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Srikanth P, Arumugam I, Jeganathan SN, Ramesh R, Ranganathan LN, Vijayaraghavan S. Expanded spectrum of varicella disease and the need for vaccination in India. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2328955. [PMID: 38517089 PMCID: PMC10962579 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2328955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Varicella vaccine was first licensed in Japan and South Korea in 1989 for use in healthy children and was introduced in US in 1995. So far, 29 countries have adopted varicella vaccine in their universal immunization program (UIP). No Asian country, India included, has adopted the varicella vaccine as part of their UIP. The extra-cutaneous sites for VZV diseases are central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract, the expanded disease spectrum includes vasculopathy, myelitis, inflammatory bowel disease, perforated ulcers, and gastritis. The actual disease burden of varicella is not known as most of the infected individuals may not visit the physician. The amplifiable VZV DNA will not always be detectable in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples in protracted illnesses such as vasculopathies, but demonstrable anti-VZV IgG in CSF has diagnostic value. The World Health Organization (WHO) position paper 2014 recommends two doses of varicella and zoster vaccines in targeted population. In India, varicella vaccine is not included in the UIP due to the cost and the belief that lifelong immunity occurs following primary infection. The expanded spectrum of VZV disease and the mounting body of evidence, however, suggest the need for both varicella and zoster vaccines in routine immunization schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padma Srikanth
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute (SRIHER, DU), Chennai, India
| | - Ilakkiya Arumugam
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute (SRIHER, DU), Chennai, India
| | - Seetha N. Jeganathan
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute (SRIHER, DU), Chennai, India
| | - Rithvik Ramesh
- Department of Neurology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute (SRIHER, DU), Chennai, India
| | | | - Shanthi Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Hepatology and Medical Gastroenterology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute (SRIHER, DU), Chennai, India
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Xia Y, Wang M, Hu M, Wang Y, Yuan B, Zhu D, He P. Preferences and Willingness to Pay for Herpes Zoster Vaccination Among Chinese Adults: Discrete Choice Experiment. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2024; 10:e51242. [PMID: 39121469 DOI: 10.2196/51242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of herpes zoster (HZ) is rapidly increasing, causing both clinical and economic burdens in China. Very little is known about Chinese residents' HZ vaccine preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for each vaccination attribute. OBJECTIVE This study aims to elicit the preferences of Chinese urban adults (aged 25 years or older) regarding HZ vaccination programs and to calculate WTP for each vaccination attribute. METHODS In this study, we interviewed 2864 residents in 9 cities in China. A discrete choice experiment was conducted to investigate the residents' preferences for HZ vaccination and to predict the uptake rate for different vaccine scenarios. A mixed logit model was used to estimate the preferences and WTP for each attribute. Seven attributes with different levels were included in the experiment, and we divided the coefficients of other attributes by the coefficient of price to measure WTP. RESULTS Vaccine effectiveness, protection duration, risk of side effects, place of origin, and cost were proven to influence Chinese adults' preferences for HZ vaccination. The effectiveness of the HZ vaccine was the attribute that had the most predominant impact on residents' preferences, followed by protection duration. The residents were willing to pay CN ¥974 (US $145) to increase the vaccine effectiveness from 45% to 90%, and they would barely pay to exchange the vaccination schedule from 2 doses to 1 dose. It is suggested that the expected uptake could be promoted the most (by 20.84%) with an increase in the protection rate from 45% to 90%. CONCLUSIONS Chinese urban adults made trade-offs between vaccine effectiveness, protection duration, place of origin, side effects, and cost of HZ vaccination. Vaccine effectiveness was the most important characteristic. The residents have the highest WTP (CN ¥974; US $145) for enhancing the effectiveness of vaccines. To maximize HZ vaccine uptake, health authorities should promote vaccine effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Xia
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Wang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzheng Hu
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanshang Wang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Beibei Yuan
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- International Research Center for Medicinal Administration, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping He
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Wang M, Hu M, Wang Y, Long C, Xia Y, Zhu D, Zhao W, Yuan B, He P. Willingness to vaccinate against herpes zoster in Chinese urban population: a mixed-methods study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e079115. [PMID: 38149414 PMCID: PMC10711847 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although the herpes zoster vaccine has been available in mainland China since June 2020, residents' knowledge of herpes zoster and the herpes zoster vaccine is poor, and vaccination rates are low, especially among the elderly, who are at high risk for herpes zoster. This study assessed willingness to be vaccinated against herpes zoster and factors associated with vaccination among urban residents in China. METHODS A mixed-methods study was conducted in community health centres from August 2022 to September 2022. We used convenience sampling to select 2864 residents from 9 Chinese cities for the quantitative study and 67 adults for the qualitative study. A structured questionnaire was used for the quantitative study, and data were collected through face-to-face interviews. Multinomial logistic regression was used to analyse factors associated with willingness to vaccinate. Qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis of barriers to herpes zoster vaccination. RESULTS A total of 2864 eligible respondents were included in the study. Of these, 42.67% intended to receive the herpes zoster vaccine, 21.44% refused and 35.89% were hesitant. The results of the quantitative and qualitative analyses showed that the factors associated with respondents' willingness to be vaccinated against herpes zoster included: personal characteristics such as gender, age and income; knowledge and attitudes about herpes zoster and the vaccine; vaccine characteristics such as efficacy, safety and price; and other factors such as pain tolerance and accessibility to vaccination. CONCLUSION The low willingness to vaccinate, especially among the elderly, is mainly related to their poor knowledge and negative attitude towards the infection and vaccination. Therefore, health education about herpes zoster, immunisation promotion, and improvement of accessibility and affordability would be valuable in China.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yiqi Xia
- Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Ping He
- Peking University, Beijing, China
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Ishikawa K, Kawai F, Mori N. Increased human immunodeficiency virus viral load with cerebral infarction due to varicella zoster virus vasculopathy on treatment with bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide suspension: a case report and literature review. AIDS Res Ther 2023; 20:53. [PMID: 37518182 PMCID: PMC10388448 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-023-00547-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) vasculopathy occasionally occurs in immunocompromised patients and is difficult to treat. The risk factor and optimal therapy remain unclear. Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and dysphagia or difficulty in oral intake receive antiretroviral therapy (ART) suspension. However, there remains little evidence regarding ART suspension. CASE PRESENTATION We experienced a case of a 55-year-old man diagnosed with HIV and severe multiple cerebral infarctions due to VZV vasculopathy. We started on bictegravir/tenofovir alafenamide/emtricitabine (BIC/TAF/FTC) and acyclovir (ACV), and prednisone. He was started on BIC/TAF/FTC suspension because of deteriorated swallowing. The HIV viral load was increased; however, no drug-resistance genes were detected. We successfully treated him with doltegravir/abacavir/lamibudine suspension. We performed two literature reviews of the administration of BIC/TAF/3TC suspension and VZV vasculopathy in patients with HIV. Three cases of BIC/TAF/3TC suspension were considered treatment failures. Recent history of VZV infection and a CD4 count under 200 μL may be risk factors for VZV vasculopathy. The effective treatment may be using steroid and ACV; however, treatment duration could differ. CONCLUSIONS BIC/TAF/FTC suspension administration may be unstable, and treating ACV and steroid may be optimal therapy for VZV vasculopathy; however, the evidence level is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Ishikawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Luke's International Hospital, 9-1, Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0044, Japan.
| | - Fujimi Kawai
- Library, Center for Academic Resources, St. Luke's International University, 10-1, Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0044, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Mori
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Luke's International Hospital, 9-1, Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0044, Japan
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Adjepong KO, LaHue SC, Ha D, Holmes BB. Jugular Foramen Syndrome Caused by Varicella Zoster Virus Infection. Neurohospitalist 2023; 13:290-293. [PMID: 37441204 PMCID: PMC10334059 DOI: 10.1177/19418744221116717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Jugular foramen syndrome (JFS) is a lower cranial neuropathy syndrome characterized by dysphonia and dysphagia. The syndrome is caused by dysfunction of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and spinal accessory nerves at the level of the pars nervosa and pars vascularis within the jugular foramen. There are numerous etiologies for JFS, including malignancy, trauma, vascular, and infection. Here, we present the case of a healthy adult man who developed JFS secondary to an atypical presentation of Varicella Zoster meningitis, and was promptly diagnosed and treated with rapid symptom resolution. We diagnosed the patient using specialized skull-based imaging which detailed the jugular foramen, as well as CSF analysis. This case highlights the clinical value of detailed structural evaluation, consideration for infection in the absence of systemic symptoms, and favorable outcomes following early identification and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwame O. Adjepong
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sara C. LaHue
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Deborah Ha
- Rehabilitative Services, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brandon B. Holmes
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Upreti G, Rathod K. Zoster Polyneuritis Cranialis and Intracranial Vasculopathy. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 75:971-974. [PMID: 37275114 PMCID: PMC10235217 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-022-03235-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A case report of varicella zoster virus (VZV) producing cranial polyneuropathy with intracranial vasculopathy afflicting the internal carotid artery, in a 45-year lady is presented. The clinical features included appearance of zosteriform rash in the left external auditory canal and concha, affliction of ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of V, VI, VII, VIII, IX and X cranial nerves. Contrast MRI brain demonstrated attenuated flow void in the left internal carotid artery. The diagnosis was confirmed with raised level of IgG VZV antibody in serum and detection of VZV IgG antibody in CSF, although PCR for VZV DNA in CSF was negative. The significance lies in atypical presentation, the diagnostic dilemma it poses, poor prognosis of cranial nerve function and the need for multidisciplinary approach to patient management and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Upreti
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Medical College, Rajkot, Gujarat India
- Present Address: Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, Gujarat India
| | - Khevna Rathod
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Medical College, Rajkot, Gujarat India
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Cho SY, Jang BH, Seo JW, Kim SW, Lim KJ, Lee HY, Kim DJ. Transverse myelitis caused by herpes zoster following COVID-19 vaccination: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:1419-1425. [PMID: 36926132 PMCID: PMC10013101 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i6.1419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transverse myelitis (TM) is characterized by sudden lower extremity progressive weakness and sensory impairment, and most patients have a history of advanced viral infection symptoms. A variety of disorders can cause TM in association with viral or nonviral infection, vascular, neoplasia, collagen vascular, and iatrogenic, such as vaccination. Vaccination has become common through the global implementation against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and reported complications like herpes zoster (HZ) activation has increased.
