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Jones GM, Ricard JA, Nock MK. Race and ethnicity moderate the associations between lifetime psilocybin use and past year hypertension. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1169686. [PMID: 38979507 PMCID: PMC11228763 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1169686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertension is a major source of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly for racial and ethnic minorities who face higher rates of hypertension and worse health-related outcomes. Recent research has reported on protective associations between classic psychedelics and hypertension; however, there is a need to explore how race and ethnicity may moderate such associations. Methods We used data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2005-2014) to assess whether race and ethnicity moderate the associations between classic psychedelic use - specifically psilocybin - and past year hypertension. Results Hispanic identity moderated the associations between psilocybin use and past year hypertension. Furthermore, individuals who used psilocybin and identified as Non-Hispanic White had reduced odds of hypertension (aOR: 0.83); however, these associations were not observed for any other racial or ethnic groups in our study for individuals who used psilocybin. Conclusion Overall, our results demonstrate that the associations between psychedelics and hypertension may vary by race and ethnicity. Longitudinal studies and clinical trials can further advance this research and determine whether such differences exist in causal contexts. Project registration https://osf.io/xsz2p/?view_only=0bf7b56749034c18abb2a3f8d3d4bc0b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant M Jones
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Jocelyn A Ricard
- Department of Neuroscience, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Matthew K Nock
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Hardy D, Garvin J, Mersha T. Ancestry Specific Polygenic Risk Score, Dietary Patterns, Physical Activity, and Cardiovascular Disease. Nutrients 2024; 16:567. [PMID: 38398891 PMCID: PMC10893526 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
It is unknown whether the impact of high diet quality and physical activity depends on the level of polygenic risk score (PRS) in different ancestries. Our cross-sectional study utilized de-identified data from 1987-2010 for self-reported European Americans (n = 6575) and African Americans (n = 1606). The high-risk PRS increased ASCVD risk by 59% (Risk Ratio (RR) = 1.59; 95% Confidence Interval:1.16-2.17) in the highest tertile for African Americans and by 15% (RR = 1.15; 1.13-1.30) and 18% (RR = 1.18; 1.04-1.35) in the second and highest tertiles compared to the lowest tertile in European Americans. Within the highest PRS tertiles, high physical activity-diet combinations (Dietary Approaches to Stop High Blood Pressure (DASH), Mediterranean, or Southern) reduced ASCVD risks by 9% (RR = 0.91; 0.85-0.96) to 15% (RR = 0.85; 0.80-0.90) in European Americans; and by 13% (RR = 0.87; 0.78-0.97) and 18% (RR = 0.82; 0.72-0.95) for DASH and Mediterranean diets, respectively, in African Americans. Top molecular pathways included fructose metabolism and catabolism linked to obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Additional molecular pathways for African Americans were Vitamin D linked to depression and aging acceleration and death signaling associated with cancer. Effects of high diet quality and high physical activity can counterbalance the influences of genetically high-risk PRSs on ASCVD risk, especially in African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Hardy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Jane Garvin
- College of Nursing, Walden University, Minneapolis, MN 55401, USA;
| | - Tesfaye Mersha
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
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Hardy DS, Garvin JT, Mersha TB. Ancestry Specific Polygenic Risk Score, Dietary Patterns, Physical Activity, and Cardiovascular Disease. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.12.05.23299548. [PMID: 38106156 PMCID: PMC10723516 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.05.23299548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Background It is unknown whether the impact of high diet-quality and physical activity (PA) depends on the level of polygenic risk score (PRS) in different ancestries. Objective Determine the associations and interactions between high-risk PRSs, dietary patterns, and high PA with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in European Americans (EAs) and African Americans (AAs). Another aim determined the molecular pathways of PRS-mapped genes and their relationships with dietary intake. Methods Cross-sectional analyses utilized de-identified data from 1987-2010 from 7-National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Candidate Gene Association Resource studies from the Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes studies for EAs (n=6,575) and AAs (n=1,606). Results The high-risk PRS increased ASCVD risk by 59% (Risk Ratio=1.59;95% Confidence Interval:1.16-2.17) in the highest tertile for AAs and by 15% (RR=1.15;1.13-1.30) and 18% (RR=1.18;1.04-1.35) in the second and highest tertiles compared to the lowest tertile in EAs. Within the highest PRS tertiles, high PA-diet combinations (Dietary Approaches to Stop High Blood Pressure (DASH), or Mediterranean, or Southern) reduced ASCVD risks by 9% (RR=0.91;0.85-0.96) to 15% (RR=0.85;0.80-0.90) in EAs; and by 13% (RR=0.87;0.78-0.97) and 18% (RR=0.82;0.72-0.95) for the DASH and Mediterranean diets, respectively in AAs. Top molecular pathways included fructose metabolism and catabolism linked to obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes in both ancestries. Additional molecular pathways for AAs were Vitamin D linked to depression and aging acceleration; and death signaling associated with cancer. Conclusions Effects of high diet-quality and high PA can counterbalance the influences of genetically high-risk PRSs on ASCVD risk, especially in AAs.
