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Tian S, Wang M, Fornasiero P, Yang X, Ramakrishna S, Ho SH, Li F. Recent advances in MXenes-based glucose biosensors. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Kushwaha K, Kabra U, Dubey R, Gupta J. Diabetic Nephropathy: Pathogenesis to Cure. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:1418-1429. [PMID: 35993461 DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666220820110801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a leading cause of end-stage renal disorder (ESRD). It is defined as the increase in urinary albumin excretion (UAE) when no other renal disease is present. DN is categorized into microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria. Factors like high blood pressure, high blood sugar levels, genetics, oxidative stress, hemodynamic and metabolic changes affect DN. Hyperglycemia causes renal damage through activating protein kinase C (PKC), producing advanced end glycation products (AGEs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Growth factors, chemokines, cell adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokines are found to be elevated in the renal tissues of the diabetic patient. Many different and new diagnostic methods and treatment options are available due to the increase in research efforts and progression in medical science. However, until now, no permanent cure is available. This article aims to explore the mechanism, diagnosis, and therapeutic strategies in current use for increasing the understanding of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Kushwaha
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Uma Kabra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat 391760, India
| | - Rupal Dubey
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University (LPU), Jalandhar - Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Jeena Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
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Kim J, Jensen A, Ko S, Raghavan S, Phillips LS, Hung A, Sun Y, Zhou H, Reaven P, Zhou JJ. Systematic Heritability and Heritability Enrichment Analysis for Diabetes Complications in UK Biobank and ACCORD Studies. Diabetes 2022; 71:1137-1148. [PMID: 35133398 PMCID: PMC9044130 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes-related complications reflect longstanding damage to small and large vessels throughout the body. In addition to the duration of diabetes and poor glycemic control, genetic factors are important contributors to the variability in the development of vascular complications. Early heritability studies found strong familial clustering of both macrovascular and microvascular complications. However, they were limited by small sample sizes and large phenotypic heterogeneity, leading to less accurate estimates. We take advantage of two independent studies-UK Biobank and the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes trial-to survey the single nucleotide polymorphism heritability for diabetes microvascular (diabetic kidney disease and diabetic retinopathy) and macrovascular (cardiovascular events) complications. Heritability for diabetic kidney disease was estimated at 29%. The heritability estimate for microalbuminuria ranged from 24 to 60% and was 41% for macroalbuminuria. Heritability estimates of diabetic retinopathy ranged from 6 to 33%, depending on the phenotype definition. More severe diabetes retinopathy possessed higher genetic contributions. We show, for the first time, that rare variants account for much of the heritability of diabetic retinopathy. This study suggests that a large portion of the genetic risk of diabetes complications is yet to be discovered and emphasizes the need for additional genetic studies of diabetes complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Kim
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Aubrey Jensen
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Seyoon Ko
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sridharan Raghavan
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO
| | - Lawrence S. Phillips
- Division of Endocrinology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA
| | - Adriana Hung
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Peter Reaven
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Jin J. Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Association between CRP polymorphisms and susceptibility to the diabetic nephropathy; A case-control study. Meta Gene 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.101009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Role of eNOS and TGFβ1 gene polymorphisms in the development of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients in South Indian population. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00216-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Diabetic nephropathy is known to be a leading complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by diverse aspects such as high urinary albumin level, elevated blood pressure, and genetic susceptibility leading to end-stage renal disease. The current study was carried out to investigate the association of eNOS and TGFβ1 gene polymorphisms in the progression of diabetic nephropathy among type 2 diabetic patients in the South Indian population. The eNOS and TGFβ1 genetic variants were genotyped in 280 T2DM patients, 140 with DN, 140 without DN, and 140 controls. Genotyping was performed using ARMS PCR and the genomic variants were confirmed by the Sanger sequencing method.
