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The Role of Starch in Shaping the Rheo-Mechanical Properties of Fat-in-Water Emulsions. POLYSACCHARIDES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/polysaccharides3040047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The DMA technique was used to conduct experiments on the rheo-mechanical properties of emulsified bovine fat meat products stabilised with potato starch. Starch gels with starch concentrations corresponding to the concentration of starch in water in the emulsions under analysis were used as control systems. The research showed that the rheo-mechanical properties of starch gels and starch–fat gels result from the conformational changes occurring within the structural elements of their spatial network. In starch gels, segments formed by complex associations of amylose chains are structural elements, whereas in starch–fat gels (emulsions) these are additionally amylose–fat complexes. Changes occurring during progressive retrogradation increase the degree of cross-linking in them. In starch gels, they are conditioned by the starch concentration, whereas in emulsions they are conditioned by the concentration of starch and the presence of fat. The parameters obtained by adjusting the Avrami equation to the data obtained with the DMA method enabled the determination of three forms of organisation of the dispersion structure of starch–fat systems. Each of these forms of structure organisation is conditioned by the concentration of starch in the emulsion system.
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2
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Wang H, Wang Q, Zhu J, Hu G. Comparison of high-pressure, freeze-thaw cycles and germination-parboiling treatments on lipids digestibility and rancidity of brown rice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15667. [PMID: 36123341 PMCID: PMC9485233 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19272-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown rice (BR) contains more lipids, as compared with white rice, but its indigestibility and rancidity limit the consumer acceptability. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the effect of high-pressure (HP), freeze–thaw cycles (FTC) and germination-parboiling (GP) treatments on lipid in vitro digestibility and rancidity of BR. GP treated BR released the most fatty acids (especially palmitic acid and stearic acid) after in vitro digestion, followed by FTC treated BR. FTC treated BR kept the highest value of fat acidity during storage, while opposite results were observed in GP treated BR. Although HP treatment increased fat acidity value immediately, it slowed down the increase of fat acidity with storage. The results of conjugated dienes and malonaldehydes content in BR stored under accelerated conditions indicated better lipid oxidation stability after HP and GP treatment, and that it’s necessary for FTC treated BR products to be stored under anaerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Deshengzhong Road, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Deshengzhong Road, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Jiahong Zhu
- Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Deshengzhong Road, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Guixian Hu
- Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Deshengzhong Road, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
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3
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Rezler R. DMA Study of the Molecular Structure of Porcine Fat in-Water Emulsions Stabilised by Potato Starch. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7276. [PMID: 34298901 PMCID: PMC8307950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine how the molecular structure of porcine fat-in-water type emulsions stabilised with potato starch affected their rheomechanical properties. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and instrumental analysis of the texture were the method used in experiments. Starch gels with concentrations corresponding to the water starch concentration of the examined emulsions were used as control systems. The analysis of the starch and starch-fat systems showed that the values characterising their rheomechanical and textural properties reflected the spatial reaction of the amylose matrix to dynamic mechanical interactions. Changes in their values resulted from conformational changes in the structure of segments and nodes of the lattice, conditioned by the concentration of starch and the presence of fat. As a result of these changes, starch-fat emulsions are distinguished by greater densities of network segments and nearly two times greater functionalities of nodes than starch gels. The instrumental analysis of the texture showed that the values of the texture parameters in the starch gels were greater than in the starch-fat emulsions. The high values of the correlation coefficients (R~0.9) between the texture determinants and the rheological parameters proved that there was a strong correlation between the textural properties of the tested systems and their rheomechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Rezler
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 38/42, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
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Yu X, Chu M, Chu C, Du Y, Shi J, Liu X, Liu Y, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Yan N. Wild rice (Zizania spp.): A review of its nutritional constituents, phytochemicals, antioxidant activities, and health-promoting effects. Food Chem 2020; 331:127293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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5
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Verma DK, Srivastav PP. A paradigm of volatile aroma compounds in rice and their product with extraction and identification methods: A comprehensive review. Food Res Int 2020; 130:108924. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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6
