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Lindquist S, Wang Y, Andersson EL, Tsuji Grebe S, Alenius GM, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S, Lundberg L, Hernell O. Effects of bile salt-stimulated lipase on blood cells and associations with disease activity in human inflammatory joint disorders. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289980. [PMID: 37566600 PMCID: PMC10420350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL) was originally recognized as a lipolytic enzyme expressed by the exocrine pancreas and in some species, notably humans, the lactating mammary gland, being secreted into the duodenum and with the mother's milk, respectively. However, BSSL is also present in the blood and has been assigned additional functions, even beyond the gastrointestinal tract. Conventional BSSL knockout mice are protected from developing disease in animal models of arthritis, and antibodies directed towards BSSL prevent or mitigate disease in similar models. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of BSSL as a newly discovered player in inflammation and specifically in inflammatory joint disorders. As part of mechanism of action, we here show that BSSL is secreted by neutrophils, interacts with monocytes and stimulates their migration in vitro. An anti-BSSL antibody that blocks the human BSSL-monocyte interaction was shown to simultaneously prevent the signaling pathway by which BSSL induce cell migration. Moreover, in this cohort study we show that BSSL levels are significantly higher in blood samples from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis compared to healthy controls. The BSSL levels in patients' blood also correlated with disease activity scores and established inflammatory markers. Hence, although the mode of action is not yet fully clarified, we conclude that BSSL could be considered a proinflammatory component in the innate immune system and thus a possible novel target for treatment of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Lindquist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Lipum AB, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Yuhang Wang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Eva-Lotta Andersson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Lipum AB, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Gerd-Marie Alenius
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Rheumatology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | - Olle Hernell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Lipum AB, Umeå, Sweden
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2
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Prados IM, Orellana JM, Marina ML, García MC. Identification of Peptides Potentially Responsible for In Vivo Hypolipidemic Activity of a Hydrolysate from Olive Seeds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4237-4244. [PMID: 32186189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that peptides produced by the hydrolysis of olive seed proteins using Alcalase enzyme showed in vitro multifunctional lipid-lowering capability. This work presents a deeper insight into the hypolipidemic effect of olive seed peptides. The capability of olive seed peptides to inhibit endogenous cholesterol biosynthesis through the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase enzyme was evaluated observing a 38 ± 7% of inhibition. Two in vivo assays using different peptides concentrations (200 and 400 mg/kg/day) were designed to evaluate the hypolipidemic effect of olive seed peptides in male and female mice. A low concentration of hydrolysate reduced total cholesterol in male mice in a 20% after 11 weeks compared to the mice feeding with hypercholesterolemic diet. A higher hydrolysate concentration showed a greater reduction in total cholesterol (25%). The analysis of the olive seed hydrolysate by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC-MS) enabled the identification of peptides that could be responsible for this hypolipidemic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M Prados
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Orellana
- Centro de Experimentación Animal, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Luisa Marina
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Rio" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Concepción García
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Rio" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Association of a new 99-bp indel of the CEL gene promoter region with phenotypic traits in chickens. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3215. [PMID: 32081917 PMCID: PMC7035288 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Carboxyl ester lipase (CEL) encodes a cholesterol ester hydrolase that is secreted into the duodenum as a component of pancreatic juice. The objective of this study was to characterize the CEL gene, investigate the association between the CEL promoter variants and chicken phenotypic traits, and explore the CEL gene regulatory mechanism. An insertion/deletion (indel) caused by a 99-bp insertion fragment was shown for the first time in the chicken CEL promoter, and large differences in allelic frequency were found among commercial breeds, indigenous and feral birds. Association analysis demonstrated that this indel site had significant effects on shank length, shank girth, chest breadth at 8 weeks (p < 0.01), evisceration weight, sebum weight, breast muscle weight, and leg weight (p < 0.05). Tissue expression profiles showed extremely high levels of the CEL gene in pancreatic tissue. Moreover, the expression levels of the genes APOB, MTTP, APOV1 and SREBF1, which are involved in lipid transport, were significantly reduced by adding a 4% oxidized soybean oil diet treatment at the individual level and transfecting the embryonic primary hepatocytes with a CEL-overexpression vector. Interestingly, the results showed that the expression level of the II homozygous genotype was significantly higher than that of the ID and DD genotypes, while individuals with DD genotypes had higher phenotypic values. Therefore, these data suggested that the CEL gene might affect body growth by participating in hepatic lipoprotein metabolism and that the 99-bp indel polymorphism could be a potentially useful genetic marker for improving the economically important traits of chickens.
