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Namitokov A. Sortilin and its potential role in cardiovascular pathology. Egypt Heart J 2024; 76:78. [PMID: 38913092 PMCID: PMC11196447 DOI: 10.1186/s43044-024-00512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted role of sortilin, a key receptor in lipid metabolism, within the context of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the leading cause of global mortality. MAIN BODY Sortilin, encoded by the SORT1 gene, is implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, primarily through its regulation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). The review delves into the biological functions of sortilin, emphasizing its critical role in lipid and cholesterol homeostasis and its influence on hepatic secretion of lipoproteins and atherogenesis. We highlight sortilin's pathophysiological significance in atherosclerosis, underscoring its involvement in lipid metabolism pathways and vascular inflammation, and its impact on macrophage functions in atherosclerotic plaque formation. The potential of sortilin as a therapeutic target is discussed, considering evidence that suggests its modulation could ameliorate atherosclerosis. The review also acknowledges current inconsistencies and gaps in the evidence, calling for more comprehensive patient studies and in-depth mechanistic research. Finally, the article outlines future research directions, focusing on understanding sortilin's specific cellular mechanisms in cardiovascular health, exploring its genetic variability, therapeutic implications, and its broader relevance to other diseases. CONCLUSION This review underscores the significance of sortilin as a biomarker and a promising target for therapeutic intervention in cardiovascular pathology, while advocating for continued research to fully unravel its complex role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alim Namitokov
- Kuban State Medical University, Krasnodar, Russia.
- Scientific Research Institute - Regional Clinical Hospital #1 NA Prof. S.V. Ochapovsky, Krasnodar, Russia.
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Yigit E, Deger O, Korkmaz K, Huner Yigit M, Uydu HA, Mercantepe T, Demir S. Propolis Reduces Inflammation and Dyslipidemia Caused by High-Cholesterol Diet in Mice by Lowering ADAM10/17 Activities. Nutrients 2024; 16:1861. [PMID: 38931216 PMCID: PMC11206409 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the most important causes of cardiovascular diseases. A disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM)10 and ADAM17 have been identified as important regulators of inflammation in recent years. Our study investigated the effect of inhibiting these enzymes with selective inhibitor and propolis on atherosclerosis. In our study, C57BL/6J mice (n = 16) were used in the control and sham groups. In contrast, ApoE-/- mice (n = 48) were used in the case, water extract of propolis (WEP), ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP), GW280264X (GW-synthetic inhibitor), and solvent (DMSO and ethanol) groups. The control group was fed a control diet, and all other groups were fed a high-cholesterol diet for 16 weeks. WEP (400 mg/kg/day), EEP (200 mg/kg/day), and GW (100 µg/kg/day) were administered intraperitoneally for the last four weeks. Animals were sacrificed, and blood, liver, aortic arch, and aortic root tissues were collected. In serum, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), and glucose (Glu) were measured by enzymatic colorimetric method, while interleukin-1β (IL-1β), paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase-A2 (Lp-PLA2) were measured by ELISA. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and interleukin-12 (IL-12) levels were measured in aortic arch by ELISA and ADAM10/17 activities were measured fluorometrically. In addition, aortic root and liver tissues were examined histopathologically and immunohistochemically (ADAM10 and sortilin primary antibody). In the WEP, EEP, and GW groups compared to the case group, TC, TG, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, PLA2, MPO, ADAM10/17 activities, plaque burden, lipid accumulation, ADAM10, and sortilin levels decreased, while IL-10 and PON-1 levels increased (p < 0.003). Our study results show that propolis can effectively reduce atherosclerosis-related inflammation and dyslipidemia through ADAM10/17 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ertugrul Yigit
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey;
| | - Orhan Deger
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey;
| | - Katip Korkmaz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Science, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey; (K.K.); (S.D.)
| | - Merve Huner Yigit
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53000 Rize, Turkey;
| | - Huseyin Avni Uydu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Samsun University, 55080 Samsun, Turkey;
| | - Tolga Mercantepe
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53000 Rize, Turkey;
| | - Selim Demir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Science, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey; (K.K.); (S.D.)
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Alireza Z, Maleeha M, Kaikkonen M, Fortino V. Enhancing prediction accuracy of coronary artery disease through machine learning-driven genomic variant selection. J Transl Med 2024; 22:356. [PMID: 38627847 PMCID: PMC11020205 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Machine learning (ML) methods are increasingly becoming crucial in genome-wide association studies for identifying key genetic variants or SNPs that statistical methods might overlook. Statistical methods predominantly identify SNPs with notable effect sizes by conducting association tests on individual genetic variants, one at a time, to determine their relationship with the target phenotype. These genetic variants are then used to create polygenic risk scores (PRSs), estimating an individual's genetic risk for complex diseases like cancer or cardiovascular disorders. Unlike traditional methods, ML algorithms can identify groups of low-risk genetic variants that improve prediction accuracy when combined in a mathematical model. However, the application of ML strategies requires addressing the feature selection challenge to prevent overfitting. Moreover, ensuring the ML model depends on a concise set of genomic variants enhances its clinical applicability, where testing is feasible for only a limited number of SNPs. In this study, we introduce a robust pipeline that applies ML algorithms in combination with feature selection (ML-FS algorithms), aimed at identifying the most significant genomic variants associated with the coronary artery disease (CAD) phenotype. The proposed computational approach was tested on individuals from the UK Biobank, differentiating between CAD and non-CAD individuals within this extensive cohort, and benchmarked against standard PRS-based methodologies like LDpred2 and Lassosum. Our strategy incorporates cross-validation to ensure a more robust evaluation of genomic variant-based prediction models. This method is commonly applied in machine learning strategies but has often been neglected in previous studies assessing the predictive performance of polygenic risk scores. Our results demonstrate that the ML-FS algorithm can identify panels with as few as 50 genetic markers that can achieve approximately 80% accuracy when used in combination with known risk factors. The modest increase in accuracy over PRS performances is noteworthy, especially considering that PRS models incorporate a substantially larger number of genetic variants. This extensive variant selection can pose practical challenges in clinical settings. Additionally, the proposed approach revealed novel CAD-genetic variant associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Alireza
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M Maleeha
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M Kaikkonen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - V Fortino
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland.
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Atak M, Sevim Nalkiran H, Bostan M, Uydu HA. The association of Sort1 expression with LDL subfraction and inflammation in patients with coronary artery disease. Acta Cardiol 2024; 79:159-166. [PMID: 38095557 DOI: 10.1080/00015385.2023.2285534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controversial effect of sortilin on lipoprotein metabolism in the development of atherosclerosis reveals the need for more extensive research. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the association between Sort1 gene expression and lipids, lipoprotein subfractions, and inflammation in CAD. METHODS The study population included 162 subjects with CAD and 49 healthy individuals. The Sort1 gene expression level was determined by qRT-PCR using Human Sortilin TaqMan Gene Expression Assays. Lipoprotein subclasses were analysed by the Lipoprint system. Serum levels of apolipoprotein and CRP were measured by autoanalyzer. RESULTS Sort1 gene expression and atherogenic subfraction (SdLDL) levels were significantly higher (p < 0.001) while atheroprotective subfraction (LbLDL) was lower in the subjects with CAD (p < 0.050). Also, increased Sort1 gene expression levels were observed in those with higher CRP values. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that the high Sort1 gene expression has a prominent linear relationship with both the atherogenic LDL phenotype and proinflammation, thereby might contribute to the occurrence of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehtap Atak
- Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
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Kumar AHS. Network Proteins of Human Sortilin1, Its Expression and Targetability Using Lycopene. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:137. [PMID: 38255751 PMCID: PMC10817468 DOI: 10.3390/life14010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sortilin1 (SORT1) is a ubiquitously expressed transporter involved in sorting or clearing proteins and is pathologically linked to tissue fibrosis and calcification. Targeting SORT1 may have potential clinical efficacy in controlling or reversing cardiovascular fibrosis and/or calcification. Hence, this study assessed the protein-protein network of human SORT1 and its targetability using known nutra-/pharmaceuticals. MATERIAL AND METHODS Network proteins of human SORT1 were identified using the String database, and the affinity of the protein-protein interaction of this network was analysed using Chimera software (Chimera-1.17.3-mac64). The tissue-specific expression profile of SORT1 was evaluated and assessed for enrichment in different cell types, including immune cells. A library of in-house small molecules and currently used therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases were screened using AutoDock Vina to assess the targetability of human SORT1. The concentration affinity (CA) ratio of the small molecules was estimated to assess the clinical feasibility of targeting SORT1. RESULTS IGF2R, NTRK2, GRN and GGA1 were identified as high-affinity interaction networks of SORT1. Of these high-affinity interactions, IGF2R and GRN can be considered relevant networks in regulating tissue fibrosis or the microcalcification process due to their influence on T-cell activation, inflammation, wound repair, and the tissue remodelling process. The tissue cell-type enrichment indicated major expression of SORT1 in adipocytes, specialised epithelial cells, monocytes, cardiomyocytes, and thyroid glandular cells. The binding pocket analysis of human SORT1 showed twelve potential drug interaction sites with varying binding scores (0.86 to 5.83) and probability of interaction (0.004 to 0.304). Five of the drug interaction sites were observed to be targetable at the therapeutically feasible concentration of the small molecules evaluated. Empagliflozin, sitagliptin and lycopene showed a superior affinity and CA ratio compared to established inhibitors of SORT1. CONCLUSION IGF2R and GRN are relevant networks of SORT1, regulating tissue fibrosis or the microcalcification process. SORT1 can be targeted using currently approved small-molecule therapeutics (empagliflozin and sitagliptin) or widely used nutraceuticals (lycopene), which should be evaluated in a randomised clinical trial to assess their efficacy in reducing the cardiac/vascular microcalcification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun H S Kumar
- Stemcology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
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Findlay SD, Romo L, Burge CB. Quantifying negative selection in human 3' UTRs uncovers constrained targets of RNA-binding proteins. Nat Commun 2024; 15:85. [PMID: 38168060 PMCID: PMC10762232 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44456-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Many non-coding variants associated with phenotypes occur in 3' untranslated regions (3' UTRs), and may affect interactions with RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) to regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. However, identifying functional 3' UTR variants has proven difficult. We use allele frequencies from the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD) to identify classes of 3' UTR variants under strong negative selection in humans. We develop intergenic mutability-adjusted proportion singleton (iMAPS), a generalized measure related to MAPS, to quantify negative selection in non-coding regions. This approach, in conjunction with in vitro and in vivo binding data, identifies precise RBP binding sites, miRNA target sites, and polyadenylation signals (PASs) under strong selection. For each class of sites, we identify thousands of gnomAD variants under selection comparable to missense coding variants, and find that sites in core 3' UTR regions upstream of the most-used PAS are under strongest selection. Together, this work improves our understanding of selection on human genes and validates approaches for interpreting genetic variants in human 3' UTRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Findlay
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Lindsay Romo
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Christopher B Burge