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A comparative UHPLC-QqQ-MS-based metabolomics approach for evaluating Chinese and North American wild rice. Food Chem 2019; 275:618-627. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Yan N, Du Y, Liu X, Chu C, Shi J, Zhang H, Liu Y, Zhang Z. Morphological Characteristics, Nutrients, and Bioactive Compounds of Zizania latifolia, and Health Benefits of Its Seeds. Molecules 2018; 23:E1561. [PMID: 29958396 PMCID: PMC6100627 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zizania latifolia (tribe Oryzeae Dum., subfamily Oryzoideae Care, family Gramineae) is native to East Asian countries. The seeds of Z. latifolia (Chinese wild rice) have been consumed as a cereal in China for >3000 years. Z. latifolia forms swollen culms when infected with Ustilago esculenta, which is the second most-cultivated aquatic vegetable in China. The current review summarizes the nutrients and bioactive compounds of Z. latifolia, and health benefits of its seeds. The seeds of Z. latifolia contain proteins, minerals, vitamins, and bioactive compounds, the activities of which—for example, antioxidant activity—have been characterized. Various health benefits are associated with their consumption, such as alleviation of insulin resistance and lipotoxicity, and protection against cardiovascular disease. Chinese wild rice may be used to prevent and treat metabolic disease, such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. Various compounds were isolated from the swollen culm, and aerial parts of Z. latifolia. The former suppresses osteoclast formation, inhibits growth of rat glioma cells, and may act as antioxidants and immunomodulators in drugs or foods. The latter exerts anti-fatigue, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic effects. Thus, Z. latifolia may be used to produce nutraceuticals and functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yan
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Yongmei Du
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Cheng Chu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - John Shi
- Guelph Food Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Yanhua Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Zhongfeng Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
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8
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Sumczynski D, Koubová E, Šenkárová L, Orsavová J. Rice flakes produced from commercial wild rice: Chemical compositions, vitamin B compounds, mineral and trace element contents and their dietary intake evaluation. Food Chem 2018; 264:386-392. [PMID: 29853391 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Non-traditional wild rice flakes were analysed for chemical composition, vitamin B compounds, α-tocopherol, mineral and trace elements. Dietary intakes of vitamins, minerals and trace elements were evaluated using FAO/WHO and Institute of Medicine regulations. Wild rice flakes proved to be significant contributors of pyridoxine, pantothenic and folic acids, niacin, thiamine, chromium, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, zinc, copper, molybdenum and iron to essential dietary intakes values. Toxic dietary intake values for aluminium, cadmium, tin and mercury were less than 33%, which complies the limits for adults set by FAO/WHO for toxic elements intake related to the body weight of 65 kg for females and 80 kg for males taking 100 g of flakes as a portion. However, concentrations of Hg reaching between 3.67 and 12.20 µg/100 g in flakes exceeded the average Hg value of 0.27-1.90 μg/100 g in cereals consumed in the EU. It has to be respected in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sumczynski
- Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Department of Food Analysis and Chemistry, Náměstí T.G. Masaryka 5555, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Koubová
- Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Department of Food Analysis and Chemistry, Náměstí T.G. Masaryka 5555, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Šenkárová
- Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Náměstí T.G. Masaryka 5555, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Orsavová
- Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Language Centre, Štefánikova 5670, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
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9
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Sumczynski D, Kotásková E, Orsavová J, Valášek P. Contribution of individual phenolics to antioxidant activity and in vitro digestibility of wild rices (Zizania aquatica L.). Food Chem 2017; 218:107-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Zhang H, Mittal N, Leamy LJ, Barazani O, Song B. Back into the wild-Apply untapped genetic diversity of wild relatives for crop improvement. Evol Appl 2017; 10:5-24. [PMID: 28035232 PMCID: PMC5192947 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Deleterious effects of climate change and human activities, as well as diverse environmental stresses, present critical challenges to food production and the maintenance of natural diversity. These challenges may be met by the development of novel crop varieties with increased biotic or abiotic resistance that enables them to thrive in marginal lands. However, considering the diverse interactions between crops and environmental factors, it is surprising that evolutionary principles have been underexploited in addressing these food and environmental challenges. Compared with domesticated cultivars, crop wild relatives (CWRs) have been challenged in natural environments for thousands of years and maintain a much higher level of genetic diversity. In this review, we highlight the significance of CWRs for crop improvement by providing examples of CWRs that have been used to increase biotic and abiotic stress resistance/tolerance and overall yield in various crop species. We also discuss the surge of advanced biotechnologies, such as next-generation sequencing technologies and omics, with particular emphasis on how they have facilitated gene discovery in CWRs. We end the review by discussing the available resources and conservation of CWRs, including the urgent need for CWR prioritization and collection to ensure continuous crop improvement for food sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyou Zhang
