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McCrary T, Hughes T, Brook AH, Paul KS. Mirror, mirror? An evaluation of identical twin mirroring in tooth crown morphology. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:3102-3119. [PMID: 38372073 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
It has been estimated that 25% of monozygotic ("identical") twin pairs exhibit reverse asymmetry (RA) or "mirroring" of minor anatomical features as a result of delayed zygote division. Here, we examine whether identical twin mirroring accounts for patterns of dental asymmetry in a sample of monozygotic and dizygotic ("fraternal") twins. We focus on crown morphology to approach the following question: is there an association between dental RA frequency and twin type suggestive of the presence of mirror image twins in our sample? Data were collected from 208 deciduous and 196 permanent dentitions of participants of the University of Adelaide Twin Study using Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System standards. RA frequencies were compared across morphological complexes (deciduous, permanent), twin types (monozygotic, dizygotic), and traits. Fisher's exact tests were performed to formally evaluate the association between twin type and dental RA. Across the entire dataset, RA rates failed to exceed 8% for any twin type. In monozygotic twins, deciduous mirroring totaled 5.3% of observed cases, while permanent mirroring totaled 7.8% of observed cases. We found no statistically significant association between RA and twin type for any morphological character (p-value range: 0.07-1.00). Our results suggest the timing of monozygotic twin division does not explain the structure of asymmetry for our morphology dataset and that published estimates of identical twin mirroring rates may be inflated or contingent upon phenotype. Instead, rates reported for this sample more closely align with the proposed etiology of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess McCrary
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Dentistry, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Toby Hughes
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alan H Brook
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathleen S Paul
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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Mougabure-Cueto G, Hernández ML, Gilardoni JJ, Nattero J. Morphometric study of the legs of the main Chagas vector, Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Acta Trop 2024; 255:107219. [PMID: 38649106 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
In triatomines, vectors of Chagas disease, active dispersal takes place by walking and flying. Flight has received more attention than walking although the last is the dispersal modality used by nymphs due to their lack of wings and also used by adults, which would facilitate the colonization and reinfestation of houses after vector control actions. The present work studied the morphometrical variation of Triatoma infestans legs, the main vector of Chagas disease the Southern Cone of South America. We described morphometric traits and the natural variation of each leg segment. Different linear, size and shape variables of each component of the three right legs of fifth instar nymphs of T. infestans were analyzed using morphometric tools. We analyzed differentiation, variation and correlation for each segment across the fore-, mid and hind legs using different statistical approaches such as general linear model, canonical variates analysis, test of equality of coefficient of variation and partial least square analysis. We also analyzed variation and correlation between segments within each leg with partial least square and morphometric disparity analyses. Our results showed that the segments differed between legs, as general trends, the dimensions (length, width and/or size) were greater in the hind legs, smaller in the forelegs and intermediate in the mid ones. The femur and tibia (length and/or width) showed differences in morphometric variation between legs and the femur and tibia showed the highest levels of correlation between legs. On the other hand, in the fore- and mid legs, the femur (length or width) showed similar variation with tibia and tarsus lengths, but in the hind legs, the femur showed similar variation with all segments and not with the tibia length, and there were strong correlations between linear measurement within each leg. Our results suggest that the femur and tibia could play a determining role in the coordination between the legs that determines the walking pattern. Considering that these segments would also be linked to the specific function that each leg has, this study suggests a preponderant role of the femur and tibia in the walking locomotion of T. infestans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gastón Mougabure-Cueto
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de Insectos, Departamento Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental (DBBE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA, UBA-CONICET). Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Laura Hernández
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Unidad Operativa de Vectores y Ambiente (UnOVE), Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos Malbrán, Centro Nacional de Diagnostico e Investigación en Endemo-Epidemias (CeNDIE), Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Juan José Gilardoni
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de Insectos, Departamento Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental (DBBE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA, UBA-CONICET). Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Nattero
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución. Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (CONICET-IEGEBA). Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Anderson TR, Hessen DO, Gentleman WC, Yool A, Mayor DJ. Optimal phenology of life history events in Calanus finmarchicus: exit from diapause in relation to interannual variation in spring bloom timing and predation. JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH 2024; 46:439-451. [PMID: 39091692 PMCID: PMC11290252 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbae028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Respiration of lipids by copepods during diapause (overwintering dormancy) contributes to ocean carbon sequestration via the seasonal lipid pump (SLP). Parameterizing this flux in predictive models requires a mechanistic understanding of how life history adaptation in copepods shapes their timing of exit from diapause. We investigate the optimal phenology of Calanus finmarchicus in the Norwegian Sea using an individual-based model in which diapause exit is represented as a trait characterized by phenotypic mean and variance. Without interannual variability, optimal exit correlated with the onset of the spring phytoplankton bloom and phenotypic variance was of no benefit. In contrast, copepods endured reduced fitness and adopted bet-hedging strategies when exposed to interannual variability in bloom timing and predation: later exit from diapause and phenotypic variance maintained adult numbers in anomalous late-bloom years. Exit nevertheless remained well before the peak of the bloom which is a favorable strategy when low predation early in the year enhances survival of eggs and early developmental stages. Our work highlights the complex interactions between C. finmarchicus and its environment and the need for improved understanding of bet-hedging strategies and the cues of diapause exit to progress the representation of the SLP in global biogeochemical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Anderson
- Marine Systems Modelling, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Dag O Hessen
- Centre of Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, Department of Bioscience, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Wendy C Gentleman
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3J 1B6, Canada
| | - Andrew Yool
- Marine Systems Modelling, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Daniel J Mayor
- Department of Biosciences, Hatherly Building, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK
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Simon B, Mangano FG, Pál A, Simon I, Pellei D, Shahbazi A, Vág J. Palatal asymmetry assessed by intraoral scans: effects of sex, orthodontic treatment, and twinning. A retrospective cohort study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:305. [PMID: 37202781 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02993-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symmetry is critical in perceived attractiveness, especially in female faces. The palate determines the teeth' alignment and supports facial soft tissues. Therefore, the study aimed to assess the effects of sex, orthodontic treatment, age, and heritability on the directional, anti-, and fluctuational asymmetry in the digital palatal model. METHODS The palate of 113 twins, 86 female and 27 male subjects, with and without previous orthodontic treatment, were scanned by the Emerald (Planmeca) intraoral scanner. Three lines were constructed horizontally in the digital model, one between the right and left first upper molars and two between the first molars and incisive papilla. Two observers calculated the left and right angles between the mid-sagittal plane and molar-papilla lines. The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to assess the inter-observer absolute agreement. The directional symmetry was determined by comparing the mean left and right angles. The antisymmetry was estimated from the distribution curve of the signed side difference. The fluctuating asymmetry was approximated from the magnitude of the absolute side difference. Finally, the genetic background was assessed by correlating the absolute side difference between monozygotic twin siblings. RESULTS The right angle (31.1 degrees) was not significantly different from the left one (31.6 degrees). The signed side difference followed a normal distribution with a mean of -0.48 degrees. The absolute side difference (2.29 degrees, p < 0.001) was significantly different from zero and negatively correlated (r=-0.46, p < 0.05) between siblings. None of the asymmetries was affected by sex, orthodontic treatment or age. CONCLUSIONS The palate illustrates neither directional asymmetry nor antisymmetry, indicating that most people's palates are symmetric. However, the significant fluctuating asymmetry suggests that some subject has considerable asymmetry but is not influenced by sex, orthodontic treatment, age, and genetics. The proposed digital method is a reliable and non-invasive tool that could facilitate achieving a more symmetrical structure during orthodontic and aesthetic rehabilitation. TRIAL REGISTRATION The Clinicatrial.gov registration number is NCT05349942 (27/04/2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Botond Simon
