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da Silva KLS, López-Gonzales JL, Turpo-Chaparro JE, Tocto-Cano E, Rodrigues PC. Spatio-temporal visualization and forecasting of [Formula: see text] in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3269. [PMID: 36841859 PMCID: PMC9968292 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30365-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Air pollution due to air contamination by gases, liquids, and solid particles in suspension, is a great environmental and public health concern nowadays. An important type of air pollution is particulate matter with a diameter of 10 microns or less ([Formula: see text]) because one of the determining factors that affect human health is the size of particles in the atmosphere due to the degree of permanence and penetration they have in the respiratory system. Therefore, it is extremely interesting to monitor and understand the behavior of [Formula: see text] concentrations so that they do not exceed the established critical levels. In this work, we will study the [Formula: see text] concentrations in all available monitoring stations in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. To better understand its behavior, we will provide a spatio-temporal visualization of the [Formula: see text] concentrations. Besides the descriptive and visualization analysis, we consider six standard and advanced time series models that will be used to fit and forecast [Formula: see text] concentrations, with application to three locations, one in Belo Horizonte, the Minas Gerais state capital, and the monitoring stations with the lowest and highest average [Formula: see text] concentration levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Linkolk López-Gonzales
- UPG Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Escuela de Posgrado, Universidad Peruana Unión, Lima, Peru
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Universidad Peruana Unión, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Esteban Tocto-Cano
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Universidad Peruana Unión, Lima, Peru
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Abe KC, Rodrigues MA, Miraglia SGEK. Health impact assessment of air pollution in Lisbon, Portugal. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2022; 72:1307-1315. [PMID: 36048722 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2022.2118192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lisbon has about 500,000 inhabitants and it's the capital and the main economic hub of Portugal. Studies have demonstrated that exposure to Particulate Matter with an aerodynamic diameter<2.5 μm (PM2.5) have strong association with health effects. Researchers continue to identify new harmful air pollutants effects in our health even in low levels. OBJECTIVES This study evaluates air pollution scenarios considering a Health Impact Assessment approach in Lisbon, Portugal. METHODS We have studied abatement scenarios of PM2.5 concentrations and the health effects in the period from 2015 to 2017 using the APHEKOM tool and the associated health costs were assessed by Value of Life Year. RESULTS The mean concentration of PM2.5 in Lisbon was 23 μg/m3 ± 10 μg/m3 (±Standard Deviation). If we consider that World Health Organization (WHO) standards of PM2.5 (10 μg/m3) were reached, Lisbon would avoid more than 423 premature deaths (equivalent to 9,172 life years' gain) and save more than US$45 million annually. If Lisbon city could even diminish the mean of PM2.5 by 5 μg/m3, nearly 165 deaths would be avoided, resulting in a gain of US$17 million annually. CONCLUSION According to our findings, if considered the worst pollution scenario, levels of PM2.5 could improve the life's quality and save a significant amount of economic resources.Implications: The manuscript addresses the health effects and costs of air pollution and constitutes an important target for improving public policies on air pollutants in Portugal. Although Portugal has low levels of air pollution, there are significant health and economic effects that, for the most part, are underreported. The health impact assessment approach associated with costs had not yet been addressed in Portugal, which makes this study more relevant in the analysis of policies aimed to drive stricter control on pollutants' emissions. Health costs are a fundamental element to support decision-making process and to orientate the trade-offs in investments for improving public policies so that to diminish health effects, which can impact the management of the local health services and the population's quality of life, especially after the pandemic period when resources are scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Camasmie Abe
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas - ICAQF, Laboratório de Economia, Saúde e Poluição Ambiental, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matilde Alexandra Rodrigues
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde Ambiental - CISA e Centro de Investigação em Reabilitação, Escola Superior de Saúde do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Simone Georges El Khouri Miraglia
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas - ICAQF, Laboratório de Economia, Saúde e Poluição Ambiental, São Paulo, Brazil
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Air Pollution Detection and Sports Club Environmental Responsibility Based on the RBF Neural Network. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:3693310. [PMID: 36059411 PMCID: PMC9433212 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3693310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid development of soft computing technology, various models and comprehensive analysis methods are emerging one after another, and new theories and research results continue to emerge, showing great strength and development potential in actual theoretical research and engineering applications. This paper analyzes the air pollution detection and environmental responsibility of sports clubs based on RBF neural networks, constructs the corresponding neural network algorithm, and simulates and analyzes the data. In the process of simulation design, we adjust the weight and threshold of the network according to the error performance of the network to realize the functions required by the system. Different models were used to predict the concentration of air pollutants in typical cities. At the same time, a meta-analysis method was used to conduct a preliminary discussion on the impact of air pollutants on the health of the Chinese population, and some research results were obtained. In the past years, Chinese sports clubs have also built a solid social environmental protection system around the related environmental protection responsibilities of sports clubs. The research on green environmental monitoring has improved people's awareness of environmental responsibility and provided technical support for the green development of sports clubs.
