expression. RESULTS The most robust signal for TF dysregulation was observed in cases diagnosed with minor neurocognitive disorder (MND) compared to cognitive normal (CN) cases. Of particular interest, due to its role in inflammation, autophagy and neurogenesis, C/EBPβ was significantly upregulated in MND compared to CN brains. C/EBPβ was increased at the protein level in HAND brains. C/EBPβ levels were significantly reduced in neurons and increased in astroglia in HAND brains compared to CN. Transfection of human astroglial cells with a plasmid expressing C/EBPβ induced expression of multiple targets identified in the transcriptomic analysis of HAND brains, including dynamin-1-like protein (DNM1L) and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1. Recombinant HIV-Tat reduced and increased C/EBPβ levels in neuronal and astroglial cells, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These findings are the first to present RNAseq-based transcriptomic analyses of HIV+ brain tissues, providing further evidence of altered neuroinflammation, neurogenesis, mitochondrial function, and autophagy in HAND. Interestingly, these studies confirm a role for CEBPβ in regulating inflammation, metabolism, and autophagy in astroglia. Therapeutic strategies aimed at transcriptional regulation of astroglia or downstream pathways may provide relief to HIV+ patients at risk for HAND and other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Canchi
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Mary K. Swinton
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., BSB 3009, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603 USA
| | - Robert A. Rissman
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Jerel Adam Fields
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., BSB 3009, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603 USA
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12
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Faia C, Plaisance-Bonstaff K, Peruzzi F. In vitro models of HIV-1 infection of the Central Nervous System. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. DISEASE MODELS 2020; 32:5-11. [PMID: 33692833 PMCID: PMC7938360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurocognitive disorders associated with HIV-1 infection affect more than half of persons living with HIV (PLWH) under retroviral therapy. Understanding the molecular mechanisms and the complex cellular network communication underlying neurological dysfunction is critical for the development of an effective therapy. As with other neurological disorders, challenges to studying HIV infection of the brain include limited access to clinical samples and proper reproducibility of the complexity of brain networks in cellular and animal models. This review focuses on cellular models used to investigate various aspects of neurological dysfunction associated with HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Faia
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and S Stanley Scott Cancer Center
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Parasitology
| | | | - Francesca Peruzzi
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and S Stanley Scott Cancer Center
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Parasitology
- Department of Medicine
- Corresponding author: Francesca Peruzzi, 1700 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, Tel: (504) 210-2978,
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13
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Fields JA, Swinton MK, Carson A, Soontornniyomkij B, Lindsay C, Han MM, Frizzi K, Sambhwani S, Murphy A, Achim CL, Ellis RJ, Calcutt NA. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate induces peripheral neuropathy and alters inflammation and mitochondrial biogenesis in the brains of mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17158. [PMID: 31748578 PMCID: PMC6868155 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53466-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that antiretroviral therapy (ART) drugs may contribute to the prevalence of HIV-associated neurological dysfunction. The HIV envelope glycoprotein (gp120) is neurotoxic and has been linked to alterations in mitochondrial function and increased inflammatory gene expression, which are common neuropathological findings in HIV+ cases on ART with neurological disorders. Tenofovir disproxil fumarate (TDF) has been shown to affect neurogenesis in brains of mice and mitochondria in neurons. In this study, we hypothesized that TDF contributes to neurotoxicity by modulating mitochondrial biogenesis and inflammatory pathways. TDF administered to wild-type (wt) and GFAP-gp120 transgenic (tg) mice caused peripheral neuropathy, as indicated by nerve conduction slowing and thermal hyperalgesia. Conversely TDF protected gp120-tg mice from cognitive dysfunction. In the brains of wt and gp120-tg mice, TDF decreased expression of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM). However, double immunolabelling revealed that TFAM was reduced in neurons and increased in astroglia in the hippocampi of TDF-treated wt and gp120-tg mice. TDF also increased expression of GFAP and decreased expression of IBA1 in the wt and gp120-tg mice. TDF increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α in wt mice. However, TDF reduced interleukin (IL) 1β and TNFα mRNA in gp120-tg mouse brains. Primary human astroglia were exposed to increasing doses of TDF for 24 hours and then analyzed for mitochondrial alterations and inflammatory gene expression. In astroglia, TDF caused a dose-dependent increase in oxygen consumption rate, extracellular acidification rate and spare respiratory capacity, changes consistent with increased metabolism. TDF also reduced IL-1β-mediated increases in IL-1β and TNFα mRNA. These data demonstrate that TDF causes peripheral neuropathy in mice and alterations in inflammatory signaling and mitochondrial activity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerel Adam Fields
