1
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Du J, Zhang Y, Chen J, Jin L, Pan L, Lei P, Lin S. Phenethyl isothiocyanate inhibits the carcinogenic properties of hepatocellular carcinoma Huh7.5.1 cells by activating MAPK/PI3K-Akt/p53 signaling pathways. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17532. [PMID: 38873643 PMCID: PMC11172670 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive malignancy with limited effective treatment options. Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) is a bioactive substance present primarily in the cruciferous vegetables. PEITC has exhibited anti-cancer properties in various cancers, including lung, bile duct, and prostate cancers. It has been demonstrated that PEITC can inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of SK-Hep1 cells, while effectively inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in HepG2 cells. However, knowledge of its anti-carcinogenic effects on Huh7.5.1 cells and its underlying mechanism remains elusive. In the present study, we aim to evaluate the anti-carcinogenic effects of PEITC on human HCC Huh7.5.1 cells. Methods MTT assay and colony formation assay was performed to investigate the anti-proliferative effects of PEITC against Huh7.5.1 cells. The pro-apoptosis effects of PEITC were determined by Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining assay by flow cytometry (FCM), mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MMP) measurement, and Caspase-3 activity detection. A DAPI staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay was conducted to estimate the DNA damage in Huh7.5.1 cells induced by PEITC. Cell cycle progression was determined by FCM. Transwell invasion assay and wound healing migration assay were performed to investigate the impact of PEITC on the migration and invasion of Huh7.5.1 cells. In addition, transcriptome sequencing and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were used to explore the potential molecular mechanisms of the inhibitory effects of PEITC on HCC. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis was performed to verify the transcriptome data. Results MTT assay showed that treatment of Huh7.5.1 cells with PEITC resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in viability, and colony formation assay further confirmed its anti-proliferative effect. Furthermore, we found that PEITC could induce mitochondrial-related apoptotic responses, including a decrease of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, activation of Caspase-3 activity, and generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species. It was also observed that PEITC caused DNA damage and cell cycle arrest in the S-phase in Huh7.5.1 cells. In addition, the inhibitory effect of PEITC on the migration and invasion ability of Huh7.5.1 cells was assessed. Transcriptome sequencing analysis further suggested that PEITC could activate the typical MAPK, PI3K-Akt, and p53 signaling pathways, revealing the potential mechanism of PEITC in inhibiting the carcinogenic properties of Huh7.5.1 cells. Conclusion PEITC exhibits anti-carcinogenic activities against human HCC Huh7.5.1 cells by activating MAPK/PI3K-Akt/p53 signaling pathways. Our results suggest that PEITC may be useful for the anti-HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Du
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Libo Jin
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liying Pan
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pengyu Lei
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sue Lin
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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2
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Ocaña-Paredes B, Rivera-Orellana S, Ramírez-Sánchez D, Montalvo-Guerrero J, Freire MP, Espinoza-Ferrao S, Altamirano-Colina A, Echeverría-Espinoza P, Ramos-Medina MJ, Echeverría-Garcés G, Granda-Moncayo D, Jácome-Alvarado A, Andrade MG, López-Cortés A. The pharmacoepigenetic paradigm in cancer treatment. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1381168. [PMID: 38720770 PMCID: PMC11076712 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1381168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications, characterized by changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence, play a crucial role in the development and progression of cancer by significantly influencing gene activity and cellular function. This insight has led to the development of a novel class of therapeutic agents, known as epigenetic drugs. These drugs, including histone deacetylase inhibitors, histone acetyltransferase inhibitors, histone methyltransferase inhibitors, and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, aim to modulate gene expression to curb cancer growth by uniquely altering the epigenetic landscape of cancer cells. Ongoing research and clinical trials are rigorously evaluating the efficacy of these drugs, particularly their ability to improve therapeutic outcomes when used in combination with other treatments. Such combination therapies may more effectively target cancer and potentially overcome the challenge of drug resistance, a significant hurdle in cancer therapy. Additionally, the importance of nutrition, inflammation control, and circadian rhythm regulation in modulating drug responses has been increasingly recognized, highlighting their role as critical modifiers of the epigenetic landscape and thereby influencing the effectiveness of pharmacological interventions and patient outcomes. Epigenetic drugs represent a paradigm shift in cancer treatment, offering targeted therapies that promise a more precise approach to treating a wide spectrum of tumors, potentially with fewer side effects compared to traditional chemotherapy. This progress marks a step towards more personalized and precise interventions, leveraging the unique epigenetic profiles of individual tumors to optimize treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Ocaña-Paredes
- Cancer Research Group (CRG), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - David Ramírez-Sánchez
- Cancer Research Group (CRG), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - María Paula Freire
- Cancer Research Group (CRG), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | | | | | - María José Ramos-Medina
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gabriela Echeverría-Garcés
- Centro de Referencia Nacional de Genómica, Secuenciación y Bioinformática, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública “Leopoldo Izquieta Pérez”, Quito, Ecuador
- Latin American Network for the Implementation and Validation of Clinical Pharmacogenomics Guidelines (RELIVAF-CYTED), Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Andrea Jácome-Alvarado
- Cancer Research Group (CRG), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - María Gabriela Andrade
- Cancer Research Group (CRG), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Andrés López-Cortés
- Cancer Research Group (CRG), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
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Sailo BL, Liu L, Chauhan S, Girisa S, Hegde M, Liang L, Alqahtani MS, Abbas M, Sethi G, Kunnumakkara AB. Harnessing Sulforaphane Potential as a Chemosensitizing Agent: A Comprehensive Review. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:244. [PMID: 38254735 PMCID: PMC10814109 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in oncological research have highlighted the potential of naturally derived compounds in cancer prevention and treatment. Notably, sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate derived from cruciferous vegetables including broccoli and cabbage, has exhibited potent chemosensitizing capabilities across diverse cancer types of bone, brain, breast, lung, skin, etc. Chemosensitization refers to the enhancement of cancer cell sensitivity to chemotherapy agents, counteracting the chemoresistance often developed by tumor cells. Mechanistically, SFN orchestrates this sensitization by modulating an array of cellular signaling pathways (e.g., Akt/mTOR, NF-κB, Wnt/β-catenin), and regulating the expression and activity of pivotal genes, proteins, and enzymes (e.g., p53, p21, survivin, Bcl-2, caspases). When combined with conventional chemotherapeutic agents, SFN synergistically inhibits cancer cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and metastasis while potentiating drug-induced apoptosis. This positions SFN as a potential adjunct in cancer therapy to augment the efficacy of standard treatments. Ongoing preclinical and clinical investigations aim to further delineate the therapeutic potential of SFN in oncology. This review illuminates the multifaceted role of this phytochemical, emphasizing its potential to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of anti-cancer agents, suggesting its prospective contributions to cancer chemosensitization and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethsebie Lalduhsaki Sailo
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India; (B.L.S.); (S.C.); (S.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Le Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518001, China;
| | - Suravi Chauhan
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India; (B.L.S.); (S.C.); (S.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India; (B.L.S.); (S.C.); (S.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Mangala Hegde
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India; (B.L.S.); (S.C.); (S.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Liping Liang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, China;
| | - Mohammed S. Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed Abbas
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology and NUS Centre for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India; (B.L.S.); (S.C.); (S.G.); (M.H.)