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Habran S, Crespin P, Veschkens M, Remy S. Development of a spatial web tool to identify hotspots of environmental burdens in Wallonia (Belgium). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:5681-5692. [PMID: 30725260 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04418-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In response to the Walloon Environment and Health Program, the Scientific Institute of Public Services (ISSeP) developed an integrated approach of environmental exposure assessment in the Walloon region, Belgium. The study presents an index-based approach to estimate the multiple environmental burdens at regional level and detailed local resolution. Indicators are based on environmental measurements of pollutants in ambient air and soil, and on stressors for citizens related to noise and radon. These indicators were mapped as proportions to obtain an accurate comparison between spatial units. In order to indicate the need for intervention, environmental indicators are calculated as the proportion of areas where the level of detrimental environmental factors exceeds threshold values from WHO guidelines and Walloon legal threshold values. In parallel, a spatial web tool based on GIS was developed to enable a flexible and weighted combination of the normalized indicators by computing the resulting composite index online. This interactive web tool designed for policy makers and experts eases the spatial analysis of results in order to identify geographic areas where hotspot exposures are a potential risk to human health. The next steps of this work aim to integrate more environmental indicators (stressors and benefits) and some sociodemographic and health indicators in order to detect vulnerable populations. A holistic assessment is essential to inform environmental justice debates and to ensure a health conducive equal environment. Finally, this environmental health tool will support decision makers focus resources and programs to improve the environmental health of Walloons living in areas disproportionately burdened by multiple sources of pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Habran
- Chronic Risks, Institut Scientifique de Service Public (ISSeP), Rue du Chera 200, 4000, Liege, Belgium.
| | - Pierre Crespin
- Air Quality, Institut Scientifique de Service Public (ISSeP), Rue du Chera 200, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Veschkens
- Chronic Risks, Institut Scientifique de Service Public (ISSeP), Rue du Chera 200, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Suzanne Remy
- Chronic Risks, Institut Scientifique de Service Public (ISSeP), Rue du Chera 200, 4000, Liege, Belgium
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Maesano CN, Morel G, Matynia A, Ratsombath N, Bonnety J, Legros G, Da Costa P, Prud'homme J, Annesi-Maesano I. Impacts on human mortality due to reductions in PM 10 concentrations through different traffic scenarios in Paris, France. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 698:134257. [PMID: 31494426 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Air pollution is a well-known burden for population health and health systems worldwide. Reduction in air pollution is associated with improvements in mortality and rates of respiratory, cardiovascular and other diseases. Though air quality is a problem globally, efforts to lower air pollutant concentrations are usually regional or local. In industrialized countries, most urban air pollution is caused by vehicles, suggesting reductions in traffic would result in reductions of pollution. However, detailed data on how such reductions can be achieved and impact public health is just beginning to emerge, and other influencing factors, including vehicle flow or urban landscape are largely unaccounted for. METHODS We utilized a unique combination of vehicle emission measurements combined with simulations of traffic and vehicle variations, as well as urban topographies, to quantify health impacts of PM10 reduction in a single district of Paris, France, for various methods of traffic improvement. Here we rank and evaluate improvements in non-accidental mortality for thirteen possible scenarios to reduce traffic related PM10 emissions. RESULTS The maximum impact scenario requires all passenger vehicles to meet Euro 5 standards and excludes diesel vehicles, resulting in long-term decreases in non-accidental mortality of 148.79 people per year, or 104.40 per 100,000 people. Similar reductions hold for the scenario requiring a completely electric passenger fleet, with long-term annual reductions of 137.14 premature mortalities. Removing all diesel vehicles is the third most impactful scenario, preventing 135.55 deaths yearly. DISCUSSION PARTLESS provides comparisons between thirteen different traffic-related air quality reduction mechanisms in terms of improvements in mortality rates. Improving emissions standards, increasing electric vehicle use and removing diesel vehicles can prevent more than 148 deaths per year in this district alone. Further improvements in mortality reduction may require changes to the composition of vehicle components, asphalt or to the management of resuspended particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Maesano
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F75013 Paris, France.
