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Vranic M, Ahmed F, Kristófi R, Hetty S, Mokhtari D, Svensson MK, Eriksson JW, Pereira MJ. Subcutaneous adipose tissue dopamine D2 receptor is increased in prediabetes and T2D. Endocrine 2024; 83:378-391. [PMID: 37752366 PMCID: PMC10850013 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03525-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the dopaminergic signaling in human adipose tissue in the context of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) and potential direct implications in adipose tissue metabolism. METHODS mRNA and protein expression of dopamine receptors D1 and D2 (DRD1 and DRD2) were determined in subcutaneous adipose tissue from subjects without or with T2D and with different body weight, and correlated with markers of obesity, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance. Glucose uptake and lipolysis were measured in adipocytes ex vivo following short-term exposure to dopamine, DRD1 receptor agonist (SKF81297), or DRD2 receptor agonist (bromocriptine). RESULTS DRD1 and DRD2 gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue correlated positively with clinical markers of insulin resistance (e.g. HOMA-IR, insulin, and triglycerides) and central obesity in subjects without T2D. Protein expression of DRD2 in subcutaneous adipose tissue, but not DRD1, is higher in subjects with impaired fasting glucose and T2D and correlated positively with hyperglycemia, HbA1c, and glucose AUC, independent of obesity status. DRD1 and DRD2 proteins were mainly expressed in adipocytes, compared to stromal vascular cells. Dopamine and dopaminergic agonists did not affect adipocyte glucose uptake ex vivo, but DRD1 and DRD2 agonist treatment inhibited isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis. CONCLUSION The results suggest that protein expression of DRD2 in subcutaneous adipose tissue is up-regulated with hyperglycemia and T2D. Whether DRD2 protein levels contribute to T2D development or occur as a secondary compensatory mechanism needs further investigation. Additionally, dopamine receptor agonists inhibit adipocyte beta-adrenergic stimulation of lipolysis, which might contribute to the beneficial effects in lipid metabolism as observed in patients taking bromocriptine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Vranic
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fozia Ahmed
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robin Kristófi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanne Hetty
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dariush Mokhtari
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria K Svensson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Renal Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria J Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Lundqvist MH, Pereira MJ, Almby K, Hetty S, Eriksson JW. Regulation of the Cortisol Axis, Glucagon, and Growth Hormone by Glucose Is Altered in Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:e675-e688. [PMID: 37708362 PMCID: PMC10795937 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Insulin-antagonistic, counter-regulatory hormones have been implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). OBJECTIVE In this cross-sectional study, we investigated whether glucose-dependent regulation of such hormones differ in individuals with T2D, prediabetes (PD), and normoglycemia (NG). METHODS Fifty-four individuals with or without T2D underwent one hyperinsulinemic-normoglycemic-hypoglycemic and one hyperglycemic clamp with repeated hormonal measurements. Participants with T2D (n = 19) were compared with a group-matched (age, sex, BMI) subset of participants without diabetes (ND, n = 17), and also with participants with PD (n = 18) and NG (n = 17). RESULTS In T2D vs ND, glucagon levels were higher and less suppressed during the hyperglycemic clamp whereas growth hormone (GH) levels were lower during hypoglycemia (P < .05). Augmented ACTH response to hypoglycemia was present in PD vs NG (P < .05), with no further elevation in T2D. In contrast, glucagon and GH alterations were more marked in T2D vs PD (P < .05).In the full cohort (n = 54), augmented responses of glucagon, cortisol, and ACTH and attenuated responses of GH correlated with adiposity, dysglycemia, and insulin resistance. In multilinear regressions, insulin resistance was the strongest predictor of elevated hypoglycemic responses of glucagon, cortisol, and ACTH. Conversely, fasting glucose and HbA1c were the strongest predictors of low GH levels during hypoglycemia and elevated, i.e. less suppressed glucagon levels during hyperglycemia, respectively. Notably, adiposity measures were also strongly associated with the responses above. CONCLUSIONS Altered counter-regulatory hormonal responses to glucose variations are observed at different stages of T2D development and may contribute to its progression by promoting insulin resistance and dysglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Lundqvist
- Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria J Pereira
- Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristina Almby
- Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanne Hetty
- Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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Hetty S, Vranic M, Kamble PG, Lundqvist MH, Pereira MJ, Eriksson JW. CABLES1 expression is reduced in human subcutaneous adipose tissue in obesity and type 2 diabetes but may not directly impact adipocyte glucose and lipid metabolism. Adipocyte 2023; 12:2242997. [PMID: 37555665 PMCID: PMC10413912 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2023.2242997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cdk5 and Abl enzyme substrate 1 (CABLES1) is a cell cycle regulator that has previously been identified as a candidate gene for obesity-related phenotypes, but little is known about its role in adipose tissue metabolism. In this study, we explore the role of CABLES1 in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in human subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). We performed gene expression analysis of SAT obtained from subjects with and without T2D, and from a second validation cohort consisting of subjects without T2D. We used CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to perform CABLES1 loss-of-function studies in human primary preadipocytes and assessed them functionally after differentiation. CABLES1 gene expression in SAT was decreased in T2D by almost 25%, and inversely associated with insulin resistance markers and hyperglycaemia. mRNA levels were reduced with increasing BMI and negatively correlated with obesity markers. We found that adipocytes are likely the main CABLES1-expressing cell type in SAT, but CABLES1 depletion in adipocytes caused no phenotypical changes in regards to differentiation, glucose uptake, or expression of key genes of adipocyte function. These findings suggest that CABLES1 gene expression in SAT might be altered in obesity and T2D as a consequence of metabolic dysregulation rather than being a causal factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Hetty
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Milica Vranic
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Prasad G Kamble
- Innovation Strategies & External Liaison, Pharmaceutical Technologies & Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Martin H Lundqvist
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria J Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Ahmed F, Vranic M, Hetty S, Mathioudaki A, Patsoukaki V, Fanni G, Pereira MJ, Eriksson JW. Increased OCT3 Expression in Adipose Tissue With Aging: Implications for Catecholamine and Lipid Turnover and Insulin Resistance in Women. Endocrinology 2023; 165:bqad172. [PMID: 37972266 PMCID: PMC10690730 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis is reduced with aging, which may promote adiposity and insulin resistance. Organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3), which is inhibited by estradiol (E2), mediates catecholamine transport into adipocytes for degradation, thus decreasing lipolysis. In this study, we investigated the association of OCT3 mRNA levels in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) with aging and markers of insulin resistance in women. METHODS SAT biopsies were obtained from 66 women with (19) or without (47) type 2 diabetes (age 22-76 years, 20.0-40.1 kg/m2). OCT3 mRNA and protein levels were measured for group comparisons and correlation analysis. SAT was incubated with E2 and OCT3 mRNA levels were measured. Associations between OCT3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and diabetes-associated traits were assessed. RESULTS OCT3 mRNA and protein levels in SAT increased with aging. SAT from postmenopausal women had higher levels of OCT3 than premenopausal women, and there was a dose-dependent reduction in OCT3 mRNA levels in SAT treated with E2. OCT3 mRNA levels were negatively associated with markers of insulin resistance, and ex vivo lipolysis. OCT3 SNPs were associated with BMI, waist to hip ratio, and circulating lipids (eg, triglycerides). CONCLUSION OCT3 mRNA and protein levels in SAT increased with aging, and mRNA levels were negatively associated with markers of insulin resistance. E2 incubation downregulated OCT3 mRNA levels, which may explain lower OCT3 mRNA in premenopausal vs postmenopausal women. High OCT3 protein levels in adipose tissue may result in increased catecholamine degradation, and this can contribute to the reduction in lipolysis observed in women with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fozia Ahmed
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Milica Vranic
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanne Hetty
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Argyri Mathioudaki
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vagia Patsoukaki
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giovanni Fanni
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria J Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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Vranic M, Ahmed F, Hetty S, Sarsenbayeva A, Ferreira V, Fanni G, Valverde ÁM, Eriksson JW, Pereira MJ. Effects of the second-generation antipsychotic drugs aripiprazole and olanzapine on human adipocyte differentiation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 561:111828. [PMID: 36526026 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs), used as the cornerstone treatment for schizophrenia and other mental disorders, can cause adverse metabolic effects (e.g. obesity and type 2 diabetes). We investigated the effects of SGAs on adipocyte differentiation and metabolism. The presence of therapeutic concentrations of aripiprazole (ARI) or its active metabolite dehydroaripiprazole (DARI) during human adipocyte differentiation impaired adipocyte glucose uptake while the expression of gene markers of fatty acid oxidation were increased. Additionally, the use of a supra-therapeutic concentration of ARI inhibited adipocyte differentiation. Furthermore, olanzapine (OLA), a highly obesogenic SGA, directly increased leptin gene expression but did not affect adipocyte differentiation and metabolism. These molecular insights are novel, and suggest that ARI, but not OLA, may directly act via alterations in adipocyte differentiation and potentially by causing a switch from glucose to lipid utilization in human adipocytes. Additionally, SGAs may effect crosstalk with other organs, such as the brain, to exert their adverse metabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Vranic