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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Mazidi M, Wright N, Yao P, Kartsonaki C, Millwood IY, Fry H, Said S, Pozarickij A, Pei P, Chen Y, Avery D, Du H, Schmidt DV, Yang L, Lv J, Yu C, Chen J, Hill M, Holmes MV, Howson JMM, Peto R, Collins R, Bennett DA, Walters RG, Li L, Clarke R, Chen Z. Plasma Proteomics to Identify Drug Targets for Ischemic Heart Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2023; 82:1906-1920. [PMID: 37940228 PMCID: PMC10641761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.09.804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Integrated analyses of plasma proteomic and genetic markers in prospective studies can clarify the causal relevance of proteins and discover novel targets for ischemic heart disease (IHD) and other diseases. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to examine associations of proteomics and genetics data with IHD in population studies to discover novel preventive treatments. METHODS We conducted a nested case-cohort study in the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) involving 1,971 incident IHD cases and 2,001 subcohort participants who were genotyped and free of prior cardiovascular disease. We measured 1,463 proteins in the stored baseline samples using the OLINK EXPLORE panel. Cox regression yielded adjusted HRs for IHD associated with individual proteins after accounting for multiple testing. Moreover, cis-protein quantitative loci (pQTLs) identified for proteins in genome-wide association studies of CKB and of UK Biobank were used as instrumental variables in separate 2-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) studies involving global CARDIOGRAM+C4D consortium (210,842 IHD cases and 1,378,170 controls). RESULTS Overall 361 proteins were significantly associated at false discovery rate <0.05 with risk of IHD (349 positively, 12 inversely) in CKB, including N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9. Of these 361 proteins, 212 had cis-pQTLs in CKB, and MR analyses of 198 variants in CARDIOGRAM+C4D identified 13 proteins that showed potentially causal associations with IHD. Independent MR analyses of 307 cis-pQTLs identified in Europeans replicated associations for 4 proteins (FURIN, proteinase-activated receptor-1, Asialoglycoprotein receptor-1, and matrix metalloproteinase-3). Further downstream analyses showed that FURIN, which is highly expressed in endothelial cells, is a potential novel target and matrix metalloproteinase-3 a potential repurposing target for IHD. CONCLUSIONS Integrated analyses of proteomic and genetic data in Chinese and European adults provided causal support for FURIN and multiple other proteins as potential novel drug targets for treatment of IHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mazidi
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Wright
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pang Yao
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christiana Kartsonaki
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Iona Y Millwood
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Fry
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Saredo Said
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alfred Pozarickij
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pei Pei
- Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Avery
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Huaidong Du
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Valle Schmidt
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ling Yang
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Lv
- Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Canqing Yu
- Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Junshi Chen
- China National Center for Food Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Michael Hill
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael V Holmes
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Richard Peto
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rory Collins
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Derrick A Bennett
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robin G Walters
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Liming Li
- Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Robert Clarke
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Holst MR, de Wit NM, Ozgür B, Brachner A, Hyldig K, Appelt-Menzel A, Sleven H, Cader Z, de Vries HE, Neuhaus W, Jensen A, Brodin B, Nielsen MS. Subcellular trafficking and transcytosis efficacy of different receptor types for therapeutic antibody delivery at the blood‒brain barrier. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:82. [PMID: 37932749 PMCID: PMC10626680 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report an experimental setup to benchmark different receptors for targeted therapeutic antibody delivery at the blood-brain barrier. We used brain capillary endothelial-like cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-BECs) as a model system and compared them to colon epithelial Caco-2 cells. This approach helped to identify favourable receptors for transport into the cell layer itself or for directing transport for transcytosis across the cell layer. The sorting receptors transferrin receptor and sortilin were shown to be efficient as antibody cargo receptors for intracellular delivery to the cell layer. In contrast, the cell surface receptors CD133 and podocalyxin were identified as static and inefficient receptors for delivering cargo antibodies. Similar to in vivo studies, the hiPSC-BECs maintained detectable transcytotic transport via transferrin receptor, while transcytosis was restricted using sortilin as a cargo receptor. Based on these findings, we propose the application of sortilin as a cargo receptor for delivering therapeutic antibodies into the brain microvascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nienke Marije de Wit
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Burak Ozgür
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotherapeutic Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, 2500, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Brachner
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Centre for Health and Bioresources, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrine Hyldig
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Biotherapeutic Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, 2500, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Antje Appelt-Menzel
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, Würzburg, Germany
- Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Röntgenring 12, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hannah Sleven
- Translational Molecular Neuroscience Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Zameel Cader
- Translational Molecular Neuroscience Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helga Eveline de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Winfried Neuhaus
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Centre for Health and Bioresources, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medicine, Faculty Medicine and Dentistry, Private Danube University, 3500, Krems, Austria
| | - Allan Jensen
- Biotherapeutic Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, 2500, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birger Brodin
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Şimsek Z, Alizade E, Abdurahmanova İ, Güner A, Zehir R, Pala S. Serum sortilin as a predictor of stroke in patients with intermediate carotid artery stenosis. Vascular 2023; 31:317-324. [PMID: 35403511 DOI: 10.1177/17085381211067051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sortilin was an important molecular protein involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Besides, serum sortilin was associated with adverse cerebrovascular events. Atherosclerotic stenosis in the carotid artery is a major etiology for ischemic stroke. The risk of stroke in patients with intermediate carotid artery stenosis (CAS) was unknown. Hence, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between serum sortilin levels and stroke in patients with intermediate CAS. METHODS A total of 195 intermediate CAS patients were included in this cross-sectional study. The patients were divided into two groups as symptomatic (N = 95) and asymptomatic (N = 100) patients. Patients with a transient ischemic attack (TIA), retinal ischemic event, or ischemic stroke resulting from the narrowed carotid artery were considered to be symptomatic. Serum sortilin concentrations were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Serum sortilin level was significantly higher in the symptomatic group than in the severe asymptomatic group (1.53 ± 0.25 ng/mL vs 1.34 ± 0.19 ng/mL, p < 0.001). Besides, high serum sortilin levels (odds ratio = 4.91, 95% confidence intervals 1.24-19.51, p = 0.023) were identified as independent predictors of symptomatic carotid plaque. In the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, serum sortilin levels higher than 1.34 ng/mL predicted stroke/TIA with a sensitivity of 66.3% and a specificity of 67% (AUC = 0.725, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Serum sortilin level is increased in the presence of symptomatic intermediate CAS and may have clinical value in the management of patients with carotid artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeki Şimsek
- Cardiology Department, 111350Kartal Kosuyolu Heart Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elnur Alizade
- Cardiology Department, 111350Kartal Kosuyolu Heart Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İlahe Abdurahmanova
- Department of Cardiology, Ministry of Emergency Situation of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Ahmet Güner
- Department of Cardiology, 187456Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Regayip Zehir
- Cardiology Department, 111350Kartal Kosuyolu Heart Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selçuk Pala
- Cardiology Department, 111350Kartal Kosuyolu Heart Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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10
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Venkatesan M, Zhang N, Marteau B, Yajima Y, De Zarate Garcia NO, Fang Z, Hu T, Cai S, Ford A, Olszewski H, Borst A, Coskun AF. Spatial subcellular organelle networks in single cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5374. [PMID: 37005468 PMCID: PMC10067843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32474-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Organelles play important roles in human health and disease, such as maintaining homeostasis, regulating growth and aging, and generating energy. Organelle diversity in cells not only exists between cell types but also between individual cells. Therefore, studying the distribution of organelles at the single-cell level is important to understand cellular function. Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent cells that have been explored as a therapeutic method for treating a variety of diseases. Studying how organelles are structured in these cells can answer questions about their characteristics and potential. Herein, rapid multiplexed immunofluorescence (RapMIF) was performed to understand the spatial organization of 10 organelle proteins and the interactions between them in the bone marrow (BM) and umbilical cord (UC) mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Spatial correlations, colocalization, clustering, statistical tests, texture, and morphological analyses were conducted at the single cell level, shedding light onto the interrelations between the organelles and comparisons of the two MSC subtypes. Such analytics toolsets indicated that UC MSCs exhibited higher organelle expression and spatially spread distribution of mitochondria accompanied by several other organelles compared to BM MSCs. This data-driven single-cell approach provided by rapid subcellular proteomic imaging enables personalized stem cell therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mythreye Venkatesan
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Bioengineering Graduate Program, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas Zhang
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Bioengineering Graduate Program, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Benoit Marteau
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yukina Yajima
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nerea Ortiz De Zarate Garcia
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Departamento de Bioingenieria e Ingenieria Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Getafe, Spain
| | - Zhou Fang
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas Hu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shuangyi Cai
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adam Ford
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Harrison Olszewski
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew Borst
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ahmet F Coskun
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Bioengineering Graduate Program, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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11
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Association between Genetic Variants of CELSR2-PSRC1-SORT1 and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:jcdd10030091. [PMID: 36975855 PMCID: PMC10056735 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10030091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A cluster of three genes CELSR2, PSRC1, and SORT1 has been associated with cardiovascular diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was (i) to perform a systematic review and updated meta-analysis of the association of three polymorphisms (rs646776, rs599839, and rs464218) of this cluster with cardiovascular diseases, and (ii) to explore by PheWAS signals of the three SNPs in cardiovascular diseases and to evaluate the effect of rs599839 with tissue expression by in silico tools. Three electronic databases were searched to identify eligible studies. The meta-analysis showed that the rs599839 (allelic OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.13–1.26, dominant OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.06–1.39, recessive OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.15–1.32), rs646776 (allelic OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.17–1.82) polymorphisms showed an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. PheWas analysis showed associations with coronary artery disease and total cholesterol. Our results suggest a possible involvement of the CELSR2-PSRC1-SORT1 cluster variants in the risk association of cardiovascular diseases, particularly coronary artery disease.