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4
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Dato FM, Sheikh M, Uhl RZ, Schüller AW, Steinkrüger M, Koch P, Neudörfl JM, Gütschow M, Goldfuss B, Pietsch M. ω-Phthalimidoalkyl Aryl Ureas as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Cholesterol Esterase. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1833-1847. [PMID: 30004170 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol esterase (CEase), a serine hydrolase thought to be involved in atherogenesis and thus coronary heart disease, is considered as a target for inhibitor development. We investigated recombinant human and murine CEases with a new fluorometric assay in a structure-activity relationship study of a small library of ω-phthalimidoalkyl aryl ureas. The urea motif with an attached 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group and the aromatic character of the ω-phthalimide residue were most important for inhibitory activity. In addition, an alkyl chain composed of three or four methylene groups, connecting the urea and phthalimide moieties, was found to be an optimal spacer for inhibitors. The so-optimized compounds 2 [1-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-(3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propyl)urea] and 21 [1-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-(4-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)butyl)urea] exhibited dissociation constants (Ki ) of 1-19 μm on the two CEases and showed either a competitive (2 on the human enzyme and 21 on the murine enzyme) or a noncompetitive mode of inhibition. Two related serine hydrolases-monoacylglycerol lipase and fatty acid amide hydrolase-were inhibited by ω-phthalimidoalkyl aryl ureas to a lesser extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian M Dato
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Miriam Sheikh
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rocky Z Uhl
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexandra W Schüller
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michaela Steinkrüger
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Koch
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg-Martin Neudörfl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd Goldfuss
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Pietsch
- Institute II of Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
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5
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Prados IM, Marina ML, García MC. Isolation and identification by high resolution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry of novel peptides with multifunctional lipid-lowering capacity. Food Res Int 2018; 111:77-86. [PMID: 30007740 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the isolation, characterization, and identification by RP-HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF of novel peptides that interfere in the fat digestion and absorption mechanisms by multiple pathways. Peptides were ultrafiltrated and peptides in the most active fraction were further separated by semipreparative RP-HPLC. Nine different subfractions were obtained observing a high amount of peptides in subfraction F3. Peptides in subfraction F3 could simultaneously reduce the solubility of cholesterol in micelles and inhibit pancreatic cholesterol esterase and pancreatic lipase, even after a simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The identification of lipid-lowering peptides has been scarcely performed and when done, low selectivity or sensitivity of employed identification techniques or conditions did not yield reliable results. Separation and detection of peptides by RP-HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS was optimized and most favorable conditions were employed for the identification of peptides using de novo sequencing. Ten different peptides with 4-9 amino acids were identified. Main feature of identified peptides was the high acidity derived from a high presence of amino acids glutamic acid and aspartic acid in their sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M Prados
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Biología, Ciencias Ambientales y Química, Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés del Rio" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Luisa Marina
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Biología, Ciencias Ambientales y Química, Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés del Rio" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Concepción García
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Biología, Ciencias Ambientales y Química, Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés del Rio" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Varghese GK, Abraham R, Chandran NN, Habtemariam S. Identification of Lead Molecules in Garcinia mangostana L. Against Pancreatic Cholesterol Esterase Activity: An In Silico Approach. Interdiscip Sci 2017; 11:170-179. [PMID: 28741279 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-017-0252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is one of the major risk factors for the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Hence, inhibitors of cholesterol absorption have been investigated for decades as a strategy to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases associated with hypercholesterolemia. Cholesterol esterase (CEase) in pancreatic juice plays a vital role in the hydrolysis of dietary cholesterol esters to cholesterol and fatty acids. Since inhibition of CEase might lead to a reduction of cholesterol absorption, an attempt is made in this study to identify lead molecules of Garcinia mangostana by the in silico approach. The study employed software applications viz., AutoDock 4.2 and GOLD Suite of Programs 5.2. The study revealed the efficacy of three compounds viz., epicatechin, euxanthone, and 1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxy-xanthone, which exhibited least binding energy in AutoDock and moderate scoring in GOLD. The molecular properties as well as biological activity of these three compounds were predicted by molinspiration prediction tool. The results show the crucial role of polyphenolic compounds to limit the activity of CEase. The drug-likeness prediction revealed the prospects of the identified lead molecules as potential drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rini Abraham
