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Gawarecka K, Siwinska J, Poznanski J, Onysk A, Surowiecki P, Sztompka K, Surmacz L, Ahn JH, Korte A, Swiezewska E, Ihnatowicz A. cis-prenyltransferase 3 and α/β-hydrolase are new determinants of dolichol accumulation in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:479-495. [PMID: 34778961 PMCID: PMC9300173 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dolichols (Dols), ubiquitous components of living organisms, are indispensable for cell survival. In plants, as well as other eukaryotes, Dols are crucial for post-translational protein glycosylation, aberration of which leads to fatal metabolic disorders in humans and male sterility in plants. Until now, the mechanisms underlying Dol accumulation remain elusive. In this study, we have analysed the natural variation of the accumulation of Dols and six other isoprenoids among more than 120 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. Subsequently, by combining QTL and GWAS approaches, we have identified several candidate genes involved in the accumulation of Dols, polyprenols, plastoquinone and phytosterols. The role of two genes implicated in the accumulation of major Dols in Arabidopsis-the AT2G17570 gene encoding a long searched for cis-prenyltransferase (CPT3) and the AT1G52460 gene encoding an α/β-hydrolase-is experimentally confirmed. These data will help to generate Dol-enriched plants which might serve as a remedy for Dol-deficiency in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Gawarecka
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesWarszawaPoland
- Department of Life SciencesKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Joanna Siwinska
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of GdanskUniversity of GdanskGdanskPoland
| | - Jaroslaw Poznanski
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesWarszawaPoland
| | - Agnieszka Onysk
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesWarszawaPoland
| | | | - Karolina Sztompka
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesWarszawaPoland
| | - Liliana Surmacz
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesWarszawaPoland
| | - Ji Hoon Ahn
- Department of Life SciencesKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Arthur Korte
- Center for Computational and Theoretical BiologyUniversity of WurzburgWurzburgGermany
| | - Ewa Swiezewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesWarszawaPoland
| | - Anna Ihnatowicz
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of GdanskUniversity of GdanskGdanskPoland
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2
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Gladchuk AS, Krasnov KA, Keltsieva OA, Kalninia YK, Alexandrova ML, Ivanov NS, Muradymov MZ, Krasnov NV, Reynyuk VL, Sukhodolov NG, Podolskaya EP. A new approach for analysis of polyprenols by a combination of thin-film chemical deposition and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9185. [PMID: 34460139 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The polyprenols are involved in some essential biosynthetic pathways and serve as ubiquitous components of cellular membranes, so their fingerprinting in natural samples is of great interest. Previous studies indicate that due to the high hydrophobicity of polyprenols their direct analysis by mass spectrometry with soft ionization techniques may be difficult and require preliminary off-line derivatization. Hence, a method for rapid and sensitive screening of polyprenols is required. METHODS A combination of thin-film chemical deposition and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) was used for analysis of the polyprenol profile of Abies sibirica L. extract. Polyprenol-based monolayers were formed at the interphase of aqueous barium acetate solution, supplemented with 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and an n-hexane solution of polyprenols directly on a MALDI target plate. RESULTS Peaks corresponding to [M - H + Ba]+ ions were observed in the MALDI-TOF mass spectra of polyprenols. A total of nine polyprenol homologues were identified with a polyprenol of 16 isoprene units dominating. The limit of detection was established at the level of 6 pg. Possible mechanisms of formation of [M - H + Ba]+ ions of polyprenols were discussed. CONCLUSIONS The proposed approach can be suitable for high-throughput screening of polyprenols in biological samples of different origin due to easy sample preparation and high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey S Gladchuk
- Golikov Research Center of Toxicology, St. Petersburg, 192019, Russia
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | | | - Olga A Keltsieva
- Golikov Research Center of Toxicology, St. Petersburg, 192019, Russia
- Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 198095, Russia
| | - Yana K Kalninia
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, 195251, Russia
| | | | - Nikita S Ivanov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Marat Z Muradymov
- Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 198095, Russia
| | - Nikolai V Krasnov
- Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 198095, Russia
| | | | - Nikolai G Sukhodolov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Ekaterina P Podolskaya
- Golikov Research Center of Toxicology, St. Petersburg, 192019, Russia
- Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 198095, Russia
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3
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Gharwalová L, Palyzová A, Marešová H, Kolouchová I, Kyselová L, Řezanka T. Identification of Homologous Polyprenols from Thermophilic Bacteria. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061168. [PMID: 34071687 PMCID: PMC8226974 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixteen strains of five genera of thermophilic bacteria, i.e., Alicyclobacillus, Brevibacillus, Geobacillus, Meiothermus, and Thermus, were cultivated at a temperature from 42 to 70 °C. Twelve strains were obtained from the Czech Collection of Microorganisms, while four were directly isolated and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing from the hot springs of the world-famous Carlsbad spa (Czech Republic). Polyprenol homologs from C40 to C65 as well as free undecaprenol (C55), undecaprenyl phosphate, and undecaprenyl diphosphate were identified by shotgun analysis and RP-HPLC/MS-ESI+ (reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution positive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry). The limit of detection (50 pM) was determined for individual homologs and free polyprenols and their phosphates. Thus, it has been shown that at least some thermophilic bacteria produce not just the major C55 polyprenol as previously described, but a mixture of homologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Gharwalová
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.G.); (I.K.)
| | - Andrea Palyzová
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.P.); (H.M.)
| | - Helena Marešová
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.P.); (H.M.)
| | - Irena Kolouchová
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.G.); (I.K.)