| | - G Morel
- UTC Sorbonne Université, Université de Technologie de Compiegne, EA 7284 Avenues, Centre Pierre Guillaumat, CS 60319-60203 Compeigne, France
| | - A Matynia
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7190, Institut Jean le Rond d'Alembert, Paris, France
| | - N Ratsombath
- UTC Sorbonne Université, Université de Technologie de Compiegne, EA 7284 Avenues, Centre Pierre Guillaumat, CS 60319-60203 Compeigne, France
| | - J Bonnety
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7190, Institut Jean le Rond d'Alembert, Paris, France
| | - G Legros
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7190, Institut Jean le Rond d'Alembert, Paris, France
| | - P Da Costa
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7190, Institut Jean le Rond d'Alembert, Paris, France
| | - J Prud'homme
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F75013 Paris, France
| | - I Annesi-Maesano
- INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F75013 Paris, France
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Ban J, Du Z, Wang Q, Ma R, Zhou Y, Li T. Environmental Health Indicators for China: Data Resources for Chinese Environmental Public Health Tracking. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:44501. [PMID: 30990728 PMCID: PMC6785224 DOI: 10.1289/ehp4319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Many developed countries use environmental public health tracking to gain a better understanding of the link between environmental hazards and public health. To respond to complicated environmental health issues, the National Institute of Environmental Health (NIEH), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), has begun to build a Chinese Environmental Public Health Tracking (CEPHT) system. On behalf of the CEPHT, authors provide insight into the CEPHT's development, current status, and future plans. In the initial stage of CEPHT, an indicator framework linking environment and public health that included a list of publicly available data sources regarding environmental hazards, public health outcomes, and risk factors in China was developed. An analysis of data availability, along with a comparison between CEPHT's indicator system and other tracking networks, revealed the existence of barriers and gaps in data integration that affect China's ability to track environmental public health. The lack of access to data, combined with inadequate data quality, has led to difficulties linking environmental hazards to their effects on public health. Current CEPHT efforts will help integrate environmental factors and exposure data with public health outcomes. For the near future, CEPHT plans to focus on increasing collaboration among data tracking agencies, improving data quality, and expanding proper data sharing. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4319.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ban
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zonghao Du
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Runmei Ma
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, Environmental Health Tracking Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tiantian Li
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Lu F, Shen B, Yuan P, Li S, Sun Y, Mei X. The emission of PM 2.5 in respiratory zone from Chinese family cooking and its health effect. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 654:671-677. [PMID: 30448657 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the PM2.5 emission in the direct exposed area from Chinese family cooking, eleven kinds of Chinese ordinary family cooking dishes were designed including frying, quick-frying, stewing, deep-frying, boiling and steaming according to the results of questionnaire survey. The results showed that the intensity sequence for PM2.5 emissions decreased as follows in general: deep-frying (0.709-2.731 mg/m3) > stir-frying (0.700-0.958 mg/m3) > stewing (~0.573 mg/m3) > quick-frying (0.140-0.433 mg/m3) > boiling (0.004-0.247 mg/m3) > steaming (0.011-0.088 mg/m3), most of them exceeded the national indoor air standard. The average concentration of PM2.5 in the direct respiratory zone from family cooking was determined to be 0.599 mg/m3, which was about 8 times higher than the national indoor air standard of China and lower than that from commercial restaurants. The annual PM2.5 inhalation exposure in the direct exposed area from family cooking for male and female was 346.30 mg/year and 309.59 mg/year, respectively. Although the annual PM2.5 inhalation exposure of male operators in general ordinary family cooking was about 11.8% higher than that of females, the pregnant women, children and the elderly are not encouraged to prepare ordinary family cooking for a long time due to their sensitive to PM2.5 emission. Selecting ventilator with high wind speed can reduce PM2.5 emission more than 65% when compared to medium wind speed. Improvement of ventilator wind speed is considered to be an effect way to reduce PM2.5 emission for cooking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengju Lu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Boxiong Shen
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China.