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Nisha N Chandran
- Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Division, Saraswathy Thangavelu Centre, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden & Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories, Medway School of Science, University of Greenwich, KENT, Medway, ME4 4TB, UK
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7
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Abstract
Inhibitors of cholesterol absorption have been sought for decades as a means to treat and prevent cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) associated with hypercholesterolemia. Ezetimibe is the one clear success story in this regard, and other compounds with similar efficacy continue to be sought. In the last decade, the laboratory mouse, with all its genetic power, has become the premier experimental model for discovering the mechanisms underlying cholesterol absorption and has become a critical tool for preclinical testing of potential pharmaceutical entities. This chapter briefly reviews the history of cholesterol absorption research and the various gene candidates that have come under consideration as drug targets. The most common and versatile method of measuring cholesterol absorption is described in detail along with important considerations when interpreting results, and an alternative method is also presented. In recent years, reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) has become an area of intense new interest for drug discovery since this process is now considered another key to reducing CVD risk. The ultimate measure of RCT is sterol excretion and a detailed description is given for measuring neutral and acidic fecal sterols and interpreting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip N Howles
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Lipid and Arteriosclerosis Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, 2120 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA.
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8
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Gururaja GM, Mundkinajeddu D, Dethe SM, Sangli GK, Abhilash K, Agarwal A. Cholesterol esterase inhibitory activity of bioactives from leaves of Mangifera indica L. Pharmacognosy Res 2015; 7:355-62. [PMID: 26692750 PMCID: PMC4660515 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.159578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In the earlier studies, methanolic extract of Mangifera indica L leaf was exhibited hypocholesterol activity. However, the bioactive compounds responsible for the same are not reported so far. Objective: To isolate the bioactive compounds with hypocholesterol activity from the leaf extract using cholesterol esterase inhibition assay which can be used for the standardization of extract. Materials and Methods: The leaf methanolic extract of M. indica (Sindoora variety) was partitioned with ethyl acetate and chromatographed on silica gel to yield twelve fractions and the activity was monitored by using cholesterol esterase inhibition assay. Active fractions were re-chromatographed to yield individual compounds. Results and Discussion: A major compound mangiferin present in the extract was screened along with other varieties of mango leaves for cholesterol esterase inhibition assay. However, the result indicates that compounds other than mangiferin may be active in the extract. Invitro pancreatic cholesterol esterase inhibition assay was used for bioactivity guided fractionation (BAGF) to yield bioactive compound for standardization of extract. Bioactivity guided fractionation afford the active fraction containing 3b-taraxerol with an IC50 value of 0.86μg/ml. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that M. indica methanol extract of leaf have significant hypocholesterol activity which is standardized with 3b-taraxerol, a standardized extract for hypocholesterol activity resulted in development of dietary supplement from leaves of Mangifera indica.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Gururaja
- Research Scholar, Manipal University, Manipal, India ; R & D Centre, Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru, India
| | | | | | | | - K Abhilash
- R & D Centre, Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru, India
| | - Amit Agarwal
- R & D Centre, Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru, India
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9
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Lipase inhibition and cholesterol-lowering activities of laccase-catalyzed catechin polymers. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0232-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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10
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Smoum R, Rubinstein A, Dembitsky VM, Srebnik M. Boron containing compounds as protease inhibitors. Chem Rev 2012; 112:4156-220. [PMID: 22519511 DOI: 10.1021/cr608202m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reem Smoum
- The School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
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11
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Phospholipase A2 mediates apolipoprotein-independent uptake of chylomicron remnant-like particles by human macrophages. Int J Vasc Med 2011; 2012:501954. [PMID: 21876814 PMCID: PMC3160105 DOI: 10.1155/2012/501954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E-receptor-mediated pathways are the main routes by which macrophages take up chylomicron remnants, but uptake may also be mediated by receptor-independent routes. To investigate these mechanisms, triacylglycerol (TG) accumulation induced by apolipoprotein-free chylomicron remnant-like particles (CRLPw/o) in human monocyte-derived macrophages was evaluated. Macrophage TG content increased about 5-fold after incubation with
CRLPw/o, and this effect was not reduced by the inhibition of phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, apolipoprotein E function, or proteoglycan bridging.