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Francesco Guido Mangano
- Department of Pediatric, Preventive Dentistry and Orthodontics, Sechenov First State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Adrienn Pál
- Department of Prosthodontics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Simon
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dalma Pellei
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Arvin Shahbazi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology (Oral Morphology Group), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Periodontology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Vág
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Trait variation in a successful global invader: a large-scale analysis of morphological variance and integration in the brown trout. Biol Invasions 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-023-03003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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McKenney EA, Hale AR, Anderson J, Larsen R, Grant C, Dunn RR. Hidden diversity: comparative functional morphology of humans and other species. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15148. [PMID: 37123005 PMCID: PMC10135406 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) morphology plays an important role in nutrition, health, and epidemiology; yet limited data on GI variation have been collected since 1885. Here we demonstrate that students can collect reliable data sets on gut morphology; when they do, they reveal greater morphological variation for some structures in the GI tract than has been documented in the published literature. We discuss trait variability both within and among species, and the implications of that variability for evolution and epidemiology. Our results show that morphological variation in the GI tract is associated with each organ's role in food processing. For example, the length of many structures was found to vary significantly with feeding strategy. Within species, the variability illustrated by the coefficients of variation suggests that selective constraints may vary with function. Within humans, we detected significant Pearson correlations between the volume of the liver and the length of the appendix (t-value = 2.5278, df = 28, p = 0.0174, corr = 0.4311) and colon (t-value = 2.0991, df = 19, p = 0.0494, corr = 0.4339), as well as between the lengths of the small intestine and colon (t-value = 2.1699, df = 17, p = 0.0445, corr = 0.4657), which are arguably the most vital organs in the gut for nutrient absorption. Notably, intraspecific variation in the small intestine can be associated with life history traits. In humans, females demonstrated consistently and significantly longer small intestines than males (t-value15 = 2.245, p = 0.0403). This finding supports the female canalization hypothesis, specifically, increased female investment in the digestion and absorption of lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. McKenney
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Amanda R. Hale
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- SNA International for the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency, Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, HI, United States of America
| | - Janiaya Anderson
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Roxanne Larsen
- Office of Curricular Affairs, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Colleen Grant
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Robert R. Dunn
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
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Morimoto J. Parental ecological history can differentially modulate parental age effects on offspring physiological traits in Drosophila. Curr Zool 2022; 68:391-399. [PMID: 36090145 PMCID: PMC9450179 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoab081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parents adjust their reproductive investment over their lifespan based on their condition, age, and social environment, creating the potential for inter-generational effects to differentially affect offspring physiology. To date, however, little is known about how social environments experienced by parents throughout development and adulthood influence the effect of parental age on the expression of life-history traits in the offspring. Here, I collected data on Drosophila melanogaster offspring traits (i.e., body weight, water content, and lipid reserves) from populations where either mothers, fathers both, or neither parents experienced different social environments during development (larval crowding) and adulthood. Parental treatment modulated parental age effects on offspring lipid reserves but did not influence parental age effects on offspring water content. Importantly, parents in social environments where all individuals were raised in uncrowded larval densities produced daughters and sons lighter than parental treatments which produced the heaviest offspring. The peak in offspring body weight was delayed relative to the peak in parental reproductive success, but more strongly so for daughters from parental treatments where some or all males in the parental social environments were raised in crowded larval densities (irrespective of their social context), suggesting a potential father-to-daughter effect. Overall, the findings of this study reveal that parental ecological history (here, developmental and adult social environments) can modulate the effects of parental age at reproduction on the expression of offspring traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Morimoto
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
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8
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Gouveia N, Harayashiki CAY, Márquez F, Lourenço RA, Taniguchi S, Castro IB. Mollusc shell shape as pollution biomarkers: Which is the best biological model? MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 179:113663. [PMID: 35462102 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in mollusc shells have been proposed contamination biomarkers. We used geometric morphometrics analyses associated with analytical determinations of contaminants to select suitable biological models among species widely distributed on coastal zones. The study was carried out using Lottia subrugosa (herbivore limpet), Crassostrea brasiliana (filter-feeder bivalve), and Stramonita brasiliensis (carnivore gastropod) obtained along a marked contamination gradient at Santos Estuarine System (Brazil). L. subrugosa and S. brasiliensis presented distinct shapes along the gradient, while no significant differences in shell form were seen for C. brasiliana. Indeed, limpets and snails presented morphometric parameters consistent with measured contamination levels hazardous substances. Based on cross-validation models, the reliability of morphometric responses was over 75% for the herbivore and carnivore species. In addition, for S. brasiliensis, a 95.2% confidence was detected in most contaminated sites. Therefore, shell alterations on carnivorous gastropods should be further investigated, seeking to be effectively employed as pollution biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayara Gouveia
- Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (IMAR-UNIFESP), Rua Maria Máximo 168, Santos, Brazil
| | | | - Federico Márquez
- LARBIM - IBIOMAR, CCT CONICET-CENPAT, Bvd. Brown 2915, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Bvd. Brown 3051, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Rafael André Lourenço
- Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo (IO-USP), Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-120, Brazil
| | - Satie Taniguchi
- Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo (IO-USP), Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-120, Brazil
| | - Italo Braga Castro
- Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (IMAR-UNIFESP), Rua Maria Máximo 168, Santos, Brazil.
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García-García MT, Diz-Dios P, Abeleira-Pazos MT, Limeres-Posse J, García-Mato E, Varela-Aneiros I, Outumuro-Rial M, Diniz-Freitas M. Cranial-Vertebral-Maxillary Morphological Integration in Down Syndrome. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040496. [PMID: 35453698 PMCID: PMC9027221 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Morphological integration refers to the tendency of anatomical structures to show correlated variations because they develop in response to shared developmental processes or function in concert with other structures. The objective of this study was to determine the relationships between the dimensions of different cranial-cervical-facial structures in patients with Down syndrome (DS). Methodology: The study group consisted of 41 individuals with DS who had undergone cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) at the Dental Radiology Unit of the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain). In the historical archive of this same unit, 41 CBCTs belonging to individuals with no known systemic disorders or severe malformations of the maxillofacial region were selected, forming an age and sex-matched control group. Twenty-nine measurements were performed on each participant’s CBCT images, which were grouped into three blocks: atlantoaxial dimensions, craniovertebral dimensions and cephalometric dimensions. To determine whether there were significant differences between the dimensions obtained in the DS and control groups, we applied multiple analysis of variance and linear discriminant analysis tests. The analysis of the association between blocks (in pairs) was performed with the canonical correlation analysis test. Results: The dimensions evaluated in the three blocks of variables of individuals with DS differ significantly from those of nonsyndromic controls (p < 0.001). The highest discriminative capacity to identify controls and patients with DS was obtained with the cephalometric dimensions (87.5%). With regard to the association between blocks (two-by-two measurements), we found no significant relationship in the DS group. However, we confirmed a statistically significant correlation between all pairs of blocks of variables in the controls, especially between the atlantoaxial and cephalometric dimensions (p < 0.001) and between the craniovertebral and cephalometric dimensions (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our results confirm a very poor morphological integration of the cranial-cervical-maxillary complex in individuals with DS. This finding reinforces the proposal that gene overload enhances the channeling process.
