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Liu Z, Daniels T, Campen MJ, Alvidrez RIM. Inflammatory atherosclerotic plaque identification by SPECT/CT imaging of LFA-1 using [ 111In] In-DANBIRT in a novel dyslipidemic rat model. Ann Nucl Med 2023; 37:635-643. [PMID: 37742306 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-023-01868-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Atherosclerosis is prevalent globally, closely associated with dyslipidemia and other metabolic dysfunction. Early diagnosis of atherosclerosis is challenging due to limited diagnostic capabilities that need to be expanded with animal models with enhanced vascular biology like rats. Our previous research showed [111In] In-DANBIRT has potential as a diagnostic tool for detecting atherosclerosis in mice. The primary aim of the present study is to evaluate [111In] In-DANBIRT in a novel atherosclerotic rat with early- and late-stage atherosclerosis and metabolic disease. METHODS We characterized metabolic and body composition differences in these novel dyslipidemic rats under different diets using serum chemistry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan, respectively. We performed 1-h post-injection in vivo molecular imaging of ApoE knockout, lean Zucker (LZ) male rats at baseline and followed them into 10 weeks of either normal or high-fat/cholesterol diet implementation (22 weeks of age). RESULTS We identified significant differences in body composition and metabolic changes in ApoE knockout rats compared to ApoE wildtype rats. Our findings indicate an increased uptake of [111In] In-DANBIRT in ApoE knockout, lean Zucker (LZ) rats, particularly in the descending aorta, a location where early-stage atherosclerosis is commonly found. Our findings, however, also revealed that the ApoE knockout, Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) model has high mortality rate, which may be attributed to alterations of critical enzymes involved in regulating metabolism and liver function. CONCLUSION Our results are highly encouraging as they demonstrated the potential of [111In] In-DANBIRT to detect early-stage atherosclerosis in rats that might otherwise go unnoticed by other methods, showcasing the high sensitivity of [111In] In-DANBIRT. Our future studies will aim to establish a viable T2D atherosclerosis model in rats with more advanced stages of the disease to further demonstrate the reliability of [111In] In-DANBIRT as a diagnostic tool for patients in all stages of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Liu
- Trauma and Transfusion Medicine Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Tamara Daniels
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA
| | - Matthew J Campen
- College of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA
| | - Roberto Ivan Mota Alvidrez
- Trauma and Transfusion Medicine Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
- College of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Clinical and Translational Science Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA.
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Abstract
Obesity is a major global epidemic that sets the stage for diverse multiple pathologies, including cardiovascular disease. The obesity-related low-grade chronic inflamed milieu is more pronounced in aging and responsive to cardiac dysfunction in heart failure pathology. Metabolic dysregulation of obesity integrates with immune reservoir in spleen and kidney network. Therefore, an integrative systems biology approach is necessary to delay progressive cardiac alternations. The purpose of this comprehensive review is to largely discuss the impact of obesity on the cardiovascular pathobiology in the context of problems and challenges, with major emphasis on the diversified models, and to study cardiac remodeling in obesity. The information in this article is immensely helpful in teaching advanced undergraduate, graduate, and medical students about the advancement and impact of obesity on cardiovascular health. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:1463-1477, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh V Halade
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Vasundhara Kain
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Rodrigues R, Soares J, Garcia H, Nascimento C, Medeiros M, Bomfim M, Medeiros MC, Queiroga R. Goat milk fat naturally enriched with conjugated linoleic acid increased lipoproteins and reduced triacylglycerol in rats. Molecules 2014; 19:3820-31. [PMID: 24662092 PMCID: PMC6271283 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19033820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Goat milk is source of different lipids, including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). CLA reduces body fat and protect against cardiovascular diseases. In the present study fat from goat milk naturally enriched with CLA was used. Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups that received during a 10 week diet with different lipid sources: soybean oil (CON), coconut oil (CO) and goat milk fat naturally enriched with CLA (GM-CLA). We evaluated the effects of a GM-CLA on biochemistry parameters - high density lipoprotein (HDL), triacylglycerol (TAG), TAG/HDL ratio, total cholesterol and glucose -, body weight and histopathological aspects of the intestine and liver. GM-CLA increased body weight from the second to the fifth week of the experiment compared to CON. Feed intake differed between the CON group and GM-CLA early in the first to third week of the experiments and later between the ninth and tenth week. The CLA-diet group showed increased levels of HDL, reduced levels of TAG and TAG/HDL ratio and no effect on LDL, but enhanced total cholesterol. Serum glucose of the GM-CLA group showed no difference from the control group. Thus, a GM-CLA diet promoted growth in young rats and acted as protector of cardiovascular function, but further studies are still needed to clarify these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaela Rodrigues
- Departament of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cuité 58175-000, PB, Brazil
| | - Juliana Soares
- Departament of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cuité 58175-000, PB, Brazil.