| | - Lucie Kyselová
- Research Institute of Brewing and Malting, 120 44 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Tomáš Řezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.P.); (H.M.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Van Gelder K, Virta LKA, Easlick J, Prudhomme N, McAlister JA, Geddes-McAlister J, Akhtar TA. A central role for polyprenol reductase in plant dolichol biosynthesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 303:110773. [PMID: 33487357 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dolichol is an essential polyisoprenoid within the endoplasmic reticulum of all eukaryotes. It serves as a membrane bound anchor onto which N-glycans are assembled prior to being transferred to nascent polypeptides, many of which enter the secretory pathway. Historically, it has been posited that the accumulation of dolichol represents the 'rate-limiting' step in the evolutionary conserved process of N-glycosylation, which ultimately affects the efficacy of approximately one fifth of the entire eukaryotic proteome. Therefore, this study aimed to enhance dolichol accumulation by manipulating the enzymes involved in its biosynthesis using an established Nicotiana benthamiana platform. Co-expression of a Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) cis-prenyltransferase (CPT) and its cognate partner protein, CPT binding protein (CPTBP), that catalyze the antepenultimate step in dolichol biosynthesis led to a 400-fold increase in the levels of long-chain polyprenols but resulted in only modest increases in dolichol accumulation. However, when combined with a newly characterized tomato polyprenol reductase, dolichol biosynthesis was enhanced by approximately 20-fold. We provide further evidence that in the aquatic macrophyte, Lemna gibba, dolichol is derived exclusively from the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway with little participation from the evolutionary co-adopted non-MVA pathway. Taken together these results indicate that to effectively enhance the in planta accumulation of dolichol, coordinated synthesis and reduction of polyprenol to dolichol, is strictly required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Van Gelder
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lilia K A Virta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jeremy Easlick
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nicholas Prudhomme
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jason A McAlister
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Tariq A Akhtar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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5
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Bykowski M, Mazur R, Buszewicz D, Szach J, Mostowska A, Kowalewska Ł. Spatial Nano-Morphology of the Prolamellar Body in Etiolated Arabidopsis thaliana Plants With Disturbed Pigment and Polyprenol Composition. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:586628. [PMID: 33117813 PMCID: PMC7578251 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.586628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prolamellar body (PLB) is a periodic bicontinuous membrane structure based on tubular tetrahedral units. PLBs are present in plant etioplasts and, upon illumination, directly transform into the lamellar thylakoid networks within chloroplasts. Efficient tubular-lamellar rearrangement and later formation of the photosynthetically active thylakoid membranes are crucial steps in the development of plant autotrophy. PLB membranes are mainly composed of galactolipids, carotenoids, and protochlorophyllide (Pchlide), the chlorophyll precursor, bound in a complex with NADPH and Pchlide oxidoreductase. Although the PLB structure has been studied for over 50 years, the direct role of particular membrane components in the formation of the PLB paracrystalline network remains elusive. Moreover, despite the numerous literature data regarding the PLB geometry, their reliable comparative analysis is complicated due to variable experimental conditions. Therefore, we performed comprehensive ultrastructural and low-temperature fluorescence analysis of wild type Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) seedlings grown in different conditions typical for studies on etiolated seedlings. We established that the addition of sucrose to the growing media significantly affected the size and compactness of the PLB. The etiolation period was also an important factor influencing the PLB structural parameters and the ratio of free to complex-bound Pchlide. Thus, a reliable PLB structural and spectral analysis requires particular attention to the applied experimental conditions. We investigated the influence of the pigment and polyprenol components of the etioplast membranes on the formation of the PLB spatial structure. The PLB 3D structure in several Arabidopsis mutants (ccr1-1, lut5-1, szl1-1npq1-2, aba1-6, pif1, cpt7) with disturbed levels of particular pigments and polyprenols using electron tomography technique was studied. We found that the PLB nano-morphology was mainly affected in the pif1 and aba1-6 mutants. An increased level of Pchlide (pif1) resulted in the substantial shift of the structural balance between outer and inner PLB water channels and overall PLB compactness compared to wild type plants. The decrease in the relative content of β-branch xanthophylls in aba1-6 plants was manifested by local disturbances in the paracrystalline structure of the PLB network. Therefore, proper levels of particular etioplast pigments are essential for the formation of stable and regular PLB structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Bykowski
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Radosław Mazur
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Buszewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Szach
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mostowska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łucja Kowalewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Milewska-Hendel A, Baczewska AH, Sala K, Dmuchowski W, Brągoszewska P, Gozdowski D, Jozwiak A, Chojnacki T, Swiezewska E, Kurczynska E. Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of cell wall components and prenyl lipids in the leaves of Tilia x euchlora trees growing under salt stress. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172682. [PMID: 28234963 PMCID: PMC5325302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The study was focused on assessing the presence of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) and pectins within the cell walls as well as prenyl lipids, sodium and chlorine content in leaves of Tilia x euchlora trees. The leaves that were analyzed were collected from trees with and without signs of damage that were all growing in the same salt stress conditions. The reason for undertaking these investigations was the observations over many years that indicated that there are trees that present a healthy appearance and trees that have visible symptoms of decay in the same habitat. Leaf samples were collected from trees growing in the median strip between roadways that have been intensively salted during the winter season for many years. The sodium content was determined using atomic spectrophotometry, chloride using potentiometric titration and poly-isoprenoids using HPLC/UV. AGPs and pectins were determined using immunohistochemistry methods. The immunohistochemical analysis showed that rhamnogalacturonans I (RG-I) and homogalacturonans were differentially distributed in leaves from healthy trees in contrast to leaves from injured trees. In the case of AGPs, the most visible difference was the presence of the JIM16 epitope. Chemical analyses of sodium and chloride showed that in the leaves from injured trees, the level of these ions was higher than in the leaves from healthy trees. Based on chromatographic analysis, four poly-isoprenoid alcohols were identified in the leaves of T. x euchlora. The levels of these lipids were higher in the leaves from healthy trees. The results suggest that the differences that were detected in the apoplast and symplasm may be part of the defensive strategy of T. x euchlora trees to salt stress, which rely on changes in the chemical composition of the cell wall with respect to the pectic and AGP epitopes and an increased synthesis of prenyl lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Milewska-Hendel
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aneta H. Baczewska
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden–Center for the Conservation of Biological Diversity, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sala
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Wojciech Dmuchowski
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden–Center for the Conservation of Biological Diversity, Warsaw, Poland
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Brągoszewska
- Institute of Environmental Protection–National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Adam Jozwiak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics–Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Chojnacki
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics–Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Swiezewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics–Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Kurczynska
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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7
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Mitachi K, Siricilla S, Yang D, Kong Y, Skorupinska-Tudek K, Swiezewska E, Franzblau SG, Kurosu M. Fluorescence-based assay for polyprenyl phosphate-GlcNAc-1-phosphate transferase (WecA) and identification of novel antimycobacterial WecA inhibitors. Anal Biochem 2016; 512:78-90. [PMID: 27530653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Polyprenyl phosphate-GlcNAc-1-phosphate transferase (WecA) is an essential enzyme for the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and some other bacteria. Mtb WecA catalyzes the transformation from UDP-GlcNAc to decaprenyl-P-P-GlcNAc, the first membrane-anchored glycophospholipid that is responsible for the biosynthesis of mycolylarabinogalactan in Mtb. Inhibition of WecA will block the entire biosynthesis of essential cell wall components of Mtb in both replicating and non-replicating states, making this enzyme a target for development of novel drugs. Here, we report a fluorescence-based method for the assay of WecA using a modified UDP-GlcNAc, UDP-Glucosamine-C6-FITC (1), a membrane fraction prepared from an M. smegmatis strain, and the E. coli B21WecA. Under the optimized conditions, UDP-Glucosamine-C6-FITC (1) can be converted to the corresponding decaprenyl-P-P-Glucosamine-C6-FITC (3) in 61.5% yield. Decaprenyl-P-P-Glucosamine-C6-FITC is readily extracted with n-butanol and can be quantified by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrometry. Screening of the compound libraries designed for bacterial phosphotransferases resulted in the discovery of a selective WecA inhibitor, UT-01320 (12) that kills both replicating and non-replicating Mtb at low concentration. UT-01320 (12) also kills the intracellular Mtb in macrophages. We conclude that the WecA assay reported here is amenable to medium- and high-throughput screening, thus facilitating the discovery of novel WecA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Mitachi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163-0001, United States
| | - Shajila Siricilla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163-0001, United States
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 858 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163-0001, United Sates
| | - Ying Kong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 858 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163-0001, United Sates
| | - Karolina Skorupinska-Tudek
- Department of Lipid Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Ewa Swiezewska
- Department of Lipid Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Scott G Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Michio Kurosu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163-0001, United States.
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8
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Results of Experimental Studies of the Immunotropic Action of Polyprenols Extracted from Alcea Nudiflora. Pharm Chem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-016-1393-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Isoprenoid Alcohols are Susceptible to Oxidation with Singlet Oxygen and Hydroxyl Radicals. Lipids 2015; 51:229-44. [PMID: 26715533 PMCID: PMC4735226 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4104-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenoids, as common constituents of all living cells, are exposed to oxidative agents—reactive oxygen species, for example, singlet oxygen or hydroxyl radicals. Despite this fact, products of oxidation of polyisoprenoids have never been characterized. In this study, chemical oxidation of isoprenoid alcohols (Prenol-2 and -10) was performed using singlet oxygen (generated in the presence of hydrogen peroxide/molybdate or upon photochemical reaction in the presence of porphyrin), oxygen (formed upon hydrogen peroxide dismutation) or hydroxyl radical (generated by the hydrogen peroxide/sonication, UV/titanium dioxide or UV/hydrogen peroxide) systems. The structure of the obtained products, hydroxy-, peroxy- and heterocyclic derivatives, was studied with the aid of mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods. Furthermore, mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization appeared to be a useful analytical tool to detect the products of oxidation of isoprenoids (ESI–MS analysis), as well as to establish their structure on the basis of the fragmentation spectra of selected ions (ESI–MS/MS analysis). Taken together, susceptibility of polyisoprenoid alcohols to various oxidizing agents was shown for the first time.