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North Carolina at CharlotteCharlotteNCUSA
| | - Neha Mittal
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North Carolina at CharlotteCharlotteNCUSA
| | - Larry J. Leamy
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North Carolina at CharlotteCharlotteNCUSA
| | - Oz Barazani
- The Institute for Plant SciencesIsrael Plant Gene BankAgricultural Research OrganizationBet DaganIsrael
| | - Bao‐Hua Song
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North Carolina at CharlotteCharlotteNCUSA
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11
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Zhang H, Zhai CK. Effects of Chinese and North American Wild Rice on Blood Lipids, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation Factors in Hyperlipidemic Rats. Cereal Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-06-15-0119-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng-kai Zhai
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Moghadasian MH, Alsaif M, Le K, Gangadaran S, Masisi K, Beta T, Shen GX. Combination effects of wild rice and phytosterols on prevention of atherosclerosis in LDL receptor knockout mice. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 33:128-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Verardo V, Gómez-Caravaca AM, Marconi E, Segura-Carretero A, Garrido-Frenich A, Fernández-Gutiérrez A. Determination of lipophilic and hydrophilic bioactive compounds in raw and parboiled rice bran. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04836f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice bran is one of the most important rice by-products and represents a source of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Verardo
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area) and Research Centre for Agricultural and Food Biotechnology (BITAL)
- Agrifood Campus of International Excellence
- ceiA3
- University of Almería
- E-04120 Almería
| | - Ana Maria Gómez-Caravaca
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- University of Granada
- Granada
- Spain
- Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF)
| | - Emanuele Marconi
- Dipartimento Agricoltura
- Ambiente e Alimenti
- Università del Molise
- Campobasso
- Italy
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- University of Granada
- Granada
- Spain
- Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF)
| | - Antonia Garrido-Frenich
- Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area) and Research Centre for Agricultural and Food Biotechnology (BITAL)
- Agrifood Campus of International Excellence
- ceiA3
- University of Almería
- E-04120 Almería
| | - Alberto Fernández-Gutiérrez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- University of Granada
- Granada
- Spain
- Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF)
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14
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Zhu D, Nyström L. Differentiation of rice varieties using small bioactive lipids as markers. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhu
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology; Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Laura Nyström
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology; Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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Suttiarporn P, Chumpolsri W, Mahatheeranont S, Luangkamin S, Teepsawang S, Leardkamolkarn V. Structures of phytosterols and triterpenoids with potential anti-cancer activity in bran of black non-glutinous rice. Nutrients 2015; 7:1672-87. [PMID: 25756784 PMCID: PMC4377873 DOI: 10.3390/nu7031672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Structures of some bioactive phytochemicals in bran extract of the black rice cv. Riceberry that had demonstrated anti-cancer activity in leukemic cell line were investigated. After saponification with potassium hydroxide, separation of the unsaponified fraction by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) resulted in four sub-fractions that had a certain degree of anti-proliferation against a mouse leukemic cell line (WEHI-3 cell), this being IC50 at 24 h ranging between 2.80-467.11 μg/mL. Further purification of the bioactive substances contained in these four sub-fractions was performed by normal-phase HPLC. Structural characterization by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) resulted in, overall, the structures of seven phytosterols and four triterpenoids. Four phytosterols, 24-methylene-ergosta-5-en-3β-ol, 24-methylene-ergosta-7-en-3β-ol, fucosterol, and gramisterol, along with three triterpenoids, cycloeucalenol, lupenone, and lupeol, were found in the two sub-fractions that showed strong anti-leukemic cell proliferation (IC50 = 2.80 and 32.89 μg/mL). The other sterols and triterpenoids were campesterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol and 24-methylenecycloartanol. Together with the data from in vitro biological analysis, we suggest that gramisterol is a significant anti-cancer lead compound in Riceberry bran extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panawan Suttiarporn
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Watcharapong Chumpolsri
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Sugunya Mahatheeranont
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Suwaporn Luangkamin
- Department of Basic Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Science at Si Racha, Kasetsart University, Si Racha Campus, Chonburi 20230, Thailand.