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Nyong FA, Barnett TD, Garver B, Dewhirst M, Pollock B, Friedman SM. A whole-food, plant-based program in an African American faith-based population. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1196512. [PMID: 37521413 PMCID: PMC10375406 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1196512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The African American (AA) population is disproportionately impacted by chronic disease as well as many of the leading causes of preventable death, including hypertension, obesity, heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. In the AA community of Kane County, Illinois, the incidence of chronic disease is particularly high. A standardized Zoom-based group program that gives participants the knowledge, skills, and support to adopt a whole-food plant-based diet has been shown to rapidly improve health. The results of a cohort analysis were analyzed to assess the effectiveness of this program within an AA community characterized by a high burden of chronic illnesses. Methods Participants were recruited from a network of 12 AA churches in Illinois to participate in Rochester Lifestyle Medicine Institute's "15-Day Whole-Food Plant-Based (WFPB) Jumpstart" program. The medically-facilitated 15-Day Jumpstart program provided WFPB nutrition education, coaching, and cooking demonstrations during seven 1 and 2-h Zoom sessions. Participants underwent pre- and post- metabolic screenings to assess for changes in their weight, vital signs, blood sugar, and cholesterol measurements. Changes in diet, biometrics, and patient-centered outcomes from baseline to the end of the program were assessed via paired t-tests for the normally distributed measures, and a Wilcoxon signed rank test for measures that were not normally distributed. Results Twenty-one AA adults participated. Ten of 16 who provided results had hypertension, 5 had diabetes, 5 had pre-diabetes, and 5 had hyperlipidemia. Participants ate more vegetables (median 2 servings at baseline vs. 3 during the program), greens (1 vs. 3), fruit (2 vs. 3), whole grains (1 vs. 2), and legumes (1 vs. 2). They decreased their consumption of meat, eggs and dairy, added fat, processed foods, and high-fat plant foods (p < 0.05 for each comparison). Participants reported significantly better energy (median 5 at baseline vs. 9 during the program, on a 10-point scale), sleep (7 vs. 8.5), and mood (8 vs. 9). Average weight loss was 5.8 pounds (199.9 to 194.1, p < 0.001), systolic blood pressure dropped from 129.7 to 119.9 (p = 0.02), and total cholesterol dropped from 185.1 to 147.9 (p < 0.001). All participants who provided data reported an intent to continue eating at least a partially WFPB diet following the program. Conclusion The 15-Day WFPB Jumpstart program led to significant changes in diet, resulting in improvement in several chronic disease measures in this AA community. This rapid improvement can reinforce behavior change. Further large-scale implementation is needed to confirm these preliminary results and to understand whether behaviors and outcomes are sustained.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ted D. Barnett
- Rochester Lifestyle Medicine Institute, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Beth Garver
- Rochester Lifestyle Medicine Institute, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Maria Dewhirst
- Rochester Lifestyle Medicine Institute, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Bruce Pollock
- Rochester Lifestyle Medicine Institute, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Susan M. Friedman
- Rochester Lifestyle Medicine Institute, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
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Jones LM, Sullivan S, Cuffee Y, Monroe K, Rafferty J, Giordani B. MindingMe: A Feasibility Study on Conducting Neuroimaging Research Among Diverse Groups. Nurs Res 2023; 72:158-163. [PMID: 36729826 PMCID: PMC9991962 DOI: 10.1097/nnr.0000000000000637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimaging tools, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, are useful in understanding differences in brain activity that predict behavior change. Designing interventions based on brain activity and response may enhance current self-management regimens. Yet, diverse groups, such as Black women with chronic illness, have historically been left out of neuroimaging research. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to assess (a) the feasibility of conducting neuroimaging research among Black women with hypertension and (b) the predictors of willingness to participate in future studies. METHODS A survey designed to assess interest in participating in neuroimaging research was distributed through a Facebook campaign targeting Metro-Detroit Blacks with hypertension. A 10-minute, 44-item survey queried the women regarding their perspectives related to participation in neuroimaging studies. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to predict willingness to participate in a future study; they included a range of predictors: demographic indicators, history of blood pressure diagnosis, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and availability of a support person who could accompany the participant to a future study session. RESULTS Two hundred fifty-seven Black women completed the survey. On average, the women were 59 years old, had been diagnosed with hypertension for 14 years, and had a systolic blood pressure of 141 mmHg. Participants were willing to travel 40 miles to participate, and many preferred to drive a personal vehicle. Some women were claustrophobic (20%) or had metal in their bodies (13%) and, therefore, would likely be ineligible to participate in neuroimaging studies. Some were nervous about the "small space" of a scanner, but others stated they would "enjoy participating" and wanted to "help future people…get well." Women who had a support person to attend their appointment with them were almost 4 times more likely to state they would participate in future studies. Those who had been diagnosed with hypertension for more than 11 years (the median) were almost 3 times more likely to report interest in participating in a future study than those participants who had been diagnosed with hypertension for 11 years or less. DISCUSSION Black women with hypertension were interested and eligible to participate in neuroimaging research. Despite some of the facilitators and barriers we identified, the women in our sample were interested in participating in future studies. The presence of a support person and length of time with a hypertension diagnosis are important predictors of willingness to participate in a future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenette M. Jones
- University of Michigan School of Nursing, Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Stephen Sullivan
- Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Yendelela Cuffee
- Program in Epidemiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Korrey Monroe
- University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jane Rafferty
- University of Michigan School of Social Work, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Bruno Giordani
- University of Michigan Psychiatry, Neurology, and Psychology, and School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI
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Jones LM, Moss KO, Mitchell J, Still C, Hawkins J, Tang E, Wright KD. Challenges to dietary hypertension self-management as described by a sample of African American older adults. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs 2022; 19:64-72. [PMID: 35064763 PMCID: PMC9701083 DOI: 10.1111/wvn.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension rates are disproportionately higher among Black or African Americans (Black/African American) compared to other racial and ethnic groups in the United States. However, research on self-management strategies to control hypertension through healthy eating such as the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and ketogenic diets has underexplored the use of dietary strategies among older Black/African American adults. In reporting contemporary challenges with implementing dietary strategies targeting blood pressure control among Black/African American older adults living with hypertension, this study addresses a clear need. AIMS Prior research has only partially addressed the challenges older Black/African Americans face in implementing and maintaining dietary strategies to control hypertension, therefore the current study aimed to address this gap by reporting contemporary challenges, as reported by a sample of Black/African American older adults living with hypertension. METHODS Nineteen Black/African American older adults living with hypertension participated in a focus group. An interview guide with open-ended questions on dietary approaches to self-management hypertension was used to guide data collection. Responses were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and interpreted using qualitative thematic analysis. RESULTS Study participants were 71.6 years (SD = 8.3), 87.1% were women, and all were self-identified as Black/African American. Overall, participants shared that they were interested in improving their hypertension self-management skills. They expressed uncertainty about dietary strategies related in part to a lack of knowledge about incorporating or excluding certain foods and adhering to complex dietary recommendations. Participants also related financial concerns about accessing the recommended foods to control hypertension and expressed confusion about how to manage hypertension alongside other comorbidities. LINKING EVIDENCE TO ACTION This study highlights several barriers that Black/African American older adults face (lack of dietary knowledge, lack of financial resources, and unique barriers to managing multiple comorbid health conditions), which often pose simultaneous and intersecting barriers to managing hypertension using existing evidence-based dietary strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenette M Jones
- Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Karen O Moss
- The Ohio State University College of Nursing Center for Healthy Aging, Self-Management and Complex Care, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jamie Mitchell
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Carolyn Still
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jaclynn Hawkins
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emily Tang
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kathy D Wright
- The Ohio State University College of Nursing Center for Healthy Aging, Self-Management and Complex Care, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Ma Y, Weng X, Gao X, Winkels R, Cuffee Y, Gupta S, Wang L. Healthy Eating Index (HEI) Scores Differ by Race/Ethnicity But Not Hypertension Awareness Status Among US Adults with Hypertension: Findings from 2011-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Acad Nutr Diet 2021; 122:1000-1012. [PMID: 34781003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about whether diet quality is associated with race/ethnicity as well as hypertension awareness status among adults with hypertension. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine associations between diet quality and race/ethnicity as well as hypertension awareness. DESIGN Analysis of the 2011-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a cross-sectional survey representative of the U.S. POPULATION PARTICIPANTS/SETTING A total of 6,483 participants with hypertension who were at least 18 years old and had dietary recall data were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Diet quality was assessed by Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED Weighted chi-square tests were employed to test associations between categorical variables. Weighted linear regression was used to model the HEI-2015 score by various covariates. RESULTS Among the 6,483 participants with hypertension included in this study, the average HEI-2015 total score was 54.0 out of the best possible score of 100. In unadjusted analysis, the HEI-2015 total score was significantly different by race/ethnicity (P<0.01), being 60.9 for Non-Hispanic Asian (NHA) participants, 54.4 for Hispanic, 53.8 for non-Hispanic White (NHW), and 52.7 for non-Hispanic Black (NHB) participants. The HEI-2015 component scores were statistically different by race/ethnicity for all the 13 components (all P<0.01). In adjusted analysis, race/ethnicity was significantly associated with the total HEI-2015 score (P<0.0001), but hypertension awareness status was not (P=0.99), after controlling for age, sex, BMI, marital status, educational level, income level and insurance status. CONCLUSIONS There were significant racial/ethnic differences in HEI-2015 scores among participants with hypertension. Hypertension awareness status was not associated with HEI-2015 scores. Further study is needed to identify reasons why there was an association between HEI-2015 scores and race/ethnicity, and a lack of association with hypertension awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Ma
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State College of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Xingran Weng
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, Penn State University, PA, USA
| | - Renate Winkels
- Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Netherlands
| | - Yendelela Cuffee
- Assistant Professor, Program in Epidemiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | | | - Li Wang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, PA, USA.
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Coughlin SS, Ayyala DN, Moore JX, Majeed BA, Vernon MM, Dergaga H, Luque JS. A Health Survey of African American Men Seen at an Academic Medical Center in the Southern United States. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE (RENO, NEV.) 2021; 4:1036. [PMID: 34589710 PMCID: PMC8478342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African Americans have poorer cardiovascular health and higher chronic disease mortality than non-Hispanic whites. The high burden of chronic diseases among African Americans is a primary cause of disparities in life expectancy between African Americans and whites. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study via a postal survey among a sample of 65 male, African American patients aged ≥ 40 years. The overall objective was to examine the frequency of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, stroke, asthma, emphysema, and cancer among patients treated at Augusta University Health. RESULTS A high percentage of study participants (81.5 %) reported a history of high blood pressure; 50.8% had high cholesterol; 44.3% were overweight, 44.3% were obese, and 13.9% were current cigarette smokers. About 36.9% of the men had a reported history of diabetes; 10.8% of the men had a history of heart attack, 13.9% had a history of congestive heart failure, 9.2% had a history of stroke, and 15.4% had a history of prostate cancer. Men who reported a personal history of prostate cancer were significantly more likely to have a history of heart attack and stroke and to be overweight (p < 0.05 in each instance). DISCUSSION Additional studies are needed of cardiovascular risk factors and adverse cardiovascular events among African American men, and interventional research aimed at controlling hypertension. Of particular concern is prostate cancer, and whether patients with hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes are receiving appropriate therapy to reduce their cardiovascular risk and prevent morbidity and mortality from adverse cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven S Coughlin
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
- Institute of Public and Preventive Health, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Deepak Nag Ayyala
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Justin Xavier Moore
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
- Institute of Public and Preventive Health, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Ban A Majeed
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
- Institute of Public and Preventive Health, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Marlo M Vernon
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Hayat Dergaga
- Department of Psychology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - John S Luque
- Institute of Public Health, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL
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Vaudin A, Wambogo E, Moshfegh AJ, Sahyoun NR. Sodium and Potassium Intake, the Sodium to Potassium Ratio, and Associated Characteristics in Older Adults, NHANES 2011-2016. J Acad Nutr Diet 2021; 122:64-77. [PMID: 34303635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium, potassium, and the balance between these 2 nutrients are associated with hypertension and cardiovascular disease, and prevalence of these conditions increases with age. However, limited information is available on these intakes among older adults. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to explore the socioeconomic and health factors associated with usual sodium and potassium intakes and the sodium to potassium (Na:K) ratio of older adults. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional, secondary analysis of the 2011-2012, 2013-2014, and 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING This study included the data of 5,104 adults 50 years and older, with at least one reliable 24-hour dietary recall and an estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Sodium and potassium intake, as absolute intake, density (per 1,000 kcal) and ratio of Na:K intake. STATISTICAL ANALYSES We used t tests and χ2 tests to examine significant differences in intakes on a given day by characteristics. Linear and logistic regression models were used to assess associations of socioeconomic and health characteristics with usual sodium and potassium intakes, determined using the National Cancer Institute method. RESULTS Only 26.2% of participants consumed <2,300 mg sodium (16.2% of men and 35.2% of women) and 36.0% of men and 38.1% of women consumed at least 3,400 mg and 2,600 mg of potassium, respectively. Fewer than one-third of participants consumed a Na:K ratio of <1.0. Women, those with lower blood pressure, and those with a lower body mass index were more likely to have a ratio <1.0. CONCLUSIONS Participants consumed too much sodium and not enough potassium, based on current recommendations. A higher Na:K ratio was significantly associated with established risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The study findings suggest that more research on cardiovascular health should include both sodium and potassium, as well as balance between these nutrients.
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Thompson TL, Singleton CR, Springfield SE, Thorpe RJ, Odoms-Young A. Differences in Nutrient Intake and Diet Quality Between Non-Hispanic Black and Non-Hispanic White Men in the United States. Public Health Rep 2020; 135:334-342. [PMID: 32250708 DOI: 10.1177/0033354920913058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Non-Hispanic black (NHB) men have higher rates of chronic disease than men in other racial/ethnic groups. Poor diet quality is one risk factor for chronic disease, but research on the diet quality and nutrient intake of NHB men is sparse. The objective of this study was to describe and compare the diet quality and nutrient intake of NHB and non-Hispanic white (NHW) men in the United States. METHODS We analyzed cross-sectional data on 5050 men (31.3% NHB, 