| | - Peng Yuan
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Shuhao Li
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Yating Sun
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Xue Mei
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
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Brønnum-Hansen H, Bender AM, Andersen ZJ, Sørensen J, Bønløkke JH, Boshuizen H, Becker T, Diderichsen F, Loft S. Assessment of impact of traffic-related air pollution on morbidity and mortality in Copenhagen Municipality and the health gain of reduced exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:973-980. [PMID: 30408890 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health impact assessment (HIA) of exposure to air pollution is commonly based on city level (fine) particle concentration and may underestimate health consequences of changing local traffic. Exposure to traffic-related air pollution can be assessed at a high resolution by modelling levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which together with ultrafine particles mainly originate from diesel-powered vehicles in urban areas. The purpose of this study was to estimate the health benefits of reduced exposure to vehicle emissions assessed as NO2 at the residence among the citizens of Copenhagen Municipality, Denmark. METHODS We utilized residential NO2 concentrations modelled by use of chemistry transport models to calculate contributions from emission sources to air pollution. The DYNAMO-HIA model was applied to the population of Copenhagen Municipality by using NO2 concentration estimates combined with demographic data and data from nationwide registers on incidence and prevalence of selected diseases, cause specific mortality, and total mortality of the population of Copenhagen. We used exposure-response functions linking NO2 concentration estimates at the residential address with the risk of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and respiratory diseases derived from a large Danish cohort study with the majority of subjects residing in Copenhagen between 1971 and 2010. Different scenarios were modelled to estimate the dynamic impact of NO2 exposure on related diseases and the potential health benefits of lowering the NO2 level in the Copenhagen Municipality. RESULTS The annual mean NO2 concentration was 19.6 μg/m3 and for 70% of the population the range of exposure was between 15 and 21 μg/m3. If NO2 exposure was reduced to the annual mean rural level of 6 μg/m3, life expectancy in 2040 would increase by one year. The greatest gain in disease-free life expectancy would be lifetime without ischemic heart disease (1.4 years), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (1.5 years for men and 1.6 years for women), and asthma (1.3 years for men and 1.5 years for women). Lowering NO2 exposure by 20% would increase disease-free life expectancy for the different diseases by 0.3-0.5 years. Using gender specific relative risks affected the results. CONCLUSIONS Reducing the NO2 exposure by controlling traffic-related air pollution reduces the occurrence of some of the most prevalent chronic diseases and increases life expectancy. Such health benefits can be quantified by DYNAMO-HIA in a high resolution exposure modelling. This paper demonstrates how traffic planners can assess health benefits from reduced levels of traffic-related air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Brønnum-Hansen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anne Mette Bender
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zorana Jovanovic Andersen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Epidemiological Research, Nykøbing F Hospital, Nykøbing F, Denmark
| | - Jan Sørensen
- Healthcare Outcomes Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jakob Hjort Bønløkke
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Diseases, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Hendriek Boshuizen
- Department Statistics, Informatics and Mathematical Modelling, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Biometrics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Becker
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Finn Diderichsen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen Loft
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Marzouni MB, Moradi M, Zarasvandi A, Akbaripoor S, Hassanvand MS, Neisi A, Goudarzi G, Mohammadi MJ, Sheikhi R, Kermani M, Shirmardi M, Naimabadi A, Gholami M, Mozhdehi SP, Esmaeili M, Barari K. Health benefits of PM 10 reduction in Iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2017; 61:1389-1401. [PMID: 28382377 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-017-1316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution contains a complex mixture of poisonous compounds including particulate matter (PM) which has wide spectrum of adverse health effects. The main purpose of this study was to estimate the potential health impacts or benefits due to any changes in annual PM10 level in four major megacities of Iran. The required data of PM10 for AirQ software was collected from air quality monitoring stations in four megacities of Iran. The preprocessing was carried out using macro coding in excel environment. The relationship between different presumptive scenarios and health impacts was determined. We also assessed the health benefits of reducing PM10 to WHO Air Quality Guidelines (WHO-AQGs) and National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQSs) levels with regard to the rate of mortality and morbidity in studied cities. We found that the 10 μg/m3 increase in annual PM10 concentration is responsible for seven (95% CI 6-8) cases increase in total number of deaths per 2 × 105 person. We also found that 10.7, 7.2, 5.7, and 5.3% of total death is attributable to short-term exposure to air pollution for Ahvaz, Isfahan, Shiraz, and Tehran, respectively. We found that by attaining the WHO's proposed value for PM10, the potential health benefits of 89, 84, 79, and 78% were obtained in Ahvaz, Isfahan, Shiraz, and Tehran, respectively. The results also indicated that 27, 10, 3, and 1% of health impacts were attributed to dust storm days for Ahvaz, Isfahan, Shiraz, and Tehran, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bagherian Marzouni