Results
A significant (p < 0.05) association was observed in the genotypic frequencies of eNOS (G > T) polymorphism in the T2DM patients with diabetic nephropathy when compared to controls. The frequency of TT (heterozygous) genotype was observed to increase in patients with type 2 diabetes and DN when compared to the diabetic patients without DN and controls. This indicates that diabetic patients with TT genotype are at an increased risk to develop DN. However, TGFβ1 (G > C) polymorphism did not show any association in the allele and genotypic frequencies with DN when compared with T2DM and controls.
Conclusion
The results of the study propose a strong influence of TT genotype of eNOS gene be significantly linked with diabetic nephropathy in T2DM patients. Whereas no association was examined concerning TGFβ1 gene polymorphism and DN. Nevertheless, large sample size studies are required to confirm the part of these genetic variants in the development of DN.
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Abstract
Diabetic vascular complications (DVCs) affecting several important organ systems of human body such as cardiovascular system contribute a major public health problem. Genetic factors contribute to the risk of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Genetics variants, structural variants (copy number variation) and epigenetic changes play important roles in the development of DN. Apart from nucleus genome, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) plays critical roles in regulation of development of DN. Epigenetic studies have indicated epigenetic changes in chromatin affecting gene transcription in response to environmental stimuli, which provided a large body of evidence of regulating development of diabetes mellitus. This review focused on the current knowledge of the genetic and epigenetic basis of DN. Ultimately, identification of genes or genetic loci, structural variants and epigenetic changes contributed to risk or protection of DN will benefit uncovering the complex mechanism underlying DN, with crucial implications for the development of personalized medicine to diabetes mellitus and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Hui Tang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
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Rizvi S, Raza ST, Mahdi F. Association of genetic variants with diabetic nephropathy. World J Diabetes 2014; 5:809-816. [PMID: 25512783 PMCID: PMC4265867 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i6.809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy accounts for the most serious microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus. It is suggested that the prevalence of diabetic nephropathy will continue to increase in future posing a major challenge to the healthcare system resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. It occurs as a result of interaction between both genetic and environmental factors in individuals with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Genetic susceptibility has been proposed as an important factor for the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy, and various research efforts are being executed worldwide to identify the susceptibility gene for diabetic nephropathy. Numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms have been found in various genes giving rise to various gene variants which have been found to play a major role in genetic susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy. The risk of developing diabetic nephropathy is increased several times by inheriting risk alleles at susceptibility loci of various genes like ACE, IL, TNF-α, COL4A1, eNOS, SOD2, APOE, GLUT, etc. The identification of these genetic variants at a biomarker level could thus, allow the detection of those individuals at high risk for diabetic nephropathy which could thus help in the treatment, diagnosis and early prevention of the disease. The present review discusses about the various gene variants found till date to be associated with diabetic nephropathy.
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Drawnel FM, Boccardo S, Prummer M, Delobel F, Graff A, Weber M, Gérard R, Badi L, Kam-Thong T, Bu L, Jiang X, Hoflack JC, Kiialainen A, Jeworutzki E, Aoyama N, Carlson C, Burcin M, Gromo G, Boehringer M, Stahlberg H, Hall BJ, Magnone MC, Kolaja K, Chien KR, Bailly J, Iacone R. Disease modeling and phenotypic drug screening for diabetic cardiomyopathy using human induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Rep 2014; 9:810-21. [PMID: 25437537 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a complication of type 2 diabetes, with known contributions of lifestyle and genetics. We develop environmentally and genetically driven in vitro models of the condition using human-induced-pluripotent-stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes. First, we mimic diabetic clinical chemistry to induce a phenotypic surrogate of diabetic cardiomyopathy, observing structural and functional disarray. Next, we consider genetic effects by deriving cardiomyocytes from two diabetic patients with variable disease progression. The cardiomyopathic phenotype is recapitulated in the patient-specific cells basally, with a severity dependent on their original clinical status. These models are incorporated into successive levels of a screening platform, identifying drugs that preserve cardiomyocyte phenotype in vitro during diabetic stress. In this work, we present a patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) model of a complex metabolic condition, showing the power of this technique for discovery and testing of therapeutic strategies for a disease with ever-increasing clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faye M Drawnel
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Boccardo
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Michael Prummer
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Delobel
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Graff
- Center for Cell Imaging and Nano Analytics, Biozentrum, Department for Biosystems Science and Engineering, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Weber
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Régine Gérard
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laura Badi
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tony Kam-Thong
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lei Bu
- The Cardiovascular Research Center, Richard B. Simches Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Suite 3201, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Xin Jiang
- The Cardiovascular Research Center, Richard B. Simches Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Suite 3201, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Hoflack
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Kiialainen
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elena Jeworutzki
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Coby Carlson
- Cellular Dynamics International, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Mark Burcin
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gianni Gromo
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Boehringer
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Henning Stahlberg
- Center for Cell Imaging and Nano Analytics, Biozentrum, Department for Biosystems Science and Engineering, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin J Hall
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Chiara Magnone
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kyle Kolaja
- Cellular Dynamics International, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Kenneth R Chien
- Departments of Cell and Molecular Biology and of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Harvard Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jacques Bailly
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Iacone
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.