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12
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Li Q, Hu YZ, Gao S, Wang PF, Hu ZL, Dai RP. ProBDNF and its receptors in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: novel insights into the regulation of metabolism and mitochondria. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1155333. [PMID: 37143663 PMCID: PMC10151479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1155333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) consist of a common and clinically diverse group of diseases. Despite remarkable progress in the past two decades, no remission is observed in a large number of patients, and no effective treatments have been developed to prevent organ and tissue damage. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor precursor (proBDNF) and receptors, such as p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) and sortilin, have been proposed to mediate intracellular metabolism and mitochondrial function to regulate the progression of several IMIDs. Here, the regulatory role of proBDNF and its receptors in seven typical IMIDs, including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, allergic asthma, type I diabetes, vasculitis, and inflammatory bowel diseases, was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Anesthesia Medical Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yue-Zi Hu
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Anesthesia Medical Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Peng-Fei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Anesthesia Medical Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhao-Lan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Anesthesia Medical Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Ru-Ping Dai, ; Zhao-Lan Hu,
| | - Ru-Ping Dai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Anesthesia Medical Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Ru-Ping Dai, ; Zhao-Lan Hu,
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13
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Kim Y, Chi YY, Shen J, Zou F. Robust genetic model-based SNP-set association test using CauchyGM. BIOINFORMATICS (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2023; 39:6831090. [PMID: 36383169 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btac728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
MOTIVATION Association testing on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) data is commonly performed under a single (mostly additive) genetic model framework. However, the underlying true genetic mechanisms are often unknown in practice for most complex traits. When the employed inheritance model deviates from the underlying model, statistical power may be reduced. To overcome this challenge, an integrative association test that directly infers the underlying genetic model from GWAS data has previously been proposed for single-SNP analysis. RESULTS In this article, we propose a Cauchy combination Genetic Model-based association test (CauchyGM) under a generalized linear model framework for SNP-set level analysis. CauchyGM does not require prior knowledge on the underlying inheritance pattern of each SNP. It performs a score test that first estimates an individual P-value of each SNP in an SNP-set with both minor allele frequency (MAF) > 1% and three genotypes and further aggregates the rest SNPs using SKAT. CauchyGM then combines the correlated P-values across multiple SNPs and different genetic models within the set using Cauchy Combination Test. To further accommodate both sparse and dense signal patterns, we also propose an omnibus association test (CauchyGM-O) by combining CauchyGM with SKAT and the burden test. Our extensive simulations show that both CauchyGM and CauchyGM-O maintain the type I error well at the genome-wide significance level and provide substantial power improvement compared to existing methods. We apply our methods to a pharmacogenomic GWAS data from a large cardiovascular randomized clinical trial. Both CauchyGM and CauchyGM-O identify several novel genome-wide significant genes. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The R package CauchyGM is publicly available on github: https://github.com/ykim03517/CauchyGM. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonil Kim
- Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Yueh-Yun Chi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Judong Shen
- Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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14
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Chu X, Liu R, Li C, Gao T, Dong Y, Jiang Y, Ke D. The association of plasma sortilin with essential hypertension and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis: A cross-sectional study. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:966890. [PMID: 36312293 PMCID: PMC9597455 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.966890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sortilin, a protein that regulates glucose and lipid metabolism, has recently been linked to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as coronary heart disease and carotid artery stenosis. In this study, we measured circulating sortilin concentrations in essential hypertensive (EH) patients, and evaluated the association between sortilin, hypertension, and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in hypertensive individuals. Methods This cross-sectional study included 336 individuals, including 186 newly diagnosed EH patients and 150 age-and-sex-matched normotensive healthy subjects (NT). Plasma sortilin and adiponectin (ADI) levels were measured using ELISA kits. In the EH group, high-resolution B-mode ultrasound was used to detect the existence of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis (subAS), which was defined as having a carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT) ≥ 1.0 mm and/or plaque on the carotid artery without any clinical manifestations. Results Our findings showed that plasma sortilin concentrations ranged from 3.34–11.34 ng/ml for all subjects. Sortilin levels were significantly higher in the EH group than in the NT group (8.10 ± 1.82 ng/ml vs. 6.37 ± 1.52 ng/ml, P < 0.001) and were further upregulated in the EH with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis (EH + subAS) group compared to the EH without subclinical carotid atherosclerosis (EH-subAS) group (8.42 ± 1.75 ng/ml vs. 7.79 ± 1.84 ng/ml, P < 0.05). In correlation analysis, sortilin was positively correlated with systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), white blood cell (WBC), endothelin-1 (ET-1), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and cIMT (all P < 0.05) and negatively associated with NO and ADI (P < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that SBP, LDL-C, and ET-1 were independently associated with plasma sortilin levels. Increased sortilin levels were independently associated with the risk of EH (OR: 1.86, 95%CI: 1.56–2.20, P < 0.001) and EH + subAS (OR: 1.33, 95%CI: 1.07–1.66, P = 0.011), after adjustment for multiple risk factors. Restricted spline curve showed that elevated sortilin levels increase the odds of having EH. Conclusion Elevated sortilin levels are associated with an increased risk of essential hypertension and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglin Chu
- Department of General Practice, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunli Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Gao
- Department of General Practice, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongqi Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of General Practice, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Dazhi Ke
- Department of General Practice, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Dazhi Ke,
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15
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AKADAM-TEKER AB, TEKER E. Effect of SORT1 rs599839 Polymorphism on Lipid Profiles: A Single City Experience. İSTANBUL GELIŞIM ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI DERGISI 2022. [DOI: 10.38079/igusabder.987894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Amaç: VPS10p ailesinin bir reseptörü olan Sortilin-1(SORT1)’i kodlayan SORT1 geni 1p13.3’de lokalizedir. SORT1 genom çapında ilişkilendirme çalışmalarında (GWAS) hepatik lipit metabolizması ve düşük dansiteli lipoprotein-kolesterol (LDL-K) seviyeleri ile olan ilişkisinden dolayı koroner kalp hastalığı (KKH) oluşturma riski ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. SORT1 gen bölgesi üzerindeki çeşitli varyasyonlar lipit profilleri üzerinde farklı etkilere neden olmaktadır. Bizim bu çalışmadaki amacımız; Giresun ilinde SORT1 rs599839 gen varyantlarının KKH gelişimi ve lipit parametreleri üzerine bir etkisinin olup olmadığını belirlemektir.Yöntem: Bu vaka-kontrol çalışmasında 396 kişiden oluşan erkek çalışma grubunda (209 KKH /187 kontrol) SORT1 rs599839 polimorfizmi için TaqMan 5’ Allelik Ayrım Testi ile genotipleme yapıldı.Bulgular: Hasta ve kontrol grupları arasında SORT1 rs599839 genotip dağılımları açısından istatistiksel olarak fark bulunmamaktadır (p=0.81). G allel varlığı hem hasta hem de kontrol grubunda daha düşük Total-Kolesterol (TK) (sırasıyla; p=0.005,p=0.032) ve LDL-K (sırasıyla; p=0.005,p=0.040) seviyelerine sebep olurken daha yüksek yüksek dansiteli lipoprotein-kolesterol (HDL-K) (sırasıyla; p=0.001,p=0.006) seviyeleri gözlenmiştir.Sonuç: Bulgularımız SORT1 rs599839 polimorfizminin direk olarak KKH patogenezine katkısının olmadığı yönündedir. Ancak, minör G allel varlığının TK ve LDL-K seviyelerini düşürürken, HDL-K seviyelerinde yükselmeye sebep olduğu görülmüştür. Bu durum minör G allel varlığının lipit profili üzerine olumlu etki gösterdiği ve KKH’a karşı koruyucu olduğu izlenimini vermiştir.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erhan TEKER
- Dr. Ali Menekşe Göğüs Hastalıkları Hastanesi
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16
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Sun XJ, Liu NF. Diabetic mellitus, vascular calcification and hypoxia: A complex and neglected tripartite relationship. Cell Signal 2021; 91:110219. [PMID: 34921978 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
DM (diabetic mellitus) and its common vascular complications VC (vascular calcification), are increasingly harmful to human health. In recent years, the research on the relationship between DM and VC is also deepening. Hypoxia, as one of the pathogenic factors of many disease models, is also closely related to the occurrence of DM and VC. There are some studies on the role of hypoxia in the pathogenesis of DM and VC respectively, but no one has made an in-depth summary of the systematic connection between hypoxia, DM and VC. Therefore, what we want to review in this article are the relationship between DM, VC and hypoxia, respectively, as well as the role of hypoxia in the development of DM and VC, which has little concern but is a novel and potentially target that may provide some new ideas for the prevention and treatment of DM, VC, especially diabetic VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jiao Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Nai-Feng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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17
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Jankowski V, Saritas T, Kjolby M, Hermann J, Speer T, Himmelsbach A, Mahr K, Heuschkel MA, Schunk SJ, Thirup S, Winther S, Bottcher M, Nyegard M, Nykjaer A, Kramann R, Kaesler N, Jankowski J, Floege J, Marx N, Goettsch C. Carbamylated sortilin associates with cardiovascular calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2021; 101:574-584. [PMID: 34767831 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sortilin, an intracellular sorting receptor, has been identified as a cardiovascular risk factor in the general population. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are highly susceptible to develop cardiovascular complications such as calcification. However, specific CKD-induced posttranslational protein modifications of sortilin and their link to cardiovascular calcification remain unknown. To investigate this, we examined two independent CKD cohorts for carbamylation of circulating sortilin and detected increased carbamylated sortilin lysine residues in the extracellular domain of sortilin with kidney function decline using targeted mass spectrometry. Structure analysis predicted altered ligand binding by carbamylated sortilin, which was verified by binding studies using surface plasmon resonance measurement, showing an increased affinity of interleukin 6 to in vitro carbamylated sortilin. Further, carbamylated sortilin increased vascular calcification in vitro and ex vivo that was accelerated by interleukin 6. Imaging by mass spectrometry of human calcified arteries revealed in situ carbamylated sortilin. In patients with CKD, sortilin carbamylation was associated with coronary artery calcification, independent of age and kidney function. Moreover, patients with carbamylated sortilin displayed significantly faster progression of coronary artery calcification than patients without sortilin carbamylation. Thus, carbamylated sortilin may be a risk factor for cardiovascular calcification and may contribute to elevated cardiovascular complications in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Turgay Saritas
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mads Kjolby
- Center for Proteins in Memory (PROMEMO) and Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Juliane Hermann
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thimoteus Speer
- Department of Internal Medicine 4, Translational Cardio-Renal Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Anika Himmelsbach
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Medical Faculty, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Mahr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Medical Faculty, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marina Augusto Heuschkel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Medical Faculty, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan J Schunk
- Department of Internal Medicine 4, Translational Cardio-Renal Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Soren Thirup
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simon Winther
- Department of Cardiology, Gødstrup Hospital, NIDO, Herning, Denmark
| | - Morten Bottcher
- Department of Cardiology, Gødstrup Hospital, NIDO, Herning, Denmark
| | - Mette Nyegard
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anders Nykjaer
- Center for Proteins in Memory (PROMEMO) and Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rafael Kramann
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nadine Kaesler
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Juergen Floege
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Marx
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Medical Faculty, Aachen, Germany
| | - Claudia Goettsch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Medical Faculty, Aachen, Germany.
