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Liu Z, Cheng L, Yang B, Cao Z, Sun M, Feng Y, Xu A. Effects of moderate static magnetic fields on the lipogenesis and lipolysis in different genders of Caenorhabditis elegans. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 259:115005. [PMID: 37210995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of magnetic technology, the biological effects of moderate static magnetic fields (SMFs) have attracted increasing research interest due to their potential medical diagnosis and treatment application. The present study explored the effects of moderate SMFs on the lipid metabolism of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) in different genders including male, female, and hermaphrodite. We found that the fat content was significantly decreased by moderate SMFs in wild-type N2 worms, which was associated with their development stages. The diameters of lipid droplets in N2 worms, him-5 worms, and fog-2 worms were greatly decreased by 19.23%, 15.38%, and 23.07% at young adult stage under 0.5 T SMF, respectively. The mRNA levels of lipolysis related genes atgl-1 and nhr-76 were significantly up-regulated by SMF exposure, while the mRNA levels of the lipogenesis related genes fat-6, fat-7, and sbp-1 were down-regulated by SMF, whereas the concentration of β-oxidase was increased. There was a slight effect of SMF on the mRNA levels of β-oxidation related genes. Moreover, the insulin and serotonin pathway were regulated by SMF, instead of the TOR pathway. In wild-type worms, we found that their lifespan was prolonged by exposure to 0.5 T SMF. Our data suggested that moderate SMFs could significantly modify the lipogenesis and lipolysis process in C. elegans in a gender and development stage-dependent manner, which could provide a novel insight into understanding the function of moderate SMFs in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Baolin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Zhenxiao Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Meng Sun
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - An Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China.
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Raskin P, Cincotta AH. Bromocriptine-QR therapy for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: developmental basis and therapeutic profile summary. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2016; 11:113-148. [PMID: 30058874 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2016.1131119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An extended series of studies indicate that endogenous phase shifts in circadian neuronal input signaling to the biological clock system centered within the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) facilitates shifts in metabolic status. In particular, a diminution of the circadian peak in dopaminergic input to the peri-SCN facilitates the onset of fattening, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance while reversal of low circadian peak dopaminergic activity to the peri-SCN via direct timed dopamine administration to this area normalizes the obese, insulin resistant, glucose intolerant state in high fat fed animals. Systemic circadian-timed daily administration of a potent dopamine D2 receptor agonist, bromocriptine, to increase diminished circadian peak dopaminergic hypothalamic activity across a wide variety of animal models of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) results in improvements in the obese, insulin resistant, glucose intolerant condition by improving hypothalamic fuel sensing and reducing insulin resistance, elevated sympathetic tone, and leptin resistance. A circadian-timed (within 2 hours of waking in the morning) once daily administration of a quick release formulation of bromocriptine (bromocriptine-QR) has been approved for the treatment of T2DM by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Clinical studies with such bromocriptine-QR therapy (1.6 to 4.8 mg/day) indicate that it improves glycemic control by reducing postprandial glucose levels without raising plasma insulin. Across studies of various T2DM populations, bromocriptine-QR has been demonstrated to reduce HbA1c by -0.5 to -1.7. The drug has a good safety profile with transient mild to moderate nausea, headache and dizziness as the most frequent adverse events noted with the medication. In a large randomized clinical study of T2DM subjects, bromocriptine-QR exposure was associated with a 42% hazard ratio reduction of a pre-specified adverse cardiovascular endpoint including myocardial infarction, stroke, hospitalization for congestive heart failure, revascularization surgery, or unstable angina. Bromocriptine-QR represents a novel method of treating T2DM that may have benefits for cardiovascular disease as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Raskin
- a Southwestern Medical Center , University of Texas , Dallas , TX , USA
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Blázquez E, Velázquez E, Hurtado-Carneiro V, Ruiz-Albusac JM. Insulin in the brain: its pathophysiological implications for States related with central insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:161. [PMID: 25346723 PMCID: PMC4191295 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the brain has been considered an insulin-insensitive organ, recent reports on the location of insulin and its receptors in the brain have introduced new ways of considering this hormone responsible for several functions. The origin of insulin in the brain has been explained from peripheral or central sources, or both. Regardless of whether insulin is of peripheral origin or produced in the brain, this hormone may act through its own receptors present in the brain. The molecular events through which insulin functions in the brain are the same as those operating in the periphery. However, certain insulin actions are different in the central nervous system, such as hormone-induced glucose uptake due to a low insulin-sensitive GLUT-4 activity, and because of the predominant presence of GLUT-1 and GLUT-3. In addition, insulin in the brain contributes to the control of nutrient homeostasis, reproduction, cognition, and memory, as