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Fozia Ahmed
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Susanne Hetty
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Assel Sarsenbayeva
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Vitor Ferreira
- IIBm Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Giovanni Fanni
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Ángela M Valverde
- IIBm Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Maria J Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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6
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Fanni G, Katsogiannos P, Nandi Jui B, Sundbom M, Hetty S, Pereira MJ, Eriksson JW. Response of multiple hormones to glucose and arginine challenge in T2DM after gastric bypass. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:EC-22-0172. [PMID: 35904227 PMCID: PMC9346340 DOI: 10.1530/ec-22-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) leads to beneficial metabolic adaptations, including enhanced incretin secretion, beta-cell function, and systemic insulin sensitivity. We explored the impact of RYGB on pituitary, pancreatic, gut hormones, and cortisol responses to parenteral and enteral nutrient stimulation in patients with obesity and T2DM with repeated sampling up to 2 years after intervention. METHODS We performed exploratory post hoc analyses in a previously reported randomized trial. Levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, growth hormone (GH), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), peptide YY (PYY), ACTH, insulin, and glucagon were measured in 13 patients with T2DM and obesity at four different visits: before and 4, 24, and 104 weeks after RYGB; and in three sequential conditions on the same day: fasting, intravenous arginine challenge, and OGTT. RESULTS RYGB surprisingly induced a rise in ACTH, cortisol, and GH levels upon an oral glucose load, together with enhanced GLP-1 and PYY responses. Fasting and post-arginine GH levels were higher after RYGB, whereas insulin, glucagon, GLP-1, GIP, and cortisol were lower. These endocrine adaptations were seen as early as 4 weeks after surgery and were maintained for up to 2 years. CONCLUSION These findings indicate adaptations of glucose sensing mechanisms and responses in multiple endocrine organs after RYGB, involving the gut, pancreatic islets, the pituitary gland, the adrenals, and the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Fanni
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Petros Katsogiannos
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bipasha Nandi Jui
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Sundbom
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanne Hetty
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria J Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence should be addressed to J Eriksson:
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7
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Ahmed F, Hetty S, Vranic M, Fanni G, Kullberg J, Pereira MJ, Eriksson JW. ESR2 expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue is related to body fat distribution in women, and knockdown impairs preadipocyte differentiation. Adipocyte 2022; 11:434-447. [PMID: 35856485 PMCID: PMC9387337 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2022.2102116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Estrogen signaling occurs mainly through estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) and beta (ESR2). ESR2 expression is higher in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) from postmenopausal compared to premenopausal women. The functional significance of altered ESR2 expression is not fully known. This study investigates the role of ESR2 in adipose tissue lipid and glucose metabolism. METHODS SAT were obtained by needle biopsies from 10 female subjects with T2D and 10 control subjects. Correlation analysis between ESR2 gene expression in SAT and markers of obesity and glucose metabolism. ESR2 knockdown was performed in preadipocytes isolated from SAT of females using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. In vitro differentiated knockdown adipocytes were characterized for differentiation rate, lipid storage, and glucose uptake. RESULTS ESR2 expression in SAT from females was negatively correlated with weight, waist-to-hip ratio, visceral adipose tissue volume, and markers of fatty acid oxidation, and positively correlated with markers related to lipid storage, and glucose transport. In SAT, ESR2 levels were found predominantly in mature adipocytes. In preadipocytes from females, ESR2 knockdown reduced preadipocyte differentiation compared to wild type cultures. This corresponded to reduced expression of markers of differentiation, lipogenesis, and lipolysis. Glucose uptake was reduced in adipocytes in knockdown cultures. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that ESR2 deficiency is associated with visceral adiposity and reduced subcutaneous adipocyte differentiation and lipid storage in women. High ESR2 expression, as seen after menopause, could be a contributing factor to SAT expansion. This provides insight into a possible target to promote a healthy obesity phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fozia Ahmed