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Mary K Swinton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Aliyah Carson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Charmaine Lindsay
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - May Madi Han
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Katie Frizzi
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shrey Sambhwani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anne Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cristian L Achim
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ronald J Ellis
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nigel A Calcutt
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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14
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Park H. Cytological Study on the Cause of the Osteoporotic Side Effects of Adefovir Dipivoxil. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2019.51.3.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ho Park
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Wonkwang Health Science University, Iksan, Korea
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15
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Evaluating Neurodevelopmental Consequences of Perinatal Exposure to Antiretroviral Drugs: Current Challenges and New Approaches. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 16:113-129. [PMID: 31512167 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09880-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As antiretroviral therapy (ART) becomes increasingly affordable and accessible to women of childbearing age across the globe, the number of children who are exposed to Human Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV) but remain uninfected is on the rise, almost all of whom were also exposed to ART perinatally. Although ART has successfully aided in the decline of mother-to-child-transmission of HIV, the long-term effects of in utero exposure to ART on fetal and postnatal neurodevelopment remain unclear. Evaluating the safety and efficacy of therapeutic drugs for pregnant women is a challenge due to the historic limitations on their inclusion in clinical trials and the dynamic physiological states during pregnancy that can alter the pharmacokinetics of drug metabolism and fetal drug exposure. Thus, much of our data on the potential consequences of ART drugs on the developing nervous system comes from preclinical animal models and clinical observational studies. In this review, we will discuss the current state of knowledge and existing approaches to investigate whether ART affects fetal brain development, and describe novel human stem cell-based strategies that may provide additional information to better predict the impact of specific drugs on the human central nervous system. Graphical Abstract Approaches to evaluate the impact of drugs on the developing brain. Dysregulation of the developing nervous system can lead to long-lasting changes. Integration of data from animal models, clinical observations, and cell culture studies is needed to predict the safety of therapeutic antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy. New approaches include human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based 2D and 3D models of neuronal networks and brain regions, as well as single cell profiling in response to drug exposure.
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16
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Katuri A, Bryant J, Heredia A, Makar TK. Role of the inflammasomes in HIV-associated neuroinflammation and neurocognitive disorders. Exp Mol Pathol 2019; 108:64-72. [PMID: 30922769 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is a unique form of neurological impairment that stems from HIV. This disease and its characteristics can be accredited to incorporation of DNA and mRNA of HIV-1 into the CNS. A proper understanding of the intricacies of HAND and the underlying mechanisms associated with corresponding immune reactions are vital for the potential development of a reliable treatment for HAND. A common phenomenon observed in CNS cells, specifically microglia, that are infected with HAND is inflammation, which is a consequence of the activation of innate immune response due to a variety of stimuli, in this case, being the HIV infection. The CNS based inflammation is mediated by the production of cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species, and secondary messengers, which occurs at CNS glia, endothelial cells and peripherally derived immune cells. Inflammasomes play a significant role with regard to neuroinflammation due to their ability to dictate the activation of various inflammatory responses. Certain stimuli can result in the activation of caspase-1; hence, leading to the processing of interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 pro-inflammatory cytokines. The processed IL-1β and IL-18 activate signaling pathways that begin the process of neuroinflammation. Due to the fact that the NLRP3 inflammasome is the most abundant in the CNS, it is the most extensively investigated inflammasome with regard to the nervous system. Due to the importance of neuroinflammation in the evolution of HAND and proliferation of neuroinflammation due to HAND, it can be concluded that there exists a relationship between HAND and inflammasomes. The aim of our review is to consolidate current knowledge of important mechanisms in HAND, specifically related to its relationship with neuroinflammation and inflammasomes to shed light on a possible improved treatment for HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Katuri
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Joseph Bryant
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Alonso Heredia
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Tapas K Makar
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America; VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America.