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4
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Zuo M, Chen H, Liao Y, He P, Xu T, Tang J, Zhang N. Sulforaphane and bladder cancer: a potential novel antitumor compound. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1254236. [PMID: 37781700 PMCID: PMC10540234 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1254236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a common form of urinary tract tumor, and its incidence is increasing annually. Unfortunately, an increasing number of newly diagnosed BC patients are found to have advanced or metastatic BC. Although current treatment options for BC are diverse and standardized, it is still challenging to achieve ideal curative results. However, Sulforaphane, an isothiocyanate present in cruciferous plants, has emerged as a promising anticancer agent that has shown significant efficacy against various cancers, including bladder cancer. Recent studies have demonstrated that Sulforaphane not only induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in BC cells, but also inhibits the growth, invasion, and metastasis of BC cells. Additionally, it can inhibit BC gluconeogenesis and demonstrate definite effects when combined with chemotherapeutic drugs/carcinogens. Sulforaphane has also been found to exert anticancer activity and inhibit bladder cancer stem cells by mediating multiple pathways in BC, including phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1)/beta-catenin (β-Catenin), miR-124/cytokines interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R)/transcription 3 (STAT3). This article provides a comprehensive review of the current evidence and molecular mechanisms of Sulforaphane against BC. Furthermore, we explore the effects of Sulforaphane on potential risk factors for BC, such as bladder outlet obstruction, and investigate the possible targets of Sulforaphane against BC using network pharmacological analysis. This review is expected to provide a new theoretical basis for future research and the development of new drugs to treat BC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Neng Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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5
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Aboukhatwa SM, Sidhom PA, Angeli A, Supuran CT, Tawfik HO. Terminators or Guardians? Design, Synthesis, and Cytotoxicity Profiling of Chalcone-Sulfonamide Hybrids. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:7666-7683. [PMID: 36872984 PMCID: PMC9979347 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
With a "less is more" philosophy, a series of 15 chalcone-sulfonamide hybrids were designed anticipating synergistic anticancer activity. The aromatic sulfonamide moiety was included as a known direct inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase IX activity through its zinc chelating property. The chalcone moiety was incorporated as an electrophilic stressor to indirectly inhibit carbonic anhydrase IX cellular activity. Screening by the Developmental Therapeutics Program of the National Cancer Institute, NCI-60, revealed that 12 derivatives were potent inhibitors of cancer cell growth in multiple cell lines and were promoted to the five-dose screen. The cancer cell growth inhibition profile indicated sub- to two-digit micromolar potency (GI50 down to 0.3 μM and LC50 as low as 4 μM) against colorectal carcinoma cells, in particular. Unexpectedly, most compounds demonstrated low to moderate potency as direct inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase catalytic activity in vitro, with 4d being the most potent, having an average Ki value of 4 μM. Compound 4j showed ca. six-fold selectivity to carbonic anhydrase IX over the other tested isoforms in vitro. Cytotoxicity of both 4d and 4j in live HCT116, U251, and LOX IMVI cells under hypoxic conditions confirmed their targeting of carbonic anhydrase activity. Elevation of oxidative cellular stress was stipulated from the increase in Nrf2 and ROS levels in 4j-treated colorectal carcinoma, HCT116, cells compared to the control. Compound 4j arrested the cell cycle of HCT116 cells at the G1/S phase. In addition, both 4d and 4j showed up to 50-fold cancer cell selectivity compared to the non-cancerous HEK293T cells. Accordingly, this study presents 4d and 4j being new, synthetically accessible, simplistically designed derivatives as potential candidates to be further developed as anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa M. Aboukhatwa
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Peter A. Sidhom
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Department
of Neurofarba, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Department
of Neurofarba, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Haytham O. Tawfik
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
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6
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Xie H, Rutz J, Maxeiner S, Grein T, Thomas A, Juengel E, Chun FKH, Cinatl J, Haferkamp A, Tsaur I, Blaheta RA. Plant-Derived Sulforaphane Suppresses Growth and Proliferation of Drug-Sensitive and Drug-Resistant Bladder Cancer Cell Lines In Vitro. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194682. [PMID: 36230603 PMCID: PMC9564120 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The natural compound sulforaphane is highly popular among tumor patients, since it is suggested to prevent oncogenesis and cancer progression. However, knowledge about its precise mode of action, particularly when drug resistance has been established, remains poor. The present study demonstrates the proliferation-blocking effects of SFN on a panel of drug-resistant bladder cancer cell lines. Abstract Combined cisplatin–gemcitabine (GC) application is standard for treating muscle-invasive bladder cancer. However, since rapid resistance to treatment often develops, many patients turn to supplements in the form of plant-based compounds. Sulforaphane (SFN), derived from cruciferous vegetables, is one such compound, and the present study was designed to investigate its influence on growth and proliferation in a panel of drug-sensitive bladder cancer cell lines, as well as their gemcitabine- and cisplatin-resistant counterparts. Chemo-sensitive and -resistant RT4, RT112, T24, and TCCSUP cell lines were exposed to SFN in different concentrations, and tumor growth, proliferation, and clone formation were evaluated, in addition to apoptosis and cell cycle progression. Means of action were investigated by assaying cell-cycle-regulating proteins and the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)/AKT signaling cascade. SFN significantly inhibited growth, proliferation, and clone formation in all four tumor cell lines. Cells were arrested in the G2/M and/or S phase, and alteration of the CDK–cyclin axis was closely associated with cell growth inhibition. The AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was deactivated in three of the cell lines. Acetylation of histone H3 was up-regulated. SFN, therefore, does exert tumor-suppressive properties in cisplatin- and gemcitabine-resistant bladder cancer cells and could be beneficial in optimizing bladder cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xie
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jochen Rutz
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Maxeiner
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Timothy Grein
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Anita Thomas
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Eva Juengel
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Felix K.-H. Chun
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Axel Haferkamp
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Igor Tsaur
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Roman A. Blaheta
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence:
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7
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Aspatwar A, Tolvanen MEE, Barker H, Syrjänen L, Valanne S, Purmonen S, Waheed A, Sly WS, Parkkila S. Carbonic Anhydrases in Metazoan Model Organisms: Molecules, Mechanisms, and Physiology. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1327-1383. [PMID: 35166161 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past three decades, mice, zebrafish, fruit flies, and Caenorhabditis elegans have been the primary model organisms used for the study of various biological phenomena. These models have also been adopted and developed to investigate the physiological roles of carbonic anhydrases (CAs) and carbonic anhydrase-related proteins (CARPs). These proteins belong to eight CA families and are identified by Greek letters: α, β, γ, δ, ζ, η, θ, and ι. Studies using model organisms have focused on two CA families, α-CAs and β-CAs, which are expressed in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms with species-specific distribution patterns and unique functions. This review covers the biological roles of CAs and CARPs in light of investigations performed in model organisms. Functional studies demonstrate that CAs are not only linked to the regulation of pH homeostasis, the classical role of CAs but also contribute to a plethora of previously undescribed functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Harlan Barker
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Ltd and TAYS Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Leo Syrjänen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Susanna Valanne
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Purmonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - William S Sly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Ltd and TAYS Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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8
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Carbonic Anhydrase IX Inhibitors as Candidates for Combination Therapy of Solid Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413405. [PMID: 34948200 PMCID: PMC8705727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination therapy is becoming imperative for the treatment of many cancers, as it provides a higher chance of avoiding drug resistance and tumor recurrence. Among the resistance-conferring factors, the tumor microenvironment plays a major role, and therefore, represents a viable target for adjuvant therapeutic agents. Thus, hypoxia and extracellular acidosis are known to select for the most aggressive and resilient phenotypes and build poorly responsive regions of the tumor mass. Carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) IX isoform is a surficial zinc metalloenzyme that is proven to play a central role in regulating intra and extracellular pH, as well as modulating invasion and metastasis processes. With its strong association and distribution in various tumor tissues and well-known druggability, this protein holds great promise as a target to pharmacologically interfere with the tumor microenvironment by using drug combination regimens. In the present review, we summarized recent publications revealing the potential of CA IX inhibitors to intensify cancer chemotherapy and overcome drug resistance in preclinical settings.