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Romero AN, Mitchell DR, Cooke SB, Kirchhoff CA, Terhune CE. Craniofacial fluctuating asymmetry in gorillas, chimpanzees, and macaques. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 177:286-299. [PMID: 36790754 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Craniofacial fluctuating asymmetry (FA) refers to the random deviations from symmetry exhibited across the craniofacial complex and can be used as a measure of developmental instability for organisms with bilateral symmetry. This article addresses the lack of data on craniofacial FA in nonhuman primates by analyzing FA magnitude and variation in chimpanzees, gorillas, and macaques. We offer a preliminary investigation into how FA, as a proxy for developmental instability, varies within and among nonhuman primates. MATERIALS AND METHODS We generated 3D surface models of 121 crania from Pan troglodytes troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla gorilla, and Macaca fascicularis fascicularis. Using geometric morphometric techniques, the magnitude of observed FA was calculated and compared for each individual, sex, and taxon, along with the variation of FA across cranial regions and for each bilateral landmark. RESULTS Gorillas and macaques exhibited higher and more similar magnitudes of FA to each other than either taxon did to chimpanzees; variation in magnitude of FA followed this same trend. No significant differences were detected between sexes using pooled data across species, but sex did influence FA magnitude within taxa in gorillas. Further, variation in FA variance across cranial regions and by landmark was not distributed in any particular pattern. CONCLUSION Possible environmentally induced causes for these patterns of FA magnitude include differences in growth rate and physiological stress experienced during life. Developmental stability may be greatest in chimpanzees in this sample. Additionally, these results point to appropriate landmarks for future FA analyses and may help suggest more urgent candidate taxa for conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashly N Romero
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - D Rex Mitchell
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Siobhán B Cooke
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Claire A Kirchhoff
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Claire E Terhune
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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11
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O'Dea RE, Noble DWA, Nakagawa S. Unifying individual differences in personality, predictability and plasticity: A practical guide. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rose E. O'Dea
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre School of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division Garvan Institute of Medical Research Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Daniel W. A. Noble
- Division of Ecology and Evolution Research School of Biology The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre School of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division Garvan Institute of Medical Research Sydney NSW Australia
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12
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Jojić V, Čabrilo B, Bjelić-Čabrilo O, Jovanović VM, Budinski I, Vujošević M, Blagojević J. Canalization and developmental stability of the yellow-necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis) mandible and cranium related to age and nematode parasitism. Front Zool 2021; 18:55. [PMID: 34689812 PMCID: PMC8543932 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-021-00439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammalian mandible and cranium are well-established model systems for studying canalization and developmental stability (DS) as two elements of developmental homeostasis. Nematode infections are usually acquired in early life and increase in intensity with age, while canalization and DS of rodent skulls could vary through late postnatal ontogeny. We aimed to estimate magnitudes and describe patterns of mandibular and cranial canalization and DS related to age and parasite intensity (diversity) in adult yellow-necked mice (Apodemus flavicollis). RESULTS We found the absence of age-related changes in the levels of canalization for mandibular and cranial size and DS for mandibular size. However, individual measures of mandibular and cranial shape variance increased, while individual measures of mandibular shape fluctuating asymmetry (FA) decreased with age. We detected mandibular and cranial shape changes during postnatal ontogeny, but revealed no age-related dynamics of their covariance structure among and within individuals. Categories regarding parasitism differed in the level of canalization for cranial size and the level of DS for cranial shape. We observed differences in age-related dynamics of the level of canalization between non-parasitized and parasitized animals, as well as between yellow-necked mice parasitized by different number of nematode species. Likewise, individual measures of mandibular and cranial shape FA decreased with age for the mandible in the less parasitized category and increased for the cranium in the most parasitized category. CONCLUSIONS Our age-related results partly agree with previous findings. However, no rodent study so far has explored age-related changes in the magnitude of FA for mandibular size or mandibular and cranial FA covariance structure. This is the first study dealing with the nematode parasitism-related canalization and DS in rodents. We showed that nematode parasitism does not affect mandibular and cranial shape variation and covariance structure among and within individuals. However, parasite intensity (diversity) is related to ontogenetic dynamics of the levels of canalization and DS. Overall, additional studies on animals from natural populations are required before drawing some general conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Jojić
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Borislav Čabrilo
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Olivera Bjelić-Čabrilo
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Vladimir M Jovanović
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Bioinformatics Solution Center, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Human Biology and Primate Evolution, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivana Budinski
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mladen Vujošević
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Blagojević
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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13
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Thompson MJ, Capilla-Lasheras P, Dominoni DM, Réale D, Charmantier A. Phenotypic variation in urban environments: mechanisms and implications. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 37:171-182. [PMID: 34690006 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, numerous studies have explored how urbanisation affects the mean phenotypes of populations, but it remains unknown how urbanisation impacts phenotypic variation, a key target of selection that shapes, and is shaped by, eco-evolutionary processes. Our review suggests that urbanisation may often increase intraspecific phenotypic variation through several processes; a conclusion aligned with results from our illustrative analysis on tit morphology across 13 European city/forest population pairs. Urban-driven changes in phenotypic variation will have immense implications for urban populations and communities, particularly through urbanisation's effects on individual fitness, species interactions, and conservation. We call here for studies that incorporate phenotypic variation in urban eco-evolutionary research alongside advances in theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Thompson
- Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, 141 Avenue du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada; CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France.
| | - P Capilla-Lasheras
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - D M Dominoni
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - D Réale
- Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, 141 Avenue du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada
| | - A Charmantier
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
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14
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Yang Y, Kang L, Zhao J, Qi N, Li R, Wen Z, Kassout J, Peng C, Lin G, Zheng H. Quantifying Leaf Trait Covariations and Their Relationships with Plant Adaptation Strategies along an Aridity Gradient. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10101066. [PMID: 34681167 PMCID: PMC8533430 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Plants usually adopt different strategies to adapt to their surrounding environments. Accurately quantifying plant strategies is of great interest in trait-based ecology, in particular to understand the responses of ecological structures and processes. In the last two decades, these strategies have been described qualitatively; however, the use of quantitative methods is still lacking. In this study, we used a plant functional trait approach to discuss plant strategies along an aridity gradient. We found that eight functional traits divided into four dimensions represent four adaptation strategies: energy balance, resource acquisition, resource investment and water use efficiency. We also concluded that climate and soil together with family (vegetation succession) were the main driving forces of trait covariations. Our study provided a new perspective to understand plant functional responses to aridity gradients, which is helpful for ecological management and vegetation restoration programs in arid regions. Abstract A trait-based approach is an effective way to quantify plant adaptation strategies in response to changing environments. Single trait variations have been well depicted before; however, multi-trait covariations and their roles in shaping plant adaptation strategies along aridity gradients remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to reveal multi-trait covariation characteristics, their controls and their relevance to plant adaptation strategies. Using eight relevant plant functional traits and multivariate statistical approaches, we found the following: (1) the eight studied traits show evident covariation characteristics and could be grouped into four functional dimensions linked to plant strategies, namely energy balance, resource acquisition, resource investment and water use efficiency; (2) leaf area (LA) together with traits related to the leaf economic spectrum, including leaf nitrogen content per area (Narea), leaf nitrogen per mass (Nmass) and leaf dry mass per area (LMA), covaried along the aridity gradient (represented by the moisture index, MI) and dominated the trait–environmental change axis; (3) together, climate, soil and family can explain 50.4% of trait covariations; thus, vegetation succession along the aridity gradient cannot be neglected in trait covariations. Our findings provide novel perspectives toward a better understanding of plant adaptations to arid conditions and serve as a reference for vegetation restoration and management programs in arid regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (Y.Y.); (R.L.)
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Le Kang
- East China Inventory and Planning Institute of the State Administration of Forestry and Grassland, Hangzhou 310019, China;
| | - Jun Zhao
- China Aero Geophysical Survey & Remote Sensing Center for Natural Resources, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Ning Qi
- School of Information Science & Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Ruonan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (Y.Y.); (R.L.)
| | - Zhongming Wen
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China;
| | - Jalal Kassout
- Laboratory of Applied Botany, BioAgrodiversity Team, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93002, Morocco;
| | - Changhui Peng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada;
| | - Guanghui Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Hua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (Y.Y.); (R.L.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-62849134
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15
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Phenotypic variability and developmental instability in rodents from different agricultural farming systems: organic vs. conventional. Mamm Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-021-00183-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Pérez-Nicolás M, Colinas-León T, Alia-Tejacal I, Peña-Ortega G, González-Andrés F, Beltrán-Rodríguez L. Morphological Variation in Scarlet Plume ( Euphorbia fulgens Karw ex Klotzsch, Euphorbiaceae), an Underutilized Ornamental Resource of Mexico with Global Importance. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10102020. [PMID: 34685829 PMCID: PMC8540581 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Morphological variation is useful in conservation and genetic improvement programs. Euphorbia fulgens, a range-restricted local endemic species of Mexico, is used locally during the altars in the festivities of different saints and is also cultivated as an ornamental plant mainly in Europe. Thus, in the present study, morphological variation was evaluated in wild populations and cultivated populations. Characterization of 90 individuals from three wild populations (the only ones recorded to date) was done by measuring 30 morphological traits both vegetative and reproductive. Thereafter, seeds were collected, and established under greenhouse conditions, and 39 morphometric variables were evaluated in adult plants. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done for wild and cultivated groups independently, and when significant differences were found, Tukey's comparison of means was applied (p < 0.05). To identify the traits responsible for the differences between wild and cultivated groups, a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was conducted. Morphological variation was found among wild populations, and this variation decreased in cultivated populations, mainly in reproductive structures. The LDA separated the wild populations from the cultivated groups, according to inflorescence length, petiole length/blade length ratio, and leaf roundness. The variables that determined the separation of individuals between wild and cultivated populations were cyme number, foliar Feret diameter, and inflorescence length, variables that can be important for breeding strategies and artificial selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Pérez-Nicolás
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco 56230, Mexico; (M.P.-N.); (G.P.-O.)