The role of lipases, including lipoprotein lipase, cholesteryl ester hydrolase, and secretory (sPLA2) and cytosolic phospholipase A2, was studied using [3H]TG-labelled CRLPw/o. Total cell radioactivity after incubation with [3H]TG CRLPw/o was reduced by 15–30% by inhibitors of lipoprotein lipase and cholesteryl ester hydrolase and by about 45% by inhibitors of sPLA2 and cytosolic PLA2 . These results suggest that macrophage lipolytic enzymes mediate the internalization of postprandial TG-rich lipoproteins and that sPLA2 and cytosolic PLA2, play a more important role than extracellular lipoprotein lipase-mediated TG hydrolysis.
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12
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Abstract
Inhibitors of cholesterol absorption have been sought for decades as a means to treat and prevent cardiovascular diseases associated with hypercholesterolemia. Ezetimibe is the one clear success story in this regard, and other compounds with similar efficacy continue to be sought. In the last decade, the laboratory mouse, with all its genetic power, has become the premier experimental model for discovering the mechanisms underlying cholesterol absorption and has become a critical tool for preclinical testing of potential pharmaceutical entities. This chapter briefly reviews the history of cholesterol absorption research and the various gene candidates that have come under consideration as drug targets. The most common and versatile method of measuring cholesterol absorption is described in detail along with important considerations when interpreting results, and an alternative method is also presented. In recent years, reverse cholesterol transport has become an area of intense new interest for drug discovery since this process is now considered another key to reducing cardiovascular disease risk. The ultimate measure of reverse cholesterol transport is sterol excretion and a detailed description is given for measuring neutral and acidic fecal sterols and interpreting the results.
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13
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Brahmkshatriya PS, Jani MH, Chhabria MT. Recent developments in the treatment of atherosclerosis. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 21:1-15. [PMID: 16570499 DOI: 10.1080/14756360500337634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the most frequent causes of cardiac arrest. The major cause of this disease is high concentrations of lipid in the blood. Medicinal agents so far have been quite successful in the management of hyperlipidemia. Among the several widely used drugs, (fibrates, statins and niacin) statins are the most frequently prescribed in many forms of hyperlipidemia. Recently, statins have been found to produce serious toxicities, which are rare but can be potentially harmful and are noise concern for the immediate need to develop some new chemical entities in this category. This review is primarily concerned with recent developments in atherosclerotic drug discovery including novel inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis, cholesterol absorption inhibitors and antioxidants. The review also focuses on possible future targets including gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pathik S Brahmkshatriya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad - 380009, Gujarat, India.
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14
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Jain KS, Kathiravan MK, Somani RS, Shishoo CJ. The biology and chemistry of hyperlipidemia. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:4674-99. [PMID: 17521912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Coronary arterial diseases are responsible for more deaths than all other associated causes combined. Elevated serum cholesterol levels leading to atherosclerosis can cause coronary heart disease (CHD). Reduction in serum cholesterol levels reduces the risk for CHD, substantially. Medicinal chemists all around the world have been designing, synthesizing, and evaluating a variety of new bioactive molecules for lowering lipid levels. This review summarizes the disorders associated with elevation of lipids in blood and the current strategies to control them. The emphasis has been laid in particular on the new potential biological targets and the possible treatments as well as the current ongoing research status in the field of lipid lowering agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor S Jain
- Sinhgad College of Pharmacy, S. No. 44/1, Vadgaon(Bk.), Sinhgad Road, Pune 411 041, India.