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18
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Multiplex Protein Biomarker Profiling in Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101599. [PMID: 34680994 PMCID: PMC8535274 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the LDLR, APOB, PCSK9, and APOE genes and is characterized by high plasma levels of total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Our study aimed to analyze the influences of two different therapies on a wide spectrum of plasma protein biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases. Plasma from FH patients under hypolipidemic therapy (N = 18; men = 8, age 55.4 ± 13.1 years) and patients under combined long-term LDL apheresis/hypolipidemic therapy (N = 14; men = 7; age 58.0 ± 13.6 years) were analyzed in our study. We measured a profile of 184 cardiovascular disease (CVD) associated proteins using a proximity extension assay (PEA). Hypolipidemic therapy significantly (all p < 0.01) influenced 10 plasma proteins (TM, DKK1, CCL3, CD4, PDGF subunit B, AGRP, IL18, THPO, and LOX1 decreased; ST2 increased). Under combined apheresis/hypolipidemic treatment, 18 plasma proteins (LDLR, PCSK9, MMP-3, GDF2, CTRC, SORT1, VEGFD, IL27, CCL24, and KIM1 decreased; OPN, COL1A1, KLK6, IL4RA, PLC, TNFR1, GLO1, and PTX3 increased) were significantly affected (all p < 0.006). Hypolipidemic treatment mainly affected biomarkers involved in vascular endothelial maintenance. Combined therapy influenced proteins that participate in cholesterol metabolism and inflammation.
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19
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Toth AE, Helms HC, Harazin A, Johnsen KB, Goldeman C, Burkhart A, Thomsen MS, Kempen PJ, Klepe A, Lipka DV, Møller PL, Andresen TL, Nyegaard M, Moos T, Brodin B, Nielsen MS. Sortilin regulates blood-brain barrier integrity. FEBS J 2021; 289:1062-1079. [PMID: 34626084 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Brain homeostasis depends on the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Despite decades of research, the factors and signalling pathways for modulating and maintaining BBB integrity are not fully elucidated. Here, we characterise the expression and function of the multifunctional receptor, sortilin, in the cells of the BBB, in vivo and in vitro. We show that sortilin acts as an important regulatory protein of the BBB's tightness. In rats lacking sortilin, the BBB was leaky, which correlated well with relocated distribution of the localisation of zonula occludens-1, VE-cadherin and β-catenin junctional proteins. Furthermore, the absence of sortilin in brain endothelial cells resulted in decreased phosphorylation of Akt signalling protein and increased the level of phospho-ERK1/2. As a putative result of MAPK/ERK pathway activity, the junctions between the brain endothelial cells were disintegrated and the integrity of the BBB became compromised. The identified barrier differences between wild-type and Sort1-/- brain endothelial cells can pave the way for a better understanding of sortilin's role in the healthy and diseased BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Toth
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans C Helms
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andras Harazin
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Kasper B Johnsen
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Health Technology, Section for Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Goldeman
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annette Burkhart
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, Biomedicine Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Maj S Thomsen
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, Biomedicine Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Paul J Kempen
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Health Technology, Section for Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Adrián Klepe
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Dora V Lipka
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Peter L Møller
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Thomas L Andresen
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Health Technology, Section for Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mette Nyegaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Torben Moos
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, Biomedicine Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Birger Brodin
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten S Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Werida RH, Omran A, El-Khodary NM. Sortilin and Homocysteine as Potential Biomarkers for Coronary Artery Diseases. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:6167-6176. [PMID: 34611430 PMCID: PMC8485923 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s324889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to assess the relationship of coronary artery disease (CAD) with levels of homocysteine and sortilin in Egyptian patients. Background CAD is a primary contributor to cardiac disease and a prominent cause of death globally. Patients and Methods We enrolled 45 patients with CAD evaluated by coronary CT angiography and 42 control subjects without CAD. Plasma-homocysteine and -sortilin levels were measured with a commercial ELISA kit. Results Elevated levels of homocysteine and sortilin were observed in the CAD patients compared to controls (13.75±1.40 vs 7.73±2.06 μmol/L, P=0 and 160.91±32.17 vs 143.02±32.30 ng/dL, P=0.02, respectively). Significantly higher total cholesterol, low density–lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides (P<0.05) and lower high density–lipoprotein cholesterol (P<0.05) were seen among patients with CAD than the control group. Sortilin levels were positively associated with homocysteine levels (r=0.32, P=0.006), total cholesterol (r=0.61, P=0), low density–lipoprotein cholesterol (r=0.37, P=0.001), triglycerides (r=0.91, P=0), troponin I (r=0.82, P=0), Gensini score (r=0.93, P=0) and high-sensitivity CRP (r=0.87, P=0) in all subjects. Homocysteine has a significantly negative association with high density–lipoprotein cholesterol (r=−0.42, P=0). Conclusion Elevated homocysteine and sortilin levels are crucial risk factors of CAD in Egyptian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab H Werida
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Ayman Omran
- Department of Cardiology, Damanhour National Medical Institute, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Noha M El-Khodary
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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21
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Demeule M, Charfi C, Currie JC, Larocque A, Zgheib A, Kozelko S, Béliveau R, Marsolais C, Annabi B. TH1902, a new docetaxel-peptide conjugate for the treatment of sortilin-positive triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:4317-4334. [PMID: 34314556 PMCID: PMC8486219 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous subgroup of cancers which lacks the expression and/or amplification of targetable biomarkers (ie, estrogen receptor, progestrogen receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2), and is often associated with the worse disease‐specific outcomes than other breast cancer subtypes. Here, we report that high expression of the sortilin (SORT1) receptor correlates with the decreased survival in TNBC patients, and more importantly in those bearing lymph node metastases. By exploiting SORT1 function in ligand internalization, a new anticancer treatment strategy was designed to target SORT1‐positive TNBC‐derived cells both in vitro and in two in vivo tumor xenografts models. A peptide (TH19P01), which requires SORT1 for internalization and to which many anticancer drugs could be conjugated, was developed. In vitro, while the TH19P01 peptide itself did not exert any antiproliferative or apoptotic effects, the docetaxel‐TH19P01 conjugate (TH1902) exerted potent antiproliferative and antimigratory activities when tested on TNBC‐derived MDA‐MB‐231 cells. TH1902 triggered faster and more potent apoptotic cell death than did unconjugated docetaxel. The apoptotic and antimigratory effects of TH1902 were both reversed by two SORT1 ligands, neurotensin and progranulin, and on siRNA‐mediated silencing of SORT1. TH1902 also altered microtubule polymerization and triggered the downregulation of the anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐xL biomarker. In vivo, both i.p. and i.v. administrations of TH1902 led to greater tumor regression in two MDA‐MB‐231 and HCC‐70 murine xenograft models than did docetaxel, without inducing neutropenia. Altogether, the data demonstrates the high in vivo efficacy and safety of TH1902 against TNBC through a SORT1 receptor‐mediated mechanism. This property allows for selective treatment of SORT1‐positive TNBC and makes TH1902 a promising avenue for personalized therapy with the potential of improving the therapeutic window of cytotoxic anticancer drugs such as docetaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alain Zgheib
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sophie Kozelko
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Richard Béliveau
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Borhane Annabi
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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22
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Wang Y, Wang J, Zuo YC, Jiang J, Tu T, Yan XX, Liu F. Elevation of CSF Sortilin Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Patients and Experimental Model Rats. Neuroscience 2021; 470:23-36. [PMID: 34273414 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) can cause acute neuronal injury and chronic neurocognitive deficits; biomarkers reflecting its associated neuronal injury are of potential prognostic value. Sortilin, a member of the vacuolar protein sorting 10p (Vps10p) family, is enriched in neurons and is likely involved in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we explored sortilin in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a potential biomarker for early neuronal injury after SAH. Sortilin levels in the CSF of SAH patients (n = 11) and controls (n = 6) were analyzed by immunoblot. SAH rats surviving 3-72 h (h) were evaluated neurologically, with their brain and CSF samples examined histologically and biochemically. Sortilin protein ~100 kDa was detected in the CSF from SAH patients only, with its levels correlated to Hunt-Hess scale. Rats in the SAH groups showed poorer Garcia score and beam balancing capability than sham controls. Sortilin ~100 kDa was detectable in the CSF of the SAH, but not sham, animals. Levels of sortilin ~100 kDa and fragments ~40 kDa in cortical lysates were elevated in the SAH relative to control rats. Levels of cortical glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were also elevated in the SAH rats. In immunohistochemistry, the pattern of sortilin labeling in the brain was largely comparable between the SAH and control rats, whereas an increased astrocytic GFAP immunolabeling was evident in the former. Together, these results suggest that SAH can cause an early and remarkable rise of sortilin products in CSF, likely reflecting neuronal change. Sortilin could be further explored as a potential biomarker in some brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Jikai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Yu-Chun Zuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Juan Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Tian Tu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China.