| | - Somsuda Teepsawang
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A. Timm
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, 1334 Eckles Avenue, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, U.S.A
| | - Joanne L. Slavin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, 1334 Eckles Avenue, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, U.S.A
- Corresponding author. Phone: (612) 624-7234. Fax: (612) 625-5272. E-mail:
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Surendiran G, Alsaif M, Kapourchali FR, Moghadasian MH. Nutritional constituents and health benefits of wild rice (Zizaniaspp.). Nutr Rev 2014; 72:227-36. [DOI: 10.1111/nure.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gangadaran Surendiran
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences and Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - Maha Alsaif
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences and Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | | | - Mohammed H Moghadasian
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences and Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg MB Canada
- International Nutrition Research Inc.; Winnipeg MB Canada
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18
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Yoshida H, Yoshida N, Kuriyama I, Kanamori M, Sakamoto Y, Mizushina Y. Characteristics of Fatty Acid Distribution in Different Acyl Lipids of Colored Rice Bran Cultivars. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.20.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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19
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20
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Surendiran G, Goh C, Le K, Zhao Z, Askarian F, Othman R, Nicholson T, Moghadasian P, Wang YJ, Aliani M, Shen G, Beta T, Moghadasian MH. Wild rice (Zizania palustris L.) prevents atherogenesis in LDL receptor knockout mice. Atherosclerosis 2013; 230:284-92. [PMID: 24075758 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dietary modifications including healthy eating constitute one of the first line strategies for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors including high cholesterol and atherosclerosis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the potential cardiovascular benefits of wild rice in male and female LDL-receptor-deficient (LDLr-KO) mice. METHODS Wild rice was used to create a semi-synthetic diet containing approximately 60% of total energy from carbohydrate. Two other experimental diets were similar in macronutrient composition, but containing either white rice or commercial carbohydrate sources. All diets were supplemented with 0.06% (w/w) dietary cholesterol. The mice were divided into six experimental groups and fed with these diets over 24 weeks. RESULTS Consumption of wild rice significantly reduced the size and severity of atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic roots of male and female mice by 71 and 61% respectively, compared to the control group of the same gender. This effect was associated with significant reductions of plasma cholesterol levels by 15 and 40%, low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels by 12 and 42%, and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels by 35 and 75% respectively, in male and female mice compared to the control group of the same gender. Increased fecal cholesterol excretion of up to 34% was also noted, compared to the control group of the same gender. However, the antiatherogenic effect of wild rice was not associated with increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. CONCLUSION Current data suggest that cholesterol-lowering effects of wild rice may be the main factor for the prevention of atherogenesis in LDLr-KO mice. Additional studies are needed to understand the mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangadaran Surendiran
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Canadian Center for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Center, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Aladedunye F, Przybylski R, Rudzinska M, Klensporf-Pawlik D. γ-Oryzanols of North American Wild Rice ( Zizania palustris). J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2013; 90:1101-1109. [PMID: 23913975 PMCID: PMC3723977 DOI: 10.1007/s11746-013-2252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
