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Fisher A, Fisher L, Srikusalanukul W. Prediction of Osteoporotic Hip Fracture Outcome: Comparative Accuracy of 27 Immune-Inflammatory-Metabolic Markers and Related Conceptual Issues. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3969. [PMID: 38999533 PMCID: PMC11242639 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13133969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study, based on the concept of immuno-inflammatory-metabolic (IIM) dysregulation, investigated and compared the prognostic impact of 27 indices at admission for prediction of postoperative myocardial injury (PMI) and/or hospital death in hip fracture (HF) patients. Methods: In consecutive HF patient (n = 1273, mean age 82.9 ± 8.7 years, 73.5% females) demographics, medical history, laboratory parameters, and outcomes were recorded prospectively. Multiple logistic regression and receiver-operating characteristic analyses (the area under the curve, AUC) were used to establish the predictive role for each biomarker. Results: Among 27 IIM biomarkers, 10 indices were significantly associated with development of PMI and 16 were indicative of a fatal outcome; in the subset of patients aged >80 years with ischaemic heart disease (IHD, the highest risk group: 90.2% of all deaths), the corresponding figures were 26 and 20. In the latter group, the five strongest preoperative predictors for PMI were anaemia (AUC 0.7879), monocyte/eosinophil ratio > 13.0 (AUC 0.7814), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio > 7.5 (AUC 0.7784), eosinophil count < 1.1 × 109/L (AUC 0.7780), and neutrophil/albumin × 10 > 2.4 (AUC 0.7732); additionally, sensitivity was 83.1-75.4% and specificity was 82.1-75.0%. The highest predictors of in-hospital death were platelet/lymphocyte ratio > 280.0 (AUC 0.8390), lymphocyte/monocyte ratio < 1.1 (AUC 0.8375), albumin < 33 g/L (AUC 0.7889), red cell distribution width > 14.5% (AUC 0.7739), and anaemia (AUC 0.7604), sensitivity 88.2% and above, and specificity 85.1-79.3%. Internal validation confirmed the predictive value of the models. Conclusions: Comparison of 27 IIM indices in HF patients identified several simple, widely available, and inexpensive parameters highly predictive for PMI and/or in-hospital death. The applicability of IIM biomarkers to diagnose and predict risks for chronic diseases, including OP/OF, in the preclinical stages is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Fisher
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Canberra Hospital, ACT Health, Canberra 2605, Australia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Canberra Hospital, ACT Health, Canberra 2605, Australia
- Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Leon Fisher
- Frankston Hospital, Peninsula Health, Melbourne 3199, Australia
| | - Wichat Srikusalanukul
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Canberra Hospital, ACT Health, Canberra 2605, Australia
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Al-Daghri NM, Wani K, Khattak MNK, Alnaami AM, Al-Saleh Y, Sabico S. The single point insulin sensitivity estimator (SPISE) is associated with bone health in Arab adults. Aging Clin Exp Res 2024; 36:136. [PMID: 38904881 PMCID: PMC11192813 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-024-02789-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Single Point Insulin Sensitivity Estimator (SPISE) index is a surrogate marker for insulin sensitivity. Given the emerging role of bone as an active endocrine organ, its associations with non-invasive measures of extra-skeletal functions such as insulin sensitivity warrant investigation. AIMS This study aimed to explore the relationship between the SPISE index and Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in an adult population. METHODS Data from a total of 1270 Arab adults (84% females, mean age 56.7 ± 8.1 years) from the Osteoporosis Registry Database of the Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases in King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia was used in this study. T-scores and SPISE were calculated. Regression models were used to determine associations between SPISE and bone health indices. RESULTS The low BMD group (N = 853; T-score <-1.0) had significantly higher SPISE values than those with normal BMD (N = 417; T-score - 1.0 and above) (4.6 ± 1.3 vs. 4.3 ± 1.2, p < 0.001). Multivariate linear regression, adjusted for covariates, confirmed a significant inverse association between SPISE and BMD for all participants (β=-0.22, p < 0.001), as well as both groups [normal BMD (β = -0.10, p = 0.02) and low BMD groups (β = -0.15, p < 0.001)]. SPISE, family history of T2DM, and history of fractures collectively account for 17% of the variances perceived in T-score for all participants (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS A significant inverse association between the SPISE index and BMD was observed in adults, suggesting a link between BMD and extra-skeletal health. Underlying mechanisms need to be investigated prospectively using BMD as secondary outcomes in lifestyle modification programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser M Al-Daghri
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kaiser Wani