68.7% NHW) who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) during 2007-2012. To assess diet quality, we calculated Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2010 scores from each participant's 24-hour recall data. We used logistic regression models to determine if NHB men had lower odds of meeting dietary recommendations for nutrient intake than NHW men. We used linear regression models to identify significant differences in HEI-2010 scores between NHB and NHW men. RESULTS After adjusting for sociodemographic measures, NHB and NHW men had similar diet quality (P = .59). Compared with NHW men, NHB men had lower odds of meeting recommendations for dietary fiber and cholesterol intake and higher odds of meeting recommendations for saturated fat and sodium intake. CONCLUSION Differences between NHB and NHW men in the intake of certain nutrients may be related to chronic disease disparities. Future research should consider racial/ethnic differences in dietary intake among men and the impact these differences have on men's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry L Thompson
- 6527 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chelsea R Singleton
- 14589 Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | | | - Roland J Thorpe
- 1466 Program for Research on Men's Health, Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Angela Odoms-Young
- 14681 Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Amuta-Jimenez AO, Jacobs W, Smith G. Health Disparities and the Heterogeneity of Blacks/African Americans in the United States: Why Should We Care? Health Promot Pract 2019; 21:492-495. [PMID: 31876190 DOI: 10.1177/1524839919895507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Each year, millions of dollars are spent on research and public health interventions targeted toward reducing health disparities primarily among the "Black/African Americans" community, yet the progress made lags far behind the amount of money and effort spent. We hypothesize that part of the problem is that sociocultural factors play a significant role in disease prevention. Most studies and programs aggregate "Black immigrants" (BIs) and "African Americans" (AAs) as "Black/African American." This categorization assumes that the sociocultural determinants that influence BIs are the same as for AAs. BIs have health and mortality profiles that vary from AAs. This commentary aims to (1) introduce this idea in more depth and provide a brief scope of the problem, (2) provide scientific evidence of noteworthy differences between AAs and BIs in areas of sociodemographics, health behaviors, and health outcomes, (3) discuss implications of considering the Black/AA group as homogeneous and provide recommendations for disaggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wura Jacobs
- California State University Stanislaus, Turlock, CA, USA
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Farmer N, Wallen GR, Yang L, Middleton KR, Kazmi N, Powell-Wiley TM. Household Cooking Frequency of Dinner Among Non-Hispanic Black Adults is Associated with Income and Employment, Perceived Diet Quality and Varied Objective Diet Quality, HEI (Healthy Eating Index): NHANES Analysis 2007-2010. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2057. [PMID: 31480746 PMCID: PMC6769568 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Home cooking is associated with improved diet quality. Non-Hispanic Blacks, a population with diet-quality related health disparities, report lower home cooking than other racial/ethnic groups. Factors and subsequent dietary outcomes associated with this cooking disparity are relatively unknown. A secondary analysis was performed using demographic and consumer behavior data from the 2007-2010 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to identify factors associated with household cooking frequency of dinner among Non-Hispanic Blacks. Self-reported dietary data were used to calculate Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010) to determine cooking related objective diet quality. Lower income, unemployment, and higher perceived diet quality were significantly associated with higher cooking frequency (p < 0.05). For diet quality, higher vegetable (p = 0.031), lower empty calorie intake (p = 0.002), higher dinner time protein (p = 0.004) and lower dinner time dairy intake (p = 0.003) were associated with cooking. Total HEI scores were associated with higher cooking frequency for middle income (p = 0.007), but not higher or lower income categories (p = 0.306; p = 0.384), respectively. On average, factors associated with cooking frequency were psychosocial, income, and employment related. Objective diet quality as measured by HEI was variable. Future dietary studies among Non-Hispanic Blacks should include cooking, socioeconomic status and perceived diet quality as particularly relevant factors of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Farmer
- National Institute of Health Clinical Center; Bethesda, MD 20811, USA.