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23
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Møller PL, Rohde PD, Winther S, Breining P, Nissen L, Nykjaer A, Bøttcher M, Nyegaard M, Kjolby M. Sortilin as a Biomarker for Cardiovascular Disease Revisited. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:652584. [PMID: 33937362 PMCID: PMC8085299 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.652584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants in the genomic region containing SORT1 (encoding the protein sortilin) are strongly associated with cholesterol levels and the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). Circulating sortilin has therefore been proposed as a potential biomarker for cardiovascular disease. Multiple studies have reported association between plasma sortilin levels and cardiovascular outcomes. However, the findings are not consistent across studies, and most studies have small sample sizes. The aim of this study was to evaluate sortilin as a biomarker for CAD in a well-characterized cohort with symptoms suggestive of CAD. In total, we enrolled 1,173 patients with suspected stable CAD referred to coronary computed tomography angiography. Sortilin was measured in plasma using two different technologies for quantifying circulating sortilin: a custom-made enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and OLINK Cardiovascular Panel II. We found a relative poor correlation between the two methods (correlation coefficient = 0.21). In addition, genotyping and whole-genome sequencing were performed on all patients. By whole-genome regression analysis of sortilin levels measured with ELISA and OLINK, two independent cis protein quantitative trait loci (pQTL) on chromosome 1p13.3 were identified, with one of them being a well-established risk locus for CAD. Incorporating rare genetic variants from whole-genome sequence data did not identify any additional pQTLs for plasma sortilin. None of the traditional CAD risk factors, such as sex, age, smoking, and statin use, were associated with plasma sortilin levels. Furthermore, there was no association between circulating sortilin levels and coronary artery calcium score (CACS) or disease severity. Sortilin did not improve discrimination of obstructive CAD, when added to a clinical pretest probability (PTP) model for CAD. Overall, our results indicate that studies using different methodologies for measuring circulating sortilin should be compared with caution. In conclusion, the well-known SORT1 risk locus for CAD is linked to lower sortilin levels in circulation, measured with ELISA; however, the effect sizes are too small for sortilin to be a useful biomarker for CAD in a clinical setting of low- to intermediate-risk chest-pain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Palle D. Rohde
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Simon Winther
- Department of Cardiology, Gødstrup Hospital, NIDO, Herning, Denmark
| | - Peter Breining
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- PROMEMO and DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Louise Nissen
- Department of Cardiology, Gødstrup Hospital, NIDO, Herning, Denmark
| | - Anders Nykjaer
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- PROMEMO and DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten Bøttcher
- Department of Cardiology, Gødstrup Hospital, NIDO, Herning, Denmark
| | - Mette Nyegaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mads Kjolby
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- PROMEMO and DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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24
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Ghaemimanesh F, Mehravar M, Milani S, Poursani EM, Saliminejad K. The multifaceted role of sortilin/neurotensin receptor 3 in human cancer development. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:6271-6281. [PMID: 33634506 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sortilin (also known as neurotensin receptor 3) is a multitasking protein implicated in numerous pathophysiological processes, including cancer development, cardiovascular impairment, Alzheimer-type dementia, and depression. Although the definitive role of sortilin in human solid and hematological malignancies has been evidenced, few articles reviewed the task. The aim of the current review is to unravel the mechanisms by which sortilin controls oncogenicity and cancer progression; and also to summarize and discuss the original data obtained from international research laboratories on this topic. Questions on how sortilin is involving in the impairment of cell junctions, in exosomes composition and release, as well as in the regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor trafficking are also responded. In addition, we provide a special focus on the regulatory role of sortilin in signal transduction by either neurotrophins or neurotensin in normal and malignant cells. The relevance of sortilin with normal and cancer stem cells is also discussed. The last section provides a general overview of sortilin applications as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in the context of cancer detection. Finally, we comment on the future research aspects in which the field of cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy might be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ghaemimanesh
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Mehravar
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Development and Stem Cells Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Saeideh Milani
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensieh M Poursani
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kioomars Saliminejad
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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25
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Werida R, Khairat I, Khedr NF. Effect of atorvastatin versus rosuvastatin on inflammatory biomarkers and LV function in type 2 diabetic patients with dyslipidemia. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 135:111179. [PMID: 33401219 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins are potential drugs for decreasing risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients. PURPOSE To examine the efficacy of both rosuvastatin (ROSUVA) and atorvastatin (ATORVA) on LV function and markers of inflammation in T2D patients with dyslipidemia. METHODS One hundred-sixty T2D patients were assigned to receive either atorvastatin (ATORVA group, n = 80, 40 mg) or rosuvastatin (ROSUVA group, n = 80, 10 mg), daily for 6 months. Blood was collected for biochemical analysis. The prevalence of left ventricular abnormalities was determined by echocardiography and two-dimensional Speckle-Strain to assess Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS). RESULTS ROSUVA vs. ATORVA resulted in significant (p < 0.001) reduction in HbA1c % (9.13 vs 2.35%), LDL-C (22.23% vs. 14.75%), triglycerides (13.56 % vs. 8.21 %), total cholesterol (16.10 % vs. 10.81 %), atherogenic index (18.08. % vs. 10.97%), hs-CRP (23.51 % vs.18.96%), sortilin (33.33 % % vs. 15.08 %), and leptin (31.81 % vs. 23.17 %) but increased adiponectin (97.99 % vs.76.47.1 %) and HDL-C (76.47 % vs. 0.21 %) compared with baseline, respectively. Negative correlations between adiponectin and each of hs-CRP, HbA1c%, total cholesterol, LDL-C, atherogenic index and leptin were found. Also, left ventricular functions were correlated with adiponectin, lipids, HbA1c% and hs-CRP. The areas under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) showed that hs-CRP, leptin, sortlin, leptin, and adiponectin were good predictors for cardiovascular events. CONCLUSION ROSUVA is more efficacious in improving lipid profile, atherogenic index and modulation of inflammatory biomarkers in dyslipidemic T2D patients compared with ATROVA. However, both statins are equivalent as cardioprotective agents in dyslipidemic T2D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab Werida
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy Department, Damanhur University, El- Bahiara, Egypt.
| | - Ibtsam Khairat
- Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Department, Tanta University, El-Gharbia, Egypt.
| | - Naglaa F Khedr
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Tanta University, El-Gharbia, Egypt.
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26
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Al-Yozbaki M, Acha-Sagredo A, George A, Liloglou T, Wilson CM. Balancing neurotrophin pathway and sortilin function: Its role in human disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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27
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Al-Eitan LN, Elsaqa BZ, Almasri AY, Aman HA, Khasawneh RH, Alghamdi MA. Influence of PSRC1, CELSR2, and SORT1 Gene Polymorphisms on the Variability of Warfarin Dosage and Susceptibility to Cardiovascular Disease. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2020; 13:619-632. [PMID: 33235484 PMCID: PMC7680183 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s274246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular disease is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Several cardiovascular diseases require therapy with warfarin, an anticoagulant with large interindividual variability resulting in dosing difficulties. The selected genes and their polymorphisms have been implicated in several Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) to be associated with cardiovascular disease. Objective The goal of this study is to discover if there are any associations between rs646776 of PSRC1, rs660240 and rs12740374 of CELSR2, and rs602633 of SORT1 to coronary heart disease (CHD) and warfarin dose variability in patients diagnosed with cardiovascular disease undergoing warfarin therapy. Methods The study was directed at the Queen Alia Hospital Anticoagulation Clinic in Amman, Jordan. DNA was extracted and genotyped using the Mass ARRAY™ system, statistical analysis was done using SPSS. Results The study found several associations between the selected SNPs with warfarin, but none with cardiovascular disease. All 4 studied SNPs were found to be correlated to warfarin sensitivity during the stabilization phase except rs602633 and with warfarin dose variability at the initiation phase. CELSR2 SNPs also showed association with dose variability during the stabilization phase. Also, rs646776 and rs12740374 were linked to warfarin sensitivity over the initiation phase. Only rs602633 was associated with INR treatment outcomes. Conclusion The findings presented in this study found new pharmacogenomic associations for warfarin, that warrant further research in the field of genotype-guided warfarin dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith N Al-Eitan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Barakat Z Elsaqa
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ayah Y Almasri
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Hatem A Aman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Rame H Khasawneh
- Department of Hematopathology, King Hussein Medical Center (KHMC), Royal Medical Services (RMS), Amman 11118, Jordan
| | - Mansour A Alghamdi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabi.,Genomics and Personalized Medicine Unit, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
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28
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Sparks RP, Arango AS, Jenkins JL, Guida WC, Tajkhorshid E, Sparks CE, Sparks JD, Fratti RA. An Allosteric Binding Site on Sortilin Regulates the Trafficking of VLDL, PCSK9, and LDLR in Hepatocytes. Biochemistry 2020; 59:4321-4335. [PMID: 33153264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
ApoB lipoproteins (apo B-Lp) are produced in hepatocytes, and their secretion requires the cargo receptor sortilin. We examined the secretion of apo B-Lp-containing very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), an LDL progenitor. Sortilin also regulates the trafficking of the subtilase PCSK9, which when secreted binds the LDL receptor (LDLR), resulting in its endocytosis and destruction at the lysosome. We show that the site 2 binding compound (cpd984) has multiple effects in hepatocytes, including (1) enhanced Apo-Lp secretion, (2) increased cellular PCSK9 retention, and (3) augmented levels of LDLR at the plasma membrane. We postulate that cpd984 enhances apo B-Lp secretion in part through binding the lipid phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3), which is present at higher levels on circulating VLDL form fed rats relative to after fasting. We attribute the enhanced VLDL secretion to its increased binding affinity for sortilin site 1 induced by cpd984 binding site 2. This hinders PCSK9 binding and secretion, which would subsequently prevent its binding to LDLR leading to its degradation. This suggests that site 2 is an allosteric regulator of site 1 binding. This effect is not limited to VLDL, as cpd984 augments binding of the neuropeptide neurotensin (NT) to sortilin site 1. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that the C-terminus of NT (Ct-NT) stably binds site 1 through an electrostatic interaction. This was bolstered by the ability of Ct-NT to disrupt lower-affinity interactions between sortilin and the site 1 ligand PIP3. Together, these data show that binding cargo at sortilin site 1 is allosterically regulated through site 2 binding, with important ramifications for cellular lipid homeostasis involving proteins such as PCSK9 and LDLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Sparks
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Andres S Arango
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jermaine L Jenkins
- Structural Biology & Biophysics Facility, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Wayne C Guida
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science & Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Charles E Sparks
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Janet D Sparks
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Rutilio A Fratti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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29
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Panagiotopoulou O, Chiesa ST, Tousoulis D, Charakida M. Dyslipidaemias and Cardiovascular Disease: Focus on the Role of PCSK9 Inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:4494-4521. [PMID: 31453780 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190827151012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Genetic, experimental and clinical studies have consistently confirmed that inhibition of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin type 9 (PCSK9) can result in significant lowering of LDL-C and two fully human PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies have received regulatory approval for use in highrisk patients. Co-administration of PCSK9 with statins has resulted in extremely low LDL-C levels with excellent short-term safety profiles. While results from Phase III clinical trials provided significant evidence about the role of PCSK9 inhibitors in reducing cardiovascular event rates, their impact on mortality remains less clear. PCSK9 inhibitor therapy can be considered for high-risk patients who are likely to experience significant cardiovascular risk reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Panagiotopoulou