CASE SUMMARY This is a 68-year-old woman who developed multiple pustules and scabs at the T6-T9 dermatome site 1 wk after vaccination with the COVID-19 vaccine (Oxford/ AstraZeneca ([ChAdOx1S{recombinant}]). The patient had a paraplegia aggravation 3 wk after HZ symptoms started. Spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed transverse myelitis at the T6–T9 Level. Treatment was acyclovir with steroids combined with physical therapy. Her neurological function was slowly restored by Day 17.
CONCLUSION HZ developed after COVID-19 vaccination, which may lead to more severe complications. Therefore, HZ treatment itself should not be delayed. If neurological complications worsen after appropriate management, an immediate diagnostic procedure, such as magnetic resonance imaging and laboratory tests, will start and should treat the neurological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Yeon Cho
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju 61453, South Korea
| | - Bo-Hyun Jang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju 61453, South Korea
| | - Jun-Won Seo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chosun University, College of Medicine, Gwangju 61453, South Korea
| | - Suk-Whee Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju 61453, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Joon Lim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chosun University, College of Medicine, Gwangju 61453, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Young Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chosun University, College of Medicine, Gwangju 61453, South Korea
| | - Dong-Joon Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chosun University, College of Medicine, Gwangju 61453, South Korea
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Case report: Varicella associated neuropsychiatric syndrome (VANS) in two pediatric cases. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 28:100602. [PMID: 36860280 PMCID: PMC9969201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Viral or bacterial infections can trigger auto-immune inflammatory reactions and conditions in children. Self-reactivity arises due to similarities in molecular structures between pathogenic microorganisms and regular body structures with consequent immune-cross reactions. Reactivation of latent Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) infections can cause neurological sequalae, including cerebellitis, post-herpetic neuralgias, meningo/encephalitis, vasculopathy and myelopathy. We propose a syndrome caused by auto-immune reactivity triggered by molecular mimicry between VZV and the brain, culminating in a post-infectious psychiatric syndrome with childhood VZV infections. Case presentation Two individuals, a 6-year-old male and 10-year-old female developed a neuro-psychiatric syndrome 3-6 weeks following a confirmed VZV infection with intrathecal oligoclonal bands. The 6-year-old male presented with a myasthenic syndrome, behavior deterioration and regression in school, he was poorly responsive to IVIG and risperidone, however had a pronounced response to steroid treatment. The 10-year-old female presented with marked insomnia, agitation, and behavioral regression as well as mild bradykinesia. A trial of neuroleptics and sedatives resulted in a mild unsustained reduction in psychomotor agitation and IVIG was also unsuccessful, however the patient was very responsive to steroid therapy. Conclusion Psychiatric syndromes with evidence of intrathecal inflammation temporally related to VZV infections that are responsive to immune modulation have not been described before. Here we report two cases demonstrating neuro-psychiatric symptoms following VZV infection, with evidence of persistent CNS inflammation following the resolution of infection, and response to immune modulation.
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Enwo OO, Ibrahim D, Boughton M, Coyle-Gilchrist I. Varicella zoster virus cerebellitis without skin manifestations in an immunocompetent adult. BMJ Case Rep 2023; 16:e252636. [PMID: 36717159 PMCID: PMC9887685 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-252636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a ubiquitous, neurotropic pathogen capable of reactivation from sensory ganglion cells to cause dermatomal herpes zoster infection, alongside a range of pathologies within the central nervous system. The presence of VZV cerebellitis without skin manifestations, however, is exceedingly rare in immunocompetent adults.We report a case of VZV cerebellitis in an immunocompetent woman in her 70s, in the absence of a rash. The patient presented with a 2-week history of progressive gait ataxia, headache and mild confusion. Serological tests and neuroimaging were unremarkable. Diagnosis was confirmed through cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis which revealed lymphocytosis and the presence of VZV DNA on PCR analysis. The patient showed symptomatic improvement following empirical acyclovir treatment, corroborated by favourable CSF analysis 10 days post-treatment initiation.Infective aetiology, including VZV, should be considered in patients presenting with acute cerebellar ataxia, even in immunocompetent adults with an absence of dermatological signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oby Otu Enwo
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Neurology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
| | - Dina Ibrahim
- Neurology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Ian Coyle-Gilchrist
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Neurology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
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Fang JH, Li GX. Inflammatory bowel disease complicated with rare pathogen infection. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2023; 31:8-13. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v31.i1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As an autoimmune disease, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by a chronic disease course and recurrent episodes. The prognosis of patients with IBD complicated with infection is poor. At present, there are many reports on IBD complicated with infection by common pathogen such as Clostridium difficile, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Escherichia coli and hepatitis viruses both in China and other contries, but there are few reviews on IBD complicated with infection by rare pathogens. Based on this, this article reviews rare pathogen infection in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Heng Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou 30015, Zhejiang Province. China
| | - Guo-Xiong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hangzhou Normal University Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou 30015, Zhejiang Province. China
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Meyer JJ, Liu K, McGhee CNJ, Danesh-Meyer HV, Niederer RL. Neurotrophic Keratopathy After Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus. Cornea 2022; 41:1433-1436. [PMID: 35120347 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000003003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to describe risk factors for neurotrophic keratopathy (NK) after herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO). METHODS This study was a retrospective review of all patients seen at the Auckland District Health Board with HZO from 2006 through 2016. Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to examine time to development of neurotrophic keratitis. RESULTS Eight hundred sixty-nine patients were included in the study with a median follow-up of 6.3 years (5504.4 patient-years). The median age was 65.5 years (interquartile range 52.9-75.4), and 456 subjects (52.5%) were male. NK developed in 58 patients (6.7%), with the highest hazard 1 to 2 years after onset of HZO. On univariate analysis, age, White ethnicity, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at presentation, intraocular pressure, corneal involvement, uveitis, and number of recurrences were associated with increased risk of NK. On multivariate analysis, the following factors were significant: age (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.03; P = 0.021), White ethnicity (HR = 3.18; P = 0.015), BCVA (HR = 1.81; P = 0.026), uveitis (HR = 3.77; P = 0.001), and recurrence (HR = 1.34; P < 0.001). Vision loss (BCVA ≤6/15) was more frequent in subjects with NK (65.5% vs. 16.3%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS NK is a relatively common and serious complication of HZO and occurs more frequently in older White individuals, those with poor visual acuity at presentation, and those with uveitis. Vision loss occurs in approximately two-thirds of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay J Meyer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Motohashi S, Takahashi J, Umehara T, Komatsu T, Murakami H, Iguchi Y. [A 73-year-old man with polyradiculopathy and multiple cranial neuropathies emerging separate from the originating dermatome of a varicella zoster skin lesion]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2022; 62:380-385. [PMID: 35474287 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-001699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A 73-year-old man developed delayed-onset multiple cranial neuropathies of cranial nerves V, VII and VIII, and segmental paresis in the ipsilateral upper extremity related to the C4 to Th1 segment, after all skin lesions with varicella zoster (VZV) on the left neck of the C3-4 dermatome had dried and crusted over. On admission, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) revealed pleocytosis (all mononuclear cells, 12/μl). Treatment was started with intravenous acyclovir (10 mg/kg, every 8 h for 14 days) and methylprednisolone (1,000 mg/day for 3 days). Four days after starting treatment, left segmental paresis was improved, but the multiple cranial neuropathies persisted. Oral prednisolone (0.5 mg/kg/day) was administered for 5 days, then tapered off. All neurological symptoms had disappeared by hospital day 23. Of particular interest was the discrepancy between skin regions affected by VZV (C3-4) and the regions of cranial neuropathy (cranial nerves V, VII, and VIII) and muscle weakness innervated by C4-Th1. Although CSF was negative for VZV DNA according to PCR testing, the antibody index for VZV was elevated. This suggests intrathecal synthesis of VZV antibodies and supports the diagnosis of VZV meningitis. Also, all cranial nerves involved in this case were reported to have the cranial nerve ganglia where VZV could have established latency and been reactivated. This suggests concurrent reactivation on each cranial nerve ganglia without cutaneous lesions, as zoster sine herpete. In addition, anastomoses among the upper cervical nerves, which are found in some patients, may have contributed to this condition. These mechanisms underlie various neurological symptoms associated with VZV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tadashi Umehara