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9
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Iahtisham-Ul-Haq, Khan S, Awan KA, Iqbal MJ. Sulforaphane as a potential remedy against cancer: Comprehensive mechanistic review. J Food Biochem 2021; 46:e13886. [PMID: 34350614 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulforaphane belongs to the active class of isothiocyanates capable of delivering various biological benefits for health promotion and disease prevention. This compound is considered vital to curtail numerous metabolic disorders. Various studies have proven its beneficial effects against cancer prevention and its possible utilization as a therapeutic agent in cancer treatment. Understanding the mechanistic pathways and possible interactions at cellular and subcellular levels is key to design and develop cancer therapeutics for humans. In this respect, a number of mechanisms such as modulation of carcinogen metabolism & phase II enzymatic activities, cell cycle arrest, activation of Nrf2, cytotoxic, proapoptotic and apoptotic pathways have been reported to be involved in cancer prevention. This article provides sufficient information by critical analysis to understand the mechanisms involved in cancer prevention attributed to sulforaphane. Furthermore, various clinical studies have also been included for design and development of novel therapies for cancer prevention and cure. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Diet and dietary components are potential tools to address various lifestyle-related disorders. Due to plenty of environmental and cellular toxicants, the chances of cancer prevalence are quite large which are worsen by adopting unhealthy lifestyles. Cancer can be treated with various therapies but those are acquiring side effects causing the patients to suffer the treatment regime. Nutraceuticals and functional foods provide safer options to prevent or delay the onset of cancer. In this regard, sulforaphane is a pivotal compound to be targeted as a potential agent for cancer treatment both in preventive and therapeutic regimes. This article provides sufficient evidence via discussing the underlying mechanisms of positive effects of sulforaphane to further the research for developing anticancer drugs that will help assuage this lethal morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iahtisham-Ul-Haq
- School of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Minhaj University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sipper Khan
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Tropics and Subtropics Group, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kanza Aziz Awan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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10
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Wigner P, Bijak M, Saluk-Bijak J. The Green Anti-Cancer Weapon. The Role of Natural Compounds in Bladder Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157787. [PMID: 34360552 PMCID: PMC8346071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the second most common genitourinary cancer. In 2018, 550,000 people in the world were diagnosed with BC, and the number of new cases continues to rise. BC is also characterized by high recurrence risk, despite therapies. Although in the last few years, the range of BC therapy has considerably widened, it is associated with severe side effects and the development of drug resistance, which is hampering treatment success. Thus, patients are increasingly choosing products of natural origin as an alternative or complementary therapeutic options. Therefore, in this article, we aim to elucidate, using the available literature, the role of natural substances such as curcumin, sulforaphane, resveratrol, quercetin, 6-gingerol, delphinidin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate and gossypol in the BC treatment. Numerous clinical and preclinical studies point to their role in the modulation of the signaling pathways, such as cell proliferation, cell survival, apoptosis and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Wigner
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-136 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Michal Bijak
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-136 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Joanna Saluk-Bijak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-136 Lodz, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-635-4485; Fax: +48-42-635-4484
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11
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Mokhtari RB, Qorri B, Baluch N, Sparaneo A, Fabrizio FP, Muscarella LA, Tyker A, Kumar S, Cheng HLM, Szewczuk MR, Das B, Yeger H. Next-generation multimodality of nutrigenomic cancer therapy: sulforaphane in combination with acetazolamide actively target bronchial carcinoid cancer in disabling the PI3K/Akt/mTOR survival pathway and inducing apoptosis. Oncotarget 2021; 12:1470-1489. [PMID: 34316328 PMCID: PMC8310668 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aberrations in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR survival pathway in many cancers are the most common genomic abnormalities. The phytochemical and bioactive agent sulforaphane (SFN) has nutrigenomic potential in activating the expression of several cellular protective genes via the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Nrf2 is primarily related to mechanisms of endogenous cellular defense and survival. The efficacy of SFN in combination with acetazolamide (AZ) was investigated in reducing typical H727 and atypical H720 BC survival, migration potential, and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo preclinical xenograft tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS Microscopic imaging, immunocytochemistry, wound healing assay, caspase-cleaved cytokeratin 18 (M30, CCK18) CytoDeath ELISA assay, immunofluorescence labeling assays for apoptosis, hypoxia, Western Blotting, Tunnel assay, measurement of 5-HT secretion by carbon fiber amperometry assay, quantitative methylation-specific PCR (qMSP), morphologic changes, cell viability, apoptosis activity and the expression levels of phospho-Akt1, Akt1, HIF-1α, PI3K, p21, CAIX, 5-HT, phospho-mTOR, and mTOR in xenografts derived from typical H727 and atypical H720 BC cell lines. RESULTS Combining AZ+SFN reduced tumor cell survival compared to each agent alone, both in vitro and in vivo xenograft tissues. AZ+SFN targeted multiple pathways involved in cell cycle, serotonin secretion, survival, and growth pathways, highlighting its therapeutic approach. Both H727 and H720 cells were associated with induction of apoptosis, upregulation of the p21 cell cycle inhibitor, and downregulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, suggesting that the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is a primary target of the AZ+SFN combination therapy. CONCLUSIONS Combining SFN+AZ significantly inhibits the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and significantly reducing 5-HT secretion in carcinoid syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Bayat Mokhtari
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Thoreau Laboratory for Global Health, M2D2, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA.,Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bessi Qorri
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Narges Baluch
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angelo Sparaneo
- Laboratory of Oncology, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo FG, Italy
| | - Federico Pio Fabrizio
- Laboratory of Oncology, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo FG, Italy
| | - Lucia Anna Muscarella
- Laboratory of Oncology, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo FG, Italy
| | - Albina Tyker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Q.P.S. Holdings LLC, Pencader Corporate Center, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Hai-Ling Margaret Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Myron R Szewczuk
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bikul Das
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Thoreau Laboratory for Global Health, M2D2, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA.,Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Herman Yeger
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Efficacy of a Three Drug-Based Therapy for Neuroblastoma in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136753. [PMID: 34201814 PMCID: PMC8268736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk neuroblastoma (HR-NB) still remains the most dangerous tumor in early childhood. For this reason, the identification of new therapeutic approaches is of fundamental importance. Recently, we combined the conventional pharmacological approach to NB, represented by cisplatin, with fendiline hydrochloride, an inhibitor of several transporters involved in multidrug resistance of cancer cells, which demonstrated an enhancement of the ability of cisplatin to induce apoptosis. In this work, we co-administrated acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase isoform IX (CAIX) inhibitor which was reported to increase chemotherapy efficacy in various cancer types, to the cisplatin/fendiline approach in SKNBE2 xenografts in NOD-SCID mice with the aim of identifying a novel and more effective treatment. We observed that the combination of the three drugs increases more than twelvefold the differences in the cytotoxic activity of cisplatin alone, leading to a remarkable decrease of the expression of malignancy markers. Our conclusion is that this approach, based on three FDA-approved drugs, may constitute an appropriate improvement of the pharmacological approach to HR-NB.
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13
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Sulforaphane Impact on Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Bladder Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115938. [PMID: 34073079 PMCID: PMC8197880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN) is a natural glucosinolate found in cruciferous vegetables that acts as a chemopreventive agent, but its mechanism of action is not clear. Due to antioxidative mechanisms being thought central in preventing cancer progression, SFN could play a role in oxidative processes. Since redox imbalance with increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is involved in the initiation and progression of bladder cancer, this mechanism might be involved when chemoresistance occurs. This review summarizes current understanding regarding the influence of SFN on ROS and ROS-related pathways and appraises a possible role of SFN in bladder cancer treatment.
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Chestnut C, Subramaniam D, Dandawate P, Padhye S, Taylor J, Weir S, Anant S. Targeting Major Signaling Pathways of Bladder Cancer with Phytochemicals: A Review. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:2249-2271. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1856895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Connor Chestnut
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | | | - Prasad Dandawate
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Subhash Padhye
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Research Academy, University of Pune, Pune, India
| | - John Taylor
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Scott Weir
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Shrikant Anant
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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15
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Esteve M. Mechanisms Underlying Biological Effects of Cruciferous Glucosinolate-Derived Isothiocyanates/Indoles: A Focus on Metabolic Syndrome. Front Nutr 2020; 7:111. [PMID: 32984393 PMCID: PMC7492599 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An inverse correlation between vegetable consumption and the incidence of cancer has long been described. This protective effect is stronger when cruciferous vegetables are specifically consumed. The beneficial properties of vegetables are attributed to their bioactive components like fiber, antioxidants vitamins, antioxidants, minerals, and phenolic compounds. Cruciferous vegetables contain all these molecules; however, what makes them different are their sulfurous components, called glucosinolates, responsible for their special smell and taste. Glucosinolates are inactive biologically in the organism but are hydrolyzed by the enzyme myrosinase released as a result of chewing, leading to the formation of active derivatives such as isothiocyanates and indoles. A considerable number of in vitro and in vivo studies have reported that isothiocyanates and indoles elicit chemopreventive potency through multiple mechanisms that include modulation of phases I and II detoxification pathway enzymes, regulation of cell cycle arrest, and control of cell growth, induction of apoptosis, antioxidant activity, anti-angiogenic effects, and epigenetic regulation. Nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) are key and central regulators in all these processes with a main role in oxidative stress and inflammation control. It has been described that isothiocyanates and indoles regulate their activity directly and indirectly. Today, the metabolic syndrome (central obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension) is responsible for a majority of deaths worldwide. All components of metabolic syndrome are characterized by chronic inflammation with deregulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, MAPK/EKR/JNK, Nrf2, and NF-κB signaling pathways. The effects of GLSs derivatives controlling these pathways have been widely described in relation to cancer. Changes in food consumption patterns observed in the last decades to higher consumption of ultra-processed foods, with elevation in simple sugar and saturated fat contents and lower consumption of vegetables and fruits have been directly correlated with metabolic syndrome prevalence. In this review, it is summarized the knowledge regarding the mechanisms by which cruciferous glucosinolate derivatives (isothiocyanates and indoles) directly and indirectly regulate these pathways. However, the review places a special focus on the knowledge of the effects of glucosinolates derivatives in metabolic syndrome, since this has not been reviewed before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Esteve