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanne Hetty
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Milica Vranic
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giovanni Fanni
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joel Kullberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology, Uppsala University
| | - Maria João Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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8
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Wernroth ML, Peura S, Hedman AM, Hetty S, Vicenzi S, Kennedy B, Fall K, Svennblad B, Andolf E, Pershagen G, Theorell-Haglöw J, Nguyen D, Sayols-Baixeras S, Dekkers KF, Bertilsson S, Almqvist C, Dicksved J, Fall T. Development of gut microbiota during the first 2 years of life. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9080. [PMID: 35641542 PMCID: PMC9156670 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although development of microbiota in childhood has been linked to chronic immune-related conditions, early childhood determinants of microbiota development have not been fully elucidated. We used 16S rRNA sequencing to analyse faecal and saliva samples from 83 children at four time-points during their first 2 years of life and from their mothers. Our findings confirm that gut microbiota in infants have low diversity and highlight that some properties are shared with the oral microbiota, although inter-individual differences are present. A considerable convergence in gut microbiota composition was noted across the first 2 years of life, towards a more diverse adult-like microbiota. Mode of delivery accounted for some of the inter-individual variation in early childhood, but with a pronounced attenuation over time. Our study extends previous research with further characterization of the major shift in gut microbiota composition during the first 2 years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona-Lisa Wernroth
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, EpiHubben, MTC-huset, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.,Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sari Peura
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, EpiHubben, MTC-huset, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, and Science for Life Laboratory, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Ecology and Genetics, Limnology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co., (SKB), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna M Hedman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanne Hetty
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Silvia Vicenzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, EpiHubben, MTC-huset, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.,School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Beatrice Kennedy
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, EpiHubben, MTC-huset, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katja Fall
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bodil Svennblad
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ellika Andolf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Pershagen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny Theorell-Haglöw
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, EpiHubben, MTC-huset, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Diem Nguyen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, EpiHubben, MTC-huset, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sergi Sayols-Baixeras
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, EpiHubben, MTC-huset, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Koen F Dekkers
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, EpiHubben, MTC-huset, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Bertilsson
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Catarina Almqvist
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Unit at Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Dicksved
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tove Fall
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, EpiHubben, MTC-huset, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
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9