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10
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Zhang Q, Huang L, Zhang C, Xie P, Zhang Y, Ding S, Xu F. Synthesis and biological activity of polyprenols. Fitoterapia 2015; 106:184-93. [PMID: 26358482 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The polyprenols and their derivatives are highlighted in this study. These lipid linear polymers of isoprenoid residues are widespread in nature from bacteria to human cells. This review primarily presents the synthesis and biological activities of polyprenyl derivatives. Attention is focused on the synthesis and biological activity of dolichols, polyprenyl ester derivatives and polyprenyl amines. Other polyprenyl derivatives, such as oxides of polyprenols, aromatic polyprenols, polyprenyl bromide and polyprenyl sulphates, are mentioned. It is noted that polyprenyl phosphates and polyprenyl-linked glycosylation have better antibacterial, gene therapy and immunomodulating performance, whereas polyprenyl amines have better for antibacterial and antithrombotic activity. Dolichols, polyprenyl acetic esters, polyprenyl phosphates and polyprenyl-linked glycosylation have pharmacological anti-tumour effects. Finally, the postulated prospect of polyprenols and their derivatives are discussed. Further in vivo studies on the above derivatives are needed. The compatibility of polyprenols and their derivatives with other drugs should be studied, and new preparations of polyprenyl derivatives, such as hydrogel glue and release-controlled drugs, are suggested for future research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open lab. of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lixin Huang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open lab. of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China.
| | - Caihong Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open lab. of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China
| | - Pujun Xie
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open lab. of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China
| | - Yaolei Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open lab. of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China
| | - Shasha Ding
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open lab. of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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11
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Surmacz L, Plochocka D, Kania M, Danikiewicz W, Swiezewska E. cis-Prenyltransferase atCPT6 produces a family of very short-chain polyisoprenoids in planta. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:240-50. [PMID: 24291644 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
cis-Prenyltransferases (CPTs) comprise numerous enzymes synthesizing isoprenoid hydrocarbon skeleton with isoprenoid units in the cis (Z) configuration. The chain-length specificity of a particular plant CPT is in most cases unknown despite thecomposition of the accumulated isoprenoids in the tissue of interest being well established. In this report AtCPT6, one of the nine Arabidopsis thaliana CPTs, is shown to catalyze the synthesis of a family of very short-chain polyisoprenoid alcohols of six, seven, and eight isoprenoid units, those of seven units dominating The product specificity of AtCPT6 was established in vivo following its expression in the heterologous system of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and was confirmed by the absence of specific products in AtCPT6 T-DNA insertion mutants and their overaccumulation in AtCPT6-overexpressing plants. These observations are additionally validated in silico using an AtCPT6 model obtained by homology modeling. AtCPT6 only partially complements the function of the yeast homologue of CPT-Rer2 since it restores the growth but not protein glycosylation in rer2delta yeast.This is the first in planta characterization of specific products of a plant CPT producing polyisoprenoids. Their distribution suggests that a joint activity of several CPTs is required to produce the complex mixture of polyisoprenoid alcohols found in Arabidopsis roots.
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Abstract
Polyisoprenoid alcohols are representatives of high-molecular terpenoids. Their hydrocarbon chains are built of 5 to more than 100 isoprene units giving rise to polymer molecules that differ in chain-length and/or geometrical configuration. Plants have been shown to accumulate diverse polyisoprenoid mixtures with tissue-specific composition. In this chapter, methods of analysis of polyisoprenoid alcohols in plant material are described, including isolation and purification of polyisoprenoids from plant tissue, fast semiquantitative analysis of the polyisoprenoid profile by thin-layer chromatography (straight phase adsorption and reversed phase partition techniques), and quantification of polyisoprenoids with the aid of high performance liquid chromatography. This approach results in full characterization of complex polyisoprenoid mixtures accumulated in various plant tissues and other matrixes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Gawarecka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Jozwiak A, Brzozowski R, Bujnowski Z, Chojnacki T, Swiezewska E. Application of supercritical CO2 for extraction of polyisoprenoid alcohols and their esters from plant tissues. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2023-8. [PMID: 23673976 PMCID: PMC3679403 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d038794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a method of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with carbon dioxide of polyisoprenoids from plant photosynthetic tissues is described. SFE was an effective extraction method for short- and medium-chain compounds with even higher yield than that observed for the "classical extraction" method with organic solvents. Moreover, SFE-derived extracts contained lower amounts of impurities (e.g., chlorophylls) than those obtained by extraction of the same tissue with organic solvents. Elevated temperature and extended extraction time of SFE resulted in a higher rate of extraction of long-chain polyisoprenoids. Ethanol cofeeding did not increase the extraction efficiency of polyisoprenoids; instead, it increased the content of impurities in the lipid extract. Optimization of SFE time and temperature gives the opportunity of prefractionation of complex polyisoprenoid mixtures accumulated in plant tissues. Extracts obtained with application of SFE are very stable and free from organic solvents and can further be used directly in experimental diet supplementation or as starting material for preparation of semisynthetic polyisoprenoid derivatives, e.g., polyisoprenoid phosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Jozwiak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics,Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; and Industrial Chemistry Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Brzozowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics,Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; and Industrial Chemistry Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zygmunt Bujnowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics,Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; and Industrial Chemistry Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Chojnacki