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Water Science and Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahsa Moradi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Zarasvandi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Geo-Medicine Engineering, School of Geology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shayan Akbaripoor
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Center for Air Pollution Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolkazem Neisi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Javad Mohammadi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Sheikhi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shirmardi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Naimabadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Moeen Gholami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Saeed Pourkarim Mozhdehi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mehdi Esmaeili
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Water Science and Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kian Barari
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Anenberg SC, Belova A, Brandt J, Fann N, Greco S, Guttikunda S, Heroux ME, Hurley F, Krzyzanowski M, Medina S, Miller B, Pandey K, Roos J, Van Dingenen R. Survey of Ambient Air Pollution Health Risk Assessment Tools. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2016; 36:1718-36. [PMID: 26742852 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Designing air quality policies that improve public health can benefit from information about air pollution health risks and impacts, which include respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and premature death. Several computer-based tools help automate air pollution health impact assessments and are being used for a variety of contexts. Expanding information gathered for a May 2014 World Health Organization expert meeting, we survey 12 multinational air pollution health impact assessment tools, categorize them according to key technical and operational characteristics, and identify limitations and challenges. Key characteristics include spatial resolution, pollutants and health effect outcomes evaluated, and method for characterizing population exposure, as well as tool format, accessibility, complexity, and degree of peer review and application in policy contexts. While many of the tools use common data sources for concentration-response associations, population, and baseline mortality rates, they vary in the exposure information source, format, and degree of technical complexity. We find that there is an important tradeoff between technical refinement and accessibility for a broad range of applications. Analysts should apply tools that provide the appropriate geographic scope, resolution, and maximum degree of technical rigor for the intended assessment, within resources constraints. A systematic intercomparison of the tools' inputs, assumptions, calculations, and results would be helpful to determine the appropriateness of each for different types of assessment. Future work would benefit from accounting for multiple uncertainty sources and integrating ambient air pollution health impact assessment tools with those addressing other related health risks (e.g., smoking, indoor pollution, climate change, vehicle accidents, physical activity).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jørgen Brandt
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Neal Fann
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sue Greco
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarath Guttikunda
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Marie-Eve Heroux
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Sylvia Medina
- French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, Saint Maurice, France
| | - Brian Miller
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Joachim Roos
- Institute of Energy Economics and Rational Use of Energy, University Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rita Van Dingenen
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), Ispra, VA, Italy
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11
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Abe KC, Miraglia SGEK. Health Impact Assessment of Air Pollution in São Paulo, Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13070694. [PMID: 27409629 PMCID: PMC4962235 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13070694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological research suggests that air pollution may cause chronic diseases, as well as exacerbation of related pathologies such as cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality. This study evaluates air pollution scenarios considering a Health Impact Assessment approach in São Paulo, Brazil. We have analyzed abatement scenarios of Particulate Matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter <10 μm (PM10), <2.5 μm (PM2.5) and ozone concentrations and the health effects on respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the period from 2009 to 2011 through the APHEKOM tool, as well as the associated health costs. Considering World Health Organization (WHO) standards of PM2.5 (10 μg/m3), São Paulo would avoid more than 5012 premature deaths (equivalent to 266,486 life years’ gain) and save US$15.1 billion annually. If São Paulo could even diminish the mean of PM2.5 by 5 μg/m3, nearly 1724 deaths would be avoided, resulting in a gain of US$ 4.96 billion annually. Reduced levels of PM10, PM2.5 and ozone could save lives and an impressive amount of money in a country where economic resources are scarce. Moreover, the reduced levels of air pollution would also lower the demand for hospital care, since hospitalizations would diminish. In this sense, Brazil should urgently adopt WHO air pollution standards in order to improve the quality of life of its population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Camasmie Abe
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas (ICAQF), Laboratório de Economia, Saúde e Poluição Ambiental, Universidade Federal de São Paulo-UNIFESP, Rua São Nicolau 210, Diadema, São Paulo CEP 09913-030, Brazil.