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Scott T Chiesa
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marietta Charakida
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
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30
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Gao A, Li F, Zhou Q, Chen L. Sestrin2 as a potential therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:104990. [PMID: 32505836 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sestrin2 is a cysteine sulfinyl reductase that plays crucial roles in regulation of antioxidant actions. Sestrin2 provides cytoprotection against multiple stress conditions, including hypoxia, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress. Recent research reveals that upregulation of Sestrin2 is induced by various transcription factors such as p53 and activator protein 1 (AP-1), which further promotes AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin protein kinase (mTOR) signaling. Sestrin2 triggers autophagy activity to reduce cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels by promoting nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) degradation, which plays a pivotal role in homeostasis of metabolic regulation. Under hypoxia and ER stress conditions, elevated Sestrin2 expression maintains cellular homeostasis through regulation of antioxidant genes. Sestrin2 is responsible for diminishing cellular ROS accumulation through autophagy via AMPK activation, which displays cardioprotection effect in cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we summarize the recent understanding of molecular structure, biological roles and biochemical functions of Sestrin2, and discuss the roles and mechanisms of Sestrin2 in autophagy, hypoxia and ER stress. Understanding the precise functions and exact mechanism of Sestrin2 in cellular homeostasis will provide the evidence for future experimental research and aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbo Gao
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Li
- Medical Shcool, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410000, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Zhou
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Department, 28 Western Changshen Road, Hengyang 421002, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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Gonzalez-Cotto M, Guo L, Karwan M, Sen SK, Barb J, Collado CJ, Elloumi F, Palmieri EM, Boelte K, Kolodgie FD, Finn AV, Biesecker LG, McVicar DW. TREML4 Promotes Inflammatory Programs in Human and Murine Macrophages and Alters Atherosclerosis Lesion Composition in the Apolipoprotein E Deficient Mouse. Front Immunol 2020; 11:397. [PMID: 32292401 PMCID: PMC7133789 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells-like 4 (TREML4) is a member of the TREM receptor family, known modulators of inflammatory responses. We have previously found that TREML4 expression positively correlates with human coronary arterial calcification (CAC). However, the role of TREML4 in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease remains incompletely defined. Since macrophages play a key role in inflammatory conditions, we investigated if activated macrophages selectively expressed TREML4 and found that carriage of either one of the eQTL SNP's previously associated with increased TREML4 expression conferred higher expression in human inflammatory macrophages (M1) compared to alternatively activated macrophages (M2). Furthermore, we found that TREML4 expression in human M1 dysregulated several inflammatory pathways related to leukocyte activation, apoptosis and extracellular matrix degradation. Similarly, murine M1 expressed substantial levels of Treml4, as did oxLDL treated macrophages. Transcriptome analysis confirmed that murine Treml4 controls the expression of genes related to inflammation and lipid regulation pathways, suggesting a possible role in atherosclerosis. Analysis of Apoe-/-/Treml4-/- mice showed reduced plaque burden and lesion complexity as indicated by decreased stage scores, macrophage content and collagen deposition. Finally, transcriptome analysis of oxLDL-loaded murine macrophages showed that Treml4 represses a specific set of genes related to carbohydrate, ion and amino acid membrane transport. Metabolomic analysis confirmed that Treml4 deficiency may promote a beneficial relationship between iron homeostasis and glucose metabolism. Together, our results suggest that Treml4 plays a role in the development of cardiovascular disease, as indicated by Treml4-dependent dysregulation of macrophage inflammatory pathways, macrophage metabolism and promotion of vulnerability features in advanced lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieli Gonzalez-Cotto
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Liang Guo
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Megan Karwan
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Cancer and Inflammation Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Shurjo K. Sen
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Cancer and Inflammation Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer Barb
- Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Center for Information Technology (CIT), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Fathi Elloumi
- Center for Cancer Research Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Erika M. Palmieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Kimberly Boelte
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Frank D. Kolodgie
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Cancer and Inflammation Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Aloke V. Finn
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Cancer and Inflammation Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Leslie G. Biesecker
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Daniel W. McVicar
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, United States
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Pavel AB, Zhou L, Diaz A, Ungar B, Dan J, He H, Estrada YD, Xu H, Fernandes M, Renert-Yuval Y, Krueger JG, Guttman-Yassky E. The proteomic skin profile of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis patients shows an inflammatory signature. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 82:690-699. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Su X, Peng D. New insight into sortilin in controlling lipid metabolism and the risk of atherogenesis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:232-243. [PMID: 31625271 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Daoquan Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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PAK Kinases Target Sortilin and Modulate Its Sorting. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:MCB.00411-19. [PMID: 31767632 PMCID: PMC6965034 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00411-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional type 1 receptor sortilin is involved in endocytosis and intracellular transport of ligands. The short intracellular domain of sortilin binds several cytoplasmic adaptor proteins (e.g., the AP-1 complex and GGA1 to -3), most of which target two well-defined motifs: a C-terminal acidic cluster dileucine motif and a YXXΦ motif in the proximal third of the domain. Both motifs contribute to endocytosis as well as Golgi-endosome trafficking of sortilin. The multifunctional type 1 receptor sortilin is involved in endocytosis and intracellular transport of ligands. The short intracellular domain of sortilin binds several cytoplasmic adaptor proteins (e.g., the AP-1 complex and GGA1 to -3), most of which target two well-defined motifs: a C-terminal acidic cluster dileucine motif and a YXXΦ motif in the proximal third of the domain. Both motifs contribute to endocytosis as well as Golgi-endosome trafficking of sortilin. The C-terminal acidic cluster harbors a serine residue, which is subject to phosphorylation by casein kinase. Phosphorylation of this serine residue is known to modulate adaptor binding to sortilin. Here, we show that the cytoplasmic domain of sortilin also engages Rac-p21-activated kinases 1 to 3 (PAK1-3) via a binding segment that includes a tyrosine-based motif, also encompassing a serine residue. We further demonstrate that PAK1-3 specifically phosphorylate this serine residue and that this phosphorylation alters the affinity for AP-1 binding and consequently changes the intracellular localization of sortilin as a result of modulated trafficking. Our findings suggest that trafficking of ligands bound to sortilin is in part regulated by group A PAK kinases, which are downstream effectors of Rho GTPases and are known to affect a variety of processes by remodeling the cytoskeleton and by promoting gene transcription and cell survival.
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Lv Y, Yang J, Gao A, Sun S, Zheng X, Chen X, Wan W, Tang C, Xie W, Li S, Guo D, Peng T, Zhao G, Zhong L. Sortilin promotes macrophage cholesterol accumulation and aortic atherosclerosis through lysosomal degradation of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 protein. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2019; 51:471-483. [PMID: 30950489 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmz029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sortilin is closely associated with hyperlipidemia and the risk of atherosclerosis (AS). The role of sortilin and the underlying mechanism in peripheral macrophage are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of macrophage sortilin on ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) expression, ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux, and aortic AS. Macrophage sortilin expression was upregulated by oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDLs) in both concentration- and time-dependent manners. Its expression reached the peak level when cells were incubated with 50 μg/ml ox-LDL for 24 h. Overexpression of sortilin in macrophage reduced cholesterol efflux, leading to an increase in intracellular total cholesterol, free cholesterol, and cholesterol ester. Sortilin was found to bind with ABCA1 protein and suppress macrophage ABCA1 expression, resulting in a decrease in cholesterol efflux from macrophages. The inhibitory effect of sortilin in cholesterol efflux was partially reversed by treatment with chloroquine, a lysosomal inhibitor. On the contrary, the ABCA1 protein level and ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux is increased by sortilin short hairpin RNA transfection. The fecal and biliary cholesterol 3H-sterol from cholesterol-laden mouse peritoneal macrophage was reduced by sortilin overexpression through lentivirus vector (LV)-sortilin in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice, which was prevented by co-treatment with chloroquine. Treatment with LV-sortilin reduced plasma high-density lipoprotein and increased plasma ox-LDL levels. Accordingly, aortic lipid deposition and plaque area were exacerbated, and ABCA1 expression was reduced in mice in response to infection with LV-sortilin alone. These effects of LV-sortilin were partially reversed by chloroquine. Sortilin enhances lysosomal degradation of ABCA1 protein and suppresses ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux from macrophages, leading to foam cell formation and AS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuncheng Lv
- Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Clinical Medical Research Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Anbo Gao
- Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Sha Sun
- Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xilong Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, The University of Calgary, Health Sciences Center, Calgary, Canada
| | - Xi Chen
- Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wei Wan
- Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Chaoke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Medical Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Suyun Li
- Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Dongming Guo
- Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Tianhong Peng
- Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Guojun Zhao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Liyuan Zhong
- Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Plasma protein biomarkers and their association with mutually exclusive cardiovascular phenotypes: the FIBRO-TARGETS case-control analyses. Clin Res Cardiol 2019; 109:22-33. [PMID: 31062082 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-019-01480-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension, obesity and diabetes are major and potentially modifiable "risk factors" for cardiovascular diseases. Identification of biomarkers specific to these risk factors may help understanding the underlying pathophysiological pathways, and developing individual treatment. METHODS The FIBRO-TARGETS (targeting cardiac fibrosis for heart failure treatment) consortium has merged data from 12 patient cohorts in 1 common database of > 12,000 patients. Three mutually exclusive main phenotypic groups were identified ("cases"): (1) "hypertensive"; (2) "obese"; and (3) "diabetic"; age-sex matched in a 1:2 proportion with "healthy controls" without any of these phenotypes. Proteomic associations were studied using a biostatistical method based on LASSO and confronted with machine-learning and complex network approaches. RESULTS The case:control distribution by each cardiovascular phenotype was hypertension (50:100), obesity (50:98), and diabetes (36:72). Of the 86 studied proteins, 4 were found to be independently associated with hypertension: GDF-15, LEP, SORT-1 and FABP-2; 3 with obesity: CEACAM-8, LEP and PRELP; and 4 with diabetes: GDF-15, REN, CXCL-1 and SCF. GDF-15 (hypertension + diabetes) and LEP (hypertension + obesity) are shared by 2 different phenotypes. A machine-learning approach confirmed GDF-15, LEP and SORT-1 as discriminant biomarkers for the hypertension group, and LEP plus PRELP for the obesity group. Complex network analyses provided insight on the mechanisms underlying these disease phenotypes where fibrosis may play a central role. CONCLUSION Patients with "mutually exclusive" phenotypes display distinct bioprofiles that might underpin different biological pathways, potentially leading to fibrosis. Plasma protein biomarkers and their association with mutually exclusive cardiovascular phenotypes: the FIBRO-TARGETS case-control analyses. Patients with "mutually exclusive" phenotypes (blue: obesity, hypertension and diabetes) display distinct protein bioprofiles (green: decreased expression; red: increased expression) that might underpin different biological pathways (orange arrow), potentially leading to fibrosis.