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malak N K Khattak
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Alnaami
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef Al-Saleh
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine, Health Oasis Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaun Sabico
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Paldánius PM, Ivaska KK, Mäkitie O, Viljakainen H. Serum and Urinary Osteocalcin in Healthy 7- to 19-Year-Old Finnish Children and Adolescents. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:610227. [PMID: 34504811 PMCID: PMC8421857 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.610227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Children and adolescents have high bone turnover marker (BTM) levels due to high growth velocity and rapid bone turnover. Pediatric normative values for BTMs reflecting bone formation and resorption are vital for timely assessment of healthy bone turnover, investigating skeletal diseases, or monitoring treatment outcomes. Optimally, clinically feasible measurement protocols for BTMs would be validated and measurable in both urine and serum. We aimed to (a) establish sex- and age-specific reference intervals for urinary and serum total and carboxylated osteocalcin (OC) in 7- to 19-year-old healthy Finnish children and adolescents (n = 172), (b) validate these against standardized serum and urinary BTMs, and (c) assess the impact of anthropometry, pubertal status, and body composition on the OC values. All OC values in addition to other BTMs increased with puberty and correlated with pubertal growth, which occurred and declined earlier in girls than in boys. The mean serum total and carboxylated OC and urinary OC values and percentiles for sex-specific age categories and pubertal stages were established. Correlation between serum and urinary OC was weak, especially in younger boys, but improved with increasing age. The independent determinants for OC varied, the urinary OC being the most robust while age, height, weight, and plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) influenced serum total and carboxylated OC values. Body composition parameters had no influence on any of the OC values. In children and adolescents, circulating and urinary OC reflect more accurately growth status than bone mineral density (BMD) or body composition. Thus, validity of OC, similar to other BTMs, as a single marker of bone turnover, remains limited. Yet, serum and urinary OC similarly to other BTMs provide a valuable supplementary tool when assessing longitudinal changes in bone health with repeat measurements, in combination with other clinically relevant parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi M Paldánius
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaisa K Ivaska
- University of Turku, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku, Finland
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heli Viljakainen
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Kratz M, Zelnick LR, Trenchevska O, Jeffs JW, Borges CR, Tseng HH, Booth SL, Kestenbaum BR, Utzschneider KM, de Boer IH. Relationship Between Chronic Kidney Disease, Glucose Homeostasis, and Plasma Osteocalcin Carboxylation and Fragmentation. J Ren Nutr 2020; 31:248-256. [PMID: 32693970 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with reduced insulin sensitivity, through mechanisms that are not well understood. Low vitamin K intake and incomplete carboxylation of the vitamin K-dependent protein osteocalcin may promote insulin resistance. We assessed relationships of osteocalcin concentration, carboxylation, and fragmentation with CKD and glucose homeostasis in a cross-sectional study. METHODS We included 87 participants without diabetes: 50 (27 female) with moderate to severe CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 not treated with dialysis) and 37 (17 female) healthy controls. Total osteocalcin was measured by immunoassay, and osteocalcin carboxylation and fragmentation status by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-based mass spectrometric immunoassay. Endpoints included glucose tolerance (based on 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test), insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp), and pancreatic beta-cell function (intravenous glucose tolerance test). RESULTS The total plasma osteocalcin concentration was higher in the CKD group (mean [standard deviation] 102.9 [147.5]) than that in the control group (53.6 [51.1] ng/mL, P = .03), and more osteocalcin was circulating as fragments. The extent of osteocalcin carbocylation did not differ between individuals with and without CKD. Osteocalcin concentration, carboxylation, and fragmentation were not associated with any measure of glucose homeostasis in multivariable-adjusted analyses. CONCLUSIONS In CKD, circulating osteocalcin concentrations are elevated, in part due to larger proportions of fragmented forms. However, osteocalcin carboxylation status is not significantly different between individuals with and without CKD. Our data also do not provide support for the hypothesis that differences in osteocalcin carboxylation may explain reduced insulin sensitivity in individuals with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Kratz