| | - Teresa Colinas-León
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco 56230, Mexico; (M.P.-N.); (G.P.-O.)
| | - Iran Alia-Tejacal
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico;
| | - Gisela Peña-Ortega
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco 56230, Mexico; (M.P.-N.); (G.P.-O.)
| | - Fernando González-Andrés
- Instituto de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad, Universidad de León, 24009 León, Spain;
| | - Leonardo Beltrán-Rodríguez
- Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
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17
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Paul KS, Stojanowski CM, Hughes T, Brook A, Townsend GC. The genetic architecture of anterior tooth morphology in a longitudinal sample of Australian twins and families. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 129:105168. [PMID: 34174590 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study presents a quantitative genetic analysis of human anterior dental morphology in a longitudinal sample of known genealogy. The primary aim of this work is to generate a suite of genetic correlations within and between deciduous and permanent characters to access patterns of integration across the diphyodont dental complex. DESIGN Data were recorded from casted tooth crowns representing participants of a long-term Australian twin and family study (deciduous n = 290, permanent n = 339). Morphological trait expression was observed and scored following Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System standards. Bivariate genetic correlations were estimated using maximum likelihood variance decomposition models in SOLAR v.8.1.1. RESULTS Genetic correlation estimates indicate high levels of integration between antimeres but low to moderate levels among traits within a tooth row. Only 9% of deciduous model comparisons were significant, while pleiotropy was indicated for one third of permanent trait pairs. Canine characters stood out as strongly integrated, especially in the deciduous dentition. For homologous characters across dentitions (e.g., deciduous i1 shoveling and permanent I1 shoveling), ∼70% of model comparisons yielded significant genetic correlations. CONCLUSIONS Patterns of genetic correlation suggest a morphological canine module that spans the primary and secondary dentition. Results also point to the existence of a genetic mechanism conserving morphology across the diphyodont dental complex, such that paired deciduous and permanent traits are more strongly integrated than characters within individual tooth rows/teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen S Paul
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States.
| | - Christopher M Stojanowski
- Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States
| | - Toby Hughes
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Alan Brook
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Barts and the London Dental Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1, UK
| | - Grant C Townsend
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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18
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Heylen OCG, Debortoli N, Marescaux J, Olofsson JK. A Revised Phylogeny of the Mentha spicata Clade Reveals Cryptic Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:819. [PMID: 33924227 PMCID: PMC8074783 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The genus Mentha is taxonomically and phylogenetically challenging due to complex genomes, polyploidization and an extensive historical nomenclature, potentially hiding cryptic taxa. A straightforward interpretation of phylogenetic relationships within the section Mentha is further hindered by dominant but outdated concepts on historically identified hybrid taxa. Mentha spicata is traditionally considered to be of hybrid origin, but the evidence for this is weak. Here, we aim to understand the phylogenetic relationships within the section Mentha using large sample sizes and to revisit the hybrid status and identity of M. spicata. We show that two of three traditional species in the subsection Spicatae are polyphyletic, as is the subsection as a whole, while the real number of cryptic species was underestimated. Compared to previous studies we present a fundamentally different phylogeny, with a basal split between M. spicata s.s. and M. longifolia s.s. Cluster analyses of morphological and genotypic data demonstrate that there is a dissociation between morphologically and genotypically defined groups of samples. We did not find any evidence that M. spicata is of hybrid origin, and we conclude its taxonomic status should be revised. The combination of genetic and phenotypic information is essential when evaluating hyperdiverse taxonomic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jill K. Olofsson
- Section for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, bygning 7, DK-1353 Copenhagen, Denmark;
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19
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Navalón G, Nebreda SM, Bright JA, Fabbri M, Benson RBJ, Bhullar BA, Marugán-Lobón J, Rayfield EJ. Craniofacial development illuminates the evolution of nightbirds (Strisores). Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210181. [PMID: 33849313 PMCID: PMC8059503 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary variation in ontogeny played a central role in the origin of the avian skull. However, its influence in subsequent bird evolution is largely unexplored. We assess the links between ontogenetic and evolutionary variation of skull morphology in Strisores (nightbirds). Nightbirds span an exceptional range of ecologies, sizes, life-history traits and craniofacial morphologies constituting an ideal test for evo-devo hypotheses of avian craniofacial evolution. These morphologies include superficially ‘juvenile-like’ broad, flat skulls with short rostra and large orbits in swifts, nightjars and allied lineages, and the elongate, narrow rostra and globular skulls of hummingbirds. Here, we show that nightbird skulls undergo large ontogenetic shape changes that differ strongly from widespread avian patterns. While the superficially juvenile-like skull morphology of many adult nightbirds results from convergent evolution, rather than paedomorphosis, the divergent cranial morphology of hummingbirds originates from an evolutionary reversal to a more typical avian ontogenetic trajectory combined with accelerated ontogenetic shape change. Our findings underscore the evolutionary lability of cranial growth and development in birds, and the underappreciated role of this aspect of phenotypic variability in the macroevolutionary diversification of the amniote skull.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Navalón
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Unidad de Paleontología, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Bristol, UK
| | - Sergio M Nebreda
- Unidad de Paleontología, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jen A Bright
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Matteo Fabbri
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | - Bhart-Anjan Bhullar
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jesús Marugán-Lobón
- Unidad de Paleontología, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emily J Rayfield
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Bristol, UK
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20
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Tariel J, Plénet S, Luquet E. How do developmental and parental exposures to predation affect personality and immediate behavioural plasticity in the snail Physa acuta? Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201761. [PMID: 33352075 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals differ in personality and immediate behavioural plasticity. While developmental environment may explain this group diversity, the effect of parental environment is still unexplored-a surprising observation since parental environment influences mean behaviour. We tested whether developmental and parental environments impacted personality and immediate plasticity. We raised two generations of Physa acuta snails in the laboratory with or without developmental exposure to predator cues. Escape behaviour was repeatedly assessed on adult snails with or without predator cues in the immediate environment. On average, snails were slower to escape if they or their parents had been exposed to predator cues during development. Snails were also less plastic in response to immediate predation risk on average if they or their parents had been exposed to predator cues. Group diversity in personality was greater in predator-exposed snails than unexposed snails, while parental environment did not influence it. Group diversity in immediate plasticity was not significant. Our results suggest that only developmental environment plays a key role in the emergence of group diversity in personality, but that parental environment influences mean behavioural responses to the environmental change. Consequently, although different, both developmental and parental cues may have evolutionary implications on behavioural responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Tariel
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sandrine Plénet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emilien Luquet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
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21
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Ariza-Marín ER, De Luna E. Linear and geometric morphometric analyses of variation of the plectrum in four species of bess beetles, tribe Proculini (Coleoptera: Passalidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2020; 59:100994. [PMID: 32961481 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2020.100994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bess beetles are sapro-xillophagous insects that inhabit decaying logs. They display sub-social behavior and acoustic communication. Adults produce sounds with an abdomino-alary stridulatory system. The sixth abdominal tergum has lateral protuberances with spines (pars stridens), whereas the hind wings have spines in the radial cell (plectrum). The potential taxonomic utility of these spines has not been studied. We evaluated the variation of spines in the plectrum of adult females sampling four species of Proculini using traditional and geometric morphometric methods. We divided the plectrum into five zones to compare the density, size and shape of spines among zones and among species comparing each zone separately. Spine shape and size were quantified with 2D cartesian coordinates and four variables from SEM micrographs. Separate univariate and multivariate analyses of variance revealed that the size, density and shape of spines is different among zones in each of the four species. Also, spine shape and size in all zones is different among species, which would imply that plectrum spines might have taxonomic utility. Additionally, disparity analyses showed that the peripheral zones have a higher variability, and the disparity values in the middle and apex zones are higher in the two species with a wide distribution range.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Ariza-Marín
- Instituto de Ecología A. C., Carretera Antigua a Coatepec, Xalapa, Veracruz, CP:91073, Mexico.
| | - E De Luna
- Instituto de Ecología A. C., Carretera Antigua a Coatepec, Xalapa, Veracruz, CP:91073, Mexico.