well as to neurotrophic, neuromodulatory, and neuroprotective effects. Alterations of these functional activities may contribute to the manifestation of several clinical entities, such as central insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). A close association between T2DM and AD has been reported, to the extent that AD is twice more frequent in diabetic patients, and some authors have proposed the name "type 3 diabetes" for this association. There are links between AD and T2DM through mitochondrial alterations and oxidative stress, altered energy and glucose metabolism, cholesterol modifications, dysfunctional protein O-GlcNAcylation, formation of amyloid plaques, altered Aβ metabolism, and tau hyperphosphorylation. Advances in the knowledge of preclinical AD and T2DM may be a major stimulus for the development of treatment for preventing the pathogenic events of these disorders, mainly those focused on reducing brain insulin resistance, which is seems to be a common ground for both pathological entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Blázquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- The Center for Biomedical Research in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSSC), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Enrique Blázquez, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain e-mail:
| | - Esther Velázquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- The Center for Biomedical Research in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Hurtado-Carneiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- The Center for Biomedical Research in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Ruiz-Albusac
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- The Center for Biomedical Research in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSSC), Madrid, Spain
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Sato N, Morishita R. Roles of vascular and metabolic components in cognitive dysfunction of Alzheimer disease: short- and long-term modification by non-genetic risk factors. Front Aging Neurosci 2013; 5:64. [PMID: 24204343 PMCID: PMC3817366 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that a specific set of genetic and non-genetic risk factors contributes to the onset of Alzheimer disease (AD). Non-genetic risk factors include diabetes, hypertension in mid-life, and probably dyslipidemia in mid-life. This review focuses on the vascular and metabolic components of non-genetic risk factors. The mechanisms whereby non-genetic risk factors modify cognitive dysfunction are divided into four components, short- and long-term effects of vascular and metabolic factors. These consist of (1) compromised vascular reactivity, (2) vascular lesions, (3) hypo/hyperglycemia, and (4) exacerbated AD histopathological features, respectively. Vascular factors compromise cerebrovascular reactivity in response to neuronal activity and also cause irreversible vascular lesions. On the other hand, representative short-term effects of metabolic factors on cognitive dysfunction occur due to hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. Non-genetic risk factors also modify the pathological manifestations of AD in the long-term. Therefore, vascular and metabolic factors contribute to aggravation of cognitive dysfunction in AD through short-term and long-term effects. β-amyloid could be involved in both vascular and metabolic components. It might be beneficial to support treatment in AD patients by appropriate therapeutic management of non-genetic risk factors, considering the contributions of these four elements to the manifestation of cognitive dysfunction in individual patients, though all components are not always present. It should be clarified how these four components interact with each other. To answer this question, a clinical prospective study that follows up clinical features with respect to these four components: (1) functional MRI or SPECT for cerebrovascular reactivity, (2) MRI for ischemic lesions and atrophy, (3) clinical episodes of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, (4) amyloid-PET and tau-PET for pathological features of AD, would be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Sato
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University Osaka, Japan ; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University Osaka, Japan
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Miñana-Solis MDC, Angeles-Castellanos M, Buijs RM, Escobar C. Altered Fos immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus after glucose administration in pre- and post-weaning malnourished rats. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 13:152-60. [DOI: 10.1179/147683010x12611460764246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Jitrapakdee S. Transcription factors and coactivators controlling nutrient and hormonal regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:33-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Claret M, Smith MA, Knauf C, Al-Qassab H, Woods A, Heslegrave A, Piipari K, Emmanuel JJ, Colom A, Valet P, Cani PD, Begum G, White A, Mucket P, Peters M, Mizuno K, Batterham RL, Giese KP, Ashworth A, Burcelin R, Ashford ML, Carling D, Withers DJ. Deletion of Lkb1 in pro-opiomelanocortin neurons impairs peripheral glucose homeostasis in mice. Diabetes 2011; 60:735-45. [PMID: 21266325 PMCID: PMC3046834 DOI: 10.2337/db10-1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling acts as a sensor of nutrients and hormones in the hypothalamus, thereby regulating whole-body energy homeostasis. Deletion of Ampkα2 in pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons causes obesity and defective neuronal glucose sensing. LKB1, the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome gene product, and Ca(2+)-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ) are key upstream activators of AMPK. This study aimed to determine their role in POMC neurons upon energy and glucose homeostasis regulation. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Mice lacking either Camkkβ or Lkb1 in POMC neurons were generated, and physiological, electrophysiological, and molecular biology studies were performed. RESULTS Deletion of Camkkβ in POMC neurons does not alter energy homeostasis or glucose metabolism. In contrast, female mice lacking Lkb1 in POMC neurons (PomcLkb1KO) display glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, impaired suppression of hepatic glucose production, and altered expression of hepatic metabolic genes. The underlying cellular defect in PomcLkb1KO mice involves a reduction in melanocortin tone caused by decreased α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone secretion. However, Lkb1-deficient POMC neurons showed normal glucose sensing, and body weight was unchanged in PomcLkb1KO mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that LKB1 in hypothalamic POMC neurons plays a key role in the central regulation of peripheral glucose metabolism but not body-weight control. This phenotype contrasts with that seen in mice lacking AMPK in POMC neurons with defects in body-weight regulation but not glucose homeostasis, which suggests that LKB1 plays additional functions distinct from activating AMPK in POMC neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Claret
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Obesity, Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Corresponding author: Dominic J. Withers, , or Marc Claret,
| | - Mark A. Smith
- Metabolic Signalling Group, Medical Research Council (MRC) Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Biomedical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | - Claude Knauf
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U858, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Hind Al-Qassab
- Metabolic Signalling Group, Medical Research Council (MRC) Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Angela Woods
- Cellular Stress Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Amanda Heslegrave
- Cellular Stress Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Kaisa Piipari
- Metabolic Signalling Group, Medical Research Council (MRC) Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Julian J. Emmanuel
- Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, U.K
| | - André Colom
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U858, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Valet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U858, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrice D. Cani
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Unit of Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism, Nutrition, and Toxicology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ghazala Begum
- Faculties of Life Sciences and Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Anne White
- Faculties of Life Sciences and Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Phillip Mucket
- Cellular Stress Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Marco Peters
- Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, U.K
| | - Keiko Mizuno
- Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, U.K
| | - Rachel L. Batterham
- Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, U.K
| | - K. Peter Giese
- Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, U.K
| | - Alan Ashworth
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, U.K
| | - Remy Burcelin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U858, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Michael L. Ashford
- Biomedical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K
| | - David Carling
- Cellular Stress Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Dominic J. Withers
- Metabolic Signalling Group, Medical Research Council (MRC) Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Corresponding author: Dominic J. Withers, , or Marc Claret,
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Nogueiras R, López M, Diéguez C. Regulation of lipid metabolism by energy availability: a role for the central nervous system. Obes Rev 2010; 11:185-201. [PMID: 19845870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2009.00669.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is crucial in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Many neuroanatomical studies have shown that the white adipose tissue (WAT) is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system, which plays a critical role in adipocyte lipid metabolism. Therefore, there are currently numerous reports indicating that signals from the CNS control the amount of fat by modulating the storage or oxidation of fatty acids. Importantly, some CNS pathways regulate adipocyte metabolism independently of food intake, suggesting that some signals possess alternative mechanisms to regulate energy homeostasis. In this review, we mainly focus on how neuronal circuits within the hypothalamus, such as leptin- ghrelin-and resistin-responsive neurons, as well as melanocortins, neuropeptide Y, and the cannabinoid system exert their actions on lipid metabolism in peripheral tissues such as WAT, liver or muscle. Dissecting the complicated interactions between peripheral signals and neuronal circuits regulating lipid metabolism might open new avenues for the development of new therapies preventing and treating obesity and its associated cardiometabolic sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Williams DL. Minireview: finding the sweet spot: peripheral versus central glucagon-like peptide 1 action in feeding and glucose homeostasis. Endocrinology 2009; 150:2997-3001. [PMID: 19389830 PMCID: PMC2703557 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is both a gut-derived hormone and a neurotransmitter synthesized in the brain. Early reports suggested that GLP-1 acts in the periphery to promote insulin secretion and affect glucose homeostasis, whereas central GLP-1 reduces food intake and body weight. However, current research indicates that in fact, GLP-1 in each location plays a role in these functions. This review summarizes the evidence for involvement of peripheral and brain GLP-1 in food intake regulation and glucose homeostasis and proposes a model for the coordinated actions of GLP-1 at multiple sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Williams
- Department of Psychology, 1107 West Call Street, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4301, USA.