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Cancer Prevention Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Seattle, Washington; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Leila R Zelnick
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Olgica Trenchevska
- School of Molecular Sciences and The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Joshua W Jeffs
- School of Molecular Sciences and The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Chad R Borges
- School of Molecular Sciences and The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Hsin-Hui Tseng
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Cancer Prevention Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Seattle, Washington; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sarah L Booth
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bryan R Kestenbaum
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kristina M Utzschneider
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Division of Endocrinology, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ian H de Boer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Division of Nephrology, Seattle, Washington
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Abstract
The rising incidence of metabolic diseases worldwide has prompted renewed interest in the study of intermediary metabolism and cellular bioenergetics. The application of modern biochemical methods for quantitating fuel substrate metabolism with advanced mouse genetic approaches has greatly increased understanding of the mechanisms that integrate energy metabolism in the whole organism. Examination of the intermediary metabolism of skeletal cells has been sparked by a series of unanticipated observations in genetically modified mice that suggest the existence of novel endocrine pathways through which bone cells communicate their energy status to other centers of metabolic control. The recognition of this expanded role of the skeleton has in turn led to new lines of inquiry directed at defining the fuel requirements and bioenergetic properties of bone cells. This article provides a comprehensive review of historical and contemporary studies on the metabolic properties of bone cells and the mechanisms that control energy substrate utilization and bioenergetics. Special attention is devoted to identifying gaps in our current understanding of this new area of skeletal biology that will require additional research to better define the physiological significance of skeletal cell bioenergetics in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Riddle
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and The Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas L Clemens
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and The Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
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6
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Shea MK, Dawson-Hughes B, Gundberg CM, Booth SL. Reducing Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin With Vitamin K Supplementation Does Not Promote Lean Tissue Loss or Fat Gain Over 3 Years in Older Women and Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:243-249. [PMID: 27604070 PMCID: PMC5292074 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteocalcin (OC) is a vitamin K-dependent protein synthesized during bone formation. Mice injected with the undercarboxylated form of OC (ucOC) had more skeletal muscle mass and less fat mass than sham-treated controls, suggesting a unique metabolic role for ucOC. UcOC decreases in response to vitamin K supplementation. Our objective was to determine the effect of reducing ucOC on change in lean tissue and fat mass in older community-dwelling adults (n = 401, mean ± SD 69 ± 6 years) using data from a randomized controlled trial of vitamin K supplementation. Over 3 years, serum ucOC was reduced by 58% in women and by 61% in men randomized to vitamin K, whereas in the control group, ucOC decreased by 1% in women and 4% in men (supplementation*time p < 0.001 in men and women). However, there were no differences in the change in appendicular lean mass (calculated as arm lean mass + leg lean mass) or total body fat mass between women randomized to vitamin K and control over 3 years (supplementation*time p values all ≥ 0.18) or between men randomized to vitamin K and control (supplementation*time p values all ≥ 0.54). Consistent with these findings, ucOC was not associated cross-sectionally with appendicular lean mass or fat mass in men or women after adjustment for total OC at baseline (all p ≥ 0.12). These findings indicate the undercarboxylated form of OC is not implicated in age-related changes in skeletal muscle or adipose tissue mass in older community-dwelling adults. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kyla Shea
- USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bess Dawson-Hughes
- USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Sarah L Booth
- USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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7