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Xu SY, Zhang QL, Zhang Q, Wan L, Jiang J, Tu T, Manavis J, Pan A, Cai Y, Yan XX. Regional and Cellular Mapping of Sortilin Immunoreactivity in Adult Human Brain. Front Neuroanat 2019; 13:31. [PMID: 30914927 PMCID: PMC6422922 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sortilin is a member of the vacuolar protein sorting 10 protein (VPS10P) domain receptor family, which carries out signal transduction and protein transport in cells. Sortilin serves as the third, G-protein uncoupled, receptor of neurotensin that can modulate various brain functions. More recent data indicate an involvement of sortilin in mood disorders, dementia and Alzheimer-type neuropathology. However, data regarding the normal pattern of regional and cellular expression of sortilin in the human brain are not available to date. Using postmortem adult human brains free of neuropathology, the current study determined sortilin immunoreactivity (IR) across the entire brain. Sortilin IR was broadly present in the cerebrum and subcortical structures, localizing to neurons in the somatodendritic compartment, but not to glial cells. In the cerebrum, sortilin IR exhibited differential regional and laminar patterns, with pyramidal, multipolar and polymorphic neurons in cortical layers II–VI, hippocampal formation and amygdaloid complex more distinctly labeled relative to GABAergic interneurons. In the striatum and thalamus, numerous small-to-medium sized neurons showed light IR, with a small group of large sized neurons heavily labeled. In the midbrain and brainstem, sortilin IR was distinct in neurons at the relay centers of descending and ascending neuroanatomical pathways. Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, cholinergic neurons in the basal nuclei of Meynert and noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus co-expressed strong sortilin IR in double immunofluorescence. In comparison, sortilin IR was weak in the olfactory bulb and cerebellar cortex, with the mitral and Purkinje cells barely visualized. A quantitative analysis was carried out in the lateral, basolateral, and basomedial nuclei of the amygdaloid complex, as well as cortical layers II–VI, which established a positive correlation between the somal size and the intensity of sortilin IR among labeled neurons. Together, the present study demonstrates a predominantly neuronal expression of sortilin in the human brain with substantial regional and cell-type variability. The enriched expression of sortilin in pyramidal, dopaminergic, noradrenergic and cholinergic neurons suggests that this protein may be particularly required for signal transduction, protein trafficking and metabolic homeostasis in populations of relatively large-sized projective neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yin Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qi-Lei Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lily Wan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tian Tu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jim Manavis
- SA Pathology, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Science, Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Aihua Pan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Center for Morphological Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Cai
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Transcriptional control of intestinal cholesterol absorption, adipose energy expenditure and lipid handling by Sortilin. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9006. [PMID: 29899496 PMCID: PMC5998044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27416-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The sorting receptor Sortilin functions in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Dysfunctional lipid uptake, storage, and metabolism contribute to several major human diseases including atherosclerosis and obesity. Sortilin associates with cardiovascular disease; however, the role of Sortilin in adipose tissue and lipid metabolism remains unclear. Here we show that in the low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (Ldlr−/−) atherosclerosis model, Sortilin deficiency (Sort1−/−) in female mice suppresses Niemann-Pick type C1-Like 1 (Npc1l1) mRNA levels, reduces body and white adipose tissue weight, and improves brown adipose tissue function partially via transcriptional downregulation of Krüppel-like factor 4 and Liver X receptor. Female Ldlr−/−Sort1−/− mice on a high-fat/cholesterol diet had elevated plasma Fibroblast growth factor 21 and Adiponectin, an adipokine that when reduced is associated with obesity and cardiovascular disease-related factors. Additionally, Sort1 deficiency suppressed cholesterol absorption in both female mice ex vivo intestinal tissue and human colon Caco-2 cells in a similar manner to treatment with the NPC1L1 inhibitor ezetimibe. Together our findings support a novel role of Sortilin in energy regulation and lipid homeostasis in female mice, which may be a potential therapeutic target for obesity and cardiovascular disease.
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Sánchez Muñoz-Torrero JF, Rivas MD, Zamorano J, Joya-Vázquez PP, de Isla LP, Padro T, Mata P, The Safeheart Investigators. Multivariate analysis for coronary heart disease in heterozygote familial hypercholesterolemia patients. Per Med 2018; 15:87-92. [PMID: 29714125 DOI: 10.2217/pme-2017-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM rs599839 polymorphism has been related with low levels of cholesterol and reduced coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS We investigated the frequency of this polymorphism in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) in the Spanish familial hypercholesterolemia cohort, 230 with and 202 without CHD. Results & discussion: A lower G-allele prevalence was observed in HeFH patients with CHD with respect to controls, 35 versus 45%, respectively (p = 0.029), suggesting a protective effect. However, it was found that there was no association between rs599839 alleles and CHD in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION The frequency of the protective G-allele of the rs599839 polymorphism was lower in HeFH patients with CHD compared with those HeFH patients without CHD. However, its role in HeFH may be masked by very high levels of cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria D Rivas
- Research Unit, Hospital San Pedro de Alcantara, Caceres, Spain
| | - Jose Zamorano
- Research Unit, Hospital San Pedro de Alcantara, Caceres, Spain
| | | | | | - Teresa Padro
- Centro de Investigacion Cardiovascular CSIC-ICCC, Hospital Sant Pau & IIB-Sant Pau, & CIBEROBN, ISC III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Mata
- Fundacion Hipercolesterolemia Familial, Madrid, Spain
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40
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Xu SY, Jiang J, Pan A, Yan C, Yan XX. Sortilin: a new player in dementia and Alzheimer-type neuropathology. Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 96:491-497. [PMID: 29687731 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2018-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related dementias are now a major mortality factor among most human populations in the world, with Alzheimer's disease (AD) being the leading dementia-causing neurodegenerative disease. The pathogenic mechanism underlying dementia disorders, and AD in particular, remained largely unknown. Efforts to develop drugs targeting the disease's hallmark lesions, such as amyloid plaque and tangle pathologies, have been unsuccessful so far. The vacuolar protein sorting 10p (Vps10p) family plays a critical role in membrane signal transduction and protein sorting and trafficking between intracellular compartments. Data emerging during the past few years point to an involvement of this family in the development of AD. Specifically, the Vps10p member sortilin has been shown to participate in amyloid plaque formation, tau phosphorylation, abnormal protein sorting and apoptosis. In this minireview, we update some latest findings from animal experiments and human brain studies suggesting that abnormal sortilin expression is associated with AD-type neuropathology, warranting further research that might lead to novel targets for the development of AD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yin Xu
- a Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Juan Jiang
- a Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Aihua Pan
- a Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Cai Yan
- a Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.,b Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- a Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
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Gao A, Cayabyab FS, Chen X, Yang J, Wang L, Peng T, Lv Y. Implications of Sortilin in Lipid Metabolism and Lipid Disorder Diseases. DNA Cell Biol 2017; 36:1050-1061. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2017.3853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anbo Gao
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Francisco S. Cayabyab
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Xi Chen
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Li Wang
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Tianhong Peng
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yuncheng Lv
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Goettsch C, Kjolby M, Aikawa E. Sortilin and Its Multiple Roles in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 38:19-25. [PMID: 29191923 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world. Studies of sortilin's influence on cardiovascular and metabolic diseases goes far beyond the genome-wide association studies that have revealed an association between cardiovascular diseases and the 1p13 locus that encodes sortilin. Emerging evidence suggests a significant role of sortilin in the pathogenesis of vascular and metabolic diseases; this includes type II diabetes mellitus via regulation of insulin resistance, atherosclerosis through arterial wall inflammation and calcification, and dysregulated lipoprotein metabolism. Sortilin is also known for its functional role in neurological disorders. It serves as a key receptor for cytokines, lipids, and enzymes and participates in pathological cargo loading to and trafficking of extracellular vesicles. This article provides a comprehensive review of sortilin's contributions to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases but focuses particularly on atherosclerosis. We summarize recent clinical findings that suggest that sortilin may be a cardiovascular risk biomarker and also discuss sortilin as a potential drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Goettsch
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, RWTH Aachen University, Germany (C.G.); The Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Nordic European Molecular Biology Laboratory Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Danish Diabetes Academy, Denmark (M.K.); Department of Biomedicine (M.K.) and Department of Cardiology (M.K.), Aarhus University, Denmark; and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (E.A.) and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (E.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mads Kjolby
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, RWTH Aachen University, Germany (C.G.); The Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Nordic European Molecular Biology Laboratory Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Danish Diabetes Academy, Denmark (M.K.); Department of Biomedicine (M.K.) and Department of Cardiology (M.K.), Aarhus University, Denmark; and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (E.A.) and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (E.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, RWTH Aachen University, Germany (C.G.); The Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Nordic European Molecular Biology Laboratory Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Danish Diabetes Academy, Denmark (M.K.); Department of Biomedicine (M.K.) and Department of Cardiology (M.K.), Aarhus University, Denmark; and Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences (E.A.) and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (E.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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43
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Integrated analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression profiles in human endothelial cells exposed to fisetin. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-017-1308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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44
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Pirault J, Polyzos KA, Petri MH, Ketelhuth DFJ, Bäck M, Hansson GK. The inflammatory cytokine interferon-gamma inhibits sortilin-1 expression in hepatocytes via the JAK/STAT pathway. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1918-1924. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Pirault
- Center for Molecular Medicine; Department of Medicine; Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
- INSERM UMR_S1116; Université de Lorraine; Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
| | - Konstantinos A. Polyzos
- Center for Molecular Medicine; Department of Medicine; Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Marcelo H. Petri
- Center for Molecular Medicine; Department of Medicine; Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Daniel F. J. Ketelhuth
- Center for Molecular Medicine; Department of Medicine; Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Magnus Bäck
- Center for Molecular Medicine; Department of Medicine; Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
- INSERM UMR_S1116; Université de Lorraine; Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
| | - Göran K. Hansson