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Wang F, Liu P, An H, Zhang Y. Sulforaphane suppresses the viability and metastasis, and promotes the apoptosis of bladder cancer cells by inhibiting the expression of FAT‑1. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:1085-1095. [PMID: 32705150 PMCID: PMC7387090 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
FAT atypical cadherin 1 (FAT1) regulates complex mechanisms for the promotion of oncogenesis or the suppression of malignancies. Sulforaphane (SFN) has antioxidant and anti-tumor activities. The present study investigated the roles of SFN and FAT1 in bladder cancer (BC). The expression of FAT1 in BC cell lines and tissues was measured by western blot analysis and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The association between FAT1 expression and the 5-year survival rate of patients with BC was evaluated. The viability of and FAT1 expression in T24 and SW780 cells exposed to various concentrations of SFN were detected by MTT assay, and western blot analysis and RT-qPCR, respectively. Furthermore, the viability, migration, invasion and apoptosis of and FAT1 expression in BC cells subjected to FAT1 overexpression or knockdown, and with or without SFN stimulation, were examined. The results revealed that FAT1 expression in BC cells and tissues was increased, and patients with a high FAT-1 expression had a shorter 5-year survival time than those with a low FAT-1 expression. BC cell viability and FAT1 expression were suppressed by SFN in a concentration-dependent manner. The knockdown of FAT1 inhibited the viability, migration and invasion, and promoted the apoptosis of BC cells, whereas the overexpression of FAT1 produced opposite effects. In addition, cells exposed to SFN exhibited a reduced viability, migration, invasion and an increased apoptosis, effects which were promoted by FAT1 knockdown; however, the overexpression of FAT1 blocked the above-mentioned effects of SFN on the cells. On the whole, the present study demonstrates that SFN suppresses the progression of BC by inhibiting the expression of FAT-1; thus, SFN may be used as a potential drug for the treatment of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, Clinical Innovation and Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518101, P.R. China
| | - Penghua Liu
- Department of Urology, Baoan Central Hospital of Shenzhen, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518102, P.R. China
| | - Hexiang An
- Department of Urology, Baoan Central Hospital of Shenzhen, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518102, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Baoan Central Hospital of Shenzhen, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518102, P.R. China
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17
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The Expression of Carbonic Anhydrases II, IX and XII in Brain Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071723. [PMID: 32610540 PMCID: PMC7408524 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are zinc-containing metalloenzymes that participate in the regulation of pH homeostasis in addition to many other important physiological functions. Importantly, CAs have been associated with neoplastic processes and cancer. Brain tumors represent a heterogeneous group of diseases with a frequently dismal prognosis, and new treatment options are urgently needed. In this review article, we summarize the previously published literature about CAs in brain tumors, especially on CA II and hypoxia-inducible CA IX and CA XII. We review here their role in tumorigenesis and potential value in predicting prognosis of brain tumors, including astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, ependymomas, medulloblastomas, meningiomas, and craniopharyngiomas. We also introduce both already completed and ongoing studies focusing on CA inhibition as a potential anti-cancer strategy.
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18
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Chronic Sulforaphane Administration Inhibits Resistance to the mTOR-Inhibitor Everolimus in Bladder Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114026. [PMID: 32512849 PMCID: PMC7312500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive bladder cancer growth is associated with abnormal activation of the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, but treatment with an mTOR inhibitor has not been as effective as expected. Rather, resistance develops under chronic drug use, prompting many patients to lower their relapse risk by turning to natural, plant-derived products. The present study was designed to evaluate whether the natural compound, sulforaphane (SFN), combined with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus, could block the growth and proliferation of bladder cancer cells in the short- and long-term. The bladder cancer cell lines RT112, UMUC3, and TCCSUP were exposed short- (24 h) or long-term (8 weeks) to everolimus (0.5 nM) or SFN (2.5 µM) alone or in combination. Cell growth, proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle progression, and cell cycle regulating proteins were evaluated. siRNA blockade was used to investigate the functional impact of the proteins. Short-term application of SFN and/or everolimus resulted in significant tumor growth suppression, with additive inhibition on clonogenic tumor growth. Long-term everolimus treatment resulted in resistance development characterized by continued growth, and was associated with elevated Akt-mTOR signaling and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)1 phosphorylation and down-regulation of p19 and p27. In contrast, SFN alone or SFN+everolimus reduced cell growth and proliferation. Akt and Rictor signaling remained low, and p19 and p27 expressions were high under combined drug treatment. Long-term exposure to SFN+everolimus also induced acetylation of the H3 and H4 histones. Phosphorylation of CDK1 was diminished, whereby down-regulation of CDK1 and its binding partner, Cyclin B, inhibited tumor growth. In conclusion, the addition of SFN to the long-term everolimus application inhibits resistance development in bladder cancer cells in vitro. Therefore, sulforaphane may hold potential for treating bladder carcinoma in patients with resistance to an mTOR inhibitor.
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19
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Noman ASM, Parag RR, Rashid MI, Rahman MZ, Chowdhury AA, Sultana A, Jerin C, Siddiqua A, Rahman L, Shirin A, Nayeem J, Mahmud R, Akther S, Shil RK, Hossain I, Alam S, Chowdhury A, Basher SB, Hasan A, Bithy S, Aklima J, Rahman M, Chowdhury N, Banu T, Karakas B, Yeger H, Farhat WA, Islam SS. Widespread expression of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Nrf2 in patients treated with cisplatin predicts outcome in resected tumors and are potential therapeutic targets for HPV-negative head and neck cancer. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920911229. [PMID: 32206093 PMCID: PMC7074584 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920911229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Nrf2 play a critical role in chemotherapeutic resistance. These two genes have been found to be dysregulated in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). The purpose of this study was to analyze the expression, function and clinical prognostic relationship of Shh and Nrf2 in HNSCC in the context of therapeutic resistance and cancer stem cells (CSCs). Methods: We analyzed a cohort of patients with HNSCC to identify potential therapeutic biomarkers correlating with overall survival (OS) as well as disease-free survival (DFS) from our own data and validated these results using The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset. Expression of Shh and Nrf2 was knocked down by siRNA and cell growth, sphere growth and chemotherapeutic resistance were evaluated. Results: Widespread abundant expression of Shh and Nrf2 proteins were associated with shorter OS and DFS. The combination of Shh and Nrf2 expression levels was found to be a significant predictor of patient DFS. The tumor stromal index was correlated with Shh expression and inversely associated with shorter OS and DFS. Inhibition of Shh by siRNA or cyclopamine resulted in the attenuation of resistant CSC self-renewal, invasion, clonogenic growth and re-sensitization to the chemotherapeutic agents. Concomitant upregulation of Shh and Nrf2 proved to be an independent predictor of poor OS and DFS in patients with HNSCC. Conclusions: These findings suggest that Shh and Nrf2 could serve as therapeutic targets as well as promising dual prognostic therapeutic biomarkers for HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Shadat M Noman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Rashed R Parag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad I Rashid
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Z Rahman
- Department of Pathology, Chittagong Medical College and Hospital, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Ali A Chowdhury
- Department of Radiotherapy, Chittagong Medical College and Hospital, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Afrin Sultana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Chandsultana Jerin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Ayesha Siddiqua
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Lutfur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Afsana Shirin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Junayed Nayeem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Reaz Mahmud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Sonam Akther
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Rajib K Shil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Ikram Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Alam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Arfina Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Shabnam B Basher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Abul Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Shammy Bithy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Jannatul Aklima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Mizanur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Nabila Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Banu
- Chittagong Research Institute of Children Surgery, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Bedri Karakas
- Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Herman Yeger
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Walid A Farhat
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Syed S Islam
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Biology and Experimental Therapeutics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, School of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Thakassussi Street, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Mastuo T, Miyata Y, Yuno T, Mukae Y, Otsubo A, Mitsunari K, Ohba K, Sakai H. Molecular Mechanisms of the Anti-Cancer Effects of Isothiocyanates from Cruciferous Vegetables in Bladder Cancer. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030575. [PMID: 32013065 PMCID: PMC7037050 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a representative of urological cancer with a high recurrence and metastasis potential. Currently, cisplatin-based chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors are used as standard therapy in patients with advanced/metastatic BC. However, these therapies often show severe adverse events, and prolongation of survival is unsatisfactory. Therefore, a treatment strategy using natural compounds is of great interest. In this review, we focused on the anti-cancer effects of isothiocyanates (ITCs) derived from cruciferous vegetables, which are widely cultivated and consumed in many regions worldwide. Specifically, we discuss the anti-cancer effects of four ITC compounds—allyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate, sulforaphane, and phenethyl isothiocyanate—in BC; the molecular mechanisms underlying their anti-cancer effects; current trends and future direction of ITC-based treatment strategies; and the carcinogenic potential of ITCs. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of each ITC in BC treatment, furthering the consideration of ITCs in treatment strategies and for improving the prognosis of patients with BC.