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Suksomboon N, Poolsup N, Darli Ko Ko H. Effect of vitamin K supplementation on insulin sensitivity: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2017; 10:169-177. [PMID: 28496349 PMCID: PMC5422317 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s137571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials to assess the effect of vitamin K supplementation on insulin sensitivity. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, clinicaltrials.gov, and clinicaltrialresults.org were searched up to January 2017. Reference lists of related papers were also scanned. STUDY SELECTION Randomized controlled trials were selected if they compared vitamin K supplementation with placebo or no treatment and reported homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin, C-reactive protein, adiponectin, leptin, or interleukin-6 levels. DATA EXTRACTION Data extraction and study quality assessment were performed independently by two investigators using a standardized data extraction form. Any inconsistencies were resolved by a third reviewer. Effect estimates were pooled using inverse-variance weighted method. Heterogeneity was assessed by the I2 and Q statistic. RESULTS A total of eight trials involving 1,077 participants met the inclusion criteria. A wide variety of participants were enrolled, including older men, postmenopausal women, prediabetic premenopausal women, and participants with a history of diabetes, hypertension, or vascular disease. Vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 (MK-4 and MK-7 subtypes) were assessed. Supplementation period ranged from 4 weeks to 3 years. Vitamin K supplementation did not affect insulin sensitivity as measured by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin, C-reactive protein, adiponectin, leptin, and interleukin-6 levels. CONCLUSION Our analysis suggests no effect of vitamin K supplementation on insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeti Suksomboon
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nalinee Poolsup
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon-Pathom, Thailand
- Correspondence: Nalinee Poolsup, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon-Pathom 73000, Thailand, Tel +66 34 255 800, Fax +66 34 255 801, ,
| | - Htoo Darli Ko Ko
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Pi M, Nishimoto SK, Quarles LD. GPRC6A: Jack of all metabolism (or master of none). Mol Metab 2016; 6:185-193. [PMID: 28180060 PMCID: PMC5279936 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background GPRC6A, a widely expressed G-protein coupled receptor, is proposed to be a master regulator of complex endocrine networks and metabolic processes. GPRC6A is activated by multiple ligands, including osteocalcin (Ocn), testosterone (T), basic amino acids, and various cations. Scope of Review We review the controversy surrounding GPRC6A functions. In mice, GPRC6A is proposed to integrate metabolic functions through the coordinated secretion of hormones, including insulin, GLP-1, T, and IL-6, and direct effects of this receptor to control glucose and fat metabolism in the liver, skeletal muscle, and fat. Loss-of-GPRC6A results in metabolic syndrome (MetS), and activation of GPRC6A stimulates proliferation of β-cells, increases peripheral insulin sensitivity, and protects against high fat diet (HFD) induced metabolic abnormalities in most mouse models. Bone, cardiovascular, immune, and skin functions of GPRC6A have also been identified in mice. Expression of GPRC6A is increased in prostate cancer (PCa) cells, and inhibition of GPRC6A attenuates PCa progression in mouse models. The function of GPRC6A in humans, however, is not clear. During evolution, a unique polymorphism of GPRC6A emerged mainly in humans of Asian and European decent that has been proposed to alter membrane trafficking and function. In contrast, the ancestral allele found in all other species is retained in 1%, 15%, and 40% of people of Asian, European and African descent, respectively, suggesting GPRC6A gene variants may contribute to the racial disparities in the risk of developing MetS and PCa. Major Conclusions If the regulatory functions of GPRC6A identified in mice translate to humans, and polymorphisms in GPRC6A are found to predict racial disparities in human diseases, GPRC6A may be a new gene target to predict, prevent, and treat MetS, PCa, and other disorders impacted by GPRC6A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Pi
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Satoru Kenneth Nishimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - L Darryl Quarles