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15
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McGlacken GP, Fairlamb IJS. 2-Pyrone natural products and mimetics: isolation, characterisation and biological activity. Nat Prod Rep 2005; 22:369-85. [PMID: 16010346 DOI: 10.1039/b416651p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The review summarises natural products containing the 2-pyrone moiety. An emphasis has been placed upon the biological activity associated with 2-pyrones, particularly with respect to potential therapeutic or anti-microbial agents. Where appropriate, non-natural 2-pyrone analogues are discussed, particularly those derived from natural product lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard P McGlacken
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, UK YO10 5DD
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16
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Rebaï O, Le Petit-Thevenin J, Bruneau N, Lombardo D, Vérine A. In Vitro Angiogenic Effects of Pancreatic Bile Salt-Dependent Lipase. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25:359-64. [PMID: 15569825 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000151618.49109.bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bile salt-dependent lipase (BSDL), a lipolytic enzyme secreted in the duodenum by pancreatic acinar cells, has been detected in the serum of all patients and in atheromatous plaque, suggesting its potential implication in vascular pathophysiology. METHODS AND RESULTS In vitro pancreatic BSDL evokes human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation and chemotactic migration. BSDL at mitogen concentration is capable to heal wounded HUVEC monolayer and to promote capillary network formation. HUVEC proliferation depends on the displacement of basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor from the extracellular matrix and the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and focal adhesion kinase signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS For the first time to our knowledge, it is suggested that circulating BSDL could be involved in pathophysiological angiogenesis. We delineate the in vitro effects of pancreatic BSDL on endothelial cells, and we show that BSDL promotes proliferation, migration, capillary network formation, and wound-healing of HUVECs via the displacement of bFGF and VEGF from the ECM, suggesting that BSDL could be involved in angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouafa Rebaï
- INSERM U-559 and IPHM, Marseille-cedex, France
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17
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Heidrich JE, Contos LM, Hunsaker LA, Deck LM, Vander Jagt DL. Inhibition of pancreatic cholesterol esterase reduces cholesterol absorption in the hamster. BMC Pharmacol 2004; 4:5. [PMID: 15096274 PMCID: PMC406500 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2210-4-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2003] [Accepted: 04/19/2004] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cholesterol esterase has three proposed functions in the intestine: 1) to control the bioavailability of cholesterol from dietary cholesterol esters; 2) to contribute to incorporation of cholesterol into mixed micelles; and 3) to aid in transport of free cholesterol to the enterocyte. Inhibitors of cholesterol esterase are anticipated to limit the absorption of dietary cholesterol. RESULTS The selective and potent cholesterol esterase inhibitor 6-chloro-3-(1-ethyl-2-cyclohexyl)-2-pyrone (figure 1, structure 1) was administered to hamsters fed a high cholesterol diet supplemented with radiolabeled cholesterol ester. Hamsters were gavage fed 3H-labeled cholesteryl oleate along with inhibitor 1, 0-200 micromoles. Twenty-four hours later, hepatic and serum radioactive cholesterol levels were determined. The ED50 of inhibitor 1 for prevention of the uptake of labeled cholesterol derived from hydrolysis of labeled cholesteryl oleate was 100 micromoles. The toxicity of inhibitor 1 was investigated in a 30 day feeding trial. Inhibitor 1, 100 micromoles or 200 micromoles per day, was added to chow supplemented with 1% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid. Clinical chemistry urinalysis and tissue histopathology were obtained. No toxicity differences were noted between control and inhibitor supplemented groups. CONCLUSIONS Inhibitors of cholesterol esterase may be useful therapeutics for limiting cholesterol absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Heidrich
- Albuquerque Avian, Exotic, and Small Animal Clinic, 8414 Fourth Street, NW, Albuquerque, NM 87114, USA
| | - Linda M Contos
- Albuquerque Avian, Exotic, and Small Animal Clinic, 8414 Fourth Street, NW, Albuquerque, NM 87114, USA
| | - Lucy A Hunsaker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 78131, USA
| | - Lorraine M Deck
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - David L Vander Jagt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 78131, USA
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18