| | - Simone Georges El Khouri Miraglia
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas (ICAQF), Laboratório de Economia, Saúde e Poluição Ambiental, Universidade Federal de São Paulo-UNIFESP, Rua São Nicolau 210, Diadema, São Paulo CEP 09913-030, Brazil.
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12
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Vlachokostas C, Michailidou AV, Spyridi D, Moussiopoulos N. Bridging the gap between traffic generated health stressors in urban areas: predicting xylene levels in EU cities. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 180:251-258. [PMID: 23792385 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Many citizens live, work, commute, or visit traffic intensive spaces and are exposed to high levels of chemical health stressors. However, urban conurbations worldwide present monitoring "shortage" - due to economical and/or practical constraints - for toxic stressors such as xylene isomers, which can pose human health risks. This "shortage" may be covered by the establishment of associations between rarely monitored substances such as xylenes and more frequently monitored (i.e. benzene) or usually monitored (i.e. CO). Regression analysis is used and strong statistical relationships are detected. The adopted models are applied to EU cities and comparison between measurements and predictions depicts their representativeness. The analysis provides transferability insights in an effort to bridge the gap between traffic-related stressors. Strong associations between substances of the air pollution mixture may be influential to interpret the complexity of the causal chain, especially if a synergetic exposure assessment in traffic intensive spaces is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ch Vlachokostas
- Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Environmental Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Box 483, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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13
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Population dynamics and air pollution: the impact of demographics on health impact assessment of air pollution. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 2013:760259. [PMID: 23762084 PMCID: PMC3673327 DOI: 10.1155/2013/760259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To explore how three different assumptions on demographics affect the health impact of Danish emitted air pollution in Denmark from 2005 to 2030, with health impact modeled from 2005 to 2050. Methods. Modeled air pollution from Danish sources was used as exposure in a newly developed health impact assessment model, which models four major diseases and mortality causes in addition to all-cause mortality. The modeling was at the municipal level, which divides the approximately 5.5 M residents in Denmark into 99 municipalities. Three sets of demographic assumptions were used: (1) a static year 2005 population, (2) morbidity and mortality fixed at the year 2005 level, or (3) an expected development. Results. The health impact of air pollution was estimated at 672,000, 290,000, and 280,000 lost life years depending on demographic assumptions and the corresponding social costs at 430.4 M€, 317.5 M€, and 261.6 M€ through the modeled years 2005–2050. Conclusion. The modeled health impact of air pollution differed widely with the demographic assumptions, and thus demographics and assumptions on demographics played a key role in making health impact assessments on air pollution.