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Lebenthal Y, Shalitin S, Yackobovitch-Gavan M, Phillip M, Lazar L. Retrospective comparative analysis of metabolic control and early complications in familial and sporadic type 1 diabetes patients. J Diabetes Complications 2012; 26:219-24. [PMID: 22520402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic susceptibility and lifestyle are associated with glycemic control and diabetic complications in type 1 diabetes (T1D). OBJECTIVES To investigate metabolic control and occurrence of acute and microvascular complications among familial and sporadic T1D patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Retrieved from our institutional registry of new T1D cases for the years 1979-2008 were 226 familial patients belonging to 121 families (58 parent-offspring, 63 sib-pairs) and 226 sporadic cases matched for age, gender, and year of diagnosis. Extracted from medical files were clinical course and therapeutic regimen. RESULTS Mean age at diagnosis of diabetes of the cohort was 10.8 ± 5.7 years. Throughout follow-up (11.1 ± 8.7 years) mean HbA1c values were significantly higher in familial than in sporadic cases (8.18%± 1.15% vs. 7.85%± 1.15%, p=0.005). Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) rates were higher in familial than sporadic cases (2.8 vs. 1.9 events per 100 patient-years; incidence rate ratio (IRR)=1.5, 95% CI [1.03, 2.22, p=0.03]). Severe hypoglycemia events per 100 patient-years were comparable in familial and sporadic groups (3.7 vs. 4.0 events); sib-pairs had higher rates than parent-offspring (4.8 vs. 2.4 events; (IRR)=2, 95% CI [1.03, 3.25, p=0.03]). The percentage of patients with microvascular complications was similar in the familial (21.7%) and sporadic (26.7%) groups. In both familial and sporadic cases the most significant predictor for metabolic control and microvascular complications was diabetes duration; a higher mean HbA1c level was the predictor for DKA events. CONCLUSIONS The worse metabolic control and increased rate of DKA in familial T1D patients as compared to those in the sporadic T1D patients warrant intensified surveillance in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Lebenthal
- The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel (SCMCI), Petach Tikva 49202
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Mosca L, Penco S, Patrosso MC, Marocchi A, Lapolla A, Sartore G, Chilelli NC, Paleari R, Mosca A. Genetic variability of the fructosamine 3-kinase gene in diabetic patients. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 49:803-8. [PMID: 21288167 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonenzymatic glycation appears to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Fructosamine 3-kinase (FN3K), initially identified in erythrocytes, appears to be responsible for the removal of fructosamine from proteins, suggesting a protective role in nonenzymatic glycation. Recently, genetic variants in the FN3K gene have been studied in diabetic patients. The aim of our study was the molecular characterization of the FN3K gene in a representative group of Italian patients with type 1 (T1DM) and 2 (T2DM) diabetes mellitus and in a cohort of healthy controls. METHODS Seventy diabetic subjects (35 type 1 and 35 type 2) with stable glycemic control and 33 healthy control subjects were evaluated using PCR and direct sequencing of the FN3K