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Evolutionary trends of the conserved neurocranium shape in angel sharks (Squatiniformes, Elasmobranchii). Sci Rep 2020; 10:12582. [PMID: 32724124 PMCID: PMC7387474 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Elasmobranchii (i.e., sharks, skates, and rays) forms one of the most diverse groups of marine predators. With a fossil record extending back into the Devonian, several modifications in their body plan illustrate their body shape diversity through time. The angel sharks, whose fossil record dates back to the Late Jurassic, some 160 Ma, have a dorsoventrally flattened body, similar to skates and rays. Fossil skeletons of this group show that the overall morphology was well established earlier in its history. By examining the skull shape of well-preserved fossil material compared to extant angel sharks using geometric morphometric methods, within a phylogenetic framework, we were able to determine the conservative skull shape among angel sharks with a high degree of integration. The morphospace occupation of extant angel sharks is rather restricted, with extensive overlap. Most of the differences in skull shape are related to their geographic distribution patterns. We found higher levels of disparity in extinct forms, but lower ones in extant species. Since angel sharks display a highly specialized prey capture behaviour, we suggest that the morphological integration and biogeographic processes are the main drivers of their diversity, which might limit their capacity to display higher disparities since their origin.
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23
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The influence of urbanization on morphological traits in the Balsas Basin Whiptail lizard (Aspidoscelis costatus costatus). Urban Ecosyst 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-020-01038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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24
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Ricklan SJ, Decrausaz SL, Wells JCK, Stock JT. Obstetric dimensions of the female pelvis are less integrated than locomotor dimensions and show protective scaling patterns: Implications for the obstetrical dilemma. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 33:e23451. [PMID: 32567787 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The "obstetrical dilemma" hypothesis assumes that the modern human female pelvis serves two discrete functions: obstetrics and locomotion. We investigate whether these differing functions create observable patterns of morphological covariation and whether those patterns differ by height, weight, and age. This allows evaluation of evidence for canalization and phenotypic plasticity relevant to obstetric and locomotor function among a living female population. METHODS Landmarks (N = 86) were collected and inter-landmark distances were calculated (N = 36) on the pelvis and proximal femur of CT scans of living women aged 20 to 90 years (M = 93) receiving a routine CT scan. Partial least squares and relative SD of eigenvalues analyses were used to evaluate integration overall and within locomotor and obstetric modules, respectively. Ordinary Least Squared regression was used to evaluate scaling relationships between inter-landmark distances and height, weight, and age. RESULTS The obstetric pelvis was significantly less internally integrated than the locomotor pelvis. Many obstetric measurements were constrained in absolute terms relative to height; shorter women had relatively larger birth canal dimensions, and several key obstetric dimensions showed relative freedom from height. Lower weight women had some relatively larger obstetric and locomotor dimensions. Regarding age, younger women showed a few relatively larger outlet dimensions. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the obstetric pelvis and the locomotor pelvis function are morphologically distinct, with the obstetric pelvis showing relatively greater flexibility. These relationships between relative constraints support the hypothesis that the modern female pelvis shows evidence of both canalization and phenotypic plasticity in obstetric and locomotor structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Ricklan
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sarah-Louise Decrausaz
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Anthropology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathan C K Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, Population, Policy, and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Jay T Stock
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Anthropology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Centre for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
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25
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Repkin EA, Maltseva AL, Varfolomeeva MA, Aianka RV, Mikhailova NA, Granovitch AI. Genetic and morphological variation of metacercariae of Microphallus piriformes (Trematoda, Microphallidae): Effects of paraxenia and geographic location. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2020; 11:235-245. [PMID: 32195109 PMCID: PMC7078125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Host organism offers an environment for a parasite, and this environment is heterogenous within the host, variable among individual as well as between the hosts, and changing during the host's lifetime. This heterogeneity may act as a prerequisite for parasite species divergence. Intraspecific variability related to a certain type of heterogeneity may indicate an initial stage of speciation, and thus poses an evolutionary importance. Here we analyzed genetic and morphologic variation of trematode metacercariae of Microphallus piriformes (Trematoda, Microphallidae). Genetic variability of trematodes was assessed from sequences of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and internal transcribed spacer region (ITS-1). Morphological variation of metacercarial body shape was for the first time analyzed using geometric morphometrics. Parasites from the White Sea and the Barents Sea coasts demonstrated partial genetic divergence (according to COI sequence analysis) and had significantly different body shape. Neither genetic nor morphological variation of metacercariae was related to intermediate host species. We discuss possible causes of the observed genetic divergence of parasite populations in different geographic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egor A. Repkin
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Universitetskaya 7/9A, 199034, Russia
| | - Arina L. Maltseva
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Universitetskaya 7/9A, 199034, Russia
| | - Marina A. Varfolomeeva
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Universitetskaya 7/9A, 199034, Russia
| | - Roman V. Aianka
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Universitetskaya 7/9A, 199034, Russia
| | - Natalia A. Mikhailova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Universitetskaya 7/9A, 199034, Russia
- Centre of Cell Technologies, Institute of Cytology Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrei I. Granovitch
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Universitetskaya 7/9A, 199034, Russia
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Bruijning M, Metcalf CJE, Jongejans E, Ayroles JF. The Evolution of Variance Control. Trends Ecol Evol 2020; 35:22-33. [PMID: 31519463 PMCID: PMC7482585 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetically identical individuals can be phenotypically variable, even in constant environmental conditions. The ubiquity of this phenomenon, known as 'intra-genotypic variability', is increasingly evident and the relevant mechanistic underpinnings are beginning to be understood. In parallel, theory has delineated a number of formal expectations for contexts in which such a feature would be adaptive. Here, we review empirical evidence across biological systems and theoretical expectations, including nonlinear averaging and bet hedging. We synthesize existing results to illustrate the dependence of selection outcomes both on trait characteristics, features of environmental variability, and species' demographic context. We conclude by discussing ways to bridge the gap between empirical evidence of intra-genotypic variability, studies demonstrating its genetic component, and evidence that it is adaptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Bruijning
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University, 6500, GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, 08540 Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - C Jessica E Metcalf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, 08540 Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Eelke Jongejans
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University, 6500, GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Julien F Ayroles
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, 08540 Princeton, NJ, USA.
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27
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Fluctuating Asymmetry in Ground Beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) and Conditions of Its Manifestation. Symmetry (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/sym11121475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is used to reveal environmental or genetic stress, but the results of some studies are inconsistent. We aimed to give some explanations of possible controversial conclusions, when FA was employed. We measured FA (one dimensional and one meristic traits) in the recognized bioindicators—ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Beetles were sampled in a vast area (four provinces of Russia with the spectrum of the studied sites, which differed in anthropogenic impact, vegetation, and landscape features). On the basis of such measurements (4673 specimen) we created a data base. Subsequent ANOVA showed, that FA was species-specific (out of six species investigated it was expressed in five ones), sex-biased (males had higher levels of FA), and were affected practically by all environmental factors. Besides significant species–sex and factors–sex interactions were found. So, when employing FA as an indicator of stress, overall biological and ecological variation in species-indicator must be investigated before. Sometimes FA (or its absence) may not be due to pollution or another disturbing factor, but be the result of the effect of unaccounted but FA determinative factors.
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28
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Akhund-Zade J, Ho S, O'Leary C, de Bivort B. The effect of environmental enrichment on behavioral variability depends on genotype, behavior, and type of enrichment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.202234. [PMID: 31413102 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.202234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-genetic individuality in behavior, also termed intragenotypic variability, has been observed across many different organisms. A potential cause of intragenotypic variability is sensitivity to minute environmental differences during development, which are present even when major environmental parameters are kept constant. Animal enrichment paradigms often include the addition of environmental diversity, whether in the form of social interaction, novel objects or exploratory opportunities. Enrichment could plausibly affect intragenotypic variability in opposing ways: it could cause an increase in variability due to the increase in microenvironmental variation, or a decrease in variability due to elimination of aberrant behavior as animals are taken out of impoverished laboratory conditions. In order to test these hypothesis, we assayed five isogenic Drosophila melanogaster lines raised in control and mild enrichment conditions, and one isogenic line under both mild and intense enrichment conditions. We compared the mean and variability of six behavioral metrics between our enriched fly populations and the laboratory housing control. We found that enrichment often caused a small increase in variability across most of our behaviors, but that the ultimate effect of enrichment on both behavioral means and variabilities was highly dependent on genotype and its interaction with the particular enrichment treatment. Our results support previous work on enrichment that presents a highly variable picture of its effects on both behavior and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamilla Akhund-Zade
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sandra Ho
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Chelsea O'Leary
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Benjamin de Bivort
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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29
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Jackson ISC. Developmental bias in the fossil record. Evol Dev 2019; 22:88-102. [PMID: 31475437 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of developmental bias and plasticity in evolution is a central research interest in evolutionary biology. Studies of these concepts and related processes are usually conducted on extant systems and have seen limited investigation in the fossil record. Here, I identify plasticity-led evolution (PLE) as a form of developmental bias accessible through scrutiny of paleontological material. I summarize the process of PLE and describe it in terms of the environmentally mediated accumulation and release of cryptic genetic variation. Given this structure, I then predict its manifestation in the fossil record, discuss its similarity to quantum evolution and punctuated equilibrium, and argue that these describe macroevolutionary patterns concordant with PLE. Finally, I suggest methods and directions towards providing evidence of PLE in the fossil record and conclude that such endeavors are likely to be highly rewarding.