γ-Oryzanol, a natural mixture of ferulic acid esters of triterpene alcohols and sterols, are an important bioactive components present in rice bran oil. In light of the recent increase in the popularity of wild rice among consumers, and the possibility of a direct relationship between γ-oryzanol composition and its bioactivity, the oryzanol profile of major wild rice (Zizania palustris) grown in North America was studied and compared to regular brown rice (Oryza sativa L.). A total of twenty-three γ-oryzanol components were separated, identified and quantified by HPLC coupled to an Orbitrap MS. The distribution of individual γ-oryzanols was similar for all the wild rice but significantly different from those of the regular brown rice. Unlike in the regular brown rice, a significant amount of steryl caffeate and cinnamate were found in the wild rice samples. Generally, the amounts of γ-oryzanol in the wild rice were higher compared to the regular brown rice, 1,352 vs. 688 μg/g. The results from this study showed that wild rice had a more diverse γ-oryzanol composition and the higher amounts compared to the regular brown rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Aladedunye
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Nutrition and Food, Detmold, Germany
| | - Roman Przybylski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Magdalena Rudzinska
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Han S, Zhang H, Qin L, Zhai C. Effects of dietary carbohydrate replaced with wild rice (Zizania latifolia (Griseb) Turcz) on insulin resistance in rats fed with a high-fat/cholesterol diet. Nutrients 2013; 5:552-64. [PMID: 23434909 PMCID: PMC3635212 DOI: 10.3390/nu5020552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild rice (WR) is a very nutritious grain that has been used to treat diabetes in Chinese medicinal practice. City diet (CD) is based on the diet consumed by Asian area residents in modern society, which is rich in saturated fats, cholesterol and carbohydrates. The present study was aimed at evaluating the effects of replacing white rice and processed wheat starch of CD with WR as the chief source of dietary carbohydrates on insulin resistance in rats fed with a high-fat/cholesterol diet. Except the rats of the low-fat (LF) diet group, the rats of the other three groups, including to high-fat/cholesterol (HFC) diet, CD and WR diet, were fed with high-fat/cholesterol diets for eight weeks. The rats fed with CD exhibited higher weight gain and lower insulin sensitivity compared to the rats consuming a HFC diet. However, WR suppressed high-fat/cholesterol diet-induced insulin resistance. WR decreased liver homogenate triglyceride and free fatty acids levels, raised serum adiponectin concentration and reduced serum lipocalin-2 and visfatin concentrations. In addition, the WR diet potently augmented the relative expressions of adiponectin receptor 2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, alpha and gamma, and abated relative expressions of leptin and lipocalin-2 in the tissues of interest. These findings indicate that WR is effective in ameliorating abnormal glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in rats, even when the diet consumed is high in fat and cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufen Han
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing 210009, China; E-Mails: (S.H.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, China; E-Mail:
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing 210009, China; E-Mails: (S.H.); (H.Z.)
| | - Liqiang Qin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, China; E-Mail:
| | - Chengkai Zhai
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing 210009, China; E-Mails: (S.H.); (H.Z.)
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Gawrysiak-Witulska M, Rudzińska M, Wawrzyniak J, Siger A. The Effect of Temperature and Moisture Content of Stored Rapeseed on the Phytosterol Degradation Rate. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2012; 89:1673-1679. [PMID: 22923815 PMCID: PMC3423569 DOI: 10.1007/s11746-012-2064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effect of temperature (25 or 35 °C) and moisture content (10, 12.5, 15.5 %) on rapeseed phytosterol degradation was examined for 18 days. Statistical analysis showed that temperature, moisture and time of storage have a significant effect on phytosterol degradation. After 18 days of seed storage at a temperature of 25 and 30 °C losses of these compounds amounted to 11 and 13 % in seeds with moisture contents of 10, 12 and 16 % in seeds with a moisture content of 12.5 %, while they were 24 and 58 % in seeds with a moisture content of 15.5 %. Among all the identified sterols the greatest degradation rate was observed for stigmasterol and brassicasterol. Losses of stigmasterol and brassicasterol during storage of seeds with a 12.5 % moisture content at a temperature of 30 °C were 17 and 28 %, respectively, while in seeds with a moisture content of 15.5 % these losses increased to 73 and 63 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Gawrysiak-Witulska
- Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rudzińska
- Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jolanta Wawrzyniak
- Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Aleksander Siger