| | - Gwenyth R Wallen
- National Institute of Health Clinical Center; Bethesda, MD 20811, USA
| | - Li Yang
- National Institute of Health Clinical Center; Bethesda, MD 20811, USA
| | | | - Narjis Kazmi
- National Institute of Health Clinical Center; Bethesda, MD 20811, USA
| | - Tiffany M Powell-Wiley
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute; Bethesda, MD 20811, USA
- National Institute on Minority and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD 20811, USA
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Sripipatana A, Pourat N, Chen X, Zhou W, Lu C. Exploring racial/ethnic disparities in hypertension care among patients served by health centers in the United States. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2019; 21:489-498. [PMID: 30861288 PMCID: PMC8030503 DOI: 10.1111/jch.13504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Some racial/ethnic minorities are more likely to have hypertension and experience increased hypertension-related morbidity and mortality compared to whites. Health Resources and Services Administration-funded health centers care for over 27 million patients, 62 percent of whom are racial/ethnic minorities. We assessed the presence of racial/ethnic disparities in (a) hypertension management and (b) hypertension outcomes among health center patients. We used data from the 2014 Health Center Patient Survey and performed multilevel logistic regression models to predict hypertension management counseling, patient adherence to counseling and medication regimen, management plan receipt, high blood pressure at last clinical visit, confidence in hypertension self-management, and hypertension-related emergency department (ED) episodes or hospitalizations in the past year. We controlled for patient characteristics including age, sex, education, nativity, health behaviors, health care access, and comorbidities. We found significantly higher odds of diet counseling (African Americans, OR: 1.87; Asian Americans, OR: 3.02, AIAN, OR: 2.01), reduced sodium intake (African American, OR: 2.42), and adherence to exercise counseling (African American, OR: 3.52; Asian Americans, OR: 2.93). We also found lower odds of taking hypertension control medication (AIAN, OR: 0.50) and higher odds of hypertension-related ED visits (African Americans, OR: 3.61, AIAN, OR: 5.31). These results highlight the success of health centers in managing hypertension by race/ethnicity but found adverse hypertension outcomes for some groups. Racial/ethnically tailored efforts might be required to manage hypertension and improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alek Sripipatana
- Health Services and Resources Administration, Bureau of Primary Health Care, Office of Quality ImprovementRockvilleMaryland
| | - Nadereh Pourat
- Center for Health Policy ResearchUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Xiao Chen
- Center for Health Policy ResearchUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Weihao Zhou
- Center for Health Policy ResearchUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Connie Lu
- Center for Health Policy ResearchUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
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14
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Yuan Y, Taneja M, Connor AE. The Effects of Social and Behavioral Determinants of Health on the Relationship Between Race and Health Status in U.S. Breast Cancer Survivors. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2018; 28:1632-1639. [PMID: 30565965 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2018.7360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To examine the association between race and health outcomes among U.S. breast cancer (BC) survivors and explore to what extent do social and behavioral factors contribute to racial disparities for these associations. Materials and Methods: Four hundred forty-one female participants diagnosed with BC in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2007 to 2016 were included in this study. Poisson regression with robust variance was used to estimate the prevalence ratio (PrR) and 95% confidence intervals for the associations between race, diabetes, hypertension, and other cancers. Results: The PrR for co-occurrence of diabetes and hypertension was 2.21 (p < 0.001) and 1.62 (p < 0.001) times, respectively, among African Americans (AA) compared with non-Hispanic whites. Body mass index (BMI) explained 17.5% of the association between AA race and diabetes prevalence; a smaller reduction (7.8%) was observed adjusting for type of health insurance coverage, only. A 23.5% reduction was observed in the association between AA race and diabetes prevalence with adjustment for BMI and insurance. The association between AA race and hypertension prevalence was reduced by <6% with addition of individual risk factors, including education, insurance, poverty, obesity, smoking, and physical activity, and with adjustment of the combination of these factors. Conclusions: The association between AA race and diabetes prevalence among BC survivors may be partially explained by BMI and insurance coverage to a lesser extent. Interventions to improve outcomes among AA survivors should focus on weight management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yuan
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Monica Taneja
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Avonne E Connor
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