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30
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Kelly EM, Marcot JD, Selwood L, Sears KE. The Development of Integration in Marsupial and Placental Limbs. Integr Org Biol 2019; 1:oby013. [PMID: 33791518 PMCID: PMC7671123 DOI: 10.1093/iob/oby013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphological interdependence of traits, or their integration, is commonly thought to influence their evolution. As such, study of morphological integration and the factors responsible for its generation form an important branch of the field of morphological evolution. However, most research to date on post-cranial morphological integration has focused on adult patterns of integration. This study investigates patterns of correlation (i.e., morphological integration) among skeletal elements of the fore- and hind limbs of developing marsupial and placental mammals. The goals of this study are to establish how patterns of limb integration vary over development in marsupials and placentals, and identify factors that are likely responsible for their generation. Our results indicate that although the overall pattern of correlation among limb elements is consistent with adult integration throughout mammalian development, correlations vary at the level of the individual element and stage. As a result, the relative integration among fore- and hind limb elements varies dynamically between stages during development in both marsupial and placental mammals. Therefore, adult integration studies of the limbs may not be indicative of developmental integration. Results are also consistent with integration during early limb development being more heavily influenced by genetic and developmental factors, and later by function. Additionally, results are generally consistent with a constraint on marsupial forelimb evolution caused by the functional requirements of the crawl to the teat that operates by limiting morphological variation before and at the time of birth, and not after.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Kelly
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL61801, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - J D Marcot
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA
| | - L Selwood
- Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - K E Sears
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA
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31
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Fumi M, Friberg M. Consistent seasonal polyphenism in male genitalia of threeLeptideabutterfly species (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Magne Friberg
- Lund University, Department of Biology, Lund, Sweden
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32
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Shapiro LJ, Kemp AD. Functional and developmental influences on intraspecific variation in catarrhine vertebrae. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 168:131-144. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liza J. Shapiro
- Department of Anthropology University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas
| | - Addison D. Kemp
- Department of Anthropology University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas
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33
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Ceuninck K, Starbuck JM. A morphometric analysis of developmental instability in children born with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Clin Anat 2018; 32:206-211. [PMID: 30252164 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) is a congenital deformity that occurs due to inadequate merging of the nasal and maxillary prominences during fetal development. Randomly distributed bilateral asymmetries known as fluctuating asymmetry (FA) occur in normally symmetric organisms when evolved mechanisms of developmental stability or equilibrium are disturbed by genetic, environmental, or unknown factors. Here, we hypothesize that facial skeleton FA will be increased in a sample of individuals born with UCLP (n = 24) relative to sex- and age-matched controls (n = 24). To test this hypothesis, 23 anatomical landmarks were measured on individual anonymized cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) images in children and adolescents (7-17 years). For each individual, 81 pairs of linear distances were used to estimate FAs across the face. To explore sample variation and statistical differences, a principal components analysis and Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis multivariate bootstrap approach were carried out. Samples show some separation in multivariate space with 44.44% of FA differences being significantly different. The magnitude of FA was larger in the UCLP sample for every significant measurement. The magnitude of significant FA is highest near regions derived from the maxillary and nasal prominences, such as the nasal aperture. These results are useful for medical and dental practitioners when developing treatment options for children and adolescents with UCLP. Clin. Anat. 32:206-211, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Ceuninck
- Department of Anthropology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - John M Starbuck
- Department of Anthropology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
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34
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Webster M. Morphological homeostasis in the fossil record. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 88:91-104. [PMID: 29787861 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Morphological homeostasis limits the extent to which genetic and/or environmental variation is translated into phenotypic variation, providing generation-to-generation fitness advantage under a stabilizing selection regime. Depending on its lability, morphological homeostasis might also have a longer-term impact on evolution by restricting the variation-and thus the response to directional selection-of a trait. The fossil record offers an inviting opportunity to investigate whether and how morphological homeostasis constrained trait evolution in lineages or clades on long timescales (thousands to millions of years) that are not accessible to neontological studies. Fossils can also reveal insight into the nature of primitive developmental systems that might not be predictable from the study of modern organisms. The ability to study morphological homeostasis in fossils is strongly limited by taphonomic processes that can destroy, blur, or distort the original biological signal: genetic data are unavailable; phenotypic data can be modified by tectonic or compaction-related deformation; time-averaging limits temporal resolution; and environmental variation is hard to study and impossible to control. As a result of these processes, neither allelic sensitivity (and thus genetic canalization) nor macroenvironmental sensitivity (and thus environmental canalization) can be unambiguously assessed in the fossil record. However, homeorhesis-robustness against microenvironmental variation (developmental noise)-can be assessed in ancient developmental systems by measuring the level of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in a nominally symmetric trait. This requires the analysis of multiple, minimally time-averaged samples of exquisite preservational quality. Studies of FA in fossils stand to make valuable contributions to our understanding of the deep-time significance of homeorhesis. Few empirical studies have been conducted to date, and future paleontological research focusing on how homeorhesis relates to evolutionary rate (including stasis), species survivorship, and purported macroevolutionary trends in evolvability would reap high reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Webster
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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35
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Allometric differences on the shell shape of two scorched mussel species along the Atlantic South American Coast. Evol Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-018-9928-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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36
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Milošević‐Zlatanović S, Tomašević Kolarov N, Vukov T, Stamenković S. Correlation patterns in roe deer cranium: sexual dimorphism across different habitats. J Zool (1987) 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - N. Tomašević Kolarov
- Department of Evolutionary Biology University of Belgrade Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” Belgrade Serbia
| | - T. Vukov
- Department of Evolutionary Biology University of Belgrade Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” Belgrade Serbia
| | - S. Stamenković
- Faculty of Biology University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia
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37
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Morita W. Morphological comparison of the enamel–dentine junction and outer enamel surface of molars using a micro-computed tomography technique. J Oral Biosci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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38
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Gonzalez PN, Pavlicev M, Mitteroecker P, Pardo-Manuel de Villena F, Spritz RA, Marcucio RS, Hallgrímsson B. Genetic structure of phenotypic robustness in the collaborative cross mouse diallel panel. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:1737-51. [PMID: 27234063 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Developmental stability and canalization describe the ability of developmental systems to minimize phenotypic variation in the face of stochastic micro-environmental effects, genetic variation and environmental influences. Canalization is the ability to minimize the effects of genetic or environmental effects, whereas developmental stability is the ability to minimize the effects of micro-environmental effects within individuals. Despite much attention, the mechanisms that underlie these two components of phenotypic robustness remain unknown. We investigated the genetic structure of phenotypic robustness in the collaborative cross (CC) mouse reference population. We analysed the magnitude of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and among-individual variation of cranial shape in reciprocal crosses among the eight parental strains, using geometric morphometrics and a diallel analysis based on a Bayesian approach. Significant differences among genotypes were found for both measures, although they were poorly correlated at the level of individuals. An overall positive effect of inbreeding was found for both components of variation. The strain CAST/EiJ exerted a positive additive effect on FA and, to a lesser extent, among-individual variance. Sex- and other strain-specific effects were not significant. Neither FA nor among-individual variation was associated with phenotypic extremeness. Our results support the existence of genetic variation for both developmental stability and canalization. This finding is important because robustness is a key feature of developmental systems. Our finding that robustness is not related to phenotypic extremeness is consistent with theoretical work that suggests that its relationship to stabilizing selection is not straightforward.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Gonzalez
- Instituto de Genética Veterinaria, CCT-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M Pavlicev
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - P Mitteroecker
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | | | - R A Spritz
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - R S Marcucio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - B Hallgrímsson