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Wang X, Yu C, Wang C, Ma Y, Wang T, Li Y, Huang Z, Zhou M, Sun P, Zheng J, Yang S, Fan Y, Xiang R. Novel cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor with suppression of cancer stemness activity against non-small-cell lung cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111535. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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22
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Arora I, Sharma M, Tollefsbol TO. Combinatorial Epigenetics Impact of Polyphenols and Phytochemicals in Cancer Prevention and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184567. [PMID: 31540128 PMCID: PMC6769666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are potent micronutrients that can be found in large quantities in various food sources and spices. These compounds, also known as phenolics due to their phenolic structure, play a vital nutrient-based role in the prevention of various diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, liver disease, and cancers. However, the function of polyphenols in disease prevention and therapy depends on their dietary consumption and biological properties. According to American Cancer Society statistics, there will be an expected rise of 23.6 million new cancer cases by 2030. Due to the severity of the increased risk, it is important to evaluate various preventive measures associated with cancer. Relatively recently, numerous studies have indicated that various dietary polyphenols and phytochemicals possess properties of modifying epigenetic mechanisms that modulate gene expression resulting in regulation of cancer. These polyphenols and phytochemicals, when administrated in a dose-dependent and combinatorial-based manner, can have an enhanced effect on epigenetic changes, which play a crucial role in cancer prevention and therapy. Hence, this review will focus on the mechanisms of combined polyphenols and phytochemicals that can impact various epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation and histone modifications as well as regulation of non-coding miRNAs expression for treatment and prevention of various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itika Arora
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Manvi Sharma
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Trygve O Tollefsbol
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
- Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama Birmingham, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama Birmingham, 1802 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama Birmingham, 1675 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama Birmingham, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Bayat Mokhtari R, Baluch N, Morgatskaya E, Kumar S, Sparaneo A, Muscarella LA, Zhao S, Cheng HL, Das B, Yeger H. Human bronchial carcinoid tumor initiating cells are targeted by the combination of acetazolamide and sulforaphane. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:864. [PMID: 31470802 PMCID: PMC6716820 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bronchial carcinoids are neuroendocrine tumors that present as typical (TC) and atypical (AC) variants, the latter being more aggressive, invasive and metastatic. Studies of tumor initiating cell (TIC) biology in bronchial carcinoids has been hindered by the lack of appropriate in-vitro and xenograft models representing the bronchial carcinoid phenotype and behavior. Methods Bronchial carcinoid cell lines (H727, TC and H720, AC) were cultured in serum-free growth factor supplemented medium to form 3D spheroids and serially passaged up to the 3rd generation permitting expansion of the TIC population as verified by expression of stemness markers, clonogenicity in-vitro and tumorigenicity in both subcutaneous and orthotopic (lung) models. Acetazolamide (AZ), sulforaphane (SFN) and the AZ + SFN combination were evaluated for targeting TIC in bronchial carcinoids. Results Data demonstrate that bronchial carcinoid cell line 3rd generation spheroid cells show increased drug resistance, clonogenicity, and tumorigenic potential compared with the parental cells, suggesting selection and expansion of a TIC fraction. Gene expression and immunolabeling studies demonstrated that the TIC expressed stemness factors Oct-4, Sox-2 and Nanog. In a lung orthotopic model bronchial carcinoid, cell line derived spheroids, and patient tumor derived 3rd generation spheroids when supported by a stroma, showed robust tumor formation. SFN and especially the AZ + SFN combination were effective in inhibiting tumor cell growth, spheroid formation and in reducing tumor formation in immunocompromised mice. Conclusions Human bronchial carcinoid tumor cells serially passaged as spheroids contain a higher fraction of TIC exhibiting a stemness phenotype. This TIC population can be effectively targeted by the combination of AZ + SFN. Our work portends clinical relevance and supports the therapeutic use of the novel AZ+ SFN combination that may target the TIC population of bronchial carcinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Bayat Mokhtari
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay St., Rm 15.9714, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada.
| | - Narges Baluch
- Department of Pediatrics, Queen's University, 76 Stuart St, Kingston, ON, K7L 2V7, Canada
| | - Evgeniya Morgatskaya
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Williams Science Hall 3035, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences 601 S. Saddle Creek Rd, Omaha, NE, 68106, USA
| | - Angelo Sparaneo
- Laboratory of Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, viale Cappuccini, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Lucia Anna Muscarella
- Laboratory of Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, viale Cappuccini, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Sheyun Zhao
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hai-Ling Cheng
- Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Rosebrugh Building, Room 407, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Bikul Das
- Thoreau Laboratory for Global Health, M2D2, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Innovation Hub, 110 Canal St, Lowell, MA, 01852, USA.,KaviKrishna Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Complex, Guwahati, India
| | - Herman Yeger
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay St., Rm 15.9714, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There has been an increasing interest in using complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) approaches to treat cancer. It is therefore relevant and timely to determine if CAM biomarkers can be identified and developed to guide cancer diagnosis and treatment. Herein, we review the status of cancer biomarkers in CAM research and treatment to stimulate further research in this area. RECENT FINDINGS Studies on promising anti-cancer natural products, such as PHY906, honokiol, bryostatin-1, and sulforaphane have demonstrated the existence of potential cancer biomarker(s). Additional studies are required to further develop and ultimately validate these biomarkers that can predict clinical activity of the anti-cancer natural products used alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents. A systematic approach is needed to identify and develop CAM treatment associated biomarkers and to define their role in facilitating clinical decision-making. The expectation is to use these biomarkers in determining potential options for CAM treatment, examining treatment effects and toxicity and/or clinical efficacy in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Ganguly
- Cancer Diagnosis Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rm. 4-W438, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - David Frank
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Nagi Kumar
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Yung-Chi Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Edward Chu
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
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Al-Ghabkari A, Narendran A. In Vitro Characterization of a Potent p53-MDM2 Inhibitor, RG7112 in Neuroblastoma Cancer Cell Lines. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2019; 34:252-257. [PMID: 30724592 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2018.2732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Neuroblastoma (NB) is one of the most aggressive and common solid tumors in pediatrics. Development of effective new therapeutics for NB is in progress to help reduce mortality and morbidity of the disease, particularly in relapsed patients. The tumor suppressor protein p53 plays a critical role in multiple signaling pathways to maintain cellular hemostasis. Dysregulation of p53 protein and/or molecular aberrations have been associated with multiple human malignancies. p53 stability and protein activity is negatively regulated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase (MDM2). Thus, targeting p53-MDM2 protein-protein interaction is a feasible and promising therapeutic strategy to restore the physiological function of p53 in cancer cells. RG7112 is a highly potent and selective small molecule inhibitor, which target a unique structure located within p53 binding motif of MDM2. Methods: The efficacy of RG7112 in vitro using NB cell lines was examined. Two wild-type (WT)-p53 NB cell lines IMR5 and LAN-5, a mutant p53 cell line SK-N-BE(2), and a WT-p53/p14 deleted cell line SH-EP were employed. Results: Data showed that RG7112 significantly reduced cellular viability of IMR5 (IC50, 562 nM) and LAN-5 (IC50, 430 nM), but not SK-N-BE(2) and SH-EP cells. Further, RG7112 restores p53 and p21 protein levels in IMR5 and LAN-5 in a dose-dependent manner. RG7112 induces cell cycle arresting (60% G1 arresting) in WT-p53 cells (IMR5), but no pronounced effect observed in SK-N-BE(2). In this study, 15 different drugs in combination with RG7112 in IMR5 cell line and identified venetoclax (Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibitor) as a promising candidate were evaluated. Conclusions: Taken together, these findings provide initial proof-of-concept data for further investigations of RG7112 in selected subgroups of NB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhameed Al-Ghabkari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aru Narendran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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26
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Briones-Herrera A, Eugenio-Pérez D, Reyes-Ocampo JG, Rivera-Mancía S, Pedraza-Chaverri J. New highlights on the health-improving effects of sulforaphane. Food Funct 2018; 9:2589-2606. [PMID: 29701207 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00018b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we review recent evidence about the beneficial effects of sulforaphane (SFN), which is the most studied member of isothiocyanates, on both in vivo and in vitro models of different diseases, mainly diabetes and cancer. The role of SFN on oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolism is discussed, with emphasis on those nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway-mediated mechanisms. In the case of the anti-inflammatory effects of SFN, the point of convergence seems to be the downregulation of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), with the consequent amelioration of other pathogenic processes such as hypertrophy and fibrosis. We emphasized that SFN shows opposite effects in normal and cancer cells at many levels; for instance, while in normal cells it has protective actions, in cancer cells it blocks the induction of factors related to the malignity of tumors, diminishes their development, and induces cell death. SFN is able to promote apoptosis in cancer cells by many mechanisms, the production of reactive oxygen species being one of the most relevant ones. Given its properties, SFN could be considered as a phytochemical at the forefront of natural medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Briones-Herrera
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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27