- Department of Neurology, The Jikei University School of Medicine
| | - Teppei Komatsu
- Department of Neurology, The Jikei University School of Medicine
| | | | - Yasuyuki Iguchi
- Department of Neurology, The Jikei University School of Medicine
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13
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Krett JD, Beckham JD, Tyler KL, Piquet AL, Chauhan L, Wallace CJ, Pastula DM, Kapadia RK. Neurology of Acute Viral Infections. Neurohospitalist 2022; 12:632-646. [PMID: 36147750 PMCID: PMC9485684 DOI: 10.1177/19418744221104778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As specialists in acute neurology, neurohospitalists are often called upon to diagnose and manage acute viral infections affecting the nervous system. In this broad review covering the neurology of several acute viral infections, our aim is to provide key diagnostic and therapeutic pearls of practical use to the busy neurohospitalist. We will review acute presentations, diagnosis, and treatment of human herpesviruses, arboviruses, enteroviruses, and some vaccine-preventable viruses. The neurological effects of coronaviruses, including COVID-19, are not covered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Krett
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - J David Beckham
- Department of Neurology and Division of Infectious Diseases, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Neurosciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA
- Departments of Immunology & Microbiology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kenneth L Tyler
- Department of Neurology and Division of Infectious Diseases, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Neurosciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA
- Departments of Immunology & Microbiology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Amanda L Piquet
- Department of Neurology and Division of Infectious Diseases, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Neurosciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lakshmi Chauhan
- Department of Neurology and Division of Infectious Diseases, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Neurosciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Carla J Wallace
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel M Pastula
- Department of Neurology and Division of Infectious Diseases, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Neurosciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ronak K Kapadia
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Kraemer M, Strunk D, Becker J, Veltkamp R, Berlit P. Recovery of intracranial stenoses in varicella zoster virus vasculitis after long-term treatment with valacyclovir and prednisolone. Neurol Res Pract 2022; 4:18. [PMID: 35570315 PMCID: PMC9109369 DOI: 10.1186/s42466-022-00180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Optimal treatment of intracranial stenoses in varicella zoster virus (VZV)-associated vasculitis is unknown. This study aims to evaluate the merits and potential pitfalls of a specific therapeutic strategy, initially proposed by Don Gilden in 2015. METHODS We describe three patients with intracranial stenoses caused by VZV vasculitis successfully treated by a long-term combination of valacyclovir and prednisolone. RESULTS All three patients were young men suffering from stroke. Only one reported a first contact to VZV in adulthood. All three presented stenoses in the intracranial part of the internal carotid artery or the proximal segments of the middle cerebral artery as well as an elevated cell count and positive VZV antibody index in cerebrospinal fluid. They received a combination therapy regimen with prednisone and valacyclovir about a minimum of one year. Intracranial stenoses improved markedly in one and almost resolved completely in the other two patients. Side effects of corticosteroid treatment occurred in two patients. CONCLUSIONS Long-term combination treatment with prednisone and valacyclovir proved to be effective in three young men suffering from intracranial stenosis due to VZV vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kraemer
- Department of Neurology, Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany. .,Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Daniel Strunk
- Department of Neurology, Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Jana Becker
- Department of Neurology, Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Roland Veltkamp
- Department of Neurology, Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany.,Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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15
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Herpes zoster-induced urologic and gastrointestinal dysfunction with residual neurogenic detrusor underactivity. JAAD Case Rep 2022; 26:88-90. [PMID: 35942354 PMCID: PMC9356006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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16
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Liu Q, Zhou X, Li Z. Acute myelitis with multicranial neuritis caused by Varicella zoster virus: a case report. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:45. [PMID: 35123429 PMCID: PMC8817603 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02571-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Varicella zoster virus (VZV) can remain lifelong in the latent state in ganglionic neurons and adrenal glands after the initial infection. However, it can be reactivated anytime and can trigger several severe neurological manifestations such as encephalitis, meningitis, Ramsay-Hunt syndrome, cerebellitis, myelitis, and stroke. In addition, due to the diversity of clinical manifestations, clinical diagnosis of VZV can be difficult, especially in the absence of varicella. Here, we describe the case of a 52-year-old male who presented with symptoms of acute myelitis as well as polycranial neuritis, and was finally diagnosed with VZV infection through metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). Case presentation A 52-year-old male came to our hospital with complaint of headache, fever, weakness of right lower limb, abdominal distension, and hearing loss. T2-weighted MRI revealed a hyperintense lesion in the spinal cord extending from T8 to T11. In addition, enhanced MRI showed small patches and strips hyperintensities in both the spinal cord and meninges. Plain abdominal radiographs and abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan displayed air-fluid levels and incomplete bowel obstruction. Moreover, electrophysiological evaluation of the peripheral neuropathy in the extremities was found to be normal. Finally, by using metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) we found that the copy number of VZV DNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was significantly increased and IgG antibody against VZV in CSF was also noted to be positive. Hence, VZV infection was identified in patient’s central neuron system. Finally, after a few days of low dose steroid treatment, the patient's symptoms were found to be significantly improved. Conclusions The findings indicate that we should pay proper attention to the various symptoms caused by VZV infection due to the clinical heterogeneity, especially in the absence of cutaneous lesions.
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17
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Rare neurological complication in an adolescent with kidney failure secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus: Answers. Pediatr Nephrol 2021; 36:4093-4095. [PMID: 34355261 PMCID: PMC8602745 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-021-05200-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Rare neurological complication in an adolescent with kidney failure secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus: Questions. Pediatr Nephrol 2021; 36:4089-4091. [PMID: 34355260 PMCID: PMC8602774 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-021-05195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Yun D, Cho SY, Ju W, Seo EH. Transverse myelitis after infection with varicella zoster virus in patient with normal immunity: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:10308-10314. [PMID: 34904104 PMCID: PMC8638050 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i33.10308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a human neurotropic and double-stranded DNA alpha-herpes virus. Primary infection with VZV usually occurs during childhood, manifesting as chickenpox. Reactivation of latent VZV can lead to various neurological complications, including transverse myelitis (TM); although cases of the latter are very rare, particularly in newly active VZV infection.
CASE SUMMARY We report here an unusual case of TM in a middle-aged adult immunocompetent patient that developed concomitant to an active VZV infection. The 46-year-old male presented with painful vesicular eruption on his left chest that had steadily progressed to involvement of his back over a 3-d period. Cerebrospinal fluid testing was denied, but findings from magnetic resonance imaging and collective symptomology indicated TM. He was administered antiviral drugs and corticosteroids immediately but his symptom improvement waxed and waned, necessitating multiple hospital admissions. After about a month of repeated treatments, he was deemed sufficiently improved for hospital discharge to home.