| | - Hugo Garcia
- Departament of Morfology, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Claudenice Nascimento
- Escola Técnica de Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Maria Medeiros
- Departament of Physiology and Pathology, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Marco Bomfim
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, EMBRAPA Caprinos e Ovinos, Sobral 62010-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Maria Carmo Medeiros
- Departament of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil
| | - Rita Queiroga
- Departament of Nutrition, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
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4
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Saremi B, Winand S, Friedrichs P, Kinoshita A, Rehage J, Dänicke S, Häussler S, Breves G, Mielenz M, Sauerwein H. Longitudinal profiling of the tissue-specific expression of genes related with insulin sensitivity in dairy cows during lactation focusing on different fat depots. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86211. [PMID: 24465964 PMCID: PMC3897665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In dairy cows the milk associated energy output in early lactation exceeds the input via voluntary feed intake. To spare glucose for mammary lactose synthesis, peripheral insulin sensitivity (IS) is reduced and fat mobilization is stimulated. For these processes a link between IS and the endocrine functions of adipose tissue (AT) is likely; we thus aimed to characterise the mRNA expression from bovine AT derived proteins and receptors that are related to IS according to the literature in metabolically active tissues plus systemic IS throughout lactation. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) reduce milk fat thus decreasing the milk drain of energy and potentially dampening lipolysis, but may also affect IS. Subcutaneous (s.c.) AT and liver from pluriparous cows receiving either control fat or CLA supplement (100 g/day from 1 to 182 days in milk each) were biopsied covering week -3 to 36 relative to parturition. In an additional trial with primiparous cows treated analogously and slaughtered on days in milk 1, 42 or 105, samples from liver, udder, skeletal muscle and 3 visceral and 3 s.c. AT were obtained and assayed for mRNA abundance of adiponectin, its receptors, leptin, leptin receptor, PPARγ, PPARγ2, IL-6, and TNF-α. In pluriparous animals, the mRNA abundance of most of the target genes decreased after parturition in s.c. AT but increased in liver. In primiparous cows, AT depot specific differences were mostly related to retroperitoneal AT; adiponectin receptor 1 and TNF-α were affected predominantly. CLA effects in primiparous cows were largely limited to decreased PPARγ2 mRNA abundance in udder tissue. In pluriparous cows, insulin secretion was increased by CLA resulting in decreased systemic IS but without consistent changes in tissue target mRNA abundance. The temporal gene expression profiles from the adipokines and related receptors support their coactive function in adapting to the needs of lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Saremi
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology and Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sarah Winand
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology and Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Paula Friedrichs
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology and Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Asako Kinoshita
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rehage
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Susanne Häussler
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology and Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gerhard Breves
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Manfred Mielenz
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology and Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Helga Sauerwein
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology and Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Okuno A, Kaji N, Takahashi A, Nagakubo D, Ohno-Ichiki K, Shirai M, Asai F. Role of insulin resistance in the pathogenesis and development of type 2 diabetes in WBN/Kob-Lepr(fa) rats. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:1557-61. [PMID: 23892462 PMCID: PMC3942958 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
WBN/Kob-Leprfa
(fa/fa) rats have been identified as a new animal model of type 2
diabetes (T2DM), as they are characterized by impaired pancreatic insulin secretion and
severe insulin resistance. Our previous study demonstrated impaired insulin secretion and
its involvement in hyperglycemia in fa/fa rats. The present study was
aimed at elucidating the role of insulin resistance in the development and progression of
diabetes in these animals. Troglitazone (TGZ) was used as an insulin sensitizer. Insulin
resistance and insulin secretory capacity were measured by a homeostasis model assessment
of insulin resistance and the area under the blood concentration–time curve for plasma
insulin levels after intravenous glucose tolerance testing, respectively. The
fa/fa rats exhibited marked insulin resistance between 5 and 11 weeks
of age, compared with age-matched Wistar rats. The insulin secretory capacity of
fa/fa rats was higher than that of Wistar rats at 5 weeks of age, but
decreased by 50% between 9 and 11 weeks of age. The fa/fa rats were fed a
