1
|
Donadoni M, Huang W, Yarandi SS, Burdo TH, Chang SL, Sariyer IK. Modulation of OPRM1 Alternative Splicing by Morphine and HIV-1 Nef. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2022; 17:277-288. [PMID: 34420144 PMCID: PMC8859008 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-021-10009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Clinically used opioids, such as morphine, activate the mu opioid receptor (MOR) encoded by Opioid Receptor Mu 1 (OPRM1) gene. Examination of the opioid receptor genes showed that the human OPRM1 pre-mRNA undergoes extensive alternative splicing events and capable of expressing 21 isoforms. However, characterization of OPRM1 signaling is generalized, and only one isoform (MOR-1) has been extensively studied. Compounding this issue is the increasing significance of intravenous drug abuse in HIV neuropathogenesis. Here, we investigated the molecular impact of morphine and HIV-1 on regulation of OPRM1 pre-mRNA splicing in in vitro and in vivo models. Our results suggested that morphine treatment specifically induces the alternative splicing of MOR-1X isoform among the other isoforms analyzed in neuronal cells. Interestingly, alternative splicing and expression of MOR-1X isoform was also induced in postmortem brain tissues obtained from people with HIV (PWH). Additionally, treatment of control rats with morphine induced alternative splicing of MOR-1X in the brain regions involved in the reward pathways. More interestingly, HIV-1 transgenic (HIV-1Tg) rats, showed an additive induction of MOR-1X isoform with the exposure to morphine. To further assess the possible role of HIV secretory proteins in alternative splicing of OPRM1 gene, we analyzed the impact of HIV-1 Tat, gp120 and Nef proteins on alternative splicing of MOR-1X isoform. While the Tat and gp120 had no visible effects, treatment of neurons with Nef induced MOR-1X alternative splicing that was comparable to treatment with morphine. Altogether, our results suggest that HIV-1 may alter MOR isoform expression with Nef protein by amplifying the rate of MOR-1X alternative splicing induced by morphine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Donadoni
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Wenfei Huang
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology and Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Shadan S Yarandi
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Tricia H Burdo
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Sulie L Chang
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology and Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA.
| | - Ilker K Sariyer
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gargan S, Stevenson NJ. Unravelling the Immunomodulatory Effects of Viral Ion Channels, towards the Treatment of Disease. Viruses 2021; 13:2165. [PMID: 34834972 PMCID: PMC8618147 DOI: 10.3390/v13112165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for the research community to develop a better understanding of viruses, in particular their modes of infection and replicative lifecycles, to aid in the development of novel vaccines and much needed anti-viral therapeutics. Several viruses express proteins capable of forming pores in host cellular membranes, termed "Viroporins". They are a family of small hydrophobic proteins, with at least one amphipathic domain, which characteristically form oligomeric structures with central hydrophilic domains. Consequently, they can facilitate the transport of ions through the hydrophilic core. Viroporins localise to host membranes such as the endoplasmic reticulum and regulate ion homeostasis creating a favourable environment for viral infection. Viroporins also contribute to viral immune evasion via several mechanisms. Given that viroporins are often essential for virion assembly and egress, and as their structural features tend to be evolutionarily conserved, they are attractive targets for anti-viral therapeutics. This review discusses the current knowledge of several viroporins, namely Influenza A virus (IAV) M2, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Viral protein U (Vpu), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) p7, Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-16 E5, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Open Reading Frame (ORF)3a and Polyomavirus agnoprotein. We highlight the intricate but broad immunomodulatory effects of these viroporins and discuss the current antiviral therapies that target them; continually highlighting the need for future investigations to focus on novel therapeutics in the treatment of existing and future emergent viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Gargan
- Viral Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Nigel J. Stevenson
- Viral Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland;
- Viral Immunology Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Medical University of Bahrain, Manama 15503, Bahrain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Saxena R, Saribas S, Jadiya P, Tomar D, Kaminski R, Elrod JW, Safak M. Human neurotropic polyomavirus, JC virus, agnoprotein targets mitochondrion and modulates its functions. Virology 2021; 553:135-153. [PMID: 33278736 PMCID: PMC7847276 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
JC virus encodes an important regulatory protein, known as Agnoprotein (Agno). We have recently reported Agno's first protein-interactome with its cellular partners revealing that it targets various cellular networks and organelles, including mitochondria. Here, we report further characterization of the functional consequences of its mitochondrial targeting and demonstrated its co-localization with the mitochondrial networks and with the mitochondrial outer membrane. The mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS) of Agno and its dimerization domain together play major roles in this targeting. Data also showed alterations in various mitochondrial functions in Agno-positive cells; including a significant reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential, respiration rates and ATP production. In contrast, a substantial increase in ROS production and Ca2+ uptake by the mitochondria were also observed. Finally, findings also revealed a significant decrease in viral replication when Agno MTS was deleted, highlighting a role for MTS in the function of Agno during the viral life cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reshu Saxena