CONCLUSION VZV myelitis should be suspected when a patient visits the outpatient pain clinic with herpes zoster showing neurological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daehun Yun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kwangju Christian Hospital, Gwangju 61661, South Korea
| | - Soo Young Cho
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kwangju Christian Hospital, Gwangju 61661, South Korea
| | - Wan Ju
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kwangju Christian Hospital, Gwangju 61661, South Korea
| | - Eun Hyoung Seo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kwangju Christian Hospital, Gwangju 61661, South Korea
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20
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Murali Govind R, Cao Y. Segmental zoster paresis as a cause for persistent fever in an immunocompromised patient. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:e246015. [PMID: 34667049 PMCID: PMC8527123 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-246015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes zoster reactivation is a frequently encountered condition that can result in several uncommon complications. This case report highlights one such frequently overlooked complication, segmental zoster paresis. We discuss a case of prolonged fever and lower limb weakness in an immunocompromised patient with breast cancer on active chemotherapy after resolution of a herpetiform rash in the L2, L3 and L4 dermatomes. Early investigation with lumbar puncture, looking for cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis, varicella zoster virus detection by PCR or molecular testing and immunoglobulins against varicella zoster virus, should be undertaken to support the diagnosis. Nerve conduction studies, electromyography and MRI of the spine can sometimes help with neurolocalisation. Intravenous acyclovir and a tapering course of steroids can help with resolution of symptoms. The variegate presentation can make diagnosis challenging. Awareness and a high index of suspicion can prevent delays in diagnosis and treatment and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yun Cao
- Department of General Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
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21
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Craviotto V, Furfaro F, Loy L, Zilli A, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Fiorino G, Danese S, Allocca M. Viral infections in inflammatory bowel disease: Tips and tricks for correct management. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:4276-4297. [PMID: 34366605 PMCID: PMC8316900 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i27.4276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) has become more targeted, anticipating the use of immune-modifying therapies at an earlier stage. This top-down approach has been correlated with favorable short and long-term outcomes, but it has also brought with it concerns regarding potential infectious complications. This large IBD population treated with immune-modifying therapies, especially if combined, has an increased risk of severe infections, including opportunistic infections that are sustained by viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal agents. Viral infections have emerged as a focal safety concern in patients with IBD, representing a challenge for the clinician: they are often difficult to diagnose and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The first step is to improve effective preventive strategies, such as applying vaccination protocols, adopt adequate prophylaxis and educate patients about potential risk factors. Since viral infections in immunosuppressed patients may present atypical signs and symptoms, the challenges for the gastroenterologist are to suspect, recognize and diagnose such complications. Appropriate treatment of common viral infections allows us to minimize their impact on disease outcomes and patients’ lives. This practical review supports this standard of care to improve knowledge in this subject area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Craviotto
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Furfaro
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Loy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zilli
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milano, Italy
| | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Inserm U954, University Hospital of Nancy, Lorraine University, Nancy 54511, France
| | - Gionata Fiorino
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele 20090, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvio Danese
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele 20090, Milano, Italy
| | - Mariangela Allocca
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele 20090, Milano, Italy
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22
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Balamurugesan K, Chandramouli C, Hamide A. Guillain-Barré Syndrome Following Chickenpox With Multiple Cranial Nerve Palsies and Cerebrospinal Fluid Pleocytosis. Cureus 2021; 13:e15388. [PMID: 34249540 PMCID: PMC8253497 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare complication of chickenpox. All cases of post-varicella GBS published in the literature have been associated with the classical albuminocytological dissociation. We report the case of a 48-year-old male with flaccid areflexic quadriparesis and bilateral seventh, ninth, tenth, and twelfth cranial nerve palsies 10 days after chickenpox. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis done in the second week showed marked lymphocytic pleocytosis. Electroneurographic studies were suggestive of acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy. He had near-total neurological recovery with intravenous immunoglobulin. Our case demonstrates that GBS can occur after primary varicella infection, and marked CSF pleocytosis can be an additional feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandan Balamurugesan
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, IND
| | - Chandni Chandramouli
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, IND
| | - Abdoul Hamide
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, IND
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23
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Bahouth MN, Venkatesan A. Acute Viral Illnesses and Ischemic Stroke: Pathophysiological Considerations in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Stroke 2021; 52:1885-1894. [PMID: 33794653 PMCID: PMC8078120 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.030630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 or coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has raised concerns about the correlation with this viral illness and increased risk of stroke. Although it is too early in the pandemic to know the strength of the association between COVID-19 and stroke, it is an opportune time to review the relationship between acute viral illnesses and stroke. Here, we summarize pathophysiological principles and available literature to guide understanding of how viruses may contribute to ischemic stroke. After a review of inflammatory mechanisms, we summarize relevant pathophysiological principles of vasculopathy, hypercoagulability, and hemodynamic instability. We will end by discussing mechanisms by which several well-known viruses may cause stroke in an effort to inform our understanding of the relationship between COVID-19 and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona N. Bahouth
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Arun Venkatesan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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24
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Patel P, Undavia A, Choudry R, Zhang Y, Prabhu AM. COVID-19 Associated With Concomitant Varicella Zoster Viral Encephalitis. Neurol Clin Pract 2021; 11:e219-e221. [PMID: 33842100 PMCID: PMC8032442 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000000902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Patel
- Einstein Medical Center, Neurology, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Rabia Choudry
- Einstein Medical Center, Neurology, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Einstein Medical Center, Neurology, Philadelphia, PA
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25
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Shikova E, Kumanova A, Tournev I, Zhelyazkova S, Vassileva E, Ivanov I, Pishmisheva M. Varicella zoster virus infection in neurological patients in Bulgaria. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:272-278. [PMID: 33661458 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-00952-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The clinical manifestations of neurological complications associated with varicella zoster virus (VZV) are non-specific and indistinguishable from those of other viral infections. Therefore, the definite diagnosis requires evidence of VZV infection in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of VZV DNA detection in CSF of patients with neurological diseases in order to obtain information concerning involvement of VZV infection in neuropathology in the country. This study is a retrospective survey of test results obtained from January 2015 to October 2019. During this period, 411 CSF specimens were tested for the presence of VZV DNA by nested PCR. Fisher's exact test was used to test for statistically significant difference in the frequency of VZV DNA positivity of CSF specimens from different groups. Of all 411 tested CSF samples, 11.2% were positive for VZV DNA. The highest VZV prevalence was detected in CFS from patients with meningitis-18.2%, followed by patients with cranial neuritis (15.4%), encephalitis (12.2%), Guillain-Barré syndrome (11.1%), myelitis (10%), and with other neurological syndromes (8.2%). The difference of VZV prevalence in CSF of patients according to the gender and age was not statistically significant. Our results indicated that VZV is a frequent causative agent of neurological diseases, suggesting an important role of VZV infection for neuropathology in the country. Therefore, efforts for wider application of VZV identification in CSF to facilitate faster onset of antiviral treatment and further strategies concerning varicella zoster virus vaccines in the country are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Shikova
- National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria. .,Central Microbiology Laboratory, University Hospital "Alexandrovska", Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Antoniya Kumanova
- National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivailo Tournev
- Clinic of Neurology, University Hospital "Alexandrovska", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Sashka Zhelyazkova
- Clinic of Neurology, University Hospital "Alexandrovska", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Evgenia Vassileva
- Clinic of Neurology, University Hospital "Tsaritsa Yoanna - ISUL", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, St. George University Hospital, Medical University - Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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26
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Bubak AN, Beseler C, Como CN, Tyring SK, Haley C, Mescher T, Hassell JE, Cohrs RJ, Potter H, Nagel MA. Acute zoster plasma contains elevated amyloid, correlating with Aβ42 and amylin levels, and is amyloidogenic. J Neurovirol 2020; 26:422-428. [PMID: 32385803 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00830-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Herpes zoster is associated with an increased dementia and neovascular macular degeneration risk and a decline in glycemic control in diabetes mellitus. Because amyloid is present and pathogenic in these diseases, we quantified amyloid, Aβ40, Aβ42, and amylin in 14 zoster and 10 control plasmas. Compared with controls, zoster plasma had significantly elevated amyloid that correlated with Aβ42 and amylin levels and increased amyloid aggregation with addition of exogenous Aβ42 or amylin. These results suggest that zoster plasma contains factor(s) that promotes aggregation of amyloidogenic peptides, potentially contributing to the toxic amyloid burden and explaining accelerated disease progression following zoster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Bubak
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B182, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Cheryl Beseler
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Christina N Como
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B182, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Stephen K Tyring
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Clinical Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77598, USA
| | - Christopher Haley
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Clinical Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77598, USA
| | - Teresa Mescher
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B182, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - James E Hassell
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B182, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Randall J Cohrs
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B182, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Huntington Potter
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B182, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Maria A Nagel
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B182, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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27
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Bubak AN, Como CN, Coughlan CM, Johnson NR, Hassell JE, Mescher T, Niemeyer CS, Mahalingam R, Cohrs RJ, Boyd TD, Potter H, Russ HA, Nagel MA. Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection of Primary Human Spinal Astrocytes Produces Intracellular Amylin, Amyloid-β, and an Amyloidogenic Extracellular Environment. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:1088-1097. [PMID: 31665341 PMCID: PMC7075411 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes zoster is linked to amyloid-associated diseases, including dementia, macular degeneration, and diabetes mellitus, in epidemiological studies. Thus, we examined whether varicella-zoster virus (VZV)-infected cells produce amyloid. METHODS Production of intracellular amyloidogenic proteins (amylin, amyloid precursor protein [APP], and amyloid-β [Aβ]) and amyloid, as well as extracellular amylin, Aβ, and amyloid, was compared between mock- and VZV-infected quiescent primary human spinal astrocytes (qHA-sps). The ability of supernatant from infected cells to induce amylin or Aβ42 aggregation was quantitated. Finally, the amyloidogenic activity of viral peptides was examined. RESULTS VZV-infected qHA-sps, but not mock-infected qHA-sps, contained intracellular amylin, APP, and/or Aβ, and amyloid. No differences in extracellular amylin, Aβ40, or Aβ42 were detected, yet only supernatant from VZV-infected cells induced amylin aggregation and, to a lesser extent, Aβ42 aggregation into amyloid fibrils. VZV glycoprotein B (gB) peptides assembled into fibrils and catalyzed amylin and Aβ42 aggregation. CONCLUSIONS VZV-infected qHA-sps produced intracellular amyloid and their extracellular environment promoted aggregation of cellular peptides into amyloid fibrils that may be due, in part, to VZV gB peptides. These findings suggest that together with host and other environmental factors, VZV infection may increase the toxic amyloid burden and contribute to amyloid-associated disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Bubak
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christina N Como
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christina M Coughlan
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Rocky Mountain Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome Research, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Noah R Johnson
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Rocky Mountain Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome Research, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - James E Hassell
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Teresa Mescher
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christy S Niemeyer