standard diet, with or without 0.2% w/w TGZ, for 4 weeks. Treatment with TGZ significantly
improved insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia in both prophylactic
and therapeutic study groups. These results suggest that insulin resistance is markedly
involved in the development and progression of T2DM in fa/fa rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Okuno
- Shinagawa R&D Center, Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
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Campbell JA, Martin JE, Melendez K, Stout MB, Lyvers-Peffer PA. Postnatal hepatic fatty acid oxidative capacity of preterm pigs receiving TPN does not differ from that of term pigs and is not affected by supplemental arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids. J Nutr 2010; 140:752-9. [PMID: 20164367 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.116459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve pediatric care of preterm infants, a better understanding of the metabolic processes associated with immaturity is needed. To this end, preterm and term pigs were delivered and administered either a control, a low-PUFA [0.3 and 0.6% of total lipids as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA), respectively], or a high-PUFA (5 and 11% of total lipids as DHA and AA, respectively) parenteral solution. Hepatic oxidative capacity and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) mRNA and activity in the presence or absence of malonyl-CoA were determined after 6 d. Oxidation of [1-(14)C]-palmitate or [1-(14)C]-glucose was similar in liver homogenates isolated from preterm and term pigs receiving the control solution. Oxidative capacity for either substrate did not differ with parenteral solution in preterm pigs, whereas in term pigs, glucose oxidation was 64% greater when the high-PUFA solution was administered relative to the control (P < 0.05). In preterm pigs, CPT I mRNA determined after 6 d of parenteral feeding were 1.5-fold greater (P < 0.05) than newborn estimates irrespective of solution administered, whereas CPT I mRNA were only greater for term pigs receiving the low- and high-PUFA solutions (66 and 115%, respectively; P < 0.05) relative to newborn estimates. Malonyl-CoA-sensitive CPT activity did not differ between preterm and term pigs or parenteral solution. Postnatal adaptations demonstrated by parenterally fed term neonates are present following preterm birth and are not improved by the provision of DHA and AA to parenteral solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny A Campbell
- Departments of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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7
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Garg M, Thamotharan M, Pan G, Lee PWN, Devaskar SU. Early exposure of the pregestational intrauterine and postnatal growth-restricted female offspring to a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-{gamma} agonist. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 298:E489-98. [PMID: 20009032 PMCID: PMC2838528 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00361.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal nutrient restriction with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) alters basal and glucose-stimulated insulin response and hepatic metabolic adaptation. The effect of early intervention with insulin-sensitizing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists was examined in the metabolically maladapted F(1) pregestational IUGR offspring with a propensity toward pregnancy-induced gestational diabetes. The effect of rosiglitazone maleate [RG; 11 micromol/day from postnatal day (PN) 21 to PN60] vs. placebo (PL) on metabolic adaptations in 2-mo-old F(1) female rats subjected to prenatal (IUGR), postnatal (PNGR), or pre- and postnatal (IUGR + PNGR) nutrient restriction was investigated compared with control (CON). RG vs. PL had no effect on body weight or plasma glucose concentrations but increased subcutaneous white and brown adipose tissue and plasma cholesterol concentrations in all three experimental groups. Glucose tolerance tests with a 1:1 mixture of [2-(2)H(2)]- and [6,6-(2)H(2)]glucose in RG IUGR vs. PL IUGR revealed glucose tolerance with a lower glucose-stimulated insulin release (GSIR) and suppressed endogenous hepatic glucose production (HGP) with no difference in glucose clearance (GC) and recycling (GR). RG PNGR, although similar to PL CON, was hyperglycemic vs. PL PNGR with reduced GR but no difference in the existent low GSIR, HGP, and GC. RG IUGR + PNGR overall was no different from the PL counterpart. Insulin tolerance tests revealed perturbed recovery to baseline from the exaggerated hypoglycemia in RG vs. the PL groups with the only exception being RG PNGR where further worsening of hypoglycemia over PL PNGR was minimal with full recovery to baseline. These observations support that early intervention with RG suppressed HGP in IUGR vs. PL IUGR, without increasing GSIR similar to that seen in CON. Although RG reversed PNGR to the PL CON metabolic state, no such insulin-sensitizing effect was realized in IUGR + PNGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena Garg
- Neonatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California Los Angeles, USA
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8