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van Nimwegen LJM, Storosum JG, Blumer RME, Allick G, Venema HW, de Haan L, Becker H, van Amelsvoort T, Ackermans MT, Fliers E, Serlie MJM, Sauerwein HP. Hepatic insulin resistance in antipsychotic naive schizophrenic patients: stable isotope studies of glucose metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:572-7. [PMID: 18029467 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to measure insulin sensitivity and body composition in antipsychotic-naive patients with DSM IV schizophrenia and/or schizoaffective disorder compared with matched controls. DESIGN Seven antipsychotic medication-naive patients fulfilling the DSM IV A criteria for schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder were matched for body mass index, age, and sex with seven control subjects. We measured endogenous glucose production and peripheral glucose disposal using a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (plasma insulin concentration approximately 200 pmol/liter) in combination with stable isotopes. Fat content and fat distribution were determined with a standardized single-slice computed tomography scan and whole body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS Endogenous glucose production during the clamp was 6.7 micromol/kg x min (sd 2.7) in patients vs. 4.1 micromol/kg x min (sd 1.6) in controls (P = 0.02) (95% confidence interval -5.2 to 0.006). Insulin-mediated peripheral glucose uptake was not different between patients and controls. The amount of sc abdominal fat in patients was 104.6 +/- 28.6 cm(3) and 63.7 +/- 28.0 cm(3) in controls (P = 0.04) (95% confidence interval 4.4-77.2). Intraabdominal fat and total fat mass were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS Antipsychotic medication-naive patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder display hepatic insulin resistance compared with matched controls. This finding cannot be attributed to differences in intraabdominal fat mass or other known factors associated with hepatic insulin resistance and suggests a direct link between schizophrenia and hepatic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonneke J M van Nimwegen
- Department of Psychiatry, Adolescent Clinic, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Radiochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Gireesh G, Kaimal SB, Kumar TP, Paulose C. Decreased muscarinic M1 receptor gene expression in the hypothalamus, brainstem, and pancreatic islets of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:947-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Gyte A, Pritchard LE, Jones HB, Brennand JC, White A. Reduced expression of the KATP channel subunit, Kir6.2, is associated with decreased expression of neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein in the hypothalami of Zucker diabetic fatty rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2007; 19:941-51. [PMID: 18001323 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2007.01607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The link between obesity and diabetes is not fully understood but there is evidence to suggest that hypothalamic signalling pathways may be involved. The hypothalamic neuropeptides, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AGRP) are central to the regulation of food intake and have been implicated in glucose homeostasis. Therefore, the expression of these genes was quantified in hypothalami from diabetic Zucker fatty (ZDF) rats and nondiabetic Zucker fatty (ZF) rats at 6, 8, 10 and 14 weeks of age. Although both strains are obese, only ZDF rats develop pancreatic degeneration and diabetes over this time period. In both ZF and ZDF rats, POMC gene expression was decreased in obese versus lean rats at all ages. By contrast, although there was the expected increase in both NPY and AGRP expression in obese 14-week-old ZF rats, the expression of NPY and AGRP was decreased in 6-week-old obese ZDF rats with hyperinsulinaemia and in 14-week-old rats with the additional hyperglycaemia. Therefore, candidate genes involved in glucose, and insulin signalling pathways were examined in obese ZDF rats over this age range. We found that expression of the ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channel component, Kir6.2, was decreased in obese ZDF rats and was lower compared to ZF rats in each age group tested. Furthermore, immunofluorescence analysis showed that Kir6.2 protein expression was reduced in the dorsomedial and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei of 6-week-old prediabetic ZDF rats compared to ZF rats. The Kir6.2 immunofluorescence colocalised with NPY throughout the hypothalamus. The differences in Kir6.2 expression in ZF and ZDF rats mimic those of NPY and AGRP, which could infer that the changes occur in the same neurones. Overall, these data suggest that chronic changes in hypothalamic Kir6.2 expression may be associated with the development of hyperinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia in ZDF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gyte
- Faculties of Life Sciences and Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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