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Lambert LJ, Challa AK, Niu A, Zhou L, Tucholski J, Johnson MS, Nagy TR, Eberhardt AW, Estep PN, Kesterson RA, Grams JM. Increased trabecular bone and improved biomechanics in an osteocalcin-null rat model created by CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:1169-1179. [PMID: 27483347 PMCID: PMC5087831 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.025247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteocalcin, also known as bone γ-carboxyglutamate protein (Bglap), is expressed by osteoblasts and is commonly used as a clinical marker of bone turnover. A mouse model of osteocalcin deficiency has implicated osteocalcin as a mediator of changes to the skeleton, endocrine system, reproductive organs and central nervous system. However, differences between mouse and human osteocalcin at both the genome and protein levels have challenged the validity of extrapolating findings from the osteocalcin-deficient mouse model to human disease. The rat osteocalcin (Bglap) gene locus shares greater synteny with that of humans. To further examine the role of osteocalcin in disease, we created a rat model with complete loss of osteocalcin using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Rat osteocalcin was modified by injection of CRISPR/Cas9 mRNA into the pronuclei of fertilized single cell Sprague-Dawley embryos, and animals were bred to homozygosity and compound heterozygosity for the mutant alleles. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), glucose tolerance testing (GTT), insulin tolerance testing (ITT), microcomputed tomography (µCT), and a three-point break biomechanical assay were performed on the excised femurs at 5 months of age. Complete loss of osteocalcin resulted in bones with significantly increased trabecular thickness, density and volume. Cortical bone volume and density were not increased in null animals. The bones had improved functional quality as evidenced by an increase in failure load during the biomechanical stress assay. Differences in glucose homeostasis were observed between groups, but there were no differences in body weight or composition. This rat model of complete loss of osteocalcin provides a platform for further understanding the role of osteocalcin in disease, and it is a novel model of increased bone formation with potential utility in osteoporosis and osteoarthritis research. Summary: A complete null of osteocalcin, generated by the CRISPR/Cas9 system, results in an increase in trabecular bone, increased bone strength and altered glucose homeostasis in Sprague-Dawley rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Lambert
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Anil K Challa
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Aidi Niu
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Lihua Zhou
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Janusz Tucholski
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Maria S Johnson
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Tim R Nagy
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Alan W Eberhardt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Patrick N Estep
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Robert A Kesterson
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jayleen M Grams
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA Department of Surgery, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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10
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Ferland G, Doucet I, Mainville D. Phylloquinone and Menaquinone-4 Tissue Distribution at Different Life Stages in Male and Female Sprague-Dawley Rats Fed Different VK Levels Since Weaning or Subjected to a 40% Calorie Restriction since Adulthood. Nutrients 2016; 8:141. [PMID: 26959054 PMCID: PMC4808870 DOI: 10.3390/nu8030141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether through the vitamin K-dependent proteins or the individual K vitamers, vitamin K (VK) is associated with a number of age-related conditions (e.g., osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, cognitive decline). In light of this, we investigated the influence of lifetime dietary VK exposure on the tissue distribution of phylloquinone (K1) and menaquinone-4 (MK-4) vitamers in 3-, 12- and 22-month-old male and female rats fed different K1 diets since weaning or subjected to a 40% calorie restricted diet (CR) since adulthood. Dietary K1 intakes around the minimal amount required for normal blood coagulation had no significant influence on body weights of both male and female rats at different life stages. Tissue contents of the K vitamers differed according to organs, were generally higher in females than in males, and increased with K1 intake. The MK-4/total VK ratios tended to be increased in old age possibly reflecting an increased physiological demand for MK-4 during aging. Our study also confirmed the greater susceptibility of male rats to low VK containing diet, notably at a younger age. Despite lifelong higher K1 intakes per unit body weight, tissue K1 and MK-4 contents at 20 months were generally lower in CR rats compared to their ad libitum (AL) counterparts. Whether the lower tissue MK-4 content is the result of lower synthesis from K1 or greater tissue utilization remains to be determined. However, the more youthful coagulation profile observed in old CR rats (vs. AL rats) tends to support the notion that CR is associated with greater utilization of the K vitamers to sustain physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guylaine Ferland
- Département de nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Isabelle Doucet
- Département de nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
- Hôpital de la Cité-de-la-Santé, Laval, QC H7M 3L9, Canada.