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Jiang X, Liu Y, Ma L, Ji R, Qu Y, Xin Y, Lv G. Chemopreventive activity of sulforaphane. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:2905-2913. [PMID: 30254420 PMCID: PMC6141106 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s100534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Carcinogenesis is a multistep process induced by genetic and epigenetic changes that disrupt pathways controlling cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and senescence. In this context, many bioactive dietary compounds from vegetables and fruits have been demonstrated to be effective in cancer prevention and intervention. Over the years, sulforaphane (SFN), found in cruciferous vegetables, has been shown to have chemopreventive activity in vitro and in vivo. SFN protects cells from environmental carcinogens and also induces growth arrest and/or apoptosis in various cancer cells. In this review, we will discuss several potential mechanisms of the chemopreventive activity of SFN, including regulation of Phase I and Phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes, cell cycle arrest, and induction of apoptosis, especially via regulation of signaling pathways such as Nrf2-Keap1 and NF-κB. Recent studies suggest that SFN can also affect the epigenetic control of key genes and greatly influence the initiation and progression of cancer. This research may provide a basis for the clinical use of SFN for cancer chemoprevention and enable us to design preventive strategies for cancer management, reduce cancer development and recurrence, and thus improve patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Department of Pathobiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Lixin Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Rui Ji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Yaqin Qu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ying Xin
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China,
| | - Guoyue Lv
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China,
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28
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Abbaoui B, Lucas CR, Riedl KM, Clinton SK, Mortazavi A. Cruciferous Vegetables, Isothiocyanates, and Bladder Cancer Prevention. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800079. [PMID: 30079608 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a significant health burden due to its high prevalence, risk of mortality, morbidity, and high cost of medical care. Epidemiologic evidence suggests that diets rich in cruciferous vegetables, particularly broccoli, are associated with lower bladder cancer risk. Phytochemicals in cruciferous vegetables, such as glucosinolates, which are enzymatically hydrolyzed to bioactive isothiocyanates, are possible mediators of an anticancer effect. In vitro studies have shown inhibition of bladder cancer cell lines, cell cycle arrest, and induction of apoptosis by these isothiocyanates, in particular sulforaphane and erucin. Although not yet completely understood, many mechanisms of anticancer activity at the steps of cancer initiation, promotion, and progression have been attributed to these isothiocyanates. They target multiple pathways including the adaptive stress response, phase I/II enzyme modulation, pro-growth, pro-survival, pro-inflammatory signaling, angiogenesis, and even epigenetic modulation. Multiple in vivo studies have shown the bioavailability of isothiocyanates and their antitumoral effects. Although human studies are limited, they support oral bioavailability with reasonable plasma and urine concentrations achieved. Overall, both cell and animal studies support a potential role for isothiocyanates in bladder cancer prevention and treatment. Future studies are necessary to examine clinically relevant outcomes and define guidelines on ameliorating the bladder cancer burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Besma Abbaoui
- Foods for Health Discovery Theme, The College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210.,Department of Food Science and Technology, The College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210.,Integrated Biomedical Science Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Christopher R Lucas
- Integrated Biomedical Science Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Ken M Riedl
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Steven K Clinton
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Amir Mortazavi
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
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29
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Juengel E, Erb HHH, Haferkamp A, Rutz J, Chun FKH, Blaheta RA. Relevance of the natural HDAC inhibitor sulforaphane as a chemopreventive agent in urologic tumors. Cancer Lett 2018; 435:121-126. [PMID: 30026053 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to an increased understanding of molecular biology and the genomics of cancer, new and potent agents have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to fight this disease. However, all of these drugs cause severe side effects and resistance inevitably develops, re-activating tumor growth and dissemination. For this reason, patients turn to natural compounds as alternative or complementary treatment options, since it has been found that natural plant products may block, inhibit, or reverse cancer development. The present review focusses on the role of the natural compound sulforaphane (SFN) as an anti-tumor agent in urologic cancer. SFN is a natural compound found in cruciferous vegetables from the Brassicaceae family such as broccoli, cauliflower and cabbage. Several epidemiologic and clinical studies have documented chemopreventive properties of SFN, making it an interesting candidate for additive cancer treatment. SFN shows remarkable anti-tumor effects in vitro and in vivo without exerting toxicity. The review summarizes the current understanding of SFN and provides insights into its molecular mode of action with particular emphasis on epigenetic tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Juengel
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany; Department of Urology, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - Holger H H Erb
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
| | - Axel Haferkamp
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
| | - Jochen Rutz
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Felix K-H Chun
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Roman A Blaheta
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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30
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Bayat Mokhtari R, Homayouni TS, Baluch N, Morgatskaya E, Kumar S, Das B, Yeger H. Combination therapy in combating cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:38022-38043. [PMID: 28410237 PMCID: PMC5514969 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1245] [Impact Index Per Article: 207.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination therapy, a treatment modality that combines two or more therapeutic agents, is a cornerstone of cancer therapy. The amalgamation of anti-cancer drugs enhances efficacy compared to the mono-therapy approach because it targets key pathways in a characteristically synergistic or an additive manner. This approach potentially reduces drug resistance, while simultaneously providing therapeutic anti-cancer benefits, such as reducing tumour growth and metastatic potential, arresting mitotically active cells, reducing cancer stem cell populations, and inducing apoptosis. The 5-year survival rates for most metastatic cancers are still quite low, and the process of developing a new anti-cancer drug is costly and extremely time-consuming. Therefore, new strategies that target the survival pathways that provide efficient and effective results at an affordable cost are being considered. One such approach incorporates repurposing therapeutic agents initially used for the treatment of different diseases other than cancer. This approach is effective primarily when the FDA-approved agent targets similar pathways found in cancer. Because one of the drugs used in combination therapy is already FDA-approved, overall costs of combination therapy research are reduced. This increases cost efficiency of therapy, thereby benefiting the “medically underserved”. In addition, an approach that combines repurposed pharmaceutical agents with other therapeutics has shown promising results in mitigating tumour burden. In this systematic review, we discuss important pathways commonly targeted in cancer therapy. Furthermore, we also review important repurposed or primary anti-cancer agents that have gained popularity in clinical trials and research since 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Bayat Mokhtari
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tina S Homayouni
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Narges Baluch
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evgeniya Morgatskaya
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bikul Das
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Herman Yeger
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Leone A, Diorio G, Sexton W, Schell M, Alexandrow M, Fahey JW, Kumar NB. Sulforaphane for the chemoprevention of bladder cancer: molecular mechanism targeted approach. Oncotarget 2018; 8:35412-35424. [PMID: 28423681 PMCID: PMC5471065 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical course for both early and late stage Bladder Cancer (BC) continues to be characterized by significant patient burden due to numerous occurrences and recurrences requiring frequent surveillance strategies, intravesical drug therapies, and even more aggressive treatments in patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease. For these reasons, BC is also the most expensive cancer to treat. Fortunately, BC offers an excellent platform for chemoprevention interventions with potential to optimize the systemic and local exposure of promising agents to the bladder mucosa. However, other than smoking cessation, there is a paucity of research that systematically examines agents for chemoprevention of bladder cancers. Adopting a systematic, molecular-mechanism based approach, the goal of this review is to summarize epidemiological, in vitro, and preclinical studies, including data regarding the safety, bioavailability, and efficacy of agents evaluated for bladder cancer chemoprevention. Based on the available studies, phytochemicals, specifically isothiocyanates such as sulforaphane, present in Brassicaceae or “cruciferous” vegetables in the precursor form of glucoraphanin are: (a) available in standardized formulations; (b) bioavailable- both systemically and in the bladder; (c) observed to be potent inhibitors of BC carcinogenesis through multiple mechanisms; and (d) without toxicities at these doses. Based on available evidence from epidemiological, in vitro, preclinical, and early phase trials, phytochemicals, specifically isothiocyanates (ITCs) such as sulforaphane (SFN) represent a promising potential chemopreventitive agent in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Leone
- Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Inc., Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Gregory Diorio
- Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Inc., Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Wade Sexton
- Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Inc., Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Michael Schell
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Inc., Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mark Alexandrow
- Cancer Biology and Evolution, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Inc., Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jed W Fahey
- Clinical Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nagi B Kumar
- Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Inc., Tampa, FL, USA
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Juengel E, Maxeiner S, Rutz J, Justin S, Roos F, Khoder W, Tsaur I, Nelson K, Bechstein WO, Haferkamp A, Blaheta RA. Sulforaphane inhibits proliferation and invasive activity of everolimus-resistant kidney cancer cells in vitro. Oncotarget 2018; 7:85208-85219. [PMID: 27863441 PMCID: PMC5356730 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, everolimus, has improved the outcome of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), improvement is temporary due to the development of drug resistance. Since many patients encountering resistance turn to alternative/complementary treatment options, an investigation was initiated to evaluate whether the natural compound, sulforaphane (SFN), influences growth and invasive activity of everolimus-resistant (RCCres) compared to everolimus-sensitive (RCCpar) RCC cell lines in vitro. RCC cells were exposed to different concentrations of SFN and cell growth, cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, cell cycle regulating proteins, the mTOR-akt signaling axis, adhesion to human vascular endothelium and immobilized collagen, chemotactic activity, and influence on surface integrin receptor expression were investigated. SFN caused a significant reduction in both RCCres and RCCpar cell growth and proliferation, which correlated with an elevation in G2/M- and S-phase cells. SFN induced a marked decrease in the cell cycle activating proteins cdk1 and cyclin B and siRNA knock-down of cdk1 and cyclin B resulted in significantly diminished RCC cell growth. SFN also modulated adhesion and chemotaxis, which was associated with reduced expression of the integrin subtypes α5, α6, and β4. Distinct differences were seen in RCCres adhesion and chemotaxis (diminished by SFN) and RCCpar adhesion (enhanced by SFN) and chemotaxis (not influenced by SFN). Functional blocking of integrin subtypes demonstrated divergent action on RCC binding and invasion, depending on RCC cell sensitivity to everolimus. Therefore, SFN administration could hold potential for treating RCC patients with established resistance towards everolimus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Juengel