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Sami Saribas
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Pooja Jadiya
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, USA
| | - Dhanendra Tomar
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, USA
| | - Rafal Kaminski
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - John W Elrod
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, USA
| | - Mahmut Safak
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fifty Years of JC Polyomavirus: A Brief Overview and Remaining Questions. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090969. [PMID: 32882975 PMCID: PMC7552028 DOI: 10.3390/v12090969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the fifty years since the discovery of JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), the body of research representing our collective knowledge on this virus has grown substantially. As the causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an often fatal central nervous system disease, JCPyV remains enigmatic in its ability to live a dual lifestyle. In most individuals, JCPyV reproduces benignly in renal tissues, but in a subset of immunocompromised individuals, JCPyV undergoes rearrangement and begins lytic infection of the central nervous system, subsequently becoming highly debilitating-and in many cases, deadly. Understanding the mechanisms allowing this process to occur is vital to the development of new and more effective diagnosis and treatment options for those at risk of developing PML. Here, we discuss the current state of affairs with regards to JCPyV and PML; first summarizing the history of PML as a disease and then discussing current treatment options and the viral biology of JCPyV as we understand it. We highlight the foundational research published in recent years on PML and JCPyV and attempt to outline which next steps are most necessary to reduce the disease burden of PML in populations at risk.
Collapse
|
5
|
Khalili A, Craigie M, Donadoni M, Sariyer IK. Host-Immune Interactions in JC Virus Reactivation and Development of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML). J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 14:649-660. [PMID: 31452013 PMCID: PMC6898772 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09877-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of immunomodulatory therapies and the HIV epidemic, the impact of JC Virus (JCV) on the public health system has grown significantly due to the increased incidence of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML). Currently, there are no pharmaceutical agents targeting JCV infection for the treatment and the prevention of viral reactivation leading to the development of PML. As JCV primarily reactivates in immunocompromised patients, it is proposed that the immune system (mainly the cellular-immunity component) plays a key role in the regulation of JCV to prevent productive infection and PML development. However, the exact mechanism of JCV immune regulation and reactivation is not well understood. Likewise, the impact of host factors on JCV regulation and reactivation is another understudied area. Here we discuss the current literature on host factor-mediated and immune factor-mediated regulation of JCV gene expression with the purpose of developing a model of the factors that are bypassed during JCV reactivation, and thus are potential targets for the development of therapeutic interventions to suppress PML initiation. Graphical Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Medical Education and Research Building, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Michael Craigie
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Medical Education and Research Building, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Martina Donadoni
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Medical Education and Research Building, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ilker Kudret Sariyer
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Medical Education and Research Building, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Saribas AS, Datta PK, Safak M. A comprehensive proteomics analysis of JC virus Agnoprotein-interacting proteins: Agnoprotein primarily targets the host proteins with coiled-coil motifs. Virology 2019; 540:104-118. [PMID: 31765920 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
JC virus (JCV) Agnoprotein (Agno) plays critical roles in successful completion of the viral replication cycle. Understanding its regulatory roles requires a complete map of JCV-host protein interactions. Here, we report the first Agno interactome with host cellular targets utilizing "Two-Strep-Tag" affinity purification system coupled with mass spectroscopy (AP/MS). Proteomics data revealed that Agno primarily targets 501 cellular proteins, most of which contain "coiled-coil" motifs. Agno-host interactions occur in several cellular networks including those involved in protein synthesis and degradation; and cellular transport; and in organelles, including mitochondria, nucleus and ER-Golgi network. Among the Agno interactions, Rab11B, Importin and Crm-1 were first validated biochemically and further characterization was done for Crm-1, using a HIV-1 Rev-M10-like Agno mutant (L33D + E34L), revealing the critical roles of L33 and E34 residues in Crm-1 interaction. This comprehensive proteomics data provides new foundations to unravel the critical regulatory roles of Agno during the JCV life cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Sami Saribas
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Prasun K Datta
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Mahmut Safak
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| |
Collapse
|