gene. Denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) was used in controls for screening for the presence of the genetic variants previously found in diabetic patients. RESULTS Seven different genetic variants were identified, five of them already reported and two new: the p.R187X and p.Y239C mutations identified in two females affected by T2DM. No significant association was found between certain polymorphisms and diabetes conditions. Preliminary haplotype studies are also reported. With respect to genotypes, we noted that some were not present in all the investigated cohort, and some were found related to higher glycated hemoglobin compared to others, although not at a significant level, probably because of the small number of subjects investigated. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this study identified two new mutations and additional variants within the FN3K gene. This is the first study on FN3K in Italy. Future work is needed to achieve a better understanding of the FN3K enzyme and its possible clinical utility in the management of diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Mosca
- Laboratorio di Genetica Medica, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda, Milano, Italy
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A modest decrease in endothelial NOS in mice comparable to that associated with human NOS3 variants exacerbates diabetic nephropathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:2070-5. [PMID: 21245338 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1018766108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the human endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene (NOS3) have been associated with advanced nephropathy in diabetic patients and with decreased expression in tissue culture. However, direct proof that modest genetic decreases in eNOS expression worsen diabetic nephropathy is lacking. To investigate this effect, we took advantage of the hybrid vigor and genetic uniformity of the F1 progeny (eNOS(+/+), eNOS(+/-), or eNOS(-/-) with or without diabetes) of a cross between heterozygous 129S6/SvEvTac eNOS(+/-) inbred females and heterozygous C57BL/6J eNOS(+/-) inbred males carrying the dominant Akita diabetogenic mutation Ins2(C96Y/+). Whereas all C57BL/6J inbred eNOS(-/-) and eNOS(+/-) diabetic mice died before 5 mo, almost half of the F1 hybrid eNOS(-/-) and eNOS(+/-) diabetic mice lived until killed at 7 mo. Heterozygous eNOS(+/-) diabetic mice expressed ∼35% eNOS mRNA in the kidney and ∼25% glomerular eNOS protein relative to their eNOS(+/+) diabetic littermates. These decreases in eNOS elevated blood pressure (BP) but not blood glucose. Urinary albumin excretion, mesangial expansion, glomerulosclerosis, mesangiolysis, and glomerular filtration rate increased in the order: eNOS(+/+) Akita < eNOS(+/-) Akita < eNOS(-/-) Akita, independently of BP. Glomerular basement membrane thickening depended on increased BP. Renal expression of tissue factor and other inflammatory factors increased with the nephropathy; Nos2 also increased. Surprisingly, however, decreased eNOS expression ameliorated the increases in oxidative stress and tubulointerstitial fibrosis caused by diabetes. Our data demonstrate that a modest decrease in eNOS, comparable to that associated with human NOS3 variants, is sufficient to enhance diabetic nephropathy independently of its effects on BP.