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics,Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; and Industrial Chemistry Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Swiezewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics,Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; and Industrial Chemistry Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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Jozwiak A, Ples M, Skorupinska-Tudek K, Kania M, Dydak M, Danikiewicz W, Swiezewska E. Sugar availability modulates polyisoprenoid and phytosterol profiles in Arabidopsis thaliana hairy root culture. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012. [PMID: 23178167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sugars are recognized as signaling molecules regulating the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in plants. Here, a modulatory effect of sugars on dolichol and phytosterol profiles was noted in the hairy roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. Arabidopsis roots contain a complex dolichol mixture comprising three groups ('families') of dolichols differing in the chain-length. These dolichols, especially the longest ones are accompanied by considerable amounts of polyprenols of the same length. The spectrum of polyisoprenoid alcohols, i.e. dolichols and polyprenols, was dependent on sugar type (glucose or sucrose) and its concentration in the medium. Among the long-chain dolichols Dol/Pren-20 (dolichol or prenol molecule composed of 20 isoprene residues) and Dol/Pren-23 were the main components at 0.5% and 2% glucose, respectively. Moreover, the ratio of polyprenols versus respective dolichols was also modulated by sugar in this group of polyisoprenoids, with polyprenols dominating at 3% sucrose and dolichols at 2% glucose. Glucose concentration affected the expression level of genes encoding cis-prenyltransferases, enzymes responsible for elongation of the polyisoprenoid chain. The most abundant phytosterols of the A. thaliana roots, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol, were accompanied by corresponding stanols and traces of brassicasterol, stigmast-4,22-dien-3-one and stigmast-4-en-3-one. Similar to the polyisoprenoids, sterol profile responded to the sugar present in the medium, β-sitosterol dominating in roots grown on 3% or lower glucose concentrations and stigmasterol in 3% sucrose. These results indicate an involvement of sugar signaling in the regulation of cis-prenyltransferases and phytosterol pathway enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Jozwiak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Kania M, Skorupinska-Tudek K, Swiezewska E, Danikiewicz W. Atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry as a valuable method for the identification of polyisoprenoid alcohols. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:1705-1710. [PMID: 22730090 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The aim of this study was to determine whether Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization (APPI) was better suited for the mass spectrometric (MS) analysis of polyisoprenoid alcohols than the commonly used Electrospray Ionization (ESI) method. The APPI method should make possible the use of non-polar solvents without any of the additives required by ESI, together with improved detection limits. METHODS The liquid chromatography (LC)/APPI-MS and LC/ESI-MS spectra of polyisoprenoid alcohol standards were acquired in both positive and negative ion mode, in methanol and hexane, using a triple quadrupole/linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometer equipped with both an ESI and an APPI ion source. RESULTS In the positive ion mode peaks corresponding to [M + H - H(2)O](+) and [M + H](+) ions were observed in the APPI-MS spectra of polyprenols and dolichols, respectively. In the negative ion mode peaks corresponding to [M + O(2)](-•) and [M + Cl](-) ions were observed for both classes of polyisoprenoid alcohols. The detection limit of polyisoprenoid alcohols was established at the level of 10 pg. CONCLUSIONS APPI turned out to be a method of choice for the identification and quantitation of polyisoprenoid alcohols by MS using both polar and non-polar solvents. APPI also enabled greater differentiation of polyprenols and dolichols occurring together in natural samples and gave much better TIC chromatograms without the need for the post-column salt addition required by ESI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kania
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
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16
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Yu J, Wang Y, Qian H, Zhao Y, Liu B, Fu C. Polyprenols from the needles of Taxus chinensis var. mairei. Fitoterapia 2012; 83:831-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Guan Z, Eichler J. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry of dolichols and polyprenols, lipid sugar carriers across evolution. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:800-6. [PMID: 21570481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Across evolution, dolichols and polyprenols serve as sugar carriers in biosynthetic processes that include protein glycosylation and lipopolysaccharide biogenesis. Liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry offers a powerful tool for studying dolichols and polyprenols in their alcohol or glycan-modified forms in members of all three domains of life. In the following, recent examples of the how different versions of this analytical approach, namely reverse phase liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring, normal phase liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and normal phase liquid chromatography-precursor ion scan detection have respectively served to address novel aspects of dolichol or polyprenol biology in Eukarya, Archaea and Bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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18
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Jadid N, Mialoundama AS, Heintz D, Ayoub D, Erhardt M, Mutterer J, Meyer D, Alioua A, Van Dorsselaer A, Rahier A, Camara B, Bouvier F. DOLICHOL PHOSPHATE MANNOSE SYNTHASE1 mediates the biogenesis of isoprenyl-linked glycans and influences development, stress response, and ammonium hypersensitivity in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:1985-2005. [PMID: 21558543 PMCID: PMC3123950 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.083634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The most abundant posttranslational modification in nature is the attachment of preassembled high-mannose-type glycans, which determines the fate and localization of the modified protein and modulates the biological functions of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored and N-glycosylated proteins. In eukaryotes, all mannose residues attached to glycoproteins from the luminal side of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) derive from the polyprenyl monosaccharide carrier, dolichol P-mannose (Dol-P-Man), which is flipped across the ER membrane to the lumen. We show that in plants, Dol-P-Man is synthesized when Dol-P-Man synthase1 (DPMS1), the catalytic core, interacts with two binding proteins, DPMS2 and DPMS3, that may serve as membrane anchors for DPMS1 or provide catalytic assistance. This configuration is reminiscent of that observed in mammals but is distinct from the single DPMS protein catalyzing Dol-P-Man biosynthesis in bakers' yeast and protozoan parasites. Overexpression of DPMS1 in Arabidopsis thaliana results in disorganized stem morphology and vascular bundle arrangements, wrinkled seed coat, and constitutive ER stress response. Loss-of-function mutations and RNA interference-mediated reduction of DPMS1 expression in Arabidopsis also caused a wrinkled seed coat phenotype and most remarkably enhanced hypersensitivity to ammonium that was manifested by extensive chlorosis and a strong reduction of root growth. Collectively, these data reveal a previously unsuspected role of the prenyl-linked carrier pathway for plant development and physiology that may help integrate several aspects of candidate susceptibility genes to ammonium stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Jadid