| | - Dominique Mainville
- Département de nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
- CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Centre de réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau, Montréal, QC H2H 2N8, Canada.
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11
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Jung KY, Kim KM, Ku EJ, Kim YJ, Lee DH, Choi SH, Jang HC, Shin CS, Park KS, Lim S. Age- and sex-specific association of circulating osteocalcin with dynamic measures of glucose homeostasis. Osteoporos Int 2016; 27:1021-1029. [PMID: 26373983 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3315-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY Our study showed that serum osteocalcin levels are closely related to glucose metabolism in men of all ages and younger women. This association disappeared in postmenopausal women in which increases bone turnover rates. The association between serum osteocalcin levels and glucose homeostasis should be interpreted according to age and sex. INTRODUCTION Osteocalcin, a marker of bone formation, appears to be associated with glucose homeostasis. We investigated the age- and sex-specific association of serum osteocalcin level with variables related to glucose metabolism. METHODS This study was based on cross-sectional analysis from 719 participants aged 20-85 years after excluding patients taking antidiabetic or antiosteoporotic drugs. The subjects were divided into four groups according to age and sex as follows: men <50 years (n = 131), men ≥50 years (n = 191), women <50 years (n = 108), and women ≥50 years (n = 279). Anthropometric and biochemical variables including insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and β cell function (HOMA-β) from a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, and serum 25-OH-vitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels were measured. RESULTS The serum osteocalcin level was significantly higher in women aged ≥50 years compared with women <50 years (20.4 ± 7.8 vs. 17.9 ± 6.8 ng/ml, p < 0.001), but there was no difference between men aged ≥50 years and men <50 years (16.4 ± 5.9 vs. 16.8 ± 6.0 ng/ml, p = 0.905). The participants diagnosed with diabetes had lower serum osteocalcin levels than normal or prediabetic participants. Multivariable regression analyses including HOMA-IR and HOMA-β indicated that serum osteocalcin levels had a negative and independent association with HbA1c levels in men and women aged <50 years, but not in women ≥50 years. CONCLUSIONS Low osteocalcin levels are associated with impaired glucose metabolism in men and premenopausal women. The osteocalcin levels may be determined by factors related to bone metabolism in postmenopausal women. Our data suggest that the serum levels of osteocalcin associated with glucose homeostasis should be interpreted according to age and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Y Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - K M Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - E J Ku
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Y J Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - D-H Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - S H Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - H C Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - C S Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - K S Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - S Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Internal Medicine Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-707, South Korea.