- Center for Molecular Medicine; Department of Medicine; Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
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45
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Hu X, Hu ZL, Li Z, Ruan CS, Qiu WY, Pan A, Li CQ, Cai Y, Shen L, Chu Y, Tang BS, Cai H, Zhou XF, Ma C, Yan XX. Sortilin Fragments Deposit at Senile Plaques in Human Cerebrum. Front Neuroanat 2017. [PMID: 28638323 PMCID: PMC5461299 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variations in the vacuolar protein sorting 10 protein (Vps10p) family have been linked to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here we demonstrate deposition of fragments from the Vps10p member sortilin at senile plaques (SPs) in aged and AD human cerebrum. Sortilin changes were characterized in postmortem brains with antibodies against the extracellular and intracellular C-terminal domains. The two antibodies exhibited identical labeling in normal human cerebrum, occurring in the somata and dendrites of cortical and hippocampal neurons. The C-terminal antibody also marked extracellular lesions in some aged and all AD cases, appearing as isolated fibrils, mini-plaques, dense-packing or circular mature-looking plaques. Sortilin and β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition were correlated overtly in a region/lamina- and case-dependent manner as analyzed in the temporal lobe structures, with co-localized immunofluorescence seen at individual SPs. However, sortilin deposition rarely occurred around the pia, at vascular wall or in areas with typical diffuse Aβ deposition, with the labeling not enhanced by section pretreatment with heating or formic acid. Levels of a major sortilin fragment ~15 kDa, predicted to derive from the C-terminal region, were dramatically elevated in AD relative to control cortical lysates. Thus, sortilin fragments are a prominent constituent of the extracellularly deposited protein products at SPs in human cerebrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical ScienceChangsha, China
| | - Zhao-Lan Hu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical ScienceChangsha, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Chun-Sheng Ruan
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute, Division of Health Sciences, University of South AustraliaAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Wen-Ying Qiu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Aihua Pan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical ScienceChangsha, China
| | - Chang-Qi Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical ScienceChangsha, China
| | - Yan Cai
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical ScienceChangsha, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Yaping Chu
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical CenterChicago, IL, United States
| | - Bei-Sha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD, United States
| | - Xin-Fu Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute, Division of Health Sciences, University of South AustraliaAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical ScienceChangsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
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46
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Physiological and therapeutic regulation of PCSK9 activity in cardiovascular disease. Basic Res Cardiol 2017; 112:32. [PMID: 28439730 PMCID: PMC5403857 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-017-0619-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is the main cause of death worldwide and is accelerated by increased levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a potent circulating regulator of LDL-C through its ability to induce degradation of the LDL receptor (LDLR) in the lysosome of hepatocytes. Only in the last few years, a number of breakthroughs in the understanding of PCSK9 biology have been reported illustrating how PCSK9 activity is tightly regulated at several levels by factors influencing its transcription, secretion, or by extracellular inactivation and clearance. Two humanized antibodies directed against the LDLR-binding site in PCSK9 received approval by the European and US authorities and additional PCSK9 directed therapeutics are climbing up the phases of clinical trials. The first outcome data of the PCSK9 inhibitor evolocumab reported a significant reduction in the composite endpoint (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) and further outcome data are awaited. Meanwhile, it became evident that PCSK9 has (patho)physiological roles in several cardiovascular cells. In this review, we summarize and discuss the recent biological and clinical data on PCSK9, the regulation of PCSK9, its extra-hepatic activities focusing on cardiovascular cells, molecular concepts to target PCSK9, and finally briefly summarize the data of recent clinical studies.
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47
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Scott Kiss R, Sniderman A. Shunts, channels and lipoprotein endosomal traffic: a new model of cholesterol homeostasis in the hepatocyte. J Biomed Res 2017; 31:95-107. [PMID: 28808191 PMCID: PMC5445212 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.31.20160139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver directs cholesterol metabolism in the organism. All the major fluxes of cholesterol within the body involve the liver: dietary cholesterol is directed to the liver; cholesterol from peripheral cells goes to the liver; the liver is a major site of cholesterol synthesis for the organism; cholesterol is secreted from the liver within the bile, within apoB lipoproteins and translocated to nascent HDL. The conventional model of cholesterol homeostasis posits that cholesterol from any source enters a common, rapidly exchangeable pool within the cell, which is in equilibrium with a regulatory pool. Increased influx of cholesterol leads rapidly to decreased synthesis of cholesterol. This model was developed based on in vitro studies in the fibroblast and validated only for LDL particles. The challenges the liver must meet in vivo to achieve cholesterol homeostasis are far more complex. Our model posits that the cholesterol derived from three different lipoproteins endosomes has three different fates: LDL-derived cholesterol is largely recycled within VLDL with most of the cholesterol shunted through the hepatocyte without entering the exchangeable pool of cholesterol; high density lipoprotein-derived CE is transcytosed into bile; and chylomicron remnant-derived cholesterol primarily enters the regulatory pool within the hepatocyte. These endosomal channels represent distinct physiological pathways and hepatic homeostasis represents the net result of the outcomes of these distinct channels. Our model takes into account the distinct physiological challenges the hepatocyte must meet, underlie the pathophysiology of many of the apoB dyslipoproteinemias and account for the sustained effectiveness of therapeutic agents such as statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Scott Kiss
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Allan Sniderman
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
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48
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Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is the main cause of death worldwide and it is accelerated by increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (LDL-C) and/or lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) concentrations. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) alters both LDL-C and in part Lp(a) concentrations through its ability to induce degradation of the LDL receptor (LDLR). PCSK9, however, has additional targets which are potentially involved in lipid metabolism regulation such as the very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDL), CD36 (cluster of differentiation 36) and the epithelial cholesterol transporter (NPC1L1) and it affects expression of apolipoprotein B48. The PCSK9 activity is tightly regulated at several levels by factors influencing its transcription, secretion, or by extracellular inactivation and clearance. Many comorbidities (kidney insufficiency, hypothyreoidism, hyperinsulinemia, inflammation) modify PCSK9 expression and release. Two humanized antibodies directed against extracellular PCSK9 received approval by the European and US authorities and additional PCSK9 directed therapeutics (such as silencing RNA) are already in clinical trials. Their results demonstrate a significant reduction in both LDL-C and Lp(a) concentrations – independent of the concomitant medication – and one of them reduced plaque size in high risk cardiovascular patients; results of two ongoing large clinical endpoints studies are awaited. In this review, we summarize and discuss the recent biological data on PCSK9, the regulation of PCSK9, and finally briefly summarize the data of recent clinical studies in the context of lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Schulz
- Department of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Aulweg 129, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Klaus-Dieter Schlüter
- Department of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Aulweg 129, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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49
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Progida C, Bakke O. Bidirectional traffic between the Golgi and the endosomes - machineries and regulation. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3971-3982. [PMID: 27802132 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.185702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The bidirectional transport between the Golgi complex and the endocytic pathway has to be finely regulated in order to ensure the proper delivery of newly synthetized lysosomal enzymes and the return of sorting receptors from degradative compartments. The high complexity of these routes has led to experimental difficulties in properly dissecting and separating the different pathways. As a consequence, several models have been proposed during the past decades. However, recent advances in our understanding of endosomal dynamics have helped to unify these different views. We provide here an overview of the current insights into the transport routes between Golgi and endosomes in mammalian cells. The focus of the Commentary is on the key molecules involved in the trafficking pathways between these intracellular compartments, such as Rab proteins and sorting receptors, and their regulation. A proper understanding of the bidirectional traffic between the Golgi complex and the endolysosomal system is of uttermost importance, as several studies have demonstrated that mutations in the factors involved in these transport pathways result in various pathologies, in particular lysosome-associated diseases and diverse neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Progida
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oddmund Bakke
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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50
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Sparks RP, Jenkins JL, Miner GE, Wang Y, Guida WC, Sparks CE, Fratti RA, Sparks JD. Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate binds to sortilin and competes with neurotensin: Implications for very low density lipoprotein binding. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:551-556. [PMID: 27666481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sortilin is a multi-ligand sorting receptor that interacts with B100-containing VLDL and LDL as well as other ligands including neurotensin (NT). The current study investigates the hypothesis that phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) generated downstream of insulin action can directly bind to sortilin. NT binds to sortilin at a well characterized site via its carboxy terminus (C-term). Using a crystal structure of human sortilin (hsortilin), PIP3 is predicted to bind at this C-term site. Binding of PIP3 to hsortilin is demonstrated using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) flowing PIP3 nanodiscs over immobilized hsortilin. Studies were performed using SPR where dibutanoyl PIP3 is shown to compete with NT for sortilin binding. Rat VLDL and LDL were evaluated for PIP3 content immunologically using monoclonal antibodies directed against PIP3. Rat plasma VLDL contained three times more immunoreactive PIP3 than LDL per μg of protein. Because VLDL contains additional ligands that bind sortilin, to distinguish specific PIP3 binding, we used PIP3 liposomes. Liposome floatation assays were used to demonstrate PIP3 liposome binding to sortilin. Using SPR and immobilized hsortilin, the C-term NT tetrapeptide (P-Y-I-L) is shown to bind to hsortilin. A compound (cpd984) was identified with strong theoretical binding to the site on sortilin involved in NT N-terminal binding. When cpd984 is co-incubated with the tetrapeptide, the affinity of binding to sortilin is increased. Similarly, the affinity of PIP3 liposome binding increased in the presence of cpd984. Overall, results demonstrate that sortilin is a PIP3 binding protein with binding likely to occur at the C-term NT binding site. The presence of multiple ligands on B100-containing lipoproteins, VLDL and LDL, raises the interesting possibility for increased interaction with sortilin based on the presence of PIP3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Sparks
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jermaine L Jenkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Gregory E Miner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Wayne C Guida
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33520, USA
| | - Charles E Sparks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Rutilio A Fratti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Janet D Sparks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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