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Haidari A, Moeini M, Khosravi A. The Impact of Peer Support Program on Adherence to the Treatment Regimen in Patients with Hypertension: A Randomized Clinical Trial Study. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY RESEARCH 2017; 22:427-430. [PMID: 29184579 PMCID: PMC5684788 DOI: 10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_16_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: High blood pressure is the greatest risk factor of death, and patients should manage to control it. Peer support program is used to control chronic diseases. This study aims to determine the effect of peer support program on adherence to the regimen in patients suffering from hypertension. Materials and Methods: This study is a clinical trial conducted among 64 patients with hypertension referring to the Hypertension Research Center (Isfahan. Iran). The information was collected in three stages – before the start of intervention, immediately after, and 1 month after the intervention using a questionnaire of adherence to the treatment regimen for high blood pressure. The questionnaires were filled using a questioning method by patients who were not aware of the study. The experimental group attended 6 sessions of the peer support program (1 hour), and the control group attended two sessions held by the researcher. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 18 software, and statistical tests were analyzed using independent t-test and analysis of variance with repeated measures. Results: Before the intervention, there was no significant difference in adherence to the treatment regimen score between the two groups regarding the three aspects of medication regimen, diet, and activity program. Increase in scores of control group immediately after and 1 month after peer support program was higher (p < 0.001) compared to before the intervention. Conclusions: This study showed that peer support programs had a positive impact on adherence to the treatment regimen in patients suffering from hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameneh Haidari
- Student Research Center, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahin Moeini
- Ulcer Repair Research Center, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Khosravi
- Hypertention Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Metabolic phenotyping for discovery of urinary biomarkers of diet, xenobiotics and blood pressure in the INTERMAP Study: an overview. Hypertens Res 2016; 40:336-345. [PMID: 28003647 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2016.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is multifactorial. Adverse blood pressure (BP) is a major independent risk factor for epidemic CVD affecting ~40% of the adult population worldwide and resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Metabolic phenotyping of biological fluids has proven its application in characterizing low-molecular-weight metabolites providing novel insights into gene-environmental-gut microbiome interaction in relation to a disease state. In this review, we synthesize key results from the INTERnational study of MAcro/micronutrients and blood Pressure (INTERMAP) Study, a cross-sectional epidemiologic study of 4680 men and women aged 40-59 years from Japan, the People's Republic of China, the United Kingdom and the United States. We describe the advancements we have made regarding the following: (1) analytical techniques for high-throughput metabolic phenotyping; (2) statistical analyses for biomarker identification; (3) discovery of unique food-specific biomarkers; and (4) application of metabolome-wide association studies to gain a better understanding into the molecular mechanisms of cross-cultural and regional BP differences.
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Peeters A, Blake MRC. Socioeconomic Inequalities in Diet Quality: from Identifying the Problem to Implementing Solutions. Curr Nutr Rep 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13668-016-0167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Brewster LM, van Montfrans GA, Oehlers GP, Seedat YK. Systematic review: antihypertensive drug therapy in patients of African and South Asian ethnicity. Intern Emerg Med 2016; 11:355-74. [PMID: 27026378 PMCID: PMC4820501 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-016-1422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the large differences in the epidemiology of hypertension across Europe, treatment strategies are similar for national populations of white European descent. However, hypertensive patients of African or South Asian ethnicity may require ethnic-specific approaches, as these population subgroups tend to have higher blood pressure at an earlier age that is more difficult to control, a higher occurrence of diabetes, and more target organ damage with earlier cardiovascular mortality. Therefore, we systematically reviewed the evidence on antihypertensive drug treatment in South Asian and African ethnicity patients. We used the Cochrane systematic review methodology to retrieve trials in electronic databases including CENTRAL, PubMed, and Embase from their inception through November 2015; and with handsearch. We retrieved 4596 reports that yielded 35 trials with 7 classes of antihypertensive drugs in 25,540 African ethnicity patients. Aside from the well-known blood pressure efficacy of calcium channel blockers and diuretics, with lesser effect of ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers, nebivolol was not more effective than placebo in reducing systolic blood pressure levels. Trials with morbidity and mortality outcomes indicated that lisinopril and losartan-based therapy were associated with a greater incidence of stroke and sudden death. Furthermore, 1581 reports yielded 16 randomized controlled trials with blood pressure outcomes in 1719 South Asian hypertensive patients. In contrast with the studies in African ethnicity patients, there were no significant differences in blood pressure lowering efficacy between drugs, and no trials available with mortality outcomes. In conclusion, in patients of African ethnicity, treatment initiated with ACE inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker monotherapy was associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. We found no evidence of different efficacy of antihypertensive drugs in South Asians, but there is a need for trials with morbidity and mortality outcomes. Screening for cardiovascular risk at a younger age, treating hypertension at lower thresholds, and new delivery models to find, treat and follow hypertensives in the community may help reduce the excess cardiovascular mortality in these high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizzy M Brewster
- Department of Vascular Medicine, F4-222, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Gert A van Montfrans
- Department of Vascular Medicine, F4-222, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Glenn P Oehlers
- Department of Cardiology, Academic Hospital of Paramaribo, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Yackoob K Seedat
- Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Private Bag. 7, Congella, 4013, Durban, South Africa
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