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Ivaska KK, Heliövaara MK, Ebeling P, Bucci M, Huovinen V, Väänänen HK, Nuutila P, Koistinen HA. The effects of acute hyperinsulinemia on bone metabolism. Endocr Connect 2015; 4:155-62. [PMID: 26047829 PMCID: PMC4496528 DOI: 10.1530/ec-15-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Insulin signaling in bone-forming osteoblasts stimulates bone formation and promotes the release of osteocalcin (OC) in mice. Only a few studies have assessed the direct effect of insulin on bone metabolism in humans. Here, we studied markers of bone metabolism in response to acute hyperinsulinemia in men and women. Thirty-three subjects from three separate cohorts (n=8, n=12 and n=13) participated in a euglycaemic hyperinsulinemic clamp study. Blood samples were collected before and at the end of infusions to determine the markers of bone formation (PINP, total OC, uncarboxylated form of OC (ucOC)) and resorption (CTX, TRAcP5b). During 4 h insulin infusion (40 mU/m(2) per min, low insulin), CTX level decreased by 11% (P<0.05). High insulin infusion rate (72 mU/m(2) per min) for 4 h resulted in more pronounced decrease (-32%, P<0.01) whereas shorter insulin exposure (40 mU/m(2) per min for 2 h) had no effect (P=0.61). Markers of osteoblast activity remained unchanged during 4 h insulin, but the ratio of uncarboxylated-to-total OC decreased in response to insulin (P<0.05 and P<0.01 for low and high insulin for 4 h respectively). During 2 h low insulin infusion, both total OC and ucOC decreased significantly (P<0.01 for both). In conclusion, insulin decreases bone resorption and circulating levels of total OC and ucOC. Insulin has direct effects on bone metabolism in humans and changes in the circulating levels of bone markers can be seen within a few hours after administration of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa K Ivaska
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, FinlandDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandTurku PET CentreUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDepartment of RadiologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandMedical Imaging Centre of Southwest FinlandTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of EndocrinologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandAbdominal Center: EndocrinologyUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandMinerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchHelsinki, Finland
| | - Maikki K Heliövaara
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, FinlandDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandTurku PET CentreUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDepartment of RadiologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandMedical Imaging Centre of Southwest FinlandTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of EndocrinologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandAbdominal Center: EndocrinologyUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandMinerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchHelsinki, Finland
| | - Pertti Ebeling
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, FinlandDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandTurku PET CentreUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDepartment of RadiologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandMedical Imaging Centre of Southwest FinlandTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of EndocrinologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandAbdominal Center: EndocrinologyUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandMinerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchHelsinki, Finland
| | - Marco Bucci
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, FinlandDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandTurku PET CentreUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDepartment of RadiologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandMedical Imaging Centre of Southwest FinlandTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of EndocrinologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandAbdominal Center: EndocrinologyUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandMinerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchHelsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Huovinen
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, FinlandDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandTurku PET CentreUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDepartment of RadiologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandMedical Imaging Centre of Southwest FinlandTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of EndocrinologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandAbdominal Center: EndocrinologyUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandMinerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchHelsinki, Finland Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, FinlandDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandTurku PET CentreUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDepartment of RadiologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandMedical Imaging Centre of Southwest FinlandTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of EndocrinologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandAbdominal Center: EndocrinologyUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandMinerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchHelsinki, Finland Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, FinlandDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandTurku PET CentreUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDepartment of RadiologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandMedical Imaging Centre of Southwest FinlandTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of EndocrinologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandAbdominal Center: EndocrinologyUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandMinerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchHelsinki, Finland
| | - H Kalervo Väänänen
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, FinlandDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandTurku PET CentreUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDepartment of RadiologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandMedical Imaging Centre of Southwest FinlandTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of EndocrinologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandAbdominal Center: EndocrinologyUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandMinerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchHelsinki, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, FinlandDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandTurku PET CentreUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDepartment of RadiologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandMedical Imaging Centre of Southwest FinlandTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of EndocrinologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandAbdominal Center: EndocrinologyUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandMinerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchHelsinki, Finland Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, FinlandDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandTurku PET CentreUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDepartment of RadiologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandMedical Imaging Centre of Southwest FinlandTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of EndocrinologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandAbdominal Center: EndocrinologyUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandMinerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchHelsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki A Koistinen
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, FinlandDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandTurku PET CentreUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDepartment of RadiologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandMedical Imaging Centre of Southwest FinlandTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of EndocrinologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandAbdominal Center: EndocrinologyUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandMinerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchHelsinki, Finland Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, FinlandDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandTurku PET CentreUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDepartment of RadiologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandMedical Imaging Centre of Southwest FinlandTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of EndocrinologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandAbdominal Center: EndocrinologyUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandMinerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchHelsinki, Finland
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