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Department of Biology, Botanical and Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Sepuluh Nopember Institut of Technology (Its), Gedung H Kampus Its Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, East-Java, Indonesia
| | - Alexis Samba Mialoundama
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Dimitri Heintz
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Ayoub
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Département des Sciences Analytiques, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, Université de Strasbourg, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Mathieu Erhardt
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Mutterer
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Denise Meyer
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Abdelmalek Alioua
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Alain Van Dorsselaer
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Département des Sciences Analytiques, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7178, Université de Strasbourg, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Alain Rahier
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Bilal Camara
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Florence Bouvier
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Address correspondence to
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Ciepichal E, Jemiola-Rzeminska M, Hertel J, Swiezewska E, Strzalka K. Configuration of polyisoprenoids affects the permeability and thermotropic properties of phospholipid/polyisoprenoid model membranes. Chem Phys Lipids 2011; 164:300-6. [PMID: 21440533 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The influence of α-cis- and α-trans-polyprenols on the structure and properties of model membranes was analyzed. The interaction of Ficaprenol-12 (α-cis-Prenol-12, α-Z-Prenol-12) and Alloprenol-12 (α-trans-Prenol-12, α-E-Prenol-12) with model membranes was compared using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and fluorescent methods. l-α-Phosphatidylcholine from egg yolk (EYPC) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) as the main lipid components of unilamellar (SUVs) and multilamellar (MLVs) vesicles were used. The two-step extraction procedure (n-pentane and hexane, respectively) allowed to separately analyze the fractions of polyprenol as non-incorporated (Prenol(NonInc)) and incorporated (Prenol(Inc)) into liposomes. Consequently, distribution coefficients, P', describing the equilibrium of prenol content between phospholipid (EYPC) membrane and the aqueous phase gave different logP' for α-cis- and α-trans-Prenol-12, indicating that the configuration of the α-terminal residue significantly alters the hydrophobicity of the polyisoprenoid molecule and consequently the affinity of polyprenols for EYPC membrane. In fluorescence experiments α-trans-Pren-12 increased up to 1.7-fold the permeability of EYPC bilayer for glucose while the effect of α-cis-Pren-12 was almost negligible. Considerable changes of thermotropic behavior of DPPC membranes in the presence of both prenol isomers were observed. α-trans-Pren-12 completely abolished the pretransition while in the case of α-cis-Pren-12 it was noticeably reduced. Furthermore, for both prenol isomers, the temperature of the main phase transition (T(m)) was shifted by about 1°C to lower values and the height of the peak was significantly reduced. The DSC analysis profiles also showed a new peak at 38.7°C, which may suggest the concomitant presence of more that one phase within the membrane. Results of these experiments and the concomitant occurrence of alloprenols and ficaprenols in plant tissues suggest that cis/trans isomerization of the α-residue of polyisoprenoid molecule might comprise a putative mechanism responsible for modulation of the permeability of cellular membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Ciepichal
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego, Warsaw, Poland.
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20
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Haeuptle MA, Hülsmeier AJ, Hennet T. HPLC and mass spectrometry analysis of dolichol-phosphates at the cell culture scale. Anal Biochem 2009; 396:133-8. [PMID: 19761748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dolichols (Dol) are polyprenol lipids that are essential structural components of eukaryotic membranes. In addition, the phosphorylated derivatives of Dol function as lipid anchors of mono- and oligosaccharide precursors involved in protein glycosylation. The biological importance of Dol phosphates (Dol-P) is illustrated by the severe outcome of human disorders linked to Dol biosynthetic defects, such as Dol-kinase deficiency. For characterization of inherited human diseases and evaluation of therapeutic trials, cultured cells often serve as a sole possible source for experimentation. Limited amounts of cell culture material render the quantitative analysis of Dol a challenging task. Here, we present HPLC- and mass spectrometry-based approaches to analyze and quantitate Dol-P from cultured human cells. The composition of naturally occurring Dol-P and the saturation state of the alpha-isoprene units was identified by negative-ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Furthermore, fluorescently labeled Dol-P were separated by HPLC and quantified by comparison to known amounts of the internal standard polyprenol-P. The effect of pravastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme-A reductase inhibitor, on the formation of Dol-P in HeLa cells was investigated. As expected, this treatment led to a decrease of Dol-P down to 35% of normal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha A Haeuptle
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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21
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D'Alexandri FL, Tonhosolo R, Kimura EA, Katzin AM. Mass spectrometry analysis of polyisoprenoids alcohols and carotenoids via ESI(Li(+))-MS/MS. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 580:109-128. [PMID: 19784596 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-325-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Direct analysis of polyisoprenoid alcohols by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) often produces poor results requiring off-line time- and sample-consuming derivatization techniques. In this chapter, we describe a simple ESI-MS approach for the direct analysis of polyisoprenoid alcohols from biological samples. Lithium iodide is used to promote cationization by intense formation of [M+Li](+) adducts. Detection of polyisoprenoids with mass determination can thus be performed with high sensitivity (LOD near 100 pM), whereas characteristic collision-induced dissociations observed for both dolichols and polyprenols permit investigation of their structure. We also describe a simple ESI-MS approach for the direct analysis of carotenoids in biological samples using lithium iodide to promote their ionization and the analysis of several carotenoids as proof-of-principle cases. Finally, we applied ESI(Li(+))-MS and ESI(Li(+))-MS/MS to investigate the presence of carotenoids in Plasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Luiz D'Alexandri