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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39
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Morita W, Morimoto N, Ohshima H. Exploring metameric variation in human molars: a morphological study using morphometric mapping. J Anat 2016; 229:343-55. [PMID: 27098351 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Human molars exhibit a type of metameric variation, which is the difference in serially repeated morphology within an organism. Various theories have been proposed to explain how this variation is brought about in the molars. Actualistic data that support the theories, however, are still relatively scarce because of methodological limitations. Here we propose new methods to analyse detailed tooth crown morphologies. We applied morphometric mapping to the enamel-dentine junction of human maxillary molars and examined whether odontogenetic models were adaptable to human maxillary molars. Our results showed that the upper first molar is phenotypically distinct among the maxillary molars. The average shape of the upper first molar is characterized by four well-defined cusps and precipitous surface relief of the occlusal table. On the other hand, upper third molar is characterized by smooth surface relief of the occlusal table and shows greater shape variation and distinct distribution patterns in morphospace. The upper second molar represents an intermediate state between first and third molar. Size-related shape variation was investigated by the allometric vector analysis, and it appeared that human maxillary molars tend to converge toward the shape of the upper first molar as the size increases. Differences between the upper first molar and the upper second and third molar can thus be largely explained as an effect of allometry. Collectively, these results indicate that the observed pattern of metameric variation in human molars is consistent with odontogenetic models of molar row structure (inhibitory cascade model) and molar crown morphology (patterning cascade model). This study shows that morphometric mapping is a useful tool to visualize and quantify the morphological features of teeth, which can provide the basis for a better understanding of tooth evolution linking morphology and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Morita
- Department of Oral Functional Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Naoki Morimoto
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hayato Ohshima
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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40
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Schlüter N. Ecophenotypic Variation and Developmental Instability in the Late Cretaceous Echinoid Micraster brevis (Irregularia; Spatangoida). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148341. [PMID: 26849648 PMCID: PMC4746069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Late Cretaceous echinoid genus Micraster (irregular echinoids, Spatangoida) is one of the most famous examples of a continuous evolutionary lineage in invertebrate palaeontology. The influence of the environment on the phenotype, however, was not tested so far. This study analyses differences in phenotypical variations within three populations of Micraster (Gibbaster) brevis from the early Coniacian, two from the Münsterland Cretaceous Basin (Germany) and one from the North Cantabrian Basin (Spain). The environments of the Spanish and the German sites differed by their sedimentary characteristics, which are generally a crucial factor for morphological adaptations in echinoids. Most of the major phenotypical variations (position of the ambitus, periproct and development of the subanal fasciole) among the populations can be linked to differences in their host sediments. These phenotypic variations are presumed to be an expression of phenotpic plasticiy, which has not been considered in Micraster in previous studies. Two populations (Erwitte area, Germany; Liencres area, Spain) were tested for stochastic variation (fluctuating asymmetry) due to developmental instability, which was present in all studied traits. However, differences in the amount of fluctuating asymmetry between both populations were recognised only in one trait (amount of pore pairs in the anterior paired petals). The results strengthen previous assumptions on ecophenotypic variations in Micraster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Schlüter
- Georg-August University of Göttingen, Geoscience Centre, Department of Geobiology, Goldschmidtstr. 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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41
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Rigato E, Fusco G. Enhancing effect of phenotype mutational robustness on adaptation inEscherichia coli. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2015; 326:31-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Fusco
- Department of Biology; University of Padova; Padova Italy
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42
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Llopis-Belenguer C, Balbuena JA, Galván-Femenía I, Rodríguez-González A. Phenotypic Buffering in a Monogenean: Canalization and Developmental Stability in Shape and Size of the Haptoral Anchors of Ligophorus cephali (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142365. [PMID: 26544190 PMCID: PMC4636253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic variation results from the balance between sources of variation and counteracting regulatory mechanisms. Canalization and developmental stability are two such mechanisms, acting at two different levels of regulation. The issue of whether or not they act concurrently as a common developmental buffering capacity has been subject to debate. We used geometric morphometrics to quantify the mechanisms that guarantee phenotypic constancy in the haptoral anchors of Ligophorus cephali. Canalization and developmental stability were appraised by estimating inter- and intra-individual variation, respectively, in size and shape of dorsal and ventral anchors. The latter variation was estimated as fluctuating asymmetry (FA) between anchor pairs. The general-buffering-capacity hypothesis was tested by two different methods based on correlations and Principal Components Analyses of the different components of size and shape variation. Evidence for FA in the dorsal and ventral anchors in both shape and size was found. Our analyses supported the hypothesis of a general developmental buffering capacity. The evidence was more compelling for shape than for size and, particularly, for the ventral anchors than for the dorsal ones. These results are in line with previous studies of dactylogyrids suggesting that ventral anchors secure a firmer, more permanent attachment, whereas dorsal anchors are more mobile. Because fixation to the host is crucial for survival in ectoparasites, we suggest that homeostatic development of the ventral anchors has been promoted to ensure the morphological constancy required for efficient attachment. Geometric morphometrics can be readily applied to other host-monogenean models, affording not only to disentangle the effects of canalization and developmental stability, as shown herein, but to further partition the environmental and genetic components of the former.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Llopis-Belenguer
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Juan Antonio Balbuena
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Iván Galván-Femenía
- Department of Computer Science, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Abril Rodríguez-González
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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43
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Rauw WM, Gomez-Raya L. Genotype by environment interaction and breeding for robustness in livestock. Front Genet 2015; 6:310. [PMID: 26539207 PMCID: PMC4612141 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing size of the human population is projected to result in an increase in meat consumption. However, at the same time, the dominant position of meat as the center of meals is on the decline. Modern objections to the consumption of meat include public concerns with animal welfare in livestock production systems. Animal breeding practices have become part of the debate since it became recognized that animals in a population that have been selected for high production efficiency are more at risk for behavioral, physiological and immunological problems. As a solution, animal breeding practices need to include selection for robustness traits, which can be implemented through the use of reaction norms analysis, or though the direct inclusion of robustness traits in the breeding objective and in the selection index. This review gives an overview of genotype × environment interactions (the influence of the environment, reaction norms, phenotypic plasticity, canalization, and genetic homeostasis), reaction norms analysis in livestock production, options for selection for increased levels of production and against environmental sensitivity, and direct inclusion of robustness traits in the selection index. Ethical considerations of breeding for improved animal welfare are discussed. The discussion on animal breeding practices has been initiated and is very alive today. This positive trend is part of the sustainable food production movement that aims at feeding 9.15 billion people not just in the near future but also beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy M. Rauw
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
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44
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Paschetta C, De Azevedo S, González M, Quinto-Sánchez M, Cintas C, Varela H, Gómez-Valdés J, Sánchez-Mejorada G, González-José R. Shifts in subsistence type and its impact on the human skull's morphological integration. Am J Hum Biol 2015; 28:118-28. [PMID: 26126704 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Here we evaluate morphological integration patterns and magnitudes in different skull regions to detect if shifts in morphological integration are correlated to the appearance of more processed (softer) diets. METHODS To do so, three transitional populations were analyzed, including samples from groups that inhabited the same geographical region and for which the evidence shows that major changes occurred in their subsistence mode. Ninety three-dimensional landmarks were digitized on 357 skulls and used as the raw data to develop geometric morphometric analyses. The landmark coordinates were divided into several different regions of biomechanical interest, following a three-level hierarchically nested scheme: the whole skull, further subdivided into neurocranium (divided into the vault and basicranium), the facial (divided into the lower and upper facial), and the masticatory apparatus (divided into alveolar, temporal, and temporo-mandibular joint). RESULTS Our results indicate that the morphological integration and variability patterns significantly vary across skull regions but are maintained across the transitions. The alveolar border and the lower facial are the regions manifesting greater value of morphological integration and variability, while the upper facial, the temporo-mandibular joint, and the basicranium are highly integrated and poorly variable. CONCLUSIONS The transition to softer diets increased morphological variation across cranial regions that are more exposed to masticatory strains effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Paschetta
- Centro Nacional Patagónico, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Puerto Madryn, U9120ACF, Argentina
| | - Soledad De Azevedo
- Centro Nacional Patagónico, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Puerto Madryn, U9120ACF, Argentina