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Joseph SV, Miller JR, McLeod RS, Jacques H. Effect of trans8, cis10+cis9, trans11 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Mixture on Lipid Metabolism in 3T3-L1 Cells. Lipids 2009; 44:613-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-009-3309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nakamura YK, Flintoff-Dye N, Omaye ST. Conjugated linoleic acid modulation of risk factors associated with atherosclerosis. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2008. [PMID: 18718021 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075.5-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been the subject of extensive investigation regarding its possible benefits on a variety of human diseases. In some animal studies, CLA has been shown to have a beneficial effect on sclerotic lesions associated with atherosclerosis, be a possible anti-carcinogen, increase feed efficiency, and act as a lean body mass supplement. However, the results have been inconsistent, and the effects of CLA on atherogenesis appear to be dose-, isomer-, tissue-, and species-specific. Similarly, CLA trials in humans have resulted in conflicting findings. Both the human and animal study results may be attributed to contrasting doses of CLA, isomers, the coexistence of other dietary fatty acids, length of study, and inter-and/or intra-species diversities. Recent research advances have suggested the importance of CLA isomers in modulating gene expression involved in oxidative damage, fatty acid metabolism, immune/inflammatory responses, and ultimately atherosclerosis. Although the possible mechanisms of action of CLA have been suggested, they have yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko K Nakamura
- Environmental Sciences Graduate Program, University of Nevada, Reno 89557, USA.
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Nakamura YK, Flintoff-Dye N, Omaye ST. Conjugated linoleic acid modulation of risk factors associated with atherosclerosis. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2008; 5:22. [PMID: 18718021 PMCID: PMC2546407 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-5-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been the subject of extensive investigation regarding its possible benefits on a variety of human diseases. In some animal studies, CLA has been shown to have a beneficial effect on sclerotic lesions associated with atherosclerosis, be a possible anti-carcinogen, increase feed efficiency, and act as a lean body mass supplement. However, the results have been inconsistent, and the effects of CLA on atherogenesis appear to be dose-, isomer-, tissue-, and species-specific. Similarly, CLA trials in humans have resulted in conflicting findings. Both the human and animal study results may be attributed to contrasting doses of CLA, isomers, the coexistence of other dietary fatty acids, length of study, and inter-and/or intra-species diversities. Recent research advances have suggested the importance of CLA isomers in modulating gene expression involved in oxidative damage, fatty acid metabolism, immune/inflammatory responses, and ultimately atherosclerosis. Although the possible mechanisms of action of CLA have been suggested, they have yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko K Nakamura
- Environmental Sciences Graduate Program, University of Nevada, Reno 89557, USA.
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Tarnopolsky M, Zimmer A, Paikin J, Safdar A, Aboud A, Pearce E, Roy B, Doherty T. Creatine monohydrate and conjugated linoleic acid improve strength and body composition following resistance exercise in older adults. PLoS One 2007; 2:e991. [PMID: 17912368 PMCID: PMC1994592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with lower muscle mass and an increase in body fat. We examined whether creatine monohydrate (CrM) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) could enhance strength gains and improve body composition (i.e., increase fat-free mass (FFM); decrease body fat) following resistance exercise training in older adults (>65 y). Men (N = 19) and women (N = 20) completed six months of resistance exercise training with CrM (5g/d)+CLA (6g/d) or placebo with randomized, double blind, allocation. Outcomes included: strength and muscular endurance, functional tasks, body composition (DEXA scan), blood tests (lipids, liver function, CK, glucose, systemic inflammation markers (IL-6, C-reactive protein)), urinary markers of compliance (creatine/creatinine), oxidative stress (8-OH-2dG, 8-isoP) and bone resorption (Ν-telopeptides). Exercise training improved all measurements of functional capacity (P<0.05) and strength (P<0.001), with greater improvement for the CrM+CLA group in most measurements of muscular endurance, isokinetic knee extension strength, FFM, and lower fat mass (P<0.05). Plasma creatinine (P<0.05), but not creatinine clearance, increased for CrM+CLA, with no changes in serum CK activity or liver function tests. Together, this data confirms that supervised resistance exercise training is safe and effective for increasing strength in older adults and that a combination of CrM and CLA can enhance some of the beneficial effects of training over a six-month period. Trial Registration. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00473902
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