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Ahmed F, Kamble PG, Hetty S, Fanni G, Vranic M, Sarsenbayeva A, Kristófi R, Almby K, Svensson MK, Pereira MJ, Eriksson JW. Role of Estrogen and Its Receptors in Adipose Tissue Glucose Metabolism in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e1879-e1889. [PMID: 35084504 PMCID: PMC9016422 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Reduced estrogen levels in postmenopausal women predispose them to metabolic side effects, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes; however, the cellular mechanisms are not well understood. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to study the expression of estrogen receptors in adipose tissue from pre- and postmenopausal women and the effects of estradiol (E2) on glucose uptake of adipocytes. METHODS Subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) obtained from pre- and postmenopausal women (19-51 and 46-75 years old, respectively) were used to measure gene expression of ESR1 and ESR2. SAT tissue was incubated with E2, and glucose uptake and estrogen receptor levels were measured. Polymorphisms in ESR1 and ESR2 were addressed in public databases to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with metabolic traits. RESULTS ESR2 expression was lower in pre- vs postmenopausal women, corresponding to lower ESR1:ESR2 gene expression ratio in postmenopausal women. In premenopausal women, the expression of ESR1 was higher in VAT than in SAT. In both pre- and postmenopausal women, ESR2 expression was lower in VAT than in SAT. In late, but not pre- or early postmenopausal women, E2 reduced glucose uptake and GLUT4 protein and increased expression of ESR2. ESR1 polymorphisms were associated with weight, body fat distribution, and total cholesterol, and ESR2 polymorphisms were associated with total cholesterol and triglyceride levels and with body fat percentage. CONCLUSION E2 inhibits glucose utilization in human adipocytes in late postmenopausal women. Changes in glucose utilization over time since menopause may be explained by a lower ESR1:ESR2 ratio. This can have clinical implications on the timing of estrogen treatment in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fozia Ahmed
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Prasad G Kamble
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanne Hetty
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giovanni Fanni
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Milica Vranic
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Assel Sarsenbayeva
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robin Kristófi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristina Almby
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria K Svensson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Renal Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria J Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: Jan W Eriksson, MD Prof, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden. E-mail:
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Pereira MJ, Vranic M, Kamble PG, Jernow H, Kristófi R, Holbikova E, Skrtic S, Kullberg J, Svensson MK, Hetty S, Eriksson JW. CDKN2C expression in adipose tissue is reduced in type II diabetes and central obesity: impact on adipocyte differentiation and lipid storage? Transl Res 2022; 242:105-121. [PMID: 34896253 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
CDKN2C/p18 (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2C) is a cell growth regulator that controls cell cycle progression and has previously been associated with increased risk for type II diabetes (T2D) and reduced peripheral adipose tissue (AT) storage capacity. This study explored the role of CDKN2C in AT lipid and glucose metabolism in T2D. Expression of CDKN2C and other genes was analyzed by transcriptomics, or real-time PCR in subcutaneous AT (SAT) samples obtained from T2D and control subjects matched for sex, age and BMI and also in paired SAT and omental AT (OAT) samples. Functional studies included adipocyte glucose uptake and lipolysis rates. CRISPR/Cas9 CDKN2C gene knockdown was performed in human preadipocytes to assess adipogenesis. CDKN2C mRNA expression in SAT and OAT was reduced in T2D and obese subjects compared to controls. CDKN2C expression in SAT was inversely correlated with measures of hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and visceral adiposity and positively correlated with expression of genes in several metabolic pathways, including insulin signaling and fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolism. CDKN2C protein was mainly expressed in adipocytes compared to stromal vascular cells, and its gene and protein expression was up-regulated during adipocyte differentiation. Knockdown of CDKN2C did not affect the percentage of differentiating cells compared to wild type cultures. However, CDKN2C knockdown cultures had significantly lower expression of differentiation markers CEBPA, ADIPOQ and FASN and transiently reduced lipid accumulation per adipocyte during differentiation. Our findings suggest that adipose CDKN2C expression might be reduced as a consequence of insulin resistance and obesity, and this can further contribute to impairment of SAT lipid storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Milica Vranic
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Prasad G Kamble
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henning Jernow
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robin Kristófi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ema Holbikova
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stanko Skrtic
- Innovation Strategies & External Liaison, Pharmaceutical Technologies & Development, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joel Kullberg
- Radiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria K Svensson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Renal Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanne Hetty