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Current address: Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Jochen Rutz
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Saira Justin
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Frederik Roos
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wael Khoder
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Igor Tsaur
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Karen Nelson
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wolf O Bechstein
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Axel Haferkamp
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roman A Blaheta
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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33
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Sulforaphane inhibits human bladder cancer cell invasion by reversing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via directly targeting microRNA-200c/ZEB1 axis. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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34
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Arcidiacono P, Ragonese F, Stabile A, Pistilli A, Kuligina E, Rende M, Bottoni U, Calvieri S, Crisanti A, Spaccapelo R. Antitumor activity and expression profiles of genes induced by sulforaphane in human melanoma cells. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:2547-2569. [PMID: 28864908 PMCID: PMC6182666 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1527-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Human melanoma is a highly aggressive incurable cancer due to intrinsic cellular resistance to apoptosis, reprogramming, proliferation and survival during tumour progression. Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate found in cruciferous vegetables, plays a role in carcinogenesis in many cancer types. However, the cytotoxic molecular mechanisms and gene expression profiles promoted by SFN in human melanoma remain unknown. Methods Three different cell lines were used: two human melanoma A375 and 501MEL and human epidermal melanocytes (HEMa). Cell viability and proliferation, cell cycle analysis, cell migration and invasion and protein expression and phosphorylation status of Akt and p53 upon SFN treatment were determined. RNA-seq of A375 was performed at different time points after SFN treatment. Results We demonstrated that SFN strongly decreased cell viability and proliferation, induced G2/M cell cycle arrest, promoted apoptosis through the activation of caspases 3, 8, 9 and hampered migration and invasion abilities in the melanoma cell lines. Remarkably, HEMa cells were not affected by SFN treatment. Transcriptomic analysis revealed regulation of genes involved in response to stress, apoptosis/cell death and metabolic processes. SFN upregulated the expression of pro-apoptotic genes, such as p53, BAX, PUMA, FAS and MDM2; promoted cell cycle inhibition and growth arrest by upregulating EGR1, GADD45B, ATF3 and CDKN1A; and simultaneously acted as a potent inhibitor of genotoxicity by launching the stress-inducible protein network (HMOX1, HSPA1A, HSPA6, SOD1). Conclusion Overall, the data show that SFN cytotoxicity in melanoma derives from complex and concurrent mechanisms during carcinogenesis, which makes it a promising cancer prevention agent. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00394-017-1527-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Arcidiacono
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United KingdomDepartment of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 06132, Perugia, Italy.,Dermatology Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Ragonese
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United KingdomDepartment of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Stabile
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pistilli
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ekaterina Kuligina
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United KingdomDepartment of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 06132, Perugia, Italy.,N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, 197758, Russia
| | - Mario Rende
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ugo Bottoni
- Dermatology Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Calvieri
- Dermatology Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Crisanti
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Roberta Spaccapelo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United KingdomDepartment of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 06132, Perugia, Italy.
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Bayat Mokhtari R, Baluch N, Homayouni TS, Morgatskaya E, Kumar S, Kazemi P, Yeger H. The role of Sulforaphane in cancer chemoprevention and health benefits: a mini-review. J Cell Commun Signal 2017; 12:91-101. [PMID: 28735362 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0401-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a multi-stage process resulting from aberrant signaling pathways driving uncontrolled proliferation of transformed cells. The development and progression of cancer from a premalignant lesion towards a metastatic tumor requires accumulation of mutations in many regulatory genes of the cell. Different chemopreventative approaches have been sought to interfere with initiation and control malignant progression. Here we present research on dietary compounds with evidence of cancer prevention activity that highlights the potential beneficial effect of a diet rich in cruciferous vegetables. The Brassica family of cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli is a rich source of glucosinolates, which are metabolized to isothiocyanate compounds. Amongst a number of related variants of isothiocyanates, sulforaphane (SFN) has surfaced as a particularly potent chemopreventive agent based on its ability to target multiple mechanisms within the cell to control carcinogenesis. Anti-inflammatory, pro-apoptotic and modulation of histones are some of the more important and known mechanisms by which SFN exerts chemoprevention. The effect of SFN on cancer stem cells is another area of interest that has been explored in recent years and may contribute to its chemopreventive properties. In this paper, we briefly review structure, pharmacology and preclinical studies highlighting chemopreventive effects of SFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Bayat Mokhtari
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Sickkids Research Center, Peter Gilgan Centre, 686 Bay St., Rm 15.9714, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.
| | - Narges Baluch
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Richardson Laboratory, Queen's University, 88 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Tina S Homayouni
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Evgeniya Morgatskaya
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Parandis Kazemi
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Herman Yeger
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Sickkids Research Center, Peter Gilgan Centre, 686 Bay St., Rm 15.9714, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.
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Xiong Y, Huang F, Li X, Chen Z, Feng D, Jiang H, Chen W, Zhang X. CCL21/CCR7 interaction promotes cellular migration and invasion via modulation of the MEK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway and correlates with lymphatic metastatic spread and poor prognosis in urinary bladder cancer. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:75-90. [PMID: 28534984 PMCID: PMC5467787 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph node metastasis in patients with urinary bladder cancer (UBC) is always associated with poor prognosis and is the determinant for tumor staging and the development of treatment regimens; however, its underlying mechanisms remain to be studied. Immunohistochemical staining of tumor sections from 62 UBC patients was performed using CCR7, D2-40 and CD34 antibodies. We showed that increased CCR7 expression was significantly associated with positive lymph node status (P=0.008), pT3-T4 tumor stage (P=0.015), tumor grade (P=0.010) and worse overall survival (OS, P<0.001) and that both CCR7 expression and lymph node metastasis were independent prognostic factors for OS (P=0.031 and P=0.001, respectively) based on multivariate analysis. We found that there was a significant association between MLVD and lymph node status (P=0.006), but this relation was not observed for MVD. Furthermore, we showed that increased CCR7 expression correlated significantly with higher MLVD (P=0.014) and MVD (P=0.002). Wound-healing and Matrigel Transwell assays indicated that activation of CCR7 with CCL21 significantly enhanced the invasion and migration abilities of UM-UC-3 cells, and this enhanced effect was significantly abrogated by CCR7 knockdown using siRNA. Western blot analysis revealed that the phospho-ERK1/2 level was markedly increased when UM-UC-3 cells were treated with CCL21 and significantly decreased when the CCR7 gene was silenced. MEK/ERK1/2 inhibition with PD98059 significantly suppressed the migration and invasion abilities of UM-UC-3 cells and also significantly abrogated the effects of CCL21/CCR7 on cell migration and invasion. Based on these results, we conclude that activation of the CCL21/CCR7 chemoaxis promotes lymph node metastasis of UBC in at least two ways. Firstly, although CCR7 is a promoting factor that induces both lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis, it may promote lymph node metastasis through its lymphangiogenic effect rather than through its angiogenic effect. Secondly, the CCL21/CCR7 chemoaxis promotes the migration and invasion of UBC cells via the MEK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway rather than the PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiong
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhou Li
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Deyun Feng
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Haiying Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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Serum sonic hedgehog (SHH) and interleukin-(IL-6) as dual prognostic biomarkers in progressive metastatic breast cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1796. [PMID: 28496132 PMCID: PMC5431756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum from one hundred and ten breast cancer patients and thirty healthy female volunteers, were prospectively collected and evaluated for serum levels of Shh and IL-6 using human Shh and IL-6 specific enzyme-linked immunoassays. All patients were regularly monitored for event free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS). Overall outcome analysis was based on serum Shh and IL-6 levels. In patients with progressive metastatic BC, both serum Shh and IL-6 concentrations were elevated in 44% (29 of 65) and 63% (41 of 65) of patients, respectively, at a statistically significant level [Shh (p = 0.0001) and IL-6 (p = 0.0001)] compared to the low levels in healthy volunteers. Serum levels tended to increase with metastatic progression and lymph node positivity. High serum Shh and IL-6 levels were associated with poor EFS and OS opposite to the negative or lower levels in serum Shh and IL-6. The elevated levels of both serum Shh and IL-6 were mainly observed in BC patients who had a significantly higher risk of early recurrence and bone metastasis, and associated with a worse survival for patients with progressive metastatic BC. Further studies are warranted for validating these biomarkers as prognostic tools in a larger patient cohort and in a longer follow-up study.