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17
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Velichkovska M, Surnar B, Nair M, Dhar S, Toborek M. Targeted Mitochondrial COQ 10 Delivery Attenuates Antiretroviral-Drug-Induced Senescence of Neural Progenitor Cells. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:724-736. [PMID: 30592424 PMCID: PMC6364271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
HIV infection is associated with symptoms of accelerated or accentuated aging that are likely to be driven not only by HIV itself but also by the toxicity of long-term use of antiretroviral drugs. Therefore, it is crucially important to understand the mechanisms by which antiretroviral drugs may contribute to aging. The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that antiretroviral drugs cause increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation that results in mitochondrial dysfunction and culminates in promoting cellular senescence. In addition, we applied targeted nanoparticle (NP)-based delivery to specifically enrich mitochondria with coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in order to enhance antioxidant protection. The studies employed neural progenitor cells (NPCs), as differentiation of these cells into mature neurons is affected both during HIV infection and in the aging process. Exposure of cultured NPCs to various combinations of HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) induced a more than 2-fold increase in mitochondrial ROS generation and mitochondrial membrane potential, a more than 50% decrease in oxygen consumption and ATP levels, a 60% decrease in SIRT3 expression, and a 42% decrease in cell proliferation relative to control levels. These alterations were accompanied by a 37% increase in beta-galactosidase staining and a shortening of the telomere length to more than half of the length of controls as assessed by quantitative telomere-FISH labeling, indicating accelerated NPC senescence in response to ART exposure. Importantly, CoQ10 delivered by targeted nanoparticles effectively attenuated these effects. Overall, these results indicate that ART promotes cellular senescence by causing mitochondrial dysfunction, which can be successfully reversed by supplementation with mitochondria-targeted CoQ10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Velichkovska
- †Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and §Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Bapurao Surnar
- †Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and §Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Madhavan Nair
- Department
of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United
States
| | - Shanta Dhar
- †Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and §Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Michal Toborek
- †Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and §Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States,Address: Department of Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Gautier
Bldg., Room 528, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136. Phone: 305-243-0230. E-mail:
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18
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Lu M, Dong H, Bao D, Liu B, Liu H. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate induces pheochromocytoma cells apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 844:139-144. [PMID: 30529468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the triumph of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in anti-HIV infection, more than half of the HIV infection individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy acquire HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). Previously researches had reported that the HAART neurotoxicity is implicated in HAND-related morbidity. The molecular mechanism of HAND is not clear. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is a novel nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), which was recommended as first-line therapeutic schedule for free AIDS antiviral drugs. Whether the neurotoxicity of TDF is associated with HAND is not well known. In this study, the cell viability of TDF-treated pheochromocytoma cells (PC-12) line was detected using MTT assay, while apoptosis was evaluated by Hoechst 33342 staining, TUNEL assay, as well as flow cytometry. In addition, the level of reactive oxygen species and BAX protein expression were evaluated using DCFH-DA staining and western blotting. The results showed that the proliferation of PC-12 cells was significantly inhibited by TDF. The morphological assay, TUNEL assay and flow cytometry showed that TDF efficiently triggered apoptosis in PC-12 cells. The reactive oxygen species levels were BAX expression was markedly up-regulated in PC-12 cells after treatment with TDF. These findings indicated that TDF may induce PC-12 cell apoptosis. TDF has neural toxicity effect that is relevant to the cell apoptosis, which may be related to the increasing prevalence of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Lu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers and Liquid Biopsy, Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Hongjing Dong
- Henan Health Cadre College, Zhenzhou, Henan 450008, China
| | - Dengke Bao
- Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers and Liquid Biopsy, Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Nursing College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers and Liquid Biopsy, Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China.
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19
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Putatunda R, Zhang Y, Li F, Yang XF, Barbe MF, Hu W. Adult neurogenic deficits in HIV-1 Tg26 transgenic mice. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:287. [PMID: 30314515 PMCID: PMC6182864 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1322-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Even in the antiretroviral treatment (ART) era, HIV-1-infected patients suffer from milder forms of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). While the viral proteins Tat and gp120 have been shown to individually inhibit the proliferation and neural differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs), no studies have characterized the effects of all the combined viral proteins on adult neurogenesis. Methods The HIV-1 Tg26 transgenic mouse model was used due to its clinical relevance to ART-controlled HIV-1-infected patients who lack active viral replication but suffer from continuous stress from the viral proteins. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis was performed to validate the expression of viral genes in the neurogenic zones. In vitro stemness and lineage differentiation assays were performed in cultured NSCs from HIV-1 Tg26 transgenic mice and their wild-type littermates. Hippocampal neurogenic lineage analysis was performed to determine potential changes in initial and late differentiation of NSCs in the subgranular zone (SGZ). Finally, fluorescent retroviral labeling of mature dentate granule neurons was performed to assess dendritic complexity and dendritic spine densities. Results Varying copy numbers of partial gag (p17), tat (unspliced and spliced variants), env (gp120), vpu, and nef transcripts were detected in the neurogenic zones of Tg26 mice. Significantly fewer primary neurospheres and a higher percentage of larger sized primary neurospheres were generated from Tg26 NSCs than from littermated wild-type mouse NSCs, implying that Tg26 mouse NSCs exhibit deficits in initial differentiation. In vitro differentiation assays revealed that Tg26 mouse NSCs have reduced neuronal differentiation and increased astrocytic differentiation. In the SGZs of Tg26 mice, significantly higher amounts of quiescent NSCs, as well as significantly lower levels of active NSCs, proliferating neural progenitor cells, and neuroblasts, were observed. Finally, newborn mature granule neurons in the dentate gyri of Tg26 mice had deficiencies in dendritic arborization, dendritic length, and dendritic spine density. Conclusions Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that HIV-1 Tg26 mice have early- and late-stage neurogenesis deficits, which could possibly contribute to the progression of HAND. Future therapies should be targeting this process to ameliorate, if not eliminate HAND-like symptoms in HIV-1-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Putatunda
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Fang Li
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Xiao-Feng Yang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Mary F Barbe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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