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Sarsenbayeva A, Pereira MJ, Nandi Jui B, Ahmed F, Dipta P, Fanni G, Almby K, Kristófi R, Hetty S, Eriksson JW. Excess glucocorticoid exposure contributes to adipose tissue fibrosis which involves macrophage interaction with adipose precursor cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 198:114976. [PMID: 35202577 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to elevated glucocorticoid levels, as seen in patients with Cushing's syndrome, can induce adipose tissue fibrosis. Macrophages play a pivotal role in adipose tissue remodelling. We used the synthetic glucocorticoid analogue dexamethasone to address glucocorticoid effects on adipose tissue fibrosis, in particular involving macrophage to preadipocyte communication. We analysed the direct effects of dexamethasone at a supra-physiological level, 0.3 µM, on gene expression of pro-fibrotic markers in human subcutaneous adipose tissue. The effects of dexamethasone on the differentiation of human SGBS preadipocytes were assessed in the presence or absence of THP1-macrophages or macrophage-conditioned medium. We measured the expression of different pro-fibrotic factors, including α-smooth muscle actin gene (ACTA2) and protein (α-SMA). Dexamethasone increased the expression of pro-fibrotic genes, e.g. CTGF, COL6A3, FN1, in adipose tissue. Macrophages abolished preadipocyte differentiation and increased the expression of the ACTA2 gene and α-SMA protein in preadipocytes after differentiation. Exposure to dexamethasone during differentiation reduced adipogenesis in preadipocytes, and elevated the expression of pro-fibrotic genes. Moreover, dexamethasone added together with macrophages further increased ACTA2 and α-SMA expression in preadipocytes, making them more myofibroblast-like. Cells differentiated in the presence of conditioned media from macrophages pretreated with or without dexamethasone had a higher expression of profibrotic genes compared to control cells. Our data suggest that macrophages promote adipose tissue fibrosis by directly interfering with preadipocyte differentiation and stimulating gene expression of pro-fibrotic factors. Excess glucocorticoid exposure also has pro-fibrotic effect on adipose tissue, but this requires the presence of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assel Sarsenbayeva
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria J Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bipasha Nandi Jui
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fozia Ahmed
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Priya Dipta
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Giovanni Fanni
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristina Almby
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robin Kristófi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanne Hetty
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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12
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Cook NL, Pjanic M, Emmerich AG, Rao AS, Hetty S, Knowles JW, Quertermous T, Castillejo-López C, Ingelsson E. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of SPRY2 in human hepatocytes leads to increased glucose uptake and lipid droplet accumulation. BMC Endocr Disord 2019; 19:115. [PMID: 31664995 PMCID: PMC6820957 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-019-0442-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of obesity and its comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is dramatically increasing throughout the world; however, the underlying aetiology is incompletely understood. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified hundreds of genec susceptibility loci for obesity and T2DM, although the causal genes and mechanisms are largely unknown. SPRY2 is a candidate gene identified in GWAS of body fat percentage and T2DM, and has recently been linked to insulin production in pancreatic β-cells. In the present study, we aimed to further understand SPRY2 via functional characterisation in HepG2 cells, an in vitro model of human hepatocytes widely used to investigate T2DM and insulin resistance. METHODS CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing was used to target SPRY2 in HepG2 cells, and the functional consequences of SPRY2 knockout (KO) and overexpression subsequently assessed using glucose uptake and lipid droplet assays, measurement of protein kinase phosphorylation and RNA sequencing. RESULTS The major functional consequence of SPRY2 KO was a significant increase in glucose uptake, along with elevated lipid droplet accumulation. These changes were attenuated, but not reversed, in cells overexpressing SPRY2. Phosphorylation of protein kinases across key signalling pathways (including Akt and mitogen activated protein kinases) was not altered after SPRY2 KO. Transcriptome profiling in SPRY2 KO and mock (control) cells revealed a number of differentially expressed genes related to cholesterol biosynthesis, cell cycle regulation and cellular signalling pathways. Phospholipase A2 group IIA (PLA2G2A) mRNA level was subsequently validated as significantly upregulated following SPRY2 KO, highlighting this as a potential mediator downstream of SPRY2. CONCLUSION These findings suggest a role for SPRY2 in glucose and lipid metabolism in hepatocytes and contribute to clarifying the function of this gene in the context of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi L Cook
- Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Milos Pjanic
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrew G Emmerich
- Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Abhiram S Rao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Susanne Hetty
- Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joshua W Knowles
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Casimiro Castillejo-López
- Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Castillejo-Lopez C, Pjanic M, Pirona AC, Hetty S, Wabitsch M, Wadelius C, Quertermous T, Arner E, Ingelsson E. Detailed Functional Characterization of a Waist-Hip Ratio Locus in 7p15.2 Defines an Enhancer Controlling Adipocyte Differentiation. iScience 2019; 20:42-59. [PMID: 31557715 PMCID: PMC6817687 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We combined CAGE sequencing in human adipocytes during differentiation with data from genome-wide association studies to identify an enhancer in the SNX10 locus on chromosome 7, presumably involved in body fat distribution. Using reporter assays and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing in human cell lines, we characterized the role of the enhancer in adipogenesis. The enhancer was active during adipogenesis and responded strongly to insulin and isoprenaline. The allele associated with increased waist-hip ratio in human genetic studies was associated with higher enhancer activity. Mutations of the enhancer resulted in less adipocyte differentiation. RNA sequencing of cells with disrupted enhancer showed reduced expression of established adipocyte markers, such as ADIPOQ and LPL, and identified CHI3L1 on chromosome 1 as a potential gene involved in adipocyte differentiation. In conclusion, we identified and characterized an enhancer in the SNX10 locus and outlined its plausible mechanisms of action and downstream targets. An enhancer active during adipogenesis is located in an obesity GWAS locus The enhancer responded strongly to insulin and isoprenaline Mutation of the enhancer by CRISPR-Cas9 decreased adipocyte differentiation Knockout of CHI3L1 decreased adipocyte differentiation
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Affiliation(s)
- Casimiro Castillejo-Lopez
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Milos Pjanic
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anna Chiara Pirona
- Department of Medical Sciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Hetty
- Department of Medical Sciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Claes Wadelius
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Erik Arner
- Laboratory for Applied Regulatory Genomics Network Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medical Sciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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14
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Nowak C, Hetty S, Salihovic S, Castillejo-Lopez C, Ganna A, Cook NL, Broeckling CD, Prenni JE, Shen X, Giedraitis V, Ärnlöv J, Lind L, Berne C, Sundström J, Fall T, Ingelsson E. Glucose challenge metabolomics implicates medium-chain acylcarnitines in insulin resistance. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8691. [PMID: 29875472 PMCID: PMC5989236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) predisposes to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease but its causes are incompletely understood. Metabolic challenges like the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) can reveal pathogenic mechanisms. We aimed to discover associations of IR with metabolite trajectories during OGTT. In 470 non-diabetic men (age 70.6 ± 0.6 years), plasma samples obtained at 0, 30 and 120 minutes during an OGTT were analyzed by untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics. IR was assessed with the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp method. We applied age-adjusted linear regression to identify metabolites whose concentration change was related to IR. Nine trajectories, including monounsaturated fatty acids, lysophosphatidylethanolamines and a bile acid, were significantly associated with IR, with the strongest associations observed for medium-chain acylcarnitines C10 and C12, and no associations with L-carnitine or C2-, C8-, C14- or C16-carnitine. Concentrations of C10- and C12-carnitine decreased during OGTT with a blunted decline in participants with worse insulin resistance. Associations persisted after adjustment for obesity, fasting insulin and fasting glucose. In mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes exposed to different acylcarnitines, we observed blunted insulin-stimulated glucose uptake after treatment with C10- or C12-carnitine. In conclusion, our results identify medium-chain acylcarnitines as possible contributors to IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Nowak
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Susanne Hetty
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Samira Salihovic
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Casimiro Castillejo-Lopez
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Naomi L Cook
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Corey D Broeckling
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Jessica E Prenni
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Xia Shen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vilmantas Giedraitis
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Ärnlöv
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Berne
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Sundström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tove Fall
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America.
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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