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Kirby RJ, Howles PN, Hui DY. Rate of gastric emptying influences dietary cholesterol absorption efficiency in selected inbred strains of mice. J Lipid Res 2003; 45:89-98. [PMID: 14563823 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m300148-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the physiological process of cholesterol absorption in different strains of inbred mice with the goal of identifying novel mechanism(s) by which cholesterol absorption can be controlled. The rate and amount of cholesterol absorption were evaluated based on [14C]cholesterol appearance in plasma after feeding a meal containing [14C]cholesterol and by the percentage of [14C]-cholesterol absorbed over a 24 h period. Results showed that the rate of [14C]cholesterol appearance in plasma was slower in 129P3/J mice than in SJL/J mice. However, more dietary cholesterol was absorbed over a 24 h period by 129P3/J mice than by SJL/J mice. In both strains of mice, cholesterol delivered with medium-chain triglyceride was absorbed less efficiently than cholesterol delivered with olive oil. The strain- and vehicle-dependent differences in cholesterol absorption efficiency correlated negatively with stomach-emptying rates. Furthermore, inhibition of gastric emptying with nitric oxide synthase inhibitor increased cholesterol absorption efficiency in SJL/J mice. These results document that stomach-emptying rate contributes directly to the rate of dietary cholesterol absorption, which is inversely correlated with the total amount of cholesterol absorbed from a single meal. Additionally, genetic factor(s) that influence gastric emptying may be an important determinant of cholesterol absorption efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jason Kirby
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529, USA
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19
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Sliskovic DR, Picard JA, Krause BR. ACAT inhibitors: the search for a novel and effective treatment of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2003; 39:121-71. [PMID: 12536672 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Drago R Sliskovic
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ann Arbor Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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20
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Hui DY, Howles PN. Carboxyl ester lipase: structure-function relationship and physiological role in lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis. J Lipid Res 2002; 43:2017-30. [PMID: 12454261 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r200013-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Carboxyl ester lipase (CEL), previously named cholesterol esterase or bile salt-stimulated (or dependent) lipase, is a lipolytic enzyme capable of hydrolyzing cholesteryl esters, tri-, di-, and mono-acylglycerols, phospholipids, lysophospholipids, and ceramide. The active site catalytic triad of serine-histidine-aspartate is centrally located within the enzyme structure and is partially covered by a surface loop. The carboxyl terminus of the protein regulates enzymatic activity by forming hydrogen bonds with the surface loop to partially shield the active site. Bile salt binding to the loop domain frees the active site for accessibility by water-insoluble substrates. CEL is synthesized primarily in the pancreas and lactating mammary gland, but the enzyme is also expressed in liver, macrophages, and in the vessel wall. In the gastrointestinal tract, CEL serves as a compensatory protein to other lipolytic enzymes for complete digestion and absorption of lipid nutrients. Importantly, CEL also participates in chylomicron assembly and secretion, in a mechanism mediated through its ceramide hydrolytic activity. Cell culture studies suggest a role for CEL in lipoprotein metabolism and oxidized LDL-induced atherosclerosis. Thus, this enzyme, which has a wide substrate reactivity and diffuse anatomic distribution, may have multiple functions in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y Hui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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21
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Ikeda I, Matsuoka R, Hamada T, Mitsui K, Imabayashi S, Uchino A, Sato M, Kuwano E, Itamura T, Yamada K, Tanaka K, Imaizumi K. Cholesterol esterase accelerates intestinal cholesterol absorption. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1571:34-44. [PMID: 12031288 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(02)00204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of acceleration of cholesterol absorption by cholesterol esterase were investigated in various experimental conditions. Lymphatic recovery of cholesterol intubated as a micellar solution containing phosphatidylcholine (PC) into the duodenum was enhanced by the co-administration of cholesterol esterase in rats drained of bile and pancreatic juice. However, no accelerated incorporation was observed when cholesterol was solubilized in PC-depleted micelles. Cholesterol esterase dose-dependently accelerated the incorporation of cholesterol into differentiated Caco-2 cells, only when cholesterol was solubilized in PC-containing micelles. The accelerated incorporation of cholesterol into Caco-2 cells by cholesterol esterase disappeared when the enzyme was preincubated with a suicide inhibitor of cholesterol esterase. Cholesterol esterase has an activity as phospholipase A(2). When 10% of PC in bile salt micelles was replaced by lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC), the incorporation of cholesterol into Caco-2 cells was significantly accelerated. Cholesterol esterase enhanced the incorporation of micellar cholesterol into brush border membranes prepared from the rat jejunum. The addition of cholesterol esterase to bile salt micelles accelerated the release of micellar cholesterol in a dose-dependent manner, only when the micelles contained PC. These observations strongly suggest that cholesterol esterase hydrolyzes PC in bile salt micelles and thereby, accelerating the release of cholesterol from bile salt micelles. This may be a major cause of the acceleration of cholesterol absorption by cholesterol esterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Ikeda