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Bayat Mokhtari R, Baluch N, Ka Hon Tsui M, Kumar S, S Homayouni T, Aitken K, Das B, Baruchel S, Yeger H. Acetazolamide potentiates the anti-tumor potential of HDACi, MS-275, in neuroblastoma. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:156. [PMID: 28235409 PMCID: PMC5326494 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroblastoma (NB), a tumor of the primitive neural crest, despite aggressive treatment portends a poor long-term survival for patients with advanced high stage NB. New treatment strategies are required. METHODS We investigated coordinated targeting of essential homeostatic regulatory factors involved in cancer progression, histone deacetylases (HDACs) and carbonic anhydrases (CAs). RESULTS We evaluated the antitumor potential of the HDAC inhibitor (HDACi), pyridylmethyl-N-{4-[(2-aminophenyl)-carbamoyl]-benzyl}-carbamate (MS-275) in combination with a pan CA inhibitor, acetazolamide (AZ) on NB SH-SY5Y, SK-N-SH and SK-N-BE(2) cells. The key observation was that the combination AZ + MS-275 significantly inhibited growth, induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and reduced migration capacity of NB cell line SH-SY5Y. In addition, this combination significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo, in a pre-clinical xenograft model. Evidence was obtained for a marked reduction in tumorigenicity and in the expression of mitotic, proliferative, HIF-1α and CAIX. NB xenografts of SH-SY5Y showed a significant increase in apoptosis. CONCLUSION MS-275 alone at nanomolar concentrations significantly reduced the putative cancer stem cell (CSC) fraction of NB cell lines, SH-SY5Y and SK-N-BE(2), in reference to NT2/D1, a teratocarcinoma cell line, exhibiting a strong stem cell like phenotype in vitro. Whereas stemness genes (OCT4, SOX2 and Nanog) were found to be significantly downregulated after MS-275 treatment, this was further enhanced by AZ co-treatment. The significant reduction in initial tumorigenicity and subsequent abrogation upon serial xenografting suggests potential elimination of the NB CSC fraction. The significant potentiation of MS-275 by AZ is a promising therapeutic approach and one amenable for administration to patients given their current clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Bayat Mokhtari
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Narges Baluch
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Micky Ka Hon Tsui
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tina S Homayouni
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Karen Aitken
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bikul Das
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sylvain Baruchel
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Herman Yeger
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Abstract
The highly regulated pH of cells and the less-regulated pH of the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) is the result of a delicate balance between metabolic processes and proton production, proton transportation, chemical buffering, and vascular removal of waste products. Malignant cells show a pronounced increase in metabolic processes where the 10- to 15-fold rise in glucose consumption is only the tip of the iceberg. Aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) is one of the hallmarks of cancer metabolism that implies excessive production of protons, which if stayed inside the cells would result in fatal intracellular acidosis (maintaining a strict acid-base balance is essential for the survival of eukaryotic cells). Malignant cells solve this problem by increasing mechanisms of proton transportation which expel the excess acidity. This allows cancer cells to keep a normal intracellular pH, or even overshooting this mechanism permits a slightly alkaline intracellular tendency. The proton excess expelled from malignant cells accumulates in the ECM, where chronic hypoxia and relative lack of enough blood vessels impede adequate proton clearance, thus creating an acidic microenvironment. This microenvironment is quite heterogeneous due to the tumor's metabolic heterogeneity and variable degrees of hypoxia inside the tumor mass. The acidic environment (plus other necessary cellular modifications) stimulates migration and invasion and finally intravasation of malignant cells which eventually may result in metastasis. Targeting tumor pH may go in two directions: 1) increasing extracellular pH which should result in less migration, invasion, and metastasis; and 2) decreasing intracellular pH which may result in acidic stress and apoptosis. Both objectives seem achievable at the present state of the art with repurposed drugs. This hypothesis analyzes the altered pH of tumors and its implications for progression and metastasis and also possible repurposed drug combinations targeting this vulnerable side of cancer development. It also analyzes the double-edged approach, which consists in pharmacologically increasing intracellular proton production and simultaneously decreasing proton extrusion creating intracellular acidity, acid stress, and eventual apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Koltai
- Obra Social del Personal de la, Industria Alimenticia, Filial Capital Federal, Republic of Argentina
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Iskender B, Izgi K, Hizar E, Jauch J, Arslanhan A, Yuksek EH, Canatan H. Inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in bladder cancer cells via modulation of mTOR signalling. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:8281-91. [PMID: 26718217 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4695-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that signalling cross-talk plays a significant role in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer cells. However, the complex network regulating the EMT in different cancer types has not been fully described yet which affects the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In the present study, we investigated the signalling pathways involved in EMT of bladder cancer cells and demonstrated the effects of two novel agents in the regulation of EMT. Myrtucommulone-A (MC-A) and thymoquinone (TQ) have been shown to possess anti-cancer properties. However, their targets in the regulation of cancer cell behavior are not well defined. Here, we defined the effects of two putative anti-cancer agents on bladder cancer cell migration and their possible intracellular targets in the regulation of EMT. Our results suggest that MC-A or TQ treatment affected N-cadherin, Snail, Slug, and β-catenin expressions and effectively attenuated mTOR activity. The downstream components in mTOR signalling were also affected. MC-A treatment resulted in the concomitant inhibition of extracellular matrix-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK 1/2), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Src activity. On the other hand, TQ treatment increased Src activity while exerting no effect on ERK 1/2 or p38 MAPK activity. Given the stronger inhibition of EMT-related markers in MC-A-treated samples, we concluded that this effect might be due to collective inhibition of multiple signalling pathways which result in a decrease in their cross-talk in bladder cancer cells. Overall, the data in this study proposes novel action mechanisms for MC-A or TQ in bladder cancer cells and highlights the potential use of these active compounds in the regulation of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Iskender
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, 38039, Melikgazi, Kayseri, Turkey. .,Betul-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Centre, Erciyes University, 38039, Melikgazi, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Kenan Izgi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, 38039, Melikgazi, Kayseri, Turkey.,Betul-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Centre, Erciyes University, 38039, Melikgazi, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Esra Hizar
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, 38039, Melikgazi, Kayseri, Turkey.,Betul-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Centre, Erciyes University, 38039, Melikgazi, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Johann Jauch
- Universität des Saarlandes, Organische Chemie II, Geb. C4.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Aslihan Arslanhan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, 38039, Melikgazi, Kayseri, Turkey.,Betul-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Centre, Erciyes University, 38039, Melikgazi, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Esra Hilal Yuksek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, 38039, Melikgazi, Kayseri, Turkey.,Betul-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Centre, Erciyes University, 38039, Melikgazi, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Halit Canatan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, 38039, Melikgazi, Kayseri, Turkey.,Betul-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Centre, Erciyes University, 38039, Melikgazi, Kayseri, Turkey
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