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Eriksson JW, Pereira MJ, Kagios C, Kvernby S, Lundström E, Fanni G, Lundqvist MH, Carlsson BCL, Sundbom M, Tarai S, Lubberink M, Kullberg J, Risérus U, Ahlström H. Short-term effects of obesity surgery versus low-energy diet on body composition and tissue-specific glucose uptake: a randomised clinical study using whole-body integrated 18F-FDG-PET/MRI. Diabetologia 2024; 67:1399-1412. [PMID: 38656372 PMCID: PMC11153296 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-024-06150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Obesity surgery (OS) and diet-induced weight loss rapidly improve insulin resistance. We aim to investigate the impact of either Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG) surgery compared with a diet low in energy (low-calorie diet; LCD) on body composition, glucose control and insulin sensitivity, assessed both at the global and tissue-specific level in individuals with obesity but not diabetes. METHODS In this parallel group randomised controlled trial, patients on a waiting list for OS were randomised (no blinding, sealed envelopes) to either undergo surgery directly or undergo an LCD before surgery. At baseline and 4 weeks after surgery (n=15, 11 RYGB and 4 SG) or 4 weeks after the start of LCD (n=9), investigations were carried out, including an OGTT and hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamps during which concomitant simultaneous whole-body [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (PET)/MRI was performed. The primary outcome was HOMA-IR change. RESULTS One month after bariatric surgery and initiation of LCD, both treatments induced similar reductions in body weight (mean ± SD: -7.7±1.4 kg and -7.4±2.2 kg, respectively), adipose tissue volume (7%) and liver fat content (2% units). HOMA-IR, a main endpoint, was significantly reduced following OS (-26.3% [95% CI -49.5, -3.0], p=0.009) and non-significantly following LCD (-20.9% [95% CI -58.2, 16.5). For both groups, there were similar reductions in triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol. Fasting plasma glucose and insulin were also significantly reduced only following OS. There was an increase in glucose AUC in response to an OGTT in the OS group (by 20%) but not in the LCD group. During hyperinsulinaemia, only the OS group showed a significantly increased PET-derived glucose uptake rate in skeletal muscle but a reduced uptake in the heart and abdominal adipose tissue. Both liver and brain glucose uptake rates were unchanged after surgery or LCD. Whole-body glucose disposal and endogenous glucose production were not significantly affected. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The short-term metabolic effects seen 4 weeks after OS are not explained by loss of body fat alone. Thus OS, but not LCD, led to reductions in fasting plasma glucose and insulin resistance as well as to distinct changes in insulin-stimulated glucose fluxes to different tissues. Such effects may contribute to the prevention or reversal of type 2 diabetes following OS. Moreover, the full effects on whole-body insulin resistance and plasma glucose require a longer time than 4 weeks. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02988011 FUNDING: This work was supported by AstraZeneca R&D, the Swedish Diabetes Foundation, the European Union's Horizon Europe Research project PAS GRAS, the European Commission via the Marie Sklodowska Curie Innovative Training Network TREATMENT, EXODIAB, the Family Ernfors Foundation, the P.O. Zetterling Foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation, the Agnes and Mac Rudberg Foundation and the Uppsala University Hospital ALF grants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Maria J Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christakis Kagios
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sofia Kvernby
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Molecular Imaging and Medical Physics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elin Lundström
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giovanni Fanni
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin H Lundqvist
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn C L Carlsson
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Sundbom
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sambit Tarai
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mark Lubberink
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Molecular Imaging and Medical Physics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joel Kullberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Antaros Medical, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Ulf Risérus
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Ahlström
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Antaros Medical, Mölndal, Sweden.