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Zhang H, Ohyama K, Boudet J, Chen Z, Yang J, Zhang M, Muranaka T, Maurel C, Zhu JK, Gong Z. Dolichol biosynthesis and its effects on the unfolded protein response and abiotic stress resistance in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2008; 20:1879-98. [PMID: 18612099 PMCID: PMC2518237 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.061150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Dolichols are long-chain unsaturated polyisoprenoids with multiple cellular functions, such as serving as lipid carriers of sugars used for protein glycosylation, which affects protein trafficking in the endoplasmic reticulum. The biological functions of dolichols in plants are largely unknown. We isolated an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant, lew1 (for leaf wilting1), that showed a leaf-wilting phenotype under normal growth conditions. LEW1 encoded a cis-prenyltransferase, which when expressed in Escherichia coli catalyzed the formation of dolichol with a chain length around C(80) in an in vitro assay. The lew1 mutation reduced the total plant content of main dolichols by approximately 85% and caused protein glycosylation defects. The mutation also impaired plasma membrane integrity, causing electrolyte leakage, lower turgor, reduced stomatal conductance, and increased drought resistance. Interestingly, drought stress in the lew1 mutant induced higher expression of the unfolded protein response pathway genes BINDING PROTEIN and BASIC DOMAIN/LEUCINE ZIPPER60 as well as earlier expression of the stress-responsive genes RD29A and COR47. The lew1 mutant was more sensitive to dark treatment, but this dark sensitivity was suppressed by drought treatment. Our data suggest that LEW1 catalyzes dolichol biosynthesis and that dolichol is important for plant responses to endoplasmic reticulum stress, drought, and dark-induced senescence in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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23
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Skorupinska-Tudek K, Poznanski J, Wojcik J, Bienkowski T, Szostkiewicz I, Zelman-Femiak M, Bajda A, Chojnacki T, Olszowska O, Grunler J, Meyer O, Rohmer M, Danikiewicz W, Swiezewska E. Contribution of the mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate pathways to the biosynthesis of dolichols in plants. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:21024-35. [PMID: 18502754 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m706069200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant isoprenoids are derived from two biosynthetic pathways, the cytoplasmic mevalonate (MVA) and the plastidial methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. In this study their respective contributions toward formation of dolichols in Coluria geoides hairy root culture were estimated using in vivo labeling with (13)C-labeled glucose as a general precursor. NMR and mass spectrometry showed that both the MVA and MEP pathways were the sources of isopentenyl diphosphate incorporated into polyisoprenoid chains. The involvement of the MEP pathway was found to be substantial at the initiation stage of dolichol chain synthesis, but it was virtually nil at the terminal steps; statistically, 6-8 isoprene units within the dolichol molecule (i.e. 40-50% of the total) were derived from the MEP pathway. These results were further verified by incorporation of [5-(2)H]mevalonate or [5,5-(2)H(2)]deoxyxylulose into dolichols as well as by the observed decreased accumulation of dolichols upon treatment with mevinolin or fosmidomycin, selective inhibitors of either pathway. The presented data indicate that the synthesis of dolichols in C. geoides roots involves a continuous exchange of intermediates between the MVA and MEP pathways. According to our model, oligoprenyl diphosphate chains of a length not exceeding 13 isoprene units are synthesized in plastids from isopentenyl diphosphate derived from both the MEP and MVA pathways, and then are completed in the cytoplasm with several units derived solely from the MVA pathway. This study also illustrates an innovative application of mass spectrometry for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the contribution of individual metabolic pathways to the biosynthesis of natural products.
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Skorupinska-Tudek K, Wojcik J, Swiezewska E. Polyisoprenoid alcohols--recent results of structural studies. CHEM REC 2008; 8:33-45. [PMID: 18302278 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.20137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Polyisoprenoid alcohols (polyprenols and dolichols) are linear polymers of from several up to more than 100 isoprene units identified in almost all living organisms. Studies of their chemical structures have resulted in the discovery of new variants such as the recently described alloprenols with reversed configuration of the double bond in the alpha-isoprene unit. In parallel, structural elucidation of metabolically labeled plant dolichols has indicated that both the mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate pathways are involved in the biosynthesis of dolichols in roots, leading to the construction of a spatial model of their biosynthesis. According to this model, in root cells, synthesis of the dolichol molecule is initiated in the plastids, and the resulting intermediates, oligoprenyl diphosphates, are exported to the cytoplasm and are elongated up to the desired chain length. The metabolic consequences of this putative model are discussed in the context of the enzymatic machinery involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Skorupinska-Tudek
- Department of Lipid Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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Arruda DC, D'Alexandri FL, Katzin AM, Uliana SRB. Leishmania amazonensis: biosynthesis of polyprenols of 9 isoprene units by amastigotes. Exp Parasitol 2007; 118:624-8. [PMID: 18155196 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The isoprenoid metabolic pathway in protozoa of the Leishmania genus exhibits distinctive characteristics. These parasites, as well as other members of the Trypanosomatidae family, synthesize ergosterol, instead of cholesterol, as the main membrane sterol lipid. Leishmania has been shown to utilize leucine, instead of acetate as the main precursor for sterol biosynthesis. While mammalian dolichols are molecules containing 15-23 isoprene units, Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes synthesize dolichol of 11 and 12 units. In this paper, we show that the intracellular stages of L. amazonensis, amastigotes, synthesize mainly polyprenols of 9 isoprene units, instead of dolichol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Costa Arruda