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Pascal M, Corso M, Chanel O, Declercq C, Badaloni C, Cesaroni G, Henschel S, Meister K, Haluza D, Martin-Olmedo P, Medina S. Assessing the public health impacts of urban air pollution in 25 European cities: results of the Aphekom project. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 449:390-400. [PMID: 23454700 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Aphekom project aimed to provide new, clear, and meaningful information on the health effects of air pollution in Europe. Among others, it assessed the health and monetary benefits of reducing short and long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM) and ozone in 25 European cities. METHOD Health impact assessments were performed using routine health and air quality data, and a common methodology. Two scenarios were considered: a decrease of the air pollutant levels by a fixed amount and a decrease to the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines. Results were economically valued by using a willingness to pay approach for mortality and a cost of illness approach for morbidity. RESULTS In the 25 cities, the largest health burden was attributable to the impacts of chronic exposure to PM2.5. Complying with the WHO guideline of 10 μg/m(3) in annual mean would add up to 22 months of life expectancy at age 30, depending on the city, corresponding to a total of 19,000 deaths delayed. The associated monetary gain would total some €31 billion annually, including savings on health expenditures, absenteeism and intangible costs such as well-being, life expectancy and quality of life. CONCLUSION European citizens are still exposed to concentrations exceeding the WHO recommendations. Aphekom provided robust estimates confirming that reducing urban air pollution would result in significant health and monetary gains in Europe. This work is particularly relevant now when the current EU legislation is being revised for an update in 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pascal
- Institut de Veille Sanitaire, Saint Maurice, France.
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15
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Liu HY, Bartonova A, Schindler M, Sharma M, Behera SN, Katiyar K, Dikshit O. Respiratory disease in relation to outdoor air pollution in Kanpur, India. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2013. [PMID: 23697693 PMCID: PMC3678152 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2012.701246#.viq3m7rh1e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines the effect of outdoor air pollution on respiratory disease in Kanpur, India, based on data from 2006. Exposure to air pollution is represented by annual emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), particulate matter (PM), and nitrogen oxides (NO(x)) from 11 source categories, established as a geographic information system (GIS)-based emission inventory in 2 km × 2 km grid. Respiratory disease is represented by number of patients who visited specialist pulmonary hospital with symptoms of respiratory disease. The results showed that (1) the main sources of air pollution are industries, domestic fuel burning, and vehicles; (2) the emissions of PM per grid are strongly correlated to the emissions of SO(2) and NO(x); and (3) there is a strong correlation between visits to a hospital due to respiratory disease and emission strength in the area of residence. These results clearly indicate that appropriate health and environmental monitoring, actions to reduce emissions to air, and further studies that would allow assessing the development in health status are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ying Liu
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Kjeller, Norway
| | - Alena Bartonova
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Kjeller, Norway
- For comments and further information, address correspondence to Alena Bartonova, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Instituttveien 18, Postboks 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway. E-mail:
| | - Martin Schindler
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Technical University of Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Mukesh Sharma
- Department of Civil Engineer, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sailesh N. Behera
- Department of Civil Engineer, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kamlesh Katiyar
- Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial (GSVM) Medical College, Swaroop Nagar, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Onkar Dikshit
- Department of Civil Engineer, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
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16
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Liu HY, Bartonova A, Schindler M, Sharma M, Behera SN, Katiyar K, Dikshit O. Respiratory disease in relation to outdoor air pollution in Kanpur, India. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2013; 68:204-17. [PMID: 23697693 PMCID: PMC3678152 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2012.701246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines the effect of outdoor air pollution on respiratory disease in Kanpur, India, based on data from 2006. Exposure to air pollution is represented by annual emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), particulate matter (PM), and nitrogen oxides (NO(x)) from 11 source categories, established as a geographic information system (GIS)-based emission inventory in 2 km × 2 km grid. Respiratory disease is represented by number of patients who visited specialist pulmonary hospital with symptoms of respiratory disease. The results showed that (1) the main sources of air pollution are industries, domestic fuel burning, and vehicles; (2) the emissions of PM per grid are strongly correlated to the emissions of SO(2) and NO(x); and (3) there is a strong correlation between visits to a hospital due to respiratory disease and emission strength in the area of residence. These results clearly indicate that appropriate health and environmental monitoring, actions to reduce emissions to air, and further studies that would allow assessing the development in health status are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ying Liu
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Kjeller, Norway
| | - Alena Bartonova
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Kjeller, Norway