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Li F, Wang CH, Wang JG, Thai T, Boysen G, Xu L, Turner AL, Wolberg AS, Mackman N, Maeda N, Takahashi N. Elevated tissue factor expression contributes to exacerbated diabetic nephropathy in mice lacking eNOS fed a high fat diet. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:2122-32. [PMID: 20626618 PMCID: PMC5744483 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03976.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human eNOS (NOS3) polymorphisms that lower its expression are associated with advanced diabetic nephropathy (DN), and the lack of eNOS accelerates DN in diabetic mice. Diabetes is associated with fibrin deposition. Lack of nitric oxide and fatty acids stimulates the NF-kB pathway, which increases tissue factor (TF). OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that TF contributes to the severity of DN in the diabetic eNOS(-/-) mice fed a high-fat diet (HF). METHODS We made eNOS(-/-) and wild-type mice diabetic with streptozotocin. Half of them were placed on HF. RESULTS Blood glucose levels were not affected by either the diet or eNOS genotype. Lack of eNOS in the diabetic mice increased urinary albumin excretion, glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, and glomerular basement membrane thickness. HF by itself did not affect DN in the wild-type mice, but significantly enhanced DN in eNOS(-/-) mice. More than half of diabetic eNOS(-/-) mice on HF died prematurely with signs of thrombotic complications. Diabetic kidneys contained fibrin and TF, and their levels were increased by the lack of eNOS and by HF in an additive fashion. The HF diet increased the kidney expression of inflammatory genes. The increase in TF preceded DN, and administration of an anti-mouse TF antibody to diabetic mice reduced the expression of inflammatory genes. CONCLUSION Together, these data indicate a causal link between TF and the exacerbation of DN in eNOS(-/-) mice. The condition is significantly worsened by enhanced inflammatory responses to an HF diet via TF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, USA
| | - Chih-Hong Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, USA
| | - Jian-Guo Wang
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, USA
| | - Tiffany Thai
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, USA
| | - Gunnar Boysen
- Center of Environmental Health and Susceptibility, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, USA
| | - Longquan Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, USA
| | - Adam L Turner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, USA
| | - Alisa S. Wolberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, USA
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, USA
| | - Nobuyo Maeda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, USA
- Tohoku University, Graduate Schools of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicine, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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Stirban A, Rösen P, Tschoepe D. Complications of type 1 diabetes: new molecular findings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 75:328-51. [DOI: 10.1002/msj.20057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Navarro-González JF, Mora-Fernández C. The role of inflammatory cytokines in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19:433-42. [PMID: 18256353 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2007091048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 637] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines act as pleiotropic polypeptides regulating inflammatory and immune responses through actions on cells. They provide important signals in the pathophysiology of a range of diseases, including diabetes mellitus. Chronic low-grade inflammation and activation of the innate immune system are closely involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its microvascular complications. Inflammatory cytokines, mainly IL-1, IL-6, and IL-18, as well as TNF-alpha, are involved in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy. In this context, cytokine genetics is of special interest to combinatorial polymorphisms among cytokine genes, their functional variations, and general susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy. Finally, the recognition of these molecules as significant pathogenic mediators in diabetic nephropathy leaves open the possibility of new potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Navarro-González
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Carretera del Rosario, 145, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
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Ichinose K, Kawasaki E, Eguchi K. Recent advancement of understanding pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes and potential relevance to diabetic nephropathy. Am J Nephrol 2007; 27:554-64. [PMID: 17823503 DOI: 10.1159/000107758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease characterized by progressive destruction of pancreatic beta cells by genetic and environmental factors which leads to an absolute dependence of insulin for survival and maintenance of health. Although the majority of mechanisms of beta cell destruction remain unclear, many molecules, including proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, are implicated in the development of beta cell damage. Furthermore, beta cell destruction is enhanced by the Th1 and Th17 subsets of CD4+ T cells. In contrast, there are mechanisms involved in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance by regulatory T cells, the function of which depends on the pleiotropic cytokine transforming growth factor beta. Development and progression of renal injuries in patients with diabetic nephropathy are also associated with several growth factors and proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha, insulin-like growth factor-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and transforming growth factor beta. Although the pathogenic mechanisms underlying type 1 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy are principally different, i.e., autoimmunity and inflammation, some common factors, including susceptibility genes and proinflammatory cytokines, are involved in both mechanisms, including infiltrating cell recruitment, upregulation of other cytokines and chemokines, or apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro Ichinose