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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22
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Stoddard Hatch M, Brown WM, Deck JA, Hunsaker LA, Deck LM, Vander Jagt DL. Inhibition of yeast lipase (CRL1) and cholesterol esterase (CRL3) by 6-chloro-2-pyrones: comparison with porcine cholesterol esterase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1596:381-91. [PMID: 12007617 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(01)00304-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previously, it was demonstrated that pancreatic cholesterol esterase is selectively inhibited by 6-chloro-2-pyrones with cyclic aliphatic substituents in the 3-position. Inhibition is reversible and is competitive with substrate. Pancreatic cholesterol esterase is a potential target for treatment of hypercholesterolemia. In the present study, yeast cholesterol esterase from Candida cylindracea (also called C. rugosa CRL3) was compared to porcine pancreatic cholesterol esterase for inhibition by a series of 3-alkyl- or 5-alkyl-6-chloro-2-pyrones. In addition, CRL3 was compared with the related yeast lipase CRL1. Inhibition of CRL3 by substituted 6-chloro-2-pyrones was competitive with binding of the substrate p-nitrophenyl butyrate. Inhibition constants ranged from 0.2 microM to >90 microM. Small changes in the alkyl group had profound effects on binding. The pattern of inhibition of CRL3 is quite distinct from that observed with porcine cholesterol esterase. Molecular modeling studies suggest that the orientation of binding of these inhibitors at the active site of CRL3 can vary but that the pyrone ring consistently occupies a position close to the active site serine. CRL1 is highly homologous to CRL3. Nevertheless, patterns of inhibition of CRL1 by substituted 6-chloro-2-pyrones differ markedly from patterns observed with CRL3. The substituted 6-chloro-2-pyrones are slowly hydrolyzed in the presence of CRL1 and are pseudosubstrates of CRL3, but are simple reversible inhibitors of pancreatic cholesterol esterase
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Stoddard Hatch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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23
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Park YB, Jeon SM, Byun SJ, Kim HS, Choi MS. Absorption of intestinal free cholesterol is lowered by supplementation of Areca catechu L. extract in rats. Life Sci 2002; 70:1849-59. [PMID: 12005171 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(02)01485-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Areca extracts exhibiting a strong inhibitory activity against pancreatic cholesterol esterase (pCEase) in vitro were previously found to lower the absorption of dietary cholesteryl ester. Therefore, to determine whether a combined Areca extract also affects the absorption of intestinal free cholesterol, male rats were fed a diet containing free cholesterol (1%, w/w) either with or without an Areca nut extract supplement (0.5%, w/w). The Areca extract supplement significantly lowered the plasma cholesterol concentration by 25% without any change in the plasma triglyceride concentration, when compared to the control group. The supplement also significantly lowered the small intestinal pCEase activity by 39.1% compared to that of the control group. As regards the hepatic and intestinal ACAT activities, only the intestinal enzyme activity was significantly lowered by the supplement, when compared to the control group. The absorbed cholesterol that appeared in the blood after an oral dose of [1,2(n)-3H] free cholesterol was significantly lower in the rats supplemented with the Areca nut extract, compared with the control group. These results suggest that the inhibition of intestinal ACAT and possibly pCEase may facilitate the metabolic efficiency of the Areca nut extract as regards the absorption of intestinal free cholesterol. The structure and chemical properties of the active compound in the water-soluble Areca extract remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Bok Park
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, South Korea
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24
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Lombardo D. Bile salt-dependent lipase: its pathophysiological implications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1533:1-28. [PMID: 11514232 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(01)00130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Lombardo
- INSERM Unité 559, Faculté de Médecine-Timone, 27 Blv Jean Moulin, 13385 Cedex 05, Marseille, France.