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, CEP 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Ciepichal E, Wojcik J, Bienkowski T, Kania M, Swist M, Danikiewicz W, Marczewski A, Hertel J, Matysiak Z, Swiezewska E, Chojnacki T. Alloprenols: novel alpha-trans-polyprenols of Allophylus caudatus. Chem Phys Lipids 2007; 147:103-12. [PMID: 17507003 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Revised: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel type of polyprenols, alloprenols, with an alpha-trans-isoprenoid unit was found in the leaves of Allophylus caudatus (Sapindaceae) besides typical alpha-cis-polyprenols. The polyprenol family (Prenol-11-13, Prenol-12 dominating) was accompanied by traces of dolichols of the same chain-length. Prenol alpha-cis- and alpha-trans-isomers were chromatographically separated and their structure was analyzed by HPLC/ESI-MS, HR-ESI-MS and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Model compounds, semi-synthetic alpha-isomers of all-trans-Pren-9 and mainly-cis-Pren-11, were obtained using an oxidation-reduction procedure. Comparison of their NMR spectra confirmed the structure of the newly identified polyprenols. The observed pattern of NMR signal shifts may be applied for elucidation of isoprenoid structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Ciepichal
- Department of Lipid Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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D'Alexandri FL, Gozzo FC, Eberlin MN, Katzin AM. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis of polyisoprenoid alcohols via Li+ cationization. Anal Biochem 2006; 355:189-200. [PMID: 16842733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Direct analysis of polyisoprenoids by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) often produces poor results requiring off-line time and sample-consuming derivatization techniques. We describe a simple ESI-MS approach for the direct analysis of polyisoprenoids using several dolichols and polyprenols with different chain sizes as proof-of-principle cases. Lithium iodide is used to promote cationization by intense formation of [M+Li]+ adducts. Thus, detection of polyisoprenoids with mass determination can be performed with high sensitivity (limit of detection [LOD] approximately 100 rhoM), whereas characteristic collision-induced dissociations observed for both dolichols and polyprenols permit investigation of their structure. Using ESI(Li+)-MS and ESI(Li+)-MS/MS analysis, we screened for polyprenol products of an octaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase of Plasmodium falciparum and dolichols in a complex mixture of compounds produced by Leishmania amazonensis and P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Luiz D'Alexandri
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Arruda DC, D'Alexandri FL, Katzin AM, Uliana SRB. Antileishmanial activity of the terpene nerolidol. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:1679-87. [PMID: 15855481 PMCID: PMC1087654 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.5.1679-1687.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2004] [Revised: 10/26/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of nerolidol, a sesquiterpene used as a food-flavoring agent and currently under testing as a skin penetration enhancer for the transdermal delivery of therapeutic drugs, was evaluated against Leishmania species. Nerolidol inhibited the growth of Leishmania amazonensis, L. braziliensis, and L. chagasi promastigotes and L. amazonensis amastigotes with in vitro 50% inhibitory concentrations of 85, 74, 75, and 67 microM, respectively. The treatment of L. amazonensis-infected macrophages with 100 microM nerolidol resulted in 95% reduction in infection rates. Inhibition of isoprenoid biosynthesis, as shown by reduced incorporation of [2-(14)C]mevalonic acid (MVA) or [1-(14)C]acetic acid precursors into dolichol, ergosterol, and ubiquinone, was observed in nerolidol-treated promastigotes. This drug effect can be attributed to the blockage of an early step in the mevalonate pathway, since incorporation of the precursor [1(n)-(3)H]farnesyl pyrophosphate in polyisoprenoids is not inhibited by nerolidol. L. amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice were treated with intraperitoneal doses of 100 mg/kg/day for 12 days or topically with 5 or 10% ointments for 4 weeks. Significant reduction of lesion sizes in nerolidol treated mice was observed for both treatment routes. However, long-term follow up indicated that the disease was not cured in this highly susceptible animal model. Nonetheless, the in vitro activity of nerolidol against these parasites may prove a useful tool for the development of new drugs for the treatment of leishmaniasis. In addition, biosynthesis of dolichols with 11 and 12 isoprene units was identified in Leishmania, as described for other trypanosomatids and Apicomplexa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise C Arruda
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 1374, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Gutkowska M, Bieńkowski T, Hung VS, Wanke M, Hertel J, Danikiewicz W, Swiezewska E. Proteins are polyisoprenylated in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 322:998-1004. [PMID: 15336563 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenoid lipids were found to be covalently linked to proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana. Their identity (polyprenols: Prenol-9-11 with Pren-10 dominating and dolichols: Dol-15-17 with Dol-16 dominating) was confirmed by means of HPLC/ESI-MS with application of the multiple reaction monitoring technique as well as metabolic labeling of Arabidopsis plants with [(3)H]mevalonate and other precursors. The occurrence of typical farnesol-, geranylgeraniol-, and phytol-modified proteins was also noted. Radioisotopic labeling allowed detection of several proteins that were covalently bound to mevalonate-derived isoprenoid alcohols. A significant portion of polyisoprenylated proteins was recovered in the cytosolic/light vesicular fraction of Arabidopsis cells upon subfractionation. Taken together our data prove that a subset of plant proteins is polyisoprenylated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Gutkowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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Wojtas M, Bieñkowski T, Tateyama S, Sagami H, Chojnacki T, Danikiewicz W, Swiezewska E. Polyisoprenoid alcohols from the mushroom Lentinus edodes. Chem Phys Lipids 2004; 130:109-15. [PMID: 15172827 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2004.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2003] [Revised: 02/02/2004] [Accepted: 02/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipids extracted from the shiitake mushroom Lentinus edodes contain dolichols composed of 15 up to 19 isoprene units with Dol-17 as the dominating prenologue. Identification of dolichols was achieved by the application of 2D-TLC, HPLC and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Additionally a family of polyprenols (alpha-unsaturated counterparts) with the same chain-length was also detected. Dolichols comprised approximately 0.002% of the fresh weight of the mushroom. Dolichols accompanied by traces of polyprenols are for the first time found in the mushroom tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wojtas
- Department of Lipid Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, Warsaw 02-106, Poland
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