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Lundqvist MH, Pereira MJ, Almby K, Hetty S, Eriksson JW. Regulation of the Cortisol Axis, Glucagon, and Growth Hormone by Glucose Is Altered in Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:e675-e688. [PMID: 37708362 PMCID: PMC10795937 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Insulin-antagonistic, counter-regulatory hormones have been implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). OBJECTIVE In this cross-sectional study, we investigated whether glucose-dependent regulation of such hormones differ in individuals with T2D, prediabetes (PD), and normoglycemia (NG). METHODS Fifty-four individuals with or without T2D underwent one hyperinsulinemic-normoglycemic-hypoglycemic and one hyperglycemic clamp with repeated hormonal measurements. Participants with T2D (n = 19) were compared with a group-matched (age, sex, BMI) subset of participants without diabetes (ND, n = 17), and also with participants with PD (n = 18) and NG (n = 17). RESULTS In T2D vs ND, glucagon levels were higher and less suppressed during the hyperglycemic clamp whereas growth hormone (GH) levels were lower during hypoglycemia (P < .05). Augmented ACTH response to hypoglycemia was present in PD vs NG (P < .05), with no further elevation in T2D. In contrast, glucagon and GH alterations were more marked in T2D vs PD (P < .05).In the full cohort (n = 54), augmented responses of glucagon, cortisol, and ACTH and attenuated responses of GH correlated with adiposity, dysglycemia, and insulin resistance. In multilinear regressions, insulin resistance was the strongest predictor of elevated hypoglycemic responses of glucagon, cortisol, and ACTH. Conversely, fasting glucose and HbA1c were the strongest predictors of low GH levels during hypoglycemia and elevated, i.e. less suppressed glucagon levels during hyperglycemia, respectively. Notably, adiposity measures were also strongly associated with the responses above. CONCLUSIONS Altered counter-regulatory hormonal responses to glucose variations are observed at different stages of T2D development and may contribute to its progression by promoting insulin resistance and dysglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Lundqvist
- Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria J Pereira
- Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristina Almby
- Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanne Hetty
- Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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Ternhamar T, Møller A, Martinussen C, Svane MS, Hindsø M, Jørgensen NB, Dirksen C, Jensen JEB, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Kiens B, Madsbad S, Bojsen-Møller KN. The effects of postprandial exercise and meal glycemic index on plasma glucose and glucoregulatory hormone responses after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E540-E551. [PMID: 37755455 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00176.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Postprandial hypoglycemia is a complication of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), but the effects of postprandial exercise and meal glycemic index (GI) on postprandial glucose and glucoregulatory hormone responses are unknown. Ten RYGB-operated and 10 age and weight-matched unoperated women completed four test days in random order ingesting mixed meals with high GI (HGI, GI = 93) or low GI (LGI, GI = 54), but matched on energy and macronutrient content. Ten minutes after meal completion, participants rested or cycled for 30 min at 70% of maximum oxygen uptake (V̇o2max). Blood was collected for 4 h. Postprandial exercise did not lower plasma nadir glucose in RYGB after HGI (HGI/rest 3.7 ± 0.5 vs. HGI/Ex 4.1 ± 0.4 mmol/L, P = 0.070). Replacing HGI with LGI meals raised glucose nadir in RYGB (LGI/rest 4.1 ± 0.5 mmol/L, P = 0.034) and reduced glucose excursions (Δpeak-nadir) but less so in RYGB (-14% [95% CI: -27; -1]) compared with controls (-33% [-51; -14]). Insulin responses mirrored glucose concentrations. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) responses were greater in RYGB versus controls, and higher with HGI versus LGI. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) responses were greater after HGI versus LGI in both groups. Postexercise glucagon responses were lower in RYGB than controls, and noradrenaline responses tended to be lower in RYGB, whereas adrenaline responses were similar between groups. In conclusion, moderate intensity cycling shortly after meal intake did not increase the risk of postprandial hypoglycemia after RYGB. The low GI meal increased nadir glucose and reduced glucose excursions compared with the high GI meal. RYGB participants had lower postexercise glucagon responses compared with controls.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We investigate the effect of moderate exercise after a high or a low glycemic index meal on nadir glucose and glucoregulatory hormones in gastric bypass-operated individuals and in matched unoperated controls. Cycling shortly after meal intake did not increase the risk of hypoglycemia in operated individuals. The low glycemic index meal increased glucose nadir and reduced excursions compared with the high glycemic index meal. Operated individuals had lower postexercise glucagon responses compared with controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tummas Ternhamar
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Andreas Møller
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | | | - Maria S Svane
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Morten Hindsø
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Nils B Jørgensen
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Carsten Dirksen
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jens-Erik Beck Jensen
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
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Tripyla A, Herzig D, Reverter-Branchat G, Pavan J, Schiavon M, Eugster PJ, Grouzmann E, Nakas CT, Sauvinet V, Meiller L, Zehetner J, Giachino D, Nett P, Gawinecka J, Del Favero S, Thomas A, Thevis M, Dalla Man C, Bally L. Counter-regulatory responses to postprandial hypoglycaemia in patients with post-bariatric hypoglycaemia vs surgical and non-surgical control individuals. Diabetologia 2023; 66:741-753. [PMID: 36648553 PMCID: PMC9947092 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05861-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Post-bariatric hypoglycaemia is an increasingly recognised complication of bariatric surgery, manifesting particularly after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. While hyperinsulinaemia is an established pathophysiological feature, the role of counter-regulation remains unclear. We aimed to assess counter-regulatory hormones and glucose fluxes during insulin-induced postprandial hypoglycaemia in patients with post-bariatric hypoglycaemia after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass vs surgical and non-surgical control individuals. METHODS In this case-control study, 32 adults belonging to four groups with comparable age, sex and BMI (patients with post-bariatric hypoglycaemia, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy and non-surgical control individuals) underwent a postprandial hypoglycaemic clamp in our clinical research unit to reach