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25
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Abstract
The new therapeutic options available to clinicians treating dyslipidaemia in the last decade have enabled effective treatment for many patients. The development of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) have been a major advance in that they possess multiple pharmacological effects (pleiotropic effects) resulting in potent reductions of low density lipoproteins (LDL) and prevention of the atherosclerotic process. More recently, the newer fibric acid derivatives have also reduced LDL to levels comparable to those achieved with statins, have reduced triglycerides, and gemfibrozil has been shown to increase high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Nicotinic acid has been made tolerable with sustained-release formulations, and is still considered an excellent choice in elevating HDL cholesterol and is potentially effective in reducing lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] levels, an emerging risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). Furthermore, recent studies have reported positive lipid-lowering effects from estrogen and/or progestogen in postmenopausal women but there are still conflicting reports on the use of these agents in dyslipidaemia and in females at risk for CHD. In addition to lowering lipid levels, these antihyperlipidaemic agents may have directly or indirectly targeted thrombogenic, fibrinolytic and atherosclerotic processes which may have been unaccounted for in their overall success in clinical trials. Although LDL cholesterol is still the major target for therapy, it is likely that over the next several years other lipid/lipoprotein and nonlipid parameters will become more generally accepted targets for specific therapeutic interventions. Some important emerging lipid/lipoprotein parameters that have been associated with CHD include elevated triglyceride, oxidised LDL cholesterol and Lp(a) levels, and low HDL levels. The nonlipid parameters include elevated homocysteine and fibrinogen, and decreased endothelial-derived nitric oxide production. Among the new investigational agents are inhibitors of squalene synthetase, acylCoA: cholesterol acyltransferase, cholesteryl ester transfer protein, monocyte-macrophages and LDL cholesterol oxidation. Future applications may include thyromimetic therapy, cholesterol vaccination, somatic gene therapy, and recombinant proteins, in particular, apolipoproteins A-I and E. Non-LDL-related targets such as peroxisome proliferator-activating receptors, matrix metalloproteinases and scavenger receptor class B type I may also have clinical significance in the treatment of atherosclerosis in the near future. Before lipid-lowering therapy, dietary and lifestyle modification is and should be the first therapeutic intervention in the management of dyslipidaemia. Although current recommendations from the US and Europe are slightly different, adherence to these recommendations is essential to lower the risk of atherosclerotic vascular disease, more specifically CHD. New guidelines that are expected in the near future will encompass global opinions from the expert scientific community addressing the issue of target LDL goal (aggressive versus moderate lowering) and the application of therapy for newer emerging CHD risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Chong
- College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, and Cook County Hospital, Chicago 60612-3785, USA.
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26
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von Bergmann K, Jones PH. Therapy and clinical trials. Curr Opin Lipidol 1998; 9:519-20. [PMID: 9868585 DOI: 10.1097/00041433-199812000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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