- For comments and further information, address correspondence to Alena Bartonova, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Instituttveien 18, Postboks 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway. E-mail:
| | - Martin Schindler
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Technical University of Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Mukesh Sharma
- Department of Civil Engineer, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sailesh N. Behera
- Department of Civil Engineer, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kamlesh Katiyar
- Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial (GSVM) Medical College, Swaroop Nagar, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Onkar Dikshit
- Department of Civil Engineer, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Haluza D, Kaiser A, Moshammer H, Flandorfer C, Kundi M, Neuberger M. Estimated health impact of a shift from light fuel to residential wood-burning in Upper Austria. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2012; 22:339-343. [PMID: 22569207 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2012.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The dependency on carbon-based fossil energy and growing awareness of climate change issues has induced ambitious policy initiatives to promote renewable energy sources for indoor heating. Combustion of regionally available material such as wood is considered a carbon-neutral alternative for oil and gas, but unregulated revival of wood stoves may cause detrimental health effects. For the prognosis of the health impact of air pollution due to the use of wood stoves, Upper Austria served for a case study. On the basis of recent measurements of particulate matter <10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) and nitrous gases (NO(x)), we compared the air pollution attributable to present energy mix (termed scenario 1) with two alternatives: For scenario 2, we assumed replacement of light fuel oil by either fossil gas or biomass, and for scenario 3, replacement of light fuel oil by biomass only. Compared with the current exposure from scenario 1, the increased annual mean PM10 levels are estimated to lead to 101 (95% CI 56;146) and 174 (95% CI 92;257) additional deaths among 1.4 million inhabitants per year for scenarios 2 and 3, respectively. Without adequate strategies for reducing the emissions of domestic heating facilities, replacement of fossil energy sources could lead to an increased health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Haluza
- Institute of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse, Vienna, Austria
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Namdeo A, Tiwary A, Farrow E. Estimation of age-related vulnerability to air pollution: assessment of respiratory health at local scale. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2011; 37:829-837. [PMID: 21420174 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates association of short-term variation in pollution and health outcomes within the same geographical area for a typical urban setting in the northern part of the UK from time series analysis. It utilises publicly available datasets for regulated air pollutants (PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂, CO and O₃), meteorology and respiratory hospital admissions (and mortality) between April 2002 and December 2005 to estimate the respiratory health effect of pollution exposure, mainly in the elderly. Our results show that PM₁₀ and O₃ are positively associated with respiratory hospital admissions in the elderly, specifically in the age group 70-79. CO effects seem to be concentrated on the most elderly age group (80+) whereas NO₂ seems to have the opposite age-related effect, with lower effects on the more elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Namdeo
- Transport Operations Research Group, Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Cassie Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Matte TD, Cohen A, Dimmick F, Samet J, Sarnat J, Yip F, Jones N. Summary of the workshop on methodologies for environmental public health tracking of air pollution effects. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2009; 2:177-184. [PMID: 20098504 PMCID: PMC2805788 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-009-0059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention established the Environmental Public Health Tracking (EPHT) program to support state and local projects that characterize the impact of the environment on health. The projects involve compiling, linking, analyzing, and disseminating environmental and health surveillance information, thereby engaging stakeholders and guiding actions to improve public health. One of the EPHT objectives is to track the public health impact of ambient air pollution with analyses that are timely and relevant to state and local stakeholders. To address methodological issues relevant to this objective, in January 2008, government officials and researchers from the USA, Canada, and Europe gathered in Baltimore, Maryland for a 2-day workshop. Using commissioned papers and presentations on key methodological issues as well as examples of previous air pollution impact assessments, work group discussions produced a set of consensus recommendations for the EPHT program. These recommendations noted the need for data that will encourage local stakeholders to support continued progress in air pollution control. The limitations of using only local data for analyses were also noted. To improve local estimates of air pollution health impacts, methods were recommended that "borrow strength" from other evidence. An incremental approach to implementing such methods was recommended. The importance and difficulty of communicating uncertainties in local health impact assessments was emphasized, as was the need for coordination among different agencies conducting health impact assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Matte
- Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, National Center for Environmental Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | | | - Fred Dimmick
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Jeremy Sarnat
- Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Fuyuen Yip
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Health Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Nicholas Jones
- Environmental Health Tracking Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
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