| | - Marina González
- Centro Nacional Patagónico, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Puerto Madryn, U9120ACF, Argentina
| | - Mirsha Quinto-Sánchez
- Centro Nacional Patagónico, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Puerto Madryn, U9120ACF, Argentina
| | - Celia Cintas
- Centro Nacional Patagónico, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Puerto Madryn, U9120ACF, Argentina
| | - Hugo Varela
- Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto, 5800, Argentina
| | - Jorge Gómez-Valdés
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., 04510, México
| | - Gabriela Sánchez-Mejorada
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., 04510, México
| | - Rolando González-José
- Centro Nacional Patagónico, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Puerto Madryn, U9120ACF, Argentina
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Ayroles JF, Buchanan SM, O'Leary C, Skutt-Kakaria K, Grenier JK, Clark AG, Hartl DL, de Bivort BL. Behavioral idiosyncrasy reveals genetic control of phenotypic variability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:6706-11. [PMID: 25953335 PMCID: PMC4450409 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1503830112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative genetics has primarily focused on describing genetic effects on trait means and largely ignored the effect of alternative alleles on trait variability, potentially missing an important axis of genetic variation contributing to phenotypic differences among individuals. To study the genetic effects on individual-to-individual phenotypic variability (or intragenotypic variability), we used Drosophila inbred lines and measured the spontaneous locomotor behavior of flies walking individually in Y-shaped mazes, focusing on variability in locomotor handedness, an assay optimized to measure variability. We discovered that some lines had consistently high levels of intragenotypic variability among individuals, whereas lines with low variability behaved as although they tossed a coin at each left/right turn decision. We demonstrate that the degree of variability is itself heritable. Using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for the degree of intragenotypic variability as the phenotype across lines, we identified several genes expressed in the brain that affect variability in handedness without affecting the mean. One of these genes, Ten-a, implicates a neuropil in the central complex of the fly brain as influencing the magnitude of behavioral variability, a brain region involved in sensory integration and locomotor coordination. We validated these results using genetic deficiencies, null alleles, and inducible RNAi transgenes. Our study reveals the constellation of phenotypes that can arise from a single genotype and shows that different genetic backgrounds differ dramatically in their propensity for phenotypic variabililty. Because traditional mean-focused GWASs ignore the contribution of variability to overall phenotypic variation, current methods may miss important links between genotype and phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien F Ayroles
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; Harvard Society of Fellows, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853;
| | | | - Chelsea O'Leary
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; Rowland Institute at Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142; and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Kyobi Skutt-Kakaria
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Jennifer K Grenier
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Andrew G Clark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Daniel L Hartl
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;
| | - Benjamin L de Bivort
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; Rowland Institute at Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142; and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
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The Role of Evolutionary Integration in the Morphological Evolution of the Skull of Caviomorph Rodents (Rodentia: Hystricomorpha). Evol Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-015-9326-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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47
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Lazić MM, Carretero MA, Crnobrnja-Isailović J, Kaliontzopoulou A. Effects of environmental disturbance on phenotypic variation: an integrated assessment of canalization, developmental stability, modularity, and allometry in lizard head shape. Am Nat 2014; 185:44-58. [PMID: 25560552 DOI: 10.1086/679011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
When populations experience suboptimal conditions, the mechanisms involved in the regulation of phenotypic variation can be challenged, resulting in increased phenotypic variance. This kind of disturbance can be diagnosed by using morphometric tools to study morphological patterns at different hierarchical levels and evaluate canalization, developmental stability, integration, modularity, and allometry. We assess the effect of urbanization on phenotypic variation in the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) by using geometric morphometrics to assess disturbance to head shape development. The head shapes of urban lizards were more variable and less symmetric, suggesting that urban living is more likely to disturb development. Head shape variation was congruent within and across individuals, which indicated that canalization and developmental stability are two related phenomena in these organisms. Furthermore, urban lizards exhibited smaller mean head sizes, divergent size-shape allometries, and increased deviation from within-group allometric lines. This suggests that mechanisms regulating head shape allometry may also be disrupted. The integrated evaluation of several measures of developmental instability at different hierarchical levels, which provided in this case congruent results, can be a powerful methodological guide for future studies, as it enhances the detection of environmental disturbances on phenotypic variation and aids biological interpretation of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko M Lazić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
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48
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Gonzalez PN, Lotto FP, Hallgrímsson B. Canalization and developmental instability of the fetal skull in a mouse model of maternal nutritional stress. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 154:544-53. [PMID: 24888714 PMCID: PMC4425270 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional imbalance is one of the main sources of stress in both extant and extinct human populations. Restricted availability of nutrients is thought to disrupt the buffering mechanisms that contribute to developmental stability and canalization, resulting in increased levels of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and phenotypic variance among individuals. However, the literature is contradictory in this regard. This study assesses the effect of prenatal nutritional stress on FA and among-individual variance in cranial shape and size using a mouse model of maternal protein restriction. Two sets of landmark coordinates were digitized in three dimensions from skulls of control and protein restricted specimens at E17.5 and E18.5. We found that, by the end of gestation, maternal protein restriction resulted in a significant reduction of skull size. Fluctuating asymmetry in size and shape exceeded the amount of measurement error in all groups, but no significant differences in the magnitude of FA were found between treatments. Conversely, the pattern of shape asymmetry was affected by the environmental perturbation since the angles between the first eigenvectors extracted from the covariance matrix of shape asymmetric component of protein restricted and control groups were not significantly different from the expected for random vectors. In addition, among-individual variance in cranial shape was significantly higher in the protein restricted than the control group at E18.5. Overall, the results obtained from a controlled experiment do not support the view of fluctuating asymmetry of cranial structures as a reliable index for inferring nutritional stress in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula N. Gonzalez
- CONICET, Instituto de Genética Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNLP-CCT La Plata 1900, Argentina
- CONICET, División Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Federico P. Lotto
- CONICET, División Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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Morita W, Yano W, Nagaoka T, Abe M, Ohshima H, Nakatsukasa M. Patterns of morphological variation in enamel-dentin junction and outer enamel surface of human molars. J Anat 2014; 224:669-80. [PMID: 24689536 PMCID: PMC4025894 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tooth crown patterning is governed by the growth and folding of the inner enamel epithelium (IEE) and the following enamel deposition forms outer enamel surface (OES). We hypothesized that overall dental crown shape and covariation structure are determined by processes that configurate shape at the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ), the developmental vestige of IEE. This this hypothesis was tested by comparing patterns of morphological variation between EDJ and OES in human permanent maxillary first molar (UM1) and deciduous second molar (um2). Using geometric morphometric methods, we described morphological variation and covariation between EDJ and OES, and evaluated the strength of two components of phenotypic variability, canalization and morphological integration, in addition to the relevant evolutionary flexibility, i.e. the ability to respond to selective pressure. The strength of covariation between EDJ and OES was greater in um2 than in UM1, and the way that multiple traits covary between EDJ and OES was different between these teeth. The variability analyses showed that EDJ had less shape variation and a higher level of morphological integration than OES, which indicated that canalization and morphological integration acted as developmental constraints. These tendencies were greater in UM1 than in um2. On the other hand, EDJ and OES had a comparable level of evolvability in these teeth. Amelogenesis could play a significant role in tooth shape and covariation structure, and its influence was not constant among teeth, which may be responsible for the differences in the rate and/or period of enamel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Morita
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan
| | - Wataru Yano
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Division of Oral Structure, Function and Development, Asahi University School of DentistryMizuho, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tomohito Nagaoka
- Department of Anatomy, St. Marianna University School of MedicineKawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mikiko Abe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City UniversityOsaka, Japan
| | - Hayato Ohshima
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesNiigata, Japan
| | - Masato Nakatsukasa
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan
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50
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Puzachenko AY, Korablev NP. Morphological diversity in the postnatal skull development in representatives of two families of rodents (Spalacidae, Castoridae, Rodentia). Russ J Dev Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360414030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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