Thirty-three Holstein cows averaging 687 kg of body weight were allotted 6 wk before the expected date of parturition to 11 groups of 3 cows blocked within parity for similar calving dates to determine the effects of feeding different sources of fatty acids on blood parameters related to fatty liver and profile of fatty acids in plasma and liver. Cows were fed lipid supplements from 6 wk before the expected date of parturition until d 28 of lactation. Cows within each block were assigned to 1 of 3 isonitrogenous and isoenergetic dietary supplements: control with no added lipids (CO); unsaturated lipids supplied as whole flaxseed (FL; 3.3 and 11.0% of the dry matter in prepartum and postpartum diets, respectively); and saturated lipids supplied as Energy Booster (EB; 1.7 and 3.5% of the DM in prepartum and postpartum diets, respectively). Diets EB and FL had similar ether extract concentrations. Multiparous cows fed EB had lower dry matter intake and milk production, higher concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate in plasma and triglycerides (TG) and total lipids in liver, and lower concentrations of plasma glucose and liver glycogen than those fed FL and CO. Production of 4% fat-corrected milk was similar among treatments. Multiparous cows fed FL had the highest liver concentrations of glycogen on wk 2 and 4 after calving and lowest concentrations of TG on wk 4 after calving. Liver C16:0 relative percentages in multiparous cows increased after calving whereas those of C18:0 decreased. Relative percentages of liver C16:0 were higher in wk 2 and 4 postpartum for multiparous cows fed EB compared with those fed CO and FL; those of C18:0 were lower in wk 4 postpartum for cows fed EB compared with those fed CO and FL. Liver C18:1 relative percentages of multiparous cows increased after calving and were higher in wk 4 for cows fed EB compared with those fed CO and FL. The inverse was observed for liver C18:2 relative percentages. In general, diets had more significant effects on plasma concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and glucose and liver profiles of fatty acids, TG, total lipids, and glycogen of multiparous than primiparous cows. These data suggest that feeding a source of saturated fatty acids increased the risk of fatty liver in the transition cow compared with feeding no lipids or whole flaxseed. Feeding flaxseed compared with no lipids or a source of saturated fatty acids from 6 wk before calving could be a useful strategy to increase liver concentrations of glycogen and decrease liver concentrations of TG after calving, which may prevent the development of fatty liver in the transition dairy cow.
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Affiliation(s)
- H V Petit
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, PO Box 90, Stn. Lennoxville, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1M 1Z3, Canada.
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14
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Purushotham A, Shrode GE, Wendel AA, Liu LF, Belury MA. Conjugated linoleic acid does not reduce body fat but decreases hepatic steatosis in adult Wistar rats. J Nutr Biochem 2007; 18:676-84. [PMID: 17368879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2006] [Revised: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The dietary fatty acid conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces hepatic lipid accumulation in some rodent models for obesity and hepatic steatosis. However, these effects are variable and complex due to differences in isomer responses and degree and sensitivity to changes in adiposity. Here, we hypothesized that CLA decreases hepatic steatosis in a diet-induced model of obesity in rats which are resistant to the adipose-lowering effects of CLA. To investigate this, we fed male Wistar rats a high-fat (20%) diet for 4 weeks to induce obesity and hepatic steatosis followed by low-fat (6.5%) experimental diets containing either 6.5% soybean oil (CON) or 1.5% CLA triglyceride mix plus 5% soybean oil (CLA). Dietary CLA significantly lowered hepatic triglycerides without changing weight, adiposity or adipokines, and was associated with significantly lower hepatic fatty acid synthase and stearoyl CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1) mRNA levels and SCD-1 index along with significantly lower sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 mRNA, a transcription factor that regulates lipogenesis. Furthermore, the lower lipogenesis was associated with significantly higher mRNA expression of lipid oxidation gene peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha and acetyl CoA oxidase in the livers of rats fed dietary CLA. The lipid-lowering effects of CLA in the liver were observed in the absence of changes in adipose tissue and body weight. Thus, we conclude that in the Wistar rat model, where adipose levels remain static after feeding dietary CLA, hepatic lipid accumulation is reduced and these effects are not due to an improvement in overall adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Purushotham
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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15
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Bashandy AS. Effect of Fixed Oil of Nigella Sativa on Male Fertility in Normal and Hyperlipidemic Rats. INT J PHARMACOL 2006. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2007.27.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Russell JC, Proctor SD. Small animal models of cardiovascular disease: tools for the study of the roles of metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Pathol 2006; 15:318-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Revised: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 09/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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