- Department of Food Biochemistry and Analysis, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
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Protective potentials of wild rice (Zizania latifolia (Griseb) Turcz) against obesity and lipotoxicity induced by a high-fat/cholesterol diet in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2263-9. [PMID: 22579924 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The study evaluates the protective potentials of wild rice against obesity and lipotoxicity induced by a high-fat/cholesterol diet in rats. In addition to the rats of low-fat diet group, others animals were exposed to a high-fat/cholesterol diet condition for 8 weeks. The city diet (CD) is based on the diet consumed by urban residents in modern China, which is rich in fat/cholesterol and high in carbohydrates from white rice and processed wheat starch. The chief source of dietary carbohydrates of wild rice diet (WRD) is from Chinese wild rice and other compositions are the same with CD. Rats fed CD showed elevated body and liver organ weights, lipid profiles, free fatty acids (FFA) and leptin comparable with rats fed high-fat/cholesterol diet (HFD) known to induce obesity and hyperlipidaemia in this species. However, rats consuming WRD suppressed the increase of lipid droplets accumulation, FFA, and leptin, and the decrease of lipoprotein lipase and adipose triglyceride lipase. Meanwhile, WRD prevented high-fat/cholesterol diet-induced elevation in protein expression of sterol-regulatory element binding protein-1c, and gene expression of fatty acid synthase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. These findings indicate that wild rice as a natural food has the potentials of preventing obesity and liver lipotoxicity induced by a high-fat/cholesterol diet in rats.
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Zubair M, Anwar F, Ashraf M, Uddin MK. Characterization of high-value bioactives in some selected varieties of Pakistani Rice (Oryza sativa L.). Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:4608-4622. [PMID: 22605998 PMCID: PMC3344234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13044608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study reports the composition and variation of fatty acids, sterols, tocopherols and γ-oryzanol among selected varieties namely Basmati Super, Basmati 515, Basmati 198, Basmati 385, Basmati 2000, Basmati 370, Basmati Pak, KSK-139, KS-282 and Irri-6 of Pakistani rice (Oryza sativa L). Oil content extracted with n-hexane from different varieties of brown rice seed (unpolished rice) ranged from 1.92% to 2.72%. Total fatty acid contents among rice varieties tested varied between 18240 and 25840 mg/kg brown rice seed. The rice tested mainly contained oleic (6841-10952 mg/kg) linoleic (5453-7874 mg/kg) and palmitic acid (3613-5489 mg/kg). The amounts of total phytosterols (GC and GC-MS analysis), with main contribution from β-sitosterol (445-656 mg/kg), campesterol (116-242 mg/kg), Δ(5)-avenasterol (89-178 mg/kg) and stigmasterol (75-180 mg/kg) were established to be 739.4 to 1330.4 mg/kg rice seed. The content of α-, γ- and δ-tocopherols as analyzed by HPLC varied from 39.0-76.1, 21.6-28.1 and 6.5-16.5 mg/kg rice seed, respectively. The amounts of different γ-oryzanol components (HPLC data), identified as cycloartenyl ferulate, 24-methylene cycloartanyl ferulate, campesteryl ferulate and β-sitosteryl ferulate, were in the range of 65.5-103.6, 140.2-183.1, 29.8-45.5 and 8.6-10.4 mg/kg rice seed, respectively. Overall, the concentration of these bioactives was higher in the Basmati rice cultivars showing their functional food superiority. In conclusion, the tested varieties of Pakistani rice, especially the Basmati cultivars, can provide best ingredients for functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zubair
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan; E-Mail:
| | - Farooq Anwar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan; E-Mail:
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha-40100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan; E-Mail:
| | - Md. Kamal Uddin
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia-43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Aladedunye FA, Przybylski R. Antioxidative properties of phenolic acids and interaction with endogenous minor components during frying. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Aladedunye FA, Przybylski R. Frying Performance of Canola Oil Triacylglycerides as Affected by Vegetable Oils Minor Components. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-011-1887-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Advanced analysis of nutraceuticals. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:758-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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