- Unit of Translational Medicine, Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Delpierre G, Veiga-da-Cunha M, Vertommen D, Buysschaert M, Van Schaftingen E. Variability in erythrocyte fructosamine 3-kinase activity in humans correlates with polymorphisms in the FN3K gene and impacts on haemoglobin glycation at specific sites. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2006; 32:31-9. [PMID: 16523184 DOI: 10.1016/s1262-3636(07)70244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Part of the fructosamines that are bound to intracellular proteins are repaired by fructosamine 3-kinase (FN3K). Because subject-to-subject variations in erythrocyte FN3K activity could affect the level of glycated haemoglobin independently of differences in blood glucose level, we explored if such variability existed, if it was genetically determined by the FN3K locus on 17q25 and if the FN3K activity correlated inversely with the level of glycated haemoglobin. RESULTS The mean erythrocyte FN3K activity did not differ between normoglycaemic subjects (n = 26) and type 1 diabetic patients (n = 31), but there was a wide interindividual variability in both groups (from about 1 to 4 mU/g haemoglobin). This variability was stable with time and associated (P < 0.0001) with two single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter region and exon 6 of the FN3K gene. There was no significant correlation between FN3K activity and the levels of HbA1c, total glycated haemoglobin (GHb) and haemoglobin fructoselysine residues, either in the normoglycaemic or diabetic group. However, detailed analysis of the glycation level at various sites in haemoglobin indicated that the glycation level of Lys-B-144 was about twice as high in normoglycaemic subjects with the lowest FN3K activities as compared to those with the highest FN3K activities. CONCLUSION Interindividual variability of FN3K activity is substantial and impacts on the glycation level at specific sites of haemoglobin, but does not detectably affect the level of HbA1c or GHb. As FN3K opposes one of the chemical effects of hyperglycaemia, it would be of interest to test whether hypoactivity of this enzyme favours the development of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Delpierre
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, ICP and Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Rich
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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Whiteside CI. Cellular mechanisms and treatment of diabetes vascular complications converge on reactive oxygen species. Curr Hypertens Rep 2005; 7:148-54. [PMID: 15748541 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-005-0090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
High glucose activates a myriad of signaling and gene expression pathways in non-insulin-dependent target cells causing diabetes complications. One of the earliest responses to high glucose by vascular cells is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that act directly on intracellular proteins and DNA, or indirectly as second messengers, transforming these cells into disease phenotypes. ROS are produced by mitochondria and/or NADPH oxidase in all target cells exposed to high glucose studied to date. Reports using cell cultures and diabetic animal models indicate that inhibition of ROS generation prevents the amplification of signaling and gene expression that are implicated in vascular complications. These models convincingly demonstrate that maneuvers preventing ROS production attenuate or completely abrogate early micro- and macrovascular end-organ damage of diabetes, including nephropathy, retinopathy, and large-vessel atherosclerosis. Attention now turns to the development of more effective antioxidants that could be used in clinical trials in the prevention and treatment of diabetes complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharine I Whiteside
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Room 2113, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Abstract
This article provides an overview of current thinking regarding genetics and diabetes (type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes mellitus),including a selective look at a few implicated gene variants. This article explores how this information might be applied in current and future clinical practice to (1) predict who is at risk for diabetes and its complications, (2) identify and intervene to prevent or delay the development of diabetes in persons at risk, (3) identify patients with diabetes in an early stage and intervene to prevent later complications,and (4) individualize therapy for patients with diabetes to improve outcomes. The article concludes with some general thoughts about genetics and diabetes prevention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid M Newell
- Oregon State Genetics Program, Oregon Department of Human Services, 800 NE Oregon Street, Suite 825, Portland, OR 97232, USA.
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Abstract
Multiple clinical and physiopathological studies as well as genetic analysis, suggest that diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a consequent of interactions between environmental factors, especially hyperglycaemia, and several genetic factors. The genes of aldose reductase (AR), inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2A), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), pigmented epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), protein kinase C-beta (PKC-beta) and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) implicated in the pathogenesis of DR. The only genetic marker associated with risk of DR in several studies is a microsatellite (A-C)n at 5'end of AR. The synergistic combination of conventional approaches (e.g. candidate gene association studies) with new emerging technologies (e.g. biochips) will be a key factor in the elucidation of the genetic aspects of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Taverna
- Laboratoire de Diabétologie, INSERM U.341, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, 75004 Paris.
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