the glycaemic target of 2.5 mmol/l 150-170 min after ingesting 15 g of glucose. Glucose fluxes were assessed during the postprandial and hypoglycaemic period using a dual-tracer approach. The primary outcome was the incremental AUC of glucagon during hypoglycaemia. Catecholamines, cortisol, growth hormone, pancreatic polypeptide and endogenous glucose production were also analysed during hypoglycaemia. RESULTS The rate of glucose appearance after oral administration, as well as the rates of total glucose appearance and glucose disappearance, were higher in both Roux-en-Y gastric bypass groups vs the non-surgical control group in the early postprandial period (all p<0.05). During hypoglycaemia, glucagon exposure was significantly lower in all surgical groups vs the non-surgical control group (all p<0.01). Pancreatic polypeptide levels were significantly lower in patients with post-bariatric hypoglycaemia vs the non-surgical control group (median [IQR]: 24.7 [10.9, 38.7] pmol/l vs 238.7 [186.3, 288.9] pmol/l) (p=0.005). Other hormonal responses to hypoglycaemia and endogenous glucose production did not significantly differ between the groups. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The glucagon response to insulin-induced postprandial hypoglycaemia is lower in post-bariatric surgery individuals compared with non-surgical control individuals, irrespective of the surgical modality. No significant differences were found between patients with post-bariatric hypoglycaemia and surgical control individuals, suggesting that impaired counter-regulation is not a root cause of post-bariatric hypoglycaemia. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04334161.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroditi Tripyla
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine and Metabolism, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David Herzig
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine and Metabolism, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gemma Reverter-Branchat
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine and Metabolism, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jacopo Pavan
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Michele Schiavon
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Philippe J Eugster
- Laboratory of Catecholamines and Peptides, Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eric Grouzmann
- Laboratory of Catecholamines and Peptides, Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christos T Nakas
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Biometry, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Sauvinet
- Centre de Recherche Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, Univ-Lyon, Inserm, INRAe, Claude Bernard Lyon1 University, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Laure Meiller
- Centre de Recherche Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, Univ-Lyon, Inserm, INRAe, Claude Bernard Lyon1 University, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Joerg Zehetner
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Hirslanden Clinic Beau-Site, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Giachino
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Lindenhofspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Nett
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joanna Gawinecka
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone Del Favero
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry / Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry / Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Chiara Dalla Man
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lia Bally
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine and Metabolism, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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SGLT2 Inhibition with Empagliflozin as a Possible Therapeutic Option for Postprandial Hypoglycemia After Bariatric Surgery. Obes Surg 2022; 32:2664-2671. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-022-06119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Lee D, Dreyfuss JM, Sheehan A, Puleio A, Mulla CM, Patti ME. Glycemic Patterns Are Distinct in Post-Bariatric Hypoglycemia After Gastric Bypass (PBH-RYGB). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:2291-2303. [PMID: 33974064 PMCID: PMC8277212 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Severe hypoglycemia with neuroglycopenia, termed post-bariatric hypoglycemia (PBH). typically occurs postprandially, but it is also reported after activity or mid-nocturnally. OBJECTIVE To quantify glycemia, glycemic variability, and magnitude/duration of low sensor glucose (SG) values in patients with PBH after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (PBH-RYGB). METHODS This retrospective analysis of data from an academic medical center included individuals with PBH-RYGB (n = 40), reactive hypoglycemia without gastrointestinal surgery (Non-Surg Hypo, n = 20), prediabetes (Pre-DM, n = 14), newly diagnosed T2D (n = 5), and healthy controls (HC, n = 38). Masked continuous glucose monitoring (Dexcom G4) was used to assess patterns over 24 hours, daytime (6 am-midnight) and nighttime (midnight-6 am). Prespecified measures included mean and median SG, variability, and percent time at thresholds of sensor glucose. RESULTS Mean and median SG were similar for PBH-RYGB and HC (mean: 99.8 ± 18.6 vs 96.9 ± 10.2 mg/dL; median: 93.0 ± 14.8 vs 94.5 ± 7.4 mg/dL). PBH-RYGB had a higher coefficient of variation (27.3 ± 6.8 vs 17.9 ± 2.4%, P < 0.0001) and range (154.5 ± 50.4 vs 112.0 ± 26.7 mg/dL, P < 0.0001). Nadir was lowest in PBH-RYGB (42.5 ± 3.7 vs HC 49.0 ± 11.9 mg/dL, P = 0.0046), with >2-fold greater time with SG < 70 mg/dL vs HC (7.7 ± 8.4 vs 3.2 ± 4.1%, P = 0.0013); these differences were greater at night (12.6 ± 16.9 vs 1.0 ± 1.5%, P < 0.0001). Non-Surg Hypo also had 4-fold greater time with SG < 70 at night vs HC (SG < 70: 4.0 ± 5.9% vs 1.0 ± 1.5%), but glycemic variability was not increased. CONCLUSION Patients with PBH-RYGB experience higher glycemic variability and frequency of SG < 70 compared to HC, especially at night. These data suggest that additional pathophysiologic mechanisms beyond prandial changes contribute to PBH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lee
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston 02215, MA, USA
- Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta 30310, GA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Dreyfuss
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston 02215, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | - Amanda Sheehan
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston 02215, MA, USA
| | - Alexa Puleio
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston 02215, MA, USA
| | - Christopher M Mulla
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston 02215, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA, USA
- Current Affiliation for C. M. Mulla: Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Germany
| | - Mary Elizabeth Patti
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston 02215, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA, USA
- Correspondence: Mary Elizabeth Patti MD, Room 620, Joslin Diabetes Center, 1 Joslin Place, Boston MA 02215, USA.
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