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ravi Mahalingam
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Randall J Cohrs
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Timothy D Boyd
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Rocky Mountain Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome Research, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Huntington Potter
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Rocky Mountain Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome Research, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Holger A Russ
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Maria A Nagel
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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28
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Apiyo P, Hajek J. Herpes zoster complicated by phrenic nerve palsy and respiratory compromise. Afr Health Sci 2019; 19:2347-2350. [PMID: 32127803 PMCID: PMC7040297 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v19i3.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Herpes zoster can be associated with severe neurological complications. Case presentation In this article, we describe the case of a 54-year-old man with herpes zoster affecting his right upper chest and neck region complicated by phrenic nerve palsy and respiratory compromise. The diagnosis of herpes zoster was made based on the classic appearance of the rash and associated neuropathic-type pain. The diagnosis of phrenic nerve palsy was made by chest x-ray and ultrasound. Conclusion Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of phrenic nerve palsy occurring in patients who have herpes zoster affecting the region of C3,4,5 dermatomes. Although symptoms of unilateral diaphragmatic paresis are usually mild, in patients with obesity or comorbid lung disease, new onset phrenic nerve palsy can lead to significant respiratory compromise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paska Apiyo
- Gulu Regional Referral Hospital, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Jan Hajek
- Gulu Regional Referral Hospital, Gulu, Uganda.,University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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29
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Goyal T, Zaheer M, Goyal A, Khan Z. Long-segment transverse myelitis in an immunocompetent patient due to varicella zoster virus reactivation. J Neurovirol 2019; 26:127-129. [PMID: 31376078 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-019-00786-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Transverse myelitis is a segmental, full-thickness inflammation of the spinal cord with various etiologies including varicella zoster virus infection. Symptoms can manifest as sensory deficits, severe lower back pain radiating down the legs, bowel/bladder incontinence, and extremity weakness. This case report is unique in that it highlights a patient who developed long-segment transverse myelitis after a varicella zoster virus infection which has not been previously reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Goyal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
| | - Muhammad Zaheer
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, University of Oklahoma, 800 Stanton L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK, 73126-0901, USA
| | - Anirudh Goyal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Zubair Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
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Abstract
RATIONALE Neurological complications of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection include cerebral infarction, meningoencephalitis, segmental sensory disturbance, facial nerve palsy, and myelitis. Chronic myelitis is rarely reported. Diagnosis of VZV infection can be confirmed by elevated anti-VZV immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody or detection of VZV DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the former reported to be superior. The detection rate of VZV DNA is generally thought to decrease with time after the onset of the condition. The utility of VZV DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is thus thought to be limited to the acute phase of the disease. The presence of skin lesions also helps to render a diagnosis; however, cases of zoster sine herpete (ZSH), the occurrence of segmental symptoms without skin lesions, renders the diagnosis of VZV infection more difficult. Antiviral drugs, such as acyclovir, are the treatment of choice to resolve VZV infections. PATIENT CONCERNS A 65-year-old Japanese man felt heaviness and a throbbing pain on the ulnar side of the right forearm. He was previously diagnosed with cervical spondylosis, and received nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with little improvement. Contrast cervical magnetic resonance imaging showed a swelling and an increased signal intensity of the spinal cord, and an enhancing lesion, all of which were suggestive of myelitis. DIAGNOSIS We found no evidence for diagnoses of sarcoidosis, Behçet disease, multiple sclerosis, or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. The CSF analysis revealed an elevation of the total protein concentration and that the patient was positive for VZV DNA, while anti-VZV IgG was not elevated. The patient was therefore diagnosed with ZSH myelitis. INTERVENTIONS We administered acyclovir and valaciclovir as the first therapy. At the time of recurrence, we used high-dose acyclovir, vidarabine, and high-dose methylprednisolone pulse therapy. OUTCOMES The patient's dysesthetic pain in the right upper limb improved following the first antiviral therapy. Two months later, he suffered a recurrence, but the second therapy significantly relieved his symptoms. LESSONS VZV infection should be regarded as an important differential diagnosis of chronic myelitis. VZV DNA PCR should be performed even in the chronic phase of the condition to introduce the possibility of antiviral therapy as a treatment option.
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Perrone CM, Lisak RP, Meltzer EI, Sguigna P, Tizazu E, Jacobs D, Melamed E, Lucas A, Freeman L, Pardo G, Goodman A, Fox EJ, Costello K, Parsons MS, Zamvil SS, Frohman EM, Frohman TC. Cataclysmically disseminating neurologic presentation in an immunosuppressed lupus patient: From the National Multiple Sclerosis Society Case Conference Proceedings. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2019; 6:e582. [PMID: 31355318 PMCID: PMC6624090 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Perrone
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (C.M.P., E.T., D.J., ), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (R.P.L.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurology (E. I. Meltzer, E. Melamed, A.L., L.F., E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; Department of Neurology (P.S.), MS Fellowship Training Program, UT Southwestern School of Medicine, Dallas, TX; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (G.P.), Oklahoma City, OK; Department of Neurology (A.G.), University of Rochester, NY; Central Texas Neurology Consultants, and Department of Neurology (E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; The National Multiple Sclerosis Society (K.C.), New York, NY; Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.P.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (E.M.F., T.C.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX
| | - Robert P Lisak
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (C.M.P., E.T., D.J., ), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (R.P.L.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurology (E. I. Meltzer, E. Melamed, A.L., L.F., E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; Department of Neurology (P.S.), MS Fellowship Training Program, UT Southwestern School of Medicine, Dallas, TX; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (G.P.), Oklahoma City, OK; Department of Neurology (A.G.), University of Rochester, NY; Central Texas Neurology Consultants, and Department of Neurology (E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; The National Multiple Sclerosis Society (K.C.), New York, NY; Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.P.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (E.M.F., T.C.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX
| | - Ethan I Meltzer
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (C.M.P., E.T., D.J., ), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (R.P.L.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurology (E. I. Meltzer, E. Melamed, A.L., L.F., E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; Department of Neurology (P.S.), MS Fellowship Training Program, UT Southwestern School of Medicine, Dallas, TX; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (G.P.), Oklahoma City, OK; Department of Neurology (A.G.), University of Rochester, NY; Central Texas Neurology Consultants, and Department of Neurology (E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; The National Multiple Sclerosis Society (K.C.), New York, NY; Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.P.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (E.M.F., T.C.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX
| | - Peter Sguigna
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (C.M.P., E.T., D.J., ), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (R.P.L.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurology (E. I. Meltzer, E. Melamed, A.L., L.F., E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; Department of Neurology (P.S.), MS Fellowship Training Program, UT Southwestern School of Medicine, Dallas, TX; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (G.P.), Oklahoma City, OK; Department of Neurology (A.G.), University of Rochester, NY; Central Texas Neurology Consultants, and Department of Neurology (E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; The National Multiple Sclerosis Society (K.C.), New York, NY; Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.P.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (E.M.F., T.C.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX
| | - Etsegenet Tizazu
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (C.M.P., E.T., D.J., ), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (R.P.L.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurology (E. I. Meltzer, E. Melamed, A.L., L.F., E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; Department of Neurology (P.S.), MS Fellowship Training Program, UT Southwestern School of Medicine, Dallas, TX; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (G.P.), Oklahoma City, OK; Department of Neurology (A.G.), University of Rochester, NY; Central Texas Neurology Consultants, and Department of Neurology (E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; The National Multiple Sclerosis Society (K.C.), New York, NY; Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.P.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (E.M.F., T.C.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX
| | - Dina Jacobs
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (C.M.P., E.T., D.J., ), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (R.P.L.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurology (E. I. Meltzer, E. Melamed, A.L., L.F., E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; Department of Neurology (P.S.), MS Fellowship Training Program, UT Southwestern School of Medicine, Dallas, TX; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (G.P.), Oklahoma City, OK; Department of Neurology (A.G.), University of Rochester, NY; Central Texas Neurology Consultants, and Department of Neurology (E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; The National Multiple Sclerosis Society (K.C.), New York, NY; Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.P.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (E.M.F., T.C.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX
| | - Esther Melamed
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (C.M.P., E.T., D.J., ), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (R.P.L.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurology (E. I. Meltzer, E. Melamed, A.L., L.F., E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; Department of Neurology (P.S.), MS Fellowship Training Program, UT Southwestern School of Medicine, Dallas, TX; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (G.P.), Oklahoma City, OK; Department of Neurology (A.G.), University of Rochester, NY; Central Texas Neurology Consultants, and Department of Neurology (E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; The National Multiple Sclerosis Society (K.C.), New York, NY; Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.P.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (E.M.F., T.C.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX
| | - Ashlea Lucas
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (C.M.P., E.T., D.J., ), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (R.P.L.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurology (E. I. Meltzer, E. Melamed, A.L., L.F., E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; Department of Neurology (P.S.), MS Fellowship Training Program, UT Southwestern School of Medicine, Dallas, TX; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (G.P.), Oklahoma City, OK; Department of Neurology (A.G.), University of Rochester, NY; Central Texas Neurology Consultants, and Department of Neurology (E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; The National Multiple Sclerosis Society (K.C.), New York, NY; Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.P.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (E.M.F., T.C.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX
| | - Leorah Freeman
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (C.M.P., E.T., D.J., ), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (R.P.L.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurology (E. I. Meltzer, E. Melamed, A.L., L.F., E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; Department of Neurology (P.S.), MS Fellowship Training Program, UT Southwestern School of Medicine, Dallas, TX; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (G.P.), Oklahoma City, OK; Department of Neurology (A.G.), University of Rochester, NY; Central Texas Neurology Consultants, and Department of Neurology (E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; The National Multiple Sclerosis Society (K.C.), New York, NY; Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.P.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (E.M.F., T.C.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX
| | - Gabriel Pardo
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (C.M.P., E.T., D.J., ), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (R.P.L.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurology (E. I. Meltzer, E. Melamed, A.L., L.F., E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; Department of Neurology (P.S.), MS Fellowship Training Program, UT Southwestern School of Medicine, Dallas, TX; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (G.P.), Oklahoma City, OK; Department of Neurology (A.G.), University of Rochester, NY; Central Texas Neurology Consultants, and Department of Neurology (E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; The National Multiple Sclerosis Society (K.C.), New York, NY; Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.P.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (E.M.F., T.C.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX
| | - Andrew Goodman
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (C.M.P., E.T., D.J., ), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (R.P.L.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurology (E. I. Meltzer, E. Melamed, A.L., L.F., E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; Department of Neurology (P.S.), MS Fellowship Training Program, UT Southwestern School of Medicine, Dallas, TX; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (G.P.), Oklahoma City, OK; Department of Neurology (A.G.), University of Rochester, NY; Central Texas Neurology Consultants, and Department of Neurology (E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; The National Multiple Sclerosis Society (K.C.), New York, NY; Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.P.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (E.M.F., T.C.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX
| | - Edward J Fox
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (C.M.P., E.T., D.J., ), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (R.P.L.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurology (E. I. Meltzer, E. Melamed, A.L., L.F., E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; Department of Neurology (P.S.), MS Fellowship Training Program, UT Southwestern School of Medicine, Dallas, TX; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (G.P.), Oklahoma City, OK; Department of Neurology (A.G.), University of Rochester, NY; Central Texas Neurology Consultants, and Department of Neurology (E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; The National Multiple Sclerosis Society (K.C.), New York, NY; Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.P.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (E.M.F., T.C.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX
| | - Kathleen Costello
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (C.M.P., E.T., D.J., ), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (R.P.L.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurology (E. I. Meltzer, E. Melamed, A.L., L.F., E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; Department of Neurology (P.S.), MS Fellowship Training Program, UT Southwestern School of Medicine, Dallas, TX; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (G.P.), Oklahoma City, OK; Department of Neurology (A.G.), University of Rochester, NY; Central Texas Neurology Consultants, and Department of Neurology (E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; The National Multiple Sclerosis Society (K.C.), New York, NY; Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.P.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (E.M.F., T.C.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX
| | - Matthew S Parsons
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (C.M.P., E.T., D.J., ), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (R.P.L.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurology (E. I. Meltzer, E. Melamed, A.L., L.F., E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; Department of Neurology (P.S.), MS Fellowship Training Program, UT Southwestern School of Medicine, Dallas, TX; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (G.P.), Oklahoma City, OK; Department of Neurology (A.G.), University of Rochester, NY; Central Texas Neurology Consultants, and Department of Neurology (E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; The National Multiple Sclerosis Society (K.C.), New York, NY; Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.P.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (E.M.F., T.C.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX
| | - Scott S Zamvil
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (C.M.P., E.T., D.J., ), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (R.P.L.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurology (E. I. Meltzer, E. Melamed, A.L., L.F., E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; Department of Neurology (P.S.), MS Fellowship Training Program, UT Southwestern School of Medicine, Dallas, TX; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (G.P.), Oklahoma City, OK; Department of Neurology (A.G.), University of Rochester, NY; Central Texas Neurology Consultants, and Department of Neurology (E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; The National Multiple Sclerosis Society (K.C.), New York, NY; Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.P.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (E.M.F., T.C.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX
| | - Elliot M Frohman
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (C.M.P., E.T., D.J., ), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (R.P.L.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurology (E. I. Meltzer, E. Melamed, A.L., L.F., E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; Department of Neurology (P.S.), MS Fellowship Training Program, UT Southwestern School of Medicine, Dallas, TX; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (G.P.), Oklahoma City, OK; Department of Neurology (A.G.), University of Rochester, NY; Central Texas Neurology Consultants, and Department of Neurology (E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; The National Multiple Sclerosis Society (K.C.), New York, NY; Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.P.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (E.M.F., T.C.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX
| | - Teresa C Frohman
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (C.M.P., E.T., D.J., ), Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (R.P.L.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Department of Neurology (E. I. Meltzer, E. Melamed, A.L., L.F., E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; Department of Neurology (P.S.), MS Fellowship Training Program, UT Southwestern School of Medicine, Dallas, TX; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (G.P.), Oklahoma City, OK; Department of Neurology (A.G.), University of Rochester, NY; Central Texas Neurology Consultants, and Department of Neurology (E.J.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX; The National Multiple Sclerosis Society (K.C.), New York, NY; Yerkes National Primate Research Center (M.S.P.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology (E.M.F., T.C.F.), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, TX
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Curell A, Ortega N, Protti GP, Balibrea JM, López-Cano M. Pseudohernia postherpética. Cir Esp 2019; 97:55-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ciresp.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Tomkins A, Babu C, Herwadkar A, Siripurapu R, McKee D. Varicella zoster virus cerebral aneurysmal vasculopathy presenting in a newly-diagnosed HIV-positive patient. Int J STD AIDS 2018; 29:1351-1353. [PMID: 30049255 DOI: 10.1177/0956462418786334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a newly-diagnosed HIV-positive patient with varicella zoster virus aneurysmal vasculopathy confirmed on intrathecal antibody testing, despite a negative Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). This highlights the importance of prompt treatment with antiviral and steroid therapy in the presence of clinical or radiological suspicion whilst awaiting further confirmatory testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tomkins
- 1 The Hathersage Centre, The Northern Contraception, Sexual Health and HIV Service, Manchester University Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Chitra Babu
- 1 The Hathersage Centre, The Northern Contraception, Sexual Health and HIV Service, Manchester University Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Amit Herwadkar
- 2 Department of Radiology, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Rekha Siripurapu
- 2 Department of Radiology, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - David McKee
- 3 Department of Neurology, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.,4 Department of Neurology, Manchester University Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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Busby LP, Herron SM, Talbott JF, Uzelac A, Rehani B. Encephalomyelitis After Varicella Zoster Reactivation in an Immunocompromised Patient. Neurohospitalist 2018; 8:NP1-NP2. [PMID: 29623163 DOI: 10.1177/1941874417709690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay P Busby
- Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven M Herron
- Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jason F Talbott
- Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alina Uzelac
- Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bhavya Rehani
- Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Parchure A, Munson M, Budnik V. Getting mRNA-Containing Ribonucleoprotein Granules Out of a Nuclear Back Door. Neuron 2017; 96:604-615. [PMID: 29096075 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A pivotal feature of long-lasting synaptic plasticity is the localization of RNAs and the protein synthesis machinery at synaptic sites. How and where ribonucleoprotein (RNP) transport granules that support this synthetic activity are formed is of fundamental importance. The prevailing model poses that the nuclear pore complex (NPC) is the sole gatekeeper for transit of cellular material in and out of the nucleus. However, insights from the nuclear assembly of large viral capsids highlight a back door route for nuclear escape, a process referred to nuclear envelope (NE) budding. Recent studies indicate that NE budding might be an endogenous cellular process for the nuclear export of very large RNPs and protein aggregates. In Drosophila, this mechanism is required for synaptic plasticity, but its role may extend beyond the nervous system, in tissues where local changes in translation are required. Here we discuss these recent findings and a potential relationship between NE budding and the NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Parchure
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Mary Munson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Vivian Budnik
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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Schub D, Fousse M, Faßbender K, Gärtner BC, Sester U, Sester M, Schmidt T. CTLA-4-expression on VZV-specific T cells in CSF and blood is specifically increased in patients with VZV related central nervous system infections. Eur J Immunol 2017; 48:151-160. [PMID: 28845512 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
VZV-reactivation may lead to symptomatic central nervous system (CNS) diseases, but identification of VZV as causative pathogen of CNS-diseases is challenging. This study was performed to characterize VZV-specific T cells from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood of patients with active CNS-disease and to determine whether this may improve differential diagnosis. 27 patients with pleocytosis in the CSF were recruited and classified into three groups (10 VZV-related, 10 non-VZV-related, 7 unclear). VZV-specific CD4+ T cells were quantified in CSF and blood after simultaneous stimulation with a VZV-antigen lysate and detection of cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α) and CTLA-4. Polyclonal stimulation served as positive control. VZV-specific CD4+ T-cell frequencies were highest in both CSF (p = 0.0001) and blood (p = 0.011) of patients with VZV-infection, and were enriched at the site of infection (p = 0.002). While cytokine-expression profiles only showed minor differences between the groups, CTLA-4-expression levels on VZV-specific T cells from CSF and blood were significantly increased in VZV-related CNS-infections (p = 0.0002 and p<0.0001) and clearly identified VZV-related CNS-diseases (100% sensitivity and 100% specificity). Polyclonally stimulated T cells did not show any quantitative and phenotypical differences between the groups. Increased frequency and CTLA-4-expression of VZV-specific T cells from CSF or blood are specifically found in patients with VZV-related CNS-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schub
- Department of Transplant and Infection Immunology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Fousse
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Faßbender
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Barbara C Gärtner
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Urban Sester
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Martina Sester
- Department of Transplant and Infection Immunology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Tina Schmidt
- Department of Transplant and Infection Immunology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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El Hamichi S, Messaoudi R, Moujahid B, Alsubari A, El Ouatassi N, Reda K, Oubaaz A. Orbital cellulitis due to ophthalmic herpes zoster in an immunocompetent child: A case report. J Fr Ophtalmol 2017; 40:e255-e256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2016.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Shaw J, Halsey NA, Weinberg A, Scott Schmid D, George KS, Weldon WC, Jordan M, Bryant PW, LaRussa PS, Bradshaw DY, Harrington T, Gershon A. Arm Paralysis After Routine Childhood Vaccinations: Application of Advanced Molecular Methods to the Causality Assessment of an Adverse Event After Immunization. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2017; 6:e161-e164. [PMID: 28339574 PMCID: PMC6251534 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piw084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Post-licensure surveillance for adverse events following immunizations (AEFI) can identify rare complications of vaccinations and rigorous vaccine adverse event causality assessments can help to identify possible causal relationships. We report the development of arm paralysis after varicella vaccination in a 1-year-old child. Paralysis was initially presumed to be due to vOka because of the temporal relationship between vaccination and onset of arm weakness; however, molecular studies identified wild-type varicella zoster virus VZV (WT-VZV) in the CSF, leading the authors to conclude that WT-VZV was the probable cause. This case illustrates the complexity of assessing AEFI causality, and the importance of careful and complete evaluations when determining the most likely cause of an AEFI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Golisano Children’s Hospital, Syracuse;,Correspondence: J. Shaw, MD, MPH, Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Golisano Children’s Hospital, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210 ()
| | - Neal A Halsey
- Institute for Vaccine Safety, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Adriana Weinberg
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine and Pathology, Director, Molecular and Virology Clinical Laboratories, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora
| | - D Scott Schmid
- National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Division of Viral Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kirsten St George
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Clinical Professor, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, SUNY
| | - William C Weldon
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael Jordan
- Pediatrics, Divisions of Immunobiology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency Cincinnati Children’s Hospital/University of Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Patrick W Bryant
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany
| | - Philip S LaRussa
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | | | - Theresa Harrington
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Infectious Diseases, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Immunization Safety Office, Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment Project, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Anne Gershon
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
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Nohr EW, Itani DM, Andrews CN, Kelly MM. Varicella-Zoster Virus Gastritis: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Int J Surg Pathol 2017; 25:449-452. [DOI: 10.1177/1066896917696751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We report varicella-zoster virus (VZV) gastritis in a 70-year-old woman postchemotherapy for lymphoma, presenting with abdominal pain, vomiting, and delirium without rash. A gastric biopsy demonstrated viral inclusions but posed a diagnostic challenge as immunohistochemistry for cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus were negative, and VZV immunohistochemistry was not available. The patient developed a vesicular rash 7 days after her symptoms began. Molecular testing of the gastric biopsy and a skin swab both confirmed VZV infection. She also had probable involvement of her liver and pancreas based on imaging and serum chemistry, and possible central nervous system involvement. She recovered with appropriate antiviral therapy but later developed a postherpetic neuralgia, and chronic intrahepatic biliary strictures; liver biopsy demonstrated a cholangiopathy of uncertain etiology. A literature review of the pathogenesis, epidemiology and sequelae of VZV infection is included.
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41
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Lian Y, Zhu Y, Tang F, Yang B, Duan R. Herpes zoster and the risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171182. [PMID: 28178287 PMCID: PMC5298244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Herpes zoster infection and stroke are highly prevalent in the general population; however, reports have presented inconsistent findings regarding the relationship between herpes zoster infection and stroke. In this meta-analysis, we aimed to clarify this association. Material and methods The PubMed and Embase databases were searched for studies published from their inception to January 2016. Two investigators independently extracted the data. The pooled relative risk (RR) was calculated using a random effects model. Results A total of 8 studies met the inclusion criteria. During the first 1 month after herpes zoster infection, the pooled RRs for ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke were 1.55 (95% CI, 1.46–1.65) and 1.70 (95% CI, 0.73–3.96), respectively, and within 3 months after infection, the corresponding RRs were 1.17 (95% CI, 1.12–1.23) and 2.05 (95% CI, 1.17–3.60), respectively. At 1 year and more than 1 year after herpes zoster infection, a significant relationship was not observed between herpes zoster infection and the incidence of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Publication bias was not observed. Conclusion The accumulated evidence generated from this systematic review indicates that an increased risk for ischemic stroke occurred in the short term after herpes zoster infection, whereas a significant relationship was not observed in the long term after infection. With respect to hemorrhagic stroke, the association was not significant. With respect to hemorrhagic stroke, the association between was not significant except within 3 months after a herpes zoster infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lian
- Department of case administration, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Department of Oro-maxillofacial Head and Neck oncology, Ninth People's Hospital College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Tang
- Health Management Center, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Neurology, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ruisheng Duan
- Department of Neurology, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Decline of Neurologic Varicella Complications in Children During the First Seven Years After Introduction of Universal Varicella Vaccination in Germany, 2005-2011. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2017; 36:79-86. [PMID: 27749651 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Universal varicella vaccination for 1-year-old children was introduced in Germany in 2004. We investigated changes in the incidence and type of varicella-associated neurologic complications in children during the first 7 years after universal vaccination recommendation. METHODS A surveillance study was conducted based on patients <17 years of age with an International Classification of Diseases (10th Revision) discharge diagnosis of varicella, annually reported by 22-29 pediatric hospitals in Bavaria, Germany, 2005 to 2011. Annual incidences were estimated and linear trend across years was assessed by Poisson regression models. RESULTS Of a total of 1263 varicella-associated pediatric hospitalizations, 228 children (18.1%) had neurologic complications (median age 4 years, interquartile range 2-7; 56% male). The most frequent neurologic complications were febrile convulsion (32.0% of 228 children, median age 3.0 years), varicella encephalitis or meningitis (28.9%; median age 4.5 years), syncope (13.2%; median age 7.0 years) and cerebral convulsion (11.0%; median age 4.0 years). Other complications included ataxia (3.1%), facial nerve palsy (2.6%) and cerebral vasculitis/infarction (1.8%). Neurologic complications showed a continuous decrease between 2005 and 2011, from an incidence of 2.8 (95% confidence interval: 2.1-3.6) per 100,000 children <17 years of age to 1.2 (95% confidence interval: 0.7-2.1; P < 0.001). In particular, a marked decline was observed among children up to 7 years of age, mainly because of a decrease in the number of febrile convulsions and encephalitis or meningitis. CONCLUSION The incidence of varicella-associated neurologic complications in children decreased approximately by 60% during the first 7 years following the recommendation for universal vaccination.
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Lee JE, Lee S, Kim KH, Jang HR, Park YJ, Kang JS, Han SY, Lee SH. A Case of Transverse Myelitis Caused by Varicella Zoster Virus in an Immunocompetent Older Patient. Infect Chemother 2016; 48:334-337. [PMID: 27883372 PMCID: PMC5204014 DOI: 10.3947/ic.2016.48.4.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a human neurotropic alphaherpesvirus that causes chickenpox (varicella) in children. VZV reactivation may lead to neurological complications, including transverse myelitis. However, transverse myelitis caused by VZV reactivation is rare in immunocompetent patients. Herein, we report a case of transverse myelitis caused by VZV in an immunocompetent older patient, and confirmed this case by polymerase chain reaction. A 79-year-old woman visited our service with complaints of weakness in the right lower leg, generalized vesicular eruptions, and throbbing pain in the right flank for ten days. Spine MRI showed transverse myelitis in the thoracic spine at level T4-T11. The patient was treated with acyclovir and her neurological functions improved, except for sensory impairment below level T10. For older patients, early and aggressive antiviral treatment against VZV may be necessary even though these patients are immunocompetent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Eun Lee
- Deparment of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Shinwon Lee
- Deparment of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Kye Hyung Kim
- Deparment of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Hee Ryeong Jang
- Deparment of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Young Joo Park
- Deparment of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Jin Suk Kang
- Deparment of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Sung Yong Han
- Deparment of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Sun Hee Lee
- Deparment of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.
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Sáenz-Farret M, Sandoval-Rodríguez V, Paz-Navarro CE, Zúñiga-Ramírez C. Successful Treatment of Brachial Plexopathy Due to Herpes Zoster Infection With Intravenous Immunoglobulin. Clin Neuropharmacol 2016; 40:43-47. [PMID: 27879550 DOI: 10.1097/wnf.0000000000000195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to report the case of a male patient with Parkinson disease who developed brachial plexopathy (BP) due to varicella-zoster virus, which was successfully treated with human immunoglobulin. METHOD We report the case of a 75-year-old male subject with a diagnosis of Parkinson disease who came to our hospital complaining of pain, skin lesions, and strength loss in his right arm during the past 2 months. Physical examination revealed vesicular rash compatible with varicella-zoster virus lesions. Nerve conduction studies and magnetic resonance imaging of the brachial plexus showed inflammatory changes at that level. A trial with oral valacyclovir followed by intravenous methylprednisolone bolus was administered without further response. However, human intravenous immunoglobulin resulted in complete recovery of the symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Human immunoglobulin is effective in BP due to zoster infection and must be considered if standard treatment fails. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of BP associated to zoster infection successfully treated with intravenous immunoglobulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Sáenz-Farret
- Movement Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, "Fray Antonio Alcalde," Guadalajara, Mexico
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45
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Valente N, Lupi S, Stefanati A, Cova M, Sulcaj N, Piccinni L, Gabutti G. Evaluation of the acceptability of a vaccine against herpes zoster in the over 50 years old: an Italian observational study. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e011539. [PMID: 27797989 PMCID: PMC5073480 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate awareness of the varicella zoster virus and the acceptability of the newly available herpes zoster (HZ) vaccine in the over 50 years old general population. DESIGN The research was observational. SETTING The study was carried out in Ferrara by administering a questionnaire to patients of the Local Health Authority (LHA), general practitioners (GPs) and Public Health Department outpatient clinics. PARTICIPANTS The questionnaire was completed by 1001 residents of Ferrara Province. RESULTS Of the respondents, 98% and 95% (57% female) were aware of varicella and HZ, respectively, but 91% were unaware of the HZ vaccine. Nevertheless, 58% declared that they were in favour of vaccination in this regard, and the acceptability of the vaccine was positively affected by: age (p=0.005); knowing someone who had suffered from HZ (p=0.05); being in favour of vaccination in general (p<0.0001); receiving advice to do so from their GP (p<0.0001) and willingness to get vaccinated even on a fee-paying basis (p<0.0001). Indeed, most (73%) respondents were willing to pay to get vaccinated, indicating an ideal cost of €50. Higher education (p=0.04), being in favour of vaccinations in general (p<0.0001) and GP advice (p<0.0001) positively affected this choice. Furthermore, 61% of the participants initially unfavourable (p<0.0001) to this immunisation would change their decision not to vaccinate thanks to their GP's advice. CONCLUSIONS This study assessed the level of awareness and the attitudes of the population aged over 50 years, highlighting aspects to be focused on in the promotion of the HZ vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Valente
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Lupi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Armando Stefanati
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marisa Cova
- Department of Public Health, Ferrara Local Health Authority, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Najada Sulcaj
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lucia Piccinni
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - GPs Study Group
- General Practitioners, Ferrara Local Health Authority, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Gabutti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Luisier V, Weber L, Fishman D, Praz G, Ghika JA, Genoud D, Chabwine JN. Definition and management of varicella zoster virus-associated meningoradiculitis: a case report. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:451. [PMID: 27670683 PMCID: PMC5037650 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-2257-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The varicella zoster virus affects the central or peripheral nervous systems upon reactivation, especially when cell-mediated immunity is impaired. Among varicella zoster virus-related neurological syndromes, meningoradiculitis is an ill-defined condition for which clear management guidelines are still lacking. Zoster paresis is usually considered to be a varicella zoster virus-peripheral nervous system complication and treated with oral antiviral therapy. Yet in the literature, the few reported cases of herpes zoster with mild cerebral spinal fluid inflammation were all considered meningoradiculitis and treated using intravenous antiviral drugs, despite absence of systemic signs of meningitis. Nevertheless, these two clinical pictures are very similar. Case presentation We report the case of an alcohol-dependent elderly Caucasian man presenting with left lower limb zoster paresis and mild cerebral spinal fluid inflammation, with favorable outcome upon IV antiviral treatment. We discuss interpretation of liquor inflammation in the absence of clinical meningitis and implications for the antiviral treatment route. Conclusion From this case report we suggest that varicella zoster virus-associated meningoradiculitis should necessarily include meningitis symptoms with the peripheral neurological deficits and cerebral spinal fluid inflammation, requiring intravenous antiviral treatment. In the absence of (cell-mediated) immunosuppression, isolated zoster paresis does not necessitate spinal tap or intravenous antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Luisier
- Internal Medicine Division, Valais Hospital, Avenue Grand Champsec, 80, 1951, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Lalensia Weber
- Internal Medicine Division, Valais Hospital, Avenue Grand Champsec, 80, 1951, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Fishman
- Emergency Department, Valais Hospital, Avenue Grand Champsec, 80, 1951, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Praz
- Infectious Disease Division (Central Institute), Valais Hospital, Avenue Grand Champsec, 80, 1951, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Joseph-André Ghika
- Division of Neurology, Valais Hospital, Avenue Grand Champsec, 80, 1951, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Didier Genoud
- Division of Neurology, Valais Hospital, Avenue Grand Champsec, 80, 1951, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Joelle Nsimire Chabwine
- Division of Neurology, Valais Hospital, Avenue Grand Champsec, 80, 1951, Sion, Switzerland. .,Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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47
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Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a highly neurotropic human herpesvirus. Primary infection usually causes varicella (chicken pox), after which virus becomes latent in ganglionic neurons along the entire neuraxis. VZV reactivation results in zoster (shingles) which is frequently complicated by chronic pain (postherpetic neuralgia). VZV reactivation also causes meningoencephalitis, myelitis, ocular disorders, and vasculopathy, all of which can occur in the absence of rash. This review focuses on the association of VZV and stroke, and on the widening spectrum of disorders produced by VZV vasculopathy in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals, including recipients of varicella vaccine. Aside from ischemic stroke, VZV infection of cerebral arteries may lead to development of intracerebral aneurysms, with or without hemorrhage. Moreover, recent clinical-virological case reports and retrospective pathological-virological analyses of temporal arteries positive or negative for giant cell arteritis (GCA) indicate that extracranial VZV vasculopathy triggers the immunopathology of GCA. While many patients with GCA improve after corticosteroid treatment, prolonged corticosteroid use may potentiate VZV infection, leading to fatal vasculopathy in the brain and other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Nagel
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Box B182, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Don Gilden
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Box B182, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Box B182, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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48
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Galetta KM, Gilden D. Zeroing in on zoster: A tale of many disorders produced by one virus. J Neurol Sci 2015; 358:38-45. [PMID: 26454371 PMCID: PMC4628852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While herpes zoster infection has been recognized since antiquity, chickenpox (varicella) was confused with smallpox until the 1800s, when both illnesses became better understood. In the 20th century, varicella zoster virus (VZV) was shown to cause varicella upon primary (first-time) infection and herpes zoster (shingles) after reactivation of latent VZV. Scientific progress over the past 50 years has rapidly advanced the understanding and prevention of disease produced by VZV. Combined imaging and virological studies continue to reveal the protean neurological, ocular and visceral disorders produced by VZV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Galetta
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Don Gilden
- Departments of Neurology and Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Panatto D, Bragazzi NL, Rizzitelli E, Bonanni P, Boccalini S, Icardi G, Gasparini R, Amicizia D. Evaluation of the economic burden of Herpes Zoster (HZ) infection. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:245-62. [PMID: 25483704 DOI: 10.4161/hv.36160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the economic burden of Herpes Zoster (HZ) infection. The review was conducted in accordance with the standards of the "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses" guidelines. The following databases were accessed: ISI/Web of Knowledge (WoS), MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, the Cochrane Library and EconLit. Specific literature on health economics was also manually inspected. Thirty-three studies were included. The quality of the studies assessed in accordance with the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards checklist was good. All studies evaluated direct costs, apart from one which dealt only with indirect costs. Indirect costs were evaluated by 12 studies. The economic burden of HZ has increased over time. HZ management and drug prescriptions generate the highest direct costs. While increasing age, co-morbidities and drug treatment were found to predict higher direct costs, being employed was correlated with higher indirect costs, and thus with the onset age of the disease. Despite some differences among the selected studies, particularly with regard to indirect costs, all concur that HZ is a widespread disease which has a heavy social and economic burden.
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50
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Kennedy PGE, Rovnak J, Badani H, Cohrs RJ. A comparison of herpes simplex virus type 1 and varicella-zoster virus latency and reactivation. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1581-602. [PMID: 25794504 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1; human herpesvirus 1) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV; human herpesvirus 3) are human neurotropic alphaherpesviruses that cause lifelong infections in ganglia. Following primary infection and establishment of latency, HSV-1 reactivation typically results in herpes labialis (cold sores), but can occur frequently elsewhere on the body at the site of primary infection (e.g. whitlow), particularly at the genitals. Rarely, HSV-1 reactivation can cause encephalitis; however, a third of the cases of HSV-1 encephalitis are associated with HSV-1 primary infection. Primary VZV infection causes varicella (chickenpox) following which latent virus may reactivate decades later to produce herpes zoster (shingles), as well as an increasingly recognized number of subacute, acute and chronic neurological conditions. Following primary infection, both viruses establish a latent infection in neuronal cells in human peripheral ganglia. However, the detailed mechanisms of viral latency and reactivation have yet to be unravelled. In both cases latent viral DNA exists in an 'end-less' state where the ends of the virus genome are joined to form structures consistent with unit length episomes and concatemers, from which viral gene transcription is restricted. In latently infected ganglia, the most abundantly detected HSV-1 RNAs are the spliced products originating from the primary latency associated transcript (LAT). This primary LAT is an 8.3 kb unstable transcript from which two stable (1.5 and 2.0 kb) introns are spliced. Transcripts mapping to 12 VZV genes have been detected in human ganglia removed at autopsy; however, it is difficult to ascribe these as transcripts present during latent infection as early-stage virus reactivation may have transpired in the post-mortem time period in the ganglia. Nonetheless, low-level transcription of VZV ORF63 has been repeatedly detected in multiple ganglia removed as close to death as possible. There is increasing evidence that HSV-1 and VZV latency is epigenetically regulated. In vitro models that permit pathway analysis and identification of both epigenetic modulations and global transcriptional mechanisms of HSV-1 and VZV latency hold much promise for our future understanding in this complex area. This review summarizes the molecular biology of HSV-1 and VZV latency and reactivation, and also presents future directions for study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G E Kennedy
- 1Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Joel Rovnak
- 2Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Hussain Badani
- 3Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Randall J Cohrs
